Application of Individual Protection Functions (AP) 6 Application Notes

2.1.8.2 Example 2: Autotransformer (P645) - Load Tap Changer

Figure 24 shows the application of a P645 to protect an autotransformer. The power
transformer data has been given: 175/175/30 MVA Autotransformer, YNyn0d1,
230/115/13.8 kV. The current transformer ratios are as follows: HV CT ratio - 800/5, LV
CT ratio - 1200/5 and TV CT ratio 2000/5.
Since the transformer has an on load tap changer on the HV side, the nominal voltage of
the HV winding must be set to the mid tap voltage level. According to the nameplate data,
the mid tap voltage is 218.5 kV. The mid tap voltage can also be calculated as follows:
(5 15 )
100
Mid tap position 2 230 218 .5kV
100

175/ 175/ 30 MVA

230/ 115/13. 8 kV
230kV YNynd1
+5%/-15%
19 taps
A a
a

B b
b
C c
c
Grounding transformer
inside the protection
zone

a a a a a

B B
b b b b b

B B

c c c c c

B B

Yd 11 software interposing CT
Ydy0 software interposing CT

a a a

b b b

c c c
B

D D D

Ydy0 software interposing CT P645

P4304ENb

Figure 24 - P645 used to protect an autotransformer with load tap changer

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(AP) 6 Application Notes Application of Individual Protection Functions

Ratio correction:
The relay calculates the ratio correction factors as follows:
Inom ,T1CT 800
K amp ,T1CT 1.730
S ref 175 10 6
3 Vnom ,HV 3 218.5 103
Inom ,T5CT 1200
K amp ,T5CT 1.366
S ref 175 10 6
3 Vnom ,LV 3 115 103
Inom ,T 3CT 2000
K amp ,T3CT 0.273
S ref 175 10 6
3 Vnom ,TV 3 13.8 10 3
To check that the differential protection does not misoperate due to errors introduced by
the on load tap changer, the user may perform the following calculations.

Transformer nominal rating

Calculate HV full load current at both tap extremities and LV and TV full load current.

175 106
HV full load current on tap 1 (5%) 418.37 A primary
3 241500
418.37
HV full load current on tap 1 (5%) 2.615 A secondary
160
HV corrected current on tap 1 1.730 2.615 4.524 A secondary

175 10 6
HV full load current on tap 19 (-15%) 516 .810 A primary
3 195 .510 3
516.810
HV full load current on tap 19 (-15%) 3.230 A secondary
160
HV corrected current on tap 19 1.730 3.230 5.588 A secondary

145 10 6
LV full load current 727 .963 A primary
3 115 10 3
727 .963
LV full load current 3.033 A secondary
240

30 10 6
TV full load current 1255 .109 A primary
3 13.8 10 3
1255 .109
TV full load current 3.138 A secondary
400

Determine Idiff at both tap extremities (with mid tap correction).

LV correctedcurrent 1.366 3.033 4.143

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Application of Individual Protection Functions (AP) 6 Application Notes

TV correctedcurrent 0.273 3.138 0.857

0.476
Idiff at tap 1 4.524 4.143 0.857 0.476 A 0.095 pu
5
0.588
Idiff at tap 19 5.588 4.143 0.857 0.588 A 0.118 pu
5

Determine Ibias at both tap extremities (with mid tap correction). The currents used in the
Ibias calculation are the currents after ratio and vector correction.
4.524 4.143 0.857 4.762
Ibias at tap 1 4.762 A 0.9524 pu
2 5
5.588 4.143 0.857 5.294
Ibias at tap 19 5.294 A 1.059 pu
2 5

Determine relay differential current.

Iop = Is1, (Ibias Is1/K1)
Iop = K1 Ibias, (Is1/K1 Ibias Is2)
Iop = K1 Is2 + K2 (Ibias - Is2), (Ibias Is2)
Ibias at tap 1 is less than 5 A (1 pu) and greater than 3.33 A (0.667 pu); since Is2 is
set to the rated current (5 A), Iop is calculated as follows:
Iop = 0.3 4.762 = 1.429 A
Ibias at tap 19 is greater than 5 A; since Is2 is set to the rated current (5 A), Iop is
calculated as follows:
Is2 = 1 pu = 1 5=5A
Iop = 0.3 5 + 0.8 (5.294 - 5) = 1.735 A

Check Idiff < Iop by a 10% margin for each tap extremity and adjust Is1 and/or K1 as
necessary.
Tap 1: Since Idiff = 0.476A and 0.9Iop at tap 1 = 0.9 x 1.429 = 1.286 A
Therefore there is sufficient safety margin with K1 = 30% and Is1 = 0.2 pu.
Tap 19: Since Idiff = 0.588A and 0.9Iop at tap 19 = 0.9 x 1.735 = 1.562 A
Therefore there is sufficient safety margin with K1 = 30% and Is1 = 0.2 pu.

66.7% of transformer nominal rating

Calculate HV, LV and TV load current at 66.7% of the nominal MVA rating. The 66.7% is
the interception between Is1 and K1. It is determined as Is1/K1 100% = (0.2/0.3) 100
= 66.7%.

175 10 6
HV full load current on tap 1(5%) 0.667 279.05 A primary
3 241500
279 .05
HV full load current on tap 1(5%) 1.744 A secondary
160

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(AP) 6 Application Notes Application of Individual Protection Functions

HV corrected current on tap 1 1.730 1.744 3.017 A sec ondary

175 10 6
HV full load current on tap 19 (-15%) 0.667 344 .71A primary
3 195 .510 3

344.71
HV full load current on tap 19 (-15%) 2.154 A secondary
160
HV corrected current on tap 19 1.730 2.154 3.727 A sec ondary

145 10 6
LV full load current 0.667 485 .551A primary
3 115 10 3
485 .551
LV full load current 2.023 A secondary
240

30 10 6
TV full load current 0.667 837.158 A primary
3 13.8 10 3
837.158
TV full load current 2.093 A secondary
400

Determine Idiff at both tap extremities (with mid tap correction).

LV corrected current 1.366 2.023 2.763 A

TV corrected current 0.273 2.093 0.571A

0.317
Idiff at tap 1 3.017 2.763 0.571 0.317 A 0.063 pu
5
0.393
Idiff at tap 19 3.727 2.763 0.571 0.393 A 0.0786 pu
5

Determine Ibias at both tap extremities (with mid tap correction). The currents used in
Ibias calculation are the currents after ratio and vector correction.
3.017 2.763 0.571 3.176
Ibias at tap 1 3.176 A 0.635 pu
2 5
3.727 2.763 0.571 3.531
Ibias at tap 19 3.531A 0.706 pu
2 5

Determine relay differential current.

Iop = Is1, (Is1/K1 Ibias)
Iop = K1 Ibias, (Is1/K1 Ibias Is2)
Iop = K1 Is2 + K2 (Ibias - Is2), (Ibias Is2)
Ibias at tap 1 is less than 3.33 A (0.667 pu); then Iop = 0.2 pu = 1 A
Ibias at tap 1 is less than 5 A (1 pu) and greater than 3.33 A (0.667 pu); since Is2 is
set to the rated current (5 A), Iop is calculated as follows:

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Application of Individual Protection Functions (AP) 6 Application Notes

Iop = 0.3 3.531 = 1.059 A

Check Idiff < Iop by a 10% margin for each tap extremity and adjust Is1 and/or K1 as
necessary:
Tap 1: Since Idiff = 0.317 A and 0.9Iop at tap 1 = 0.9 x 1 = 0.9 A
Therefore there is sufficient safety margin with K1 = 30% and Is1 = 0.2 pu.
Tap 19: Since Idiff = 0.393 A and 0.9Iop at tap 19 = 0.9 x 1.059 = 0.953 A
Therefore there is sufficient safety margin with K1 = 30% Is1 = 0.2 pu.
Figure 25 shows the bias characteristic, the CT and tap changer errors (assumed
as 20%), and the bias, differential coordinates corresponding to full load current
and 66.7% of full load current. It can also be seen that it is necessary to check the
safety margin at the two knee-points of the bias characteristic.

2.5

Bias characteristic
CT and tap changer errors
2 nominal MVA, tap 1
nominal MVA, tap 17
66.7% of nominal MVA, tap 1
66.7% of nominal MVA, tap 17
1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Ibias/Inom
P4305ENa

Figure 25 - Safety margin at the two knee-points of the bias characteristic

Vector correction and zero sequence filtering

Vector correction is done by setting LV Vector Group in SYSTEM CONFIG to 0
and TV Vector Group in SYSTEM CONFIG to 1. The zero sequence filtering is
done by setting HV Grounding, LV Grounding and TV Grounding in SYSTEM
CONFIG to Grounded. The TV winding is grounded using a grounding transformer
inside the protected zone.
The system configuration and differential protection settings are shown in Figure
26:

P64x/EN AP/A62 Page (AP) 6-45