THE CHANGING DYNAMICS OF PEACE PACT

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 7
Pages: 659-665
Document ID: 2023PEMJ588
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7750366
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-15-3
Psych Educ, 2023, 7: 659-665, Document ID:2023 PEMJ588, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7750366, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

The Changing Dynamics of Peace Pact

Claire Kaplaan P. Lafadchan*, Ben S. Marrero Jr.
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.

Abstract
In the Cordilleras, the peace treaty system is a tried-and-true method of resolving disputes; a
reflection of respect and devotion in sustaining peace and order in the community. The theory of
holism was employed in this qualitative study to reveal the shifting dynamics of the peace accord in
Bontoc, Mountain Province. To correctly chronicle the peace pact process in the past and the
modifications along the pechen procedures and penalties, elders from the central barangays of Bontoc
who have extensive knowledge of peace pacts and have taken part in peace pact negotiations were
interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to carefully lever the responses. The study reveals that the
inclusion of the memorandum of agreement, together with the engagement of police enforcement as
peacekeepers during negotiations, is a significant addition to the pechen system. The concept of space
and material has also changed, moving away from traditional meeting spaces and objects and toward
commercial goods. Also emphasized is the fact that fines are already paid in cash rather than in kind.

Keywords: culture, dispute resolution, peace pact, bontoc

Introduction awareness of the peace pact process among barangay

officials and community members, most especially to
the youths who are mostly affected by the tribal
The world is ever changing and so with everything in conflicts. It can also be used to aid in the discussions
it. The barbaric forms of punishment have eased down on the subject Dispute Resolutions and Crises/Incident
to humane institutional and community based Management as mandated in CMO 5, series of 2018
treatments. Change is also obvious in settling disputes curriculum for BS Criminology students.
where verbal agreements were reduced to black and
white documents, pictures and recoded videos. The Research Objectives
need for the intervention of law enforcement agencies
and mediators are also called to ensure safety in the This study aims to look into the changes in the peace
peace pact settlements. pact settlement procedures. It specifically aims to:

It cannot be denied that Cordillerans still hold to their 1. determine the procedures of peace pact observed in
culture up to this age of globalization and technology. the past;
However, the effects of it, tribal war for example, is 2. determine the changes in the peace pact process
immense that it disrupts the studies of students and the along:
safety of tribal members outside the tribunal 2.1. Penalties
community which supports the position of Prill-Brett 2.2. Procedure
(1987) that Bontok communities cannot afford to be at
war with one another all the time.
Literature Review
In order to preserve the tranquility in an indigenous
community such as the municipality of Bontoc in
Mountain Province, the researchers decided to conduct As discussed in the book International Conflict
this study to understand the changing trends in peace Resolution after the Cold War, conflict transformation
pact settlement as practiced in the locality. This study is the effort to reach accommodation between parties
also aims to promote traditional justice systems in in conflict through interactive processes that lead to
support to Sustainable Development Goal 16 which is reconciling tensions, redefining interests, or finding
on peace, justice and strong institutions. The result of common ground. It also explained that the strategy
this study will strengthen peace pact system through departs radically from the logic of enduring national
educating young Bontok people regarding the interests by making two related presumptions: that
traditional means of settling disputes. interests and conflicts in interest are to some degree
socially constructed and malleable, and that it is
Hence, the results of this study can be a basis to design possible for groups to redefine their interests to reduce
an extension activity on the campaign to raise the intergroup tension and suspicion and to make peaceful

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Research Article

settlements more possible. Among the early formalized bodong in Mountain

Province was a ceasefire agreement between Conrado
To revisit the evolution of peaceful resolution of Belweg of the Cordillera People’s Liberation Army
conflicts, the Pact of Paris scripts the birth of national (CPLA). This significant event prepared the way for
policies in treaties and amicable settlements. Capper the establishment of the Cordillera Administrative
(1929) wrote, “The Pact (Pact of Paris) marks a new Region by Executive Order 220, which served as a
era in international relations; a new chapter in bridge to the Cordillera Autonomous Region
international law.” On July 4, 1946, the Treaty of established by the 1987 Philippine Constitution
Manila was signed between the government of the (Tubadeza, 2022).
United States and the Republic of the Philippines
which provided for the recognition of the In relation to this, the Kalinga Bodong System is a
independence of the Republic of the Philippines and means of restorative justice settlement which aims to
the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the reconcile the victim and offender. It has five steps
Philippine Islands (Zaide, 1994). namely sipat, allasiw, singlip and inom, pagta and
galigad. Sipat refers to the exchange of tokens between
Peace agreement has also been called between the representatives of the two contracting villages. Allasiw
government and the Muslim rebels in Mindanao, most is the establishment of truce which means that the two
specifically the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. One villages agree to comply with established peace pact
peace pact was called when Professor Nur Misuari, norms in their interrelations. Singlip and inom are
Chairman of the MNLF Panel, signed a final conducted to validate the office of pact holder and
agreement on the implementation of the 1976 Tripoli provide occasion for the working out of specific
Agreement between the Government of the Republic troubles and the discussion of peace pact as it applies
of the Philippines (GRP) and the Moro National to this particular relationship. The next step is the
Liberation Front (MNLF) which led to the forging of the pagta which reflects the norms to be
establishment of an autonomous region for the abided by both parties. Lastly, galigad is executed and
Muslims in Southern Philippines (Flores, Quiano- celebrated to renew pagta. It is also a feast given in
Castro, Ismail & Marohombsar, 2019). order to formally announce one’s succession as a pact
holder.
On the other hand, The Cordillera Administrative
Region gained its autonomy through Executive Order Moreover, sociologists conduct research with the aim
Number 220. This region is occupied by different to preserve the traditions and cultural practices of the
ethnic groups that practice traditions in their respective indigenous communities. It was mentioned by
ways and institutionalized justice system. Section 4 Bacdayan (1969) in his study that pagta are not
(NEDA, 2015) describes the responsibility of the normally specifically discussed, and hence are not
Cordillera Administrative Region over the following: written down in today’s peace pacts, but nevertheless
apply wherever there is a pact between villages. There
(h) Development of indigenous laws and political
are also changes in the procedures on how peace pact
institutions, particularly those of direct democracy and
is executed and the penalties imposed as observed
collective leadership, as well as the promotion of
today.
indigenous institutions and processes for conflict
resolution and dispute settlement;
Licupa (n.d) mentioned that in this generation the “top-
al” (giving of 5-10 carabaos as a symbol of agreement)
(i) Preservation and enhancement of indigenous
customs, traditions, languages and cultures; is no longer observed in the bodong process in
Kalinga. It is also a common knowledge among
(j) Strengthening of the bodong system of tribal unity Cordillerans that the pagta or the agreement as a result
and cooperation; of the peace pact settlement is verbally relayed but
today the pagta is already reduced in written form.
(k) Protection and preservation of the cultural identity,
v alu es, m o r es, and nor m s of the v ario u s Further, Vecaldo, Clemente and Tamangen (2015)
ethnolinguistic groups in the Cordilleras; and contended that bodong leaders must rationalize the
indemnities and guarantee that the imposition of
(l) Promotion of social justice and protection of human indemnities for a crime committed is consistent with
rights, particularly the rights of women, children, the the current laws of the Penal Code of the Republic of
elderly and disadvantaged groups, as well as the rights the Philippines. It was also mentioned in the study of
of people's organizations. Guadamor and Martinez (2017) that bodong (peace

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Research Article

pact in Kalinga) has been given a bad image and has Instrumentation
been feared especially by non-natives of Mountain
Province due to misinformation or the lack of Semi-structured interview guide was used to collect in-
information about its real nature. These gaps prompted depth information on the peace pact process in the past
the researchers to look into the changing dynamics of and the changes in the peace pact process along
peace pact and to attempt to develop an instructional procedures and penalties. Documentary analysis was
material that can be used in advocating the also used to gather information on the procedures of
preservation of peace pact settlement or pechen as the peace pact as observed in the past from available
people of Bontoc commonly understand. Hence, literatures at the National Commission on Indigenous
McCarthy, Dhiaulhaq, Afiff & Robinson (2022) Peoples and libraries in Bontoc.
posited that converting vernacular forms of tenure into
freehold titles and providing legal recognition of Data Collection
customary arrangements are among the strategies of
Indonesia to pursue land reform conflicts. After the approval of the research proposal, the
researchers coordinated with the National Commission
Due to disinformation or a lack of knowledge about its on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) personnel to secure a
true nature, Bodong has been given a terrible free prior informed consent but the researchers were
reputation and has been feared, especially by non- advised that the data to be gathered is not as sensitive
natives of Mountain Province. Due to this gap, the and will not violate any ethical standard. However, the
researchers decided to investigate the evolving nature researchers coordinated with the barangay officials and
of peace pacts and give recommendations to promote the IPMR of the four central barangays in Bontoc for
the preservation of peace pact settlements, or pechen the selection of qualified participants. The researchers
as the Bontoc people call them. approached the elders referred by the barangay
officials personally. Before any interview took place,
the nature of the study was explained to the elders and
Methodology their consent to record the interview was sought. After
being permitted to record the interview, the researchers
went on with interviews. Before the finalization of the
Research Design discussion, the researchers contacted the participants
and presented to them the findings that were based
Qualitative design and narrative method are followed from their responses during the interviews. All of them
in this study since the aim of the study is to discuss the agreed with the findings. This is to ensure that their
changes that peace pact system underwent over time. rights as indigent individuals are protected and to
make sure that ethical considerations be upheld by the
Locale and Time of the Study researchers.

This study was conducted at Bontoc, Mountain Treatment of Data

Province as among the municipalities in Cordillera
Region with existing peace pact agreements with other The information gathered were transcribed and
tribes. The four central barangays in Bontoc are the translated before it was read and reviewed. Codes were
focus of the study since there are various peace pact assigned to similar responses and the emerging themes
agreements that were crafted there and are existing were determined from recoded responses. The themes
until today. were then discussed. The results were corroborated
with existing articles.
Participants

The participants of the informal interview are seven Results and Discussion
elders, who are from Bontoc and who have a deep
knowledge about the pechen were interviewed to
This section presents the results and discussions of the
gather the needed data. The participants were carefully study after having interviewed the elders at Central
selected through referral method since their experience Bontoc, Mountain Province.
in the peace pact process is criteria in determining the
participants. The testimonial recounts of the elders Procedures of Peace Pact in the Past
were also used to identify the changes in the peace
pact settlement along procedures and penalties. Peace pact system follows a rigid process. The peace

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Research Article

pact system of Bontoc is called “pechen” which is among to ask the consensus of other members if they
likened to the Bodong System of Kalinga. The want to forge a friendship with the other tribe.
procedures are similar but the terms used are
somewhat different. The following are the procedures Sudsod (giving of token). This phase is comparable to
of pechen in Bontoc, Mountain Province that guide the the exchange of warang (token) in the bodong system.
elders and parties involved in settling disputes, crimes The sudsod only happens if the offended party has an
and in upholding social harmony in the community: existing pechen with the party of the offender.
According to one elder from Bontoc Ili, someone, the
Pasamak (incident). The peace pact process or products of intermarriage, is sent to bring the sudsod.
pechen is initiated if an incident occurs. According to If the other party will accept it and change it with
an elder from Samoki, pechen is initiated by the another token, the pechen is considered broken. It
occurrence of an incident such as killing of a person, means that there will be a tribal war. Another elder
robbery or even the start of a good friendship. This is further explained that this happens only if the pagta is
consistent with the statement of another elder who said broken. This phase is viewed as a means to determine
that peace pact can start from protecting each other if the parties are still willing to repair the existing
like what happened with a person from Betwagan and friendship.
another from Samoki. Another instance where
friendship caused the origination of peace pact is: Anap (search for the offender). This step is where
the offender is pursued. The peace pact holder of the
A person from Abra came to seek help because people tribe the offender will help in locating the offender. He
from Dalican are oppressing them. They go to Abra to will call the offender and ask him about what
work but they get the carabao on their way home. happened. If the offender admits his mistake, the
Those who go there to trade, they rustle the carabao elders will prepare for the tut-ya. In case that it was
and leave five pesos as payment so that person from known that the parties involved (offender and the
Abra came to seek the help of the people from Bontoc victim) have an existing pechen, a token is delivered to
with the prayer that the oppression of the individuals by either the victim’s tribe to the peace pact holder of
from Dalican will stop. the other tribe. Once the token is received and
changed, the pechen is implied to be broken. Malinnag
These testimonies portray that pechen process is
and Benabese (2017) cited in their study that kepas, in
triggered if an offense is committed against any
the bodong system, means the peace pact is totally
individual or if a friendship is forged with anyone
broken if the gift given during the sipat is returned.
from Bontoc. The implication that follows is that
pechen can emerge from the parties' desire to forge a Tut-ya (meeting). In the tut-ya (meeting), the peace
brotherhood or if both parties desired to form a pact holders and elders from the tribes or barangays of
relationship following a negative incident. the parties involved will have a meeting. They will
review the pechen (by-law) or pagta (as what other
Pa-among (gathering). After an incident has been
ethnic groups like Sadanga and Kalinga call). In the
reported to the elders, a gathering is called by the
bodong system, tut-ya is likened to the singlip (a
pumechen or peace pact holder of the barangay or ato
sacred process where the two tribes will get acquainted
where the person concerned is a resident or a member.
with each other) and the celebration is usually marked
In most cases, the victim is the first to report to the by the discussion and preparation of the pagta
elderly about the crime that happened. provision of the peace treaty (Mallinag and Benabese,
2017).
At this point, the peace pact holder will gather
relatives and elders to discuss the next steps to be Morta (imposition of penalty). After determining the
done. According to one elder at Bontoc Ili, the elders penalty during the tut-ya, the elders will then set time
are gathered to determine if they have an existing for the payment of fine or penalty to give time for the
pechen with the offender or the victim. If there is none, offender and his family or community to prepare. In
they will send the pinakarso (a person involved in an the olden times, if the fine or penalty is in the form of
inter-marriage with the other tribe) to talk with the rice or animal, all of the community members will
other tribe. However, if there is an existing pechen, partake of what was cooked of it. It is the elders,
they will now try to identify the offender or the victim. including the peace pact holders who will agree on the
In cases where a good incident is what causes the date and venue of the payment. The procedure,
pechen to be mobilized, the elders will do the pa- according to the elders, is that offenders administer the

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Research Article

punishment. The offended party is not the one to go Over time, peace pact or pechen has constantly
get the fine, it is brought to their place. However, since facilitated the realization of Restorative Justice in
the penalty and fine comes in the form of cash at Bontoc, Mountain Province. From the testimonies of
present, the money received as payment will be held the participants, there have been changes in the
by the officials of the barangay where the victim following areas of study on the peace pact process.
belongs. The money is not given to the victim or his
family but it goes into the contingency fund of the Engagement in a Memorandum of Agreement. A
barangay. striking change in the peace pact system is the
adoption of the memorandum of agreement in keeping
Pechen (forging of peace pact). In case there is no the treaty official and legal. Before our time, the
existing peace pact between the community of the tulagan/pagta or the agreement of the pechen is
offender and the aggrieved party, the pechen or peace verbally spoken but is fully honored. At present, the
pact is forged if both parties agree to it. The elders of tulagan is reduced into a memorandum of agreement
both parties will convene and set the rules or the pagta and is even included in the minutes of meeting of the
to say their pledge of looking after one another. In the barangay officials.
bodong system, allatiw is the phase of the process
where the pagta is reviewed and put into effect which Over the generations that passed, the by-laws of the
is accompanied by another festive celebration pechen has been translated orally. However, with the
(Mallinag and Benabese, 2017). influence of education and technology nowadays, the
by-laws are already reduced in paper and are
Pa-atong (warming-up). This final stage of the peace considered as official documents. From the responses
pact process indicates that the agreement between the of the elders who were interviewed, the major change
parties involved needs to be renewed. This happens if in the procedure of the peace pact process is the
one party invites the other to celebrate in a feast Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signing in two
launched in the ato by the peace pact holders. In a instances.
story relayed by the elders, the agreement stipulated in
the pagta will again be read to remind everyone of the The first is the MOA signing between the parties
offenses and the corresponding penalties punishable involved (the victim and the offender) reflecting a
under the peace pact treaty. The participants explained contract that neither of them will file charges in the
that this is also an opportunity to educate the younger courts of law. This is done to prevent the victim from
ones on the nature and existence of the pechen that filing a legal charge since the case was already settled
their communities entered into. During the warming- through pechen.
up, the friendship of the two communities will be
strengthened which means that the purpose of this The second MOA signing is entered between the peace
stage of the peace pact process is to renew and tighten pact holders, which is now held by all members of the
the harmonious relationship of the communities in ato and the peace pact holder of the other tribe or
protecting each other from any threat and danger. This barangay. This MOA signing comes after the by-laws
supports the findings of Prill-Brett (1987) study that of the pechen or the tulagan (commonly called the
among the purposes of the renewal of peace pact are to pagta) was crafted and agreed upon. The purpose of
reintroduce the existence of the pact to persons who the MOA is to properly document the agreement of the
are not yet acquainted with the existing pact, two barangays or tribes involved in the peace pact
especially the young generations; to add or delete settlement. It also contains the stipulations of the
provisions of the pact; and to reinforce solidarity penalties of identified offenses and the actions they
between the co-pact villages. take to promote safety and security. During the
warming-up, the MOA is reviewed or revised
This phase of the pechen is comparable to the delnat (a according to the decisions of the tribal leaders. Once
form of great celebration) observed in the bodong final, it is read so that the young ones will know about
process. As posited by Malinnag and Benabese (2017) it.
in their study, the purpose of the delnat is to strengthen
the pact and peace relations of the tribe or community Participation of police officers. Another remarkable
concerned. The study also stated that a delnat between variation is the participation of the law enforcers,
the Bontok and Maeng tribes, where their pagta was particularly the Philippine National Police personnel,
reassessed, occurred in 2001 and was recorded. in the negotiation process during the peace pact. The
authorities serve as peace keepers for the negotiating
Changes in the Peace Pact Process parties, especially if the venue of the meeting is held in

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a government facility. The elders who were the carabao. After several years, he did it again so the
interviewed emphasized that police officers do not elders decided that the person will be fined for
interfere with the agreements and processes being violating the peace pact agreement and was allowed to
followed in the peace pact since their role is to ensure be prosecuted legally, thereby he was imprisoned for a
the safety and security of all members of the parties few months. This situation agrees with the
involves. instrumental school, as cited by Arnault (2006), which
argues that parties to a peace deal may tolerate - and
One elder cited a scenario when a meeting was called often even embrace - delays, less-than-perfect
between the elders of Bontoc and Elders from Kalinga implementation, and even non-compliance of some
to talk about solving a murder case through peace pact. agreements. Hence, specific deterrence theory is
The venue of the meeting was at the Mountain realized in the peace pact of Bontoc since a
Province Multi-Purpose Hall, a government operated community member, who often violates the provisions
building in the central town of Bontoc. Police officers of pagta, is allowed to reflect in prison and for him not
were deployed at the entrance of the building and they to repeat the same mistakes.
conducted frisk search to all persons entering the
venue. One police officer seized a blade hidden at the Using the holism theory, it is understood that the peace
hem of the jacket of one participant. The elders were pact process observed by the Bontoc people has
grateful for the participation of the police officers evolved. Among the improvements in the peace pact
since the blade could have been used to harm anyone process are a result of the community's education and
during the meeting. development. However, the meaning of pechen
remained unchanged. It is still based on the traditional
Monetary form of fine and penalty. In the olden techniques of sustaining peace and security in the
times, fines and penalties were paid in kind. It was also community.
stated by the elders that Bontok people do not make a
profit from the fines paid because the aggrieved party,
who is from Bontoc, does not receive the fine. Instead, Conclusion
it is directed to the barangay fund or distributed among
the four central barangays of the Bontoc Municipality.
The funds collected are used as a reserve fund for The Bontok people have historically recognized that
emergencies such as the search for missing persons. the peace pact process begins with an incident,
whether it be an offense or a friendship, and finishes
Today, since Bontok people are educated and they with a pact that is periodically renewed in order to
prefer to be employed in government or non- maintain and enhance the brotherhood or friendship.
government agencies, the elders replaced rice, carabao, The most notable variation from previous peace pact
pig and big wok to monetary value as forms of fines. It processes is the use of memoranda of understanding
was relayed by the elders that a case of murder was between the parties to address disputes and another
solved through pechen in the late 1980s where the memorandum of understanding signed by the elders of
offenders, who are from the municipality of Tinglayan both sides to execute and uphold the agreed pagta. All
in Kalinga, were fined with 5 granaries of rice and 5 members of both tribes or communities are expected to
carabaos. However, as recalled by the elders, in the abide by this. Since the ato isn't frequently utilized for
1990s when most people started to domesticate meetings, the idea of space has also shifted. The
animals, the community members and the elders involvement of the local police in ensuring safety is
decided to put monetary value as forms of fines and now recognized and appreciated. Specific tasks in the
penalties. One elder explained that during those years, peace deal process today also involve the usage of
money is more difficult to find than the traditional commercial goods. Traditional means of restitution,
items such as wok, rice and animals. This finding such as rice and animals, have been supplanted with
implies that the economic growth has an impact on the monetary value. But if the criminal is a frequent
practice of peace pact settlement. offender, serving a prison sentence is a possibility.

Adoption of imprisonment as a form of penalty. Following the aforementioned conclusion, it is

Though there are rare cases of delinquency and re- advised that the study's findings be added to the
offending by those who disregard agreements, some curricula of the BS in Criminology and the Department
peace pact agreements adopted imprisonment as a of Education for widespread awareness on the
form of punishment. For instance, a person was once evolving patterns in the Bontoc pechen system. An
punished for cattle rustling and was asked to replace Informative-Educational Campaign material may also

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be developed to inform the public about the true nature _of_Maintaining_Peace_Bodong

of the peace pact system. Additionally, this is done to M. Guadamor, and V. Martinez. (2017). Bodong in Lower Kalinga:
raise young people's understanding of the value of the A Strategy of Peace and Justice System. [Online]. Vol. 6, No. 12.
peace agreement system as a tried-and-true method of Available: www.garph.co.uk.
conflict resolution. The pechen should also be
Mallinag, A. & Benabese, L. (2017). “Bodong” in the Province of
institutionalized in order for them to be recognized Abra: A Basis for Sustainability of Peace and the Justice System.
legally. Every barangay's current pechen should be Mabikas Foundation. Available a t
incorporated into an ordinance so that infractions of https://mabikas-foundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Bodong
the pechen may be properly tracked down and _in_the_province_of_Abra_Malinnag_and_Benabese.pdf

reported. The development of an electronic platform McCarthy, J., Dhiaulhaq, A., Afiff, S. & Robinson, K. (2022). Land
will allow the parties to the treaty to readily share reform rationalities and their governance effects in Indonesia:
news and announcements. It is believed that the Provoking land politics or addressing adverse formalization?
G e o f o r u m . Vo l . 1 3 2 , pp 9 2 - 1 0 2 . A v a i l a b l e at
recommendations are aligned to the Sustainable
h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . g e o fo r u m . 2 0 2 2 . 0 4 . 0 0 8
Development Goal 16 which is the Peace, Justice and
Strong Institution since the institutionalization of the National Economic and Development Authority. (2015, September).
pechen helps in sustaining peace and order within and Executive Order Number 220. Creating a Cordillera Administrative
Region, Appropriating Funds therefor and for other purposes.
among the parties involved. Available at https://car.neda.gov.ph/executive-order-no-220-s-1987/

National Research Council. (2000). International Conflict

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