UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION
WORKSHEET # 4
UNIT 1.1
TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS
TECHNOLOGY:
Following are few technical definitions of the term technology:
1. “Technology is knowledge organized for production. (Sachs, 1970)
2. “Technology may be defined as the application of organized knowledge to practical tasks
by ordered system of people and machines”. (Barbour, 1993)
3. “Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to a practical purpose (problem)”.
(Page, 1976)
4. “By technology, we typically mean the knowledge and instruments that humans use to
accomplish the purpose of life”. (Friedel, 2007)
5. “The word ‘Technology’ (the Latin form is ‘texere’, to weave or construct), does not
necessarily imply the use of the machines, as many seem to think, but refers to any
practical art using scientific knowledge”. (Saettler)

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY:
Following are few technical definitions of the term educational technology:
1. “Educational technology deals with the application of many fields of science to the
educational needs of the individual as well as society”. (Nickson, 1970)
2. “The application of scientific process to man’s learning conditions to what has come
recently to be called educational or instructional technology”. (Cox, 1970)
3. “Educational technology is a complex integrated process involving people, procedures,
ideas devising implementing evaluating and managing solutions to those problems
involved in all aspects of human learning”. (Taskforce, 1973)
4. “Educational technology involves the disciplined application of knowledge for the
purpose of improving learning, instruction and/or performance”. (Spector, 2015)
5. “Educational Technology is in the form of detailed application of the psychology of
learning to practical teaching problems”. (Ceoco, 1971)

UNIT-1.2

NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

The Need for and importance of Educational Technology can be better understood by the
following points:

1. To Provide Awareness About New Technology to Young Generation:

Students can learn and appreciate new technologies as they emerge thanks to educational
technology. Today’s students are more likely to make better use of new technologies.
Understanding emerging innovations enables them to weigh the benefits and drawbacks
of new tools before implementing them in their professional careers and studies.
Educational technology enables students to understand the dynamics of new ideas, how
they can be implemented in the classroom, and the potential outcomes. As a result, they
become acquainted with various techniques.

For example: Use of smart board in classes of young generation.

2. To Promote Distance Information:

The use of tools and processes to communicate, transport, and manipulate information is
referred to as technology. It has been a part of human culture since prehistory, but it has
grown rapidly since the twentieth century. The term is frequently used in reference to
computers and the internet, but technology also includes the infrastructure that enables
them to function, such as mobile phones, tablets, and other devices.

For example: Use of zoom connect students nationally as well as internationally to

teachers.

3. To create inventions in online education:

However, in many ways, technology has profoundly changed education. For one,
technology has greatly expanded access to education. In medieval times, books were rare
and only an elite few had access to educational opportunities. Individuals had to travel to
centers of learning to get an education. Today, massive amounts of information (books,
audio, images, videos) are available at one’s fingertips through the Internet, and
opportunities for formal learning are available online worldwide through the Khan
Academy, MOOCs, podcasts, traditional online degree programs, and more. Access to
learning opportunities today is unprecedented in scope thanks to technology.

For example: Today, the use of mobile wireless technologies such as mobile phones,
tablets, and laptops is in use for online education.

4. To use of successful system approach:

The term is frequently used in reference to computers and the internet, but technology
also includes the infrastructure that enables them to function, such as mobile phones,
tablets, and other devices. Students can now find information more quickly and accurately
thanks to advances in technology. Traditional textbooks are being replaced in part by
search engines and e-books. Instead of personal tutors, students can get one-on-one
assistance through educational videos that can be accessed at any time and from any
location, as well as massive open online courses (MOOCs). Giving students a solid
foundation in the use of these continuous learning tools improves their future learning
potential.

For Example: Mobile phones, Tablets, Laptops etc.

5. Offers a wide variety of accessible material:

Using technology in the classroom allows teachers to gain a fresh perspective on life.
They are better positioned to develop an appealing instructional curriculum, diversify
learning content, and provide quality services. For example, they can use PowerPoint to
create a slew of images to demonstrate how the program works to students. To protect the
younger generation, they should be aware of frauds, interest securities, and privacy
policies.

For example: MS word, to make assignments, and Power point to prepare Presentations.

6. To use as a helping tool for teaching learning Process:

Technology is not the solution, but just like books and classrooms and blackboards,
technological tools can help teachers to improve their skills, to use their skills most
effectively, and to be accountable. These investments should never be made based on
evidence-free optimism but rather evidence-based realism in terms of systems’ capacity
to maintain the technology, teacher willingness to engage the technology, and whether the
technology will perform better than the cheaper, analog alternative.

For example: Use of smart board facilitates both teacher and students.

7. To understand the individual differences:

No two students learn in the same way, but educators can address diversity in learning
styles and experiences with the right insight tools. Blue, a Student Insight Solution
platform, can provide a detailed overview that is critical in identifying student needs
based on real-time feedback. Blue allows instructors to connect and engage with every
single student, no matter where they are or what their challenges are, providing
centralized insight and increasing student engagement.
For example: Make the inclusive school and add such technology where able and disable
can understand in better way. And keep them in equal environment like child centred
learning and flexible teaching strategies by different technologies.

8. To create effective and fun environment:

Learners should learn and spend time on leisure activities to avoid boredom and increase
concentration. An exciting educational experience encourages scholars to appreciate
school and avoid truancy. Educational technology fulfils this objective by enabling
students to have fun and learn simultaneously. Consequently, they are motivated to value
and love studies.

For example: There should be video sessions in leisure time by which student can learn
and boost their listening power and learn in fun by technologies.

9. Enables learners to acquire new knowledge:

Through online programs, educational technology provides learners with numerous

opportunities to improve their skills and broaden their knowledge in a variety of areas.
As a student, it is your responsibility to conduct research and learn more about the topics
that motivate you to work hard and achieve your academic objectives.

Learners can improve their knowledge of various fields, acquire new skills in how
different technologies function, and apply the concepts in their future roles due to the
numerous implications of innovation in diversifying the job market. If you are
knowledgeable about new technologically advanced tools.

For example: if you are interested in information technology, you can learn new things
about it. As a result, you can generate new ideas and share them with your co-workers to
foster a positive working environment.

10. Makes learning and research easy:

Since students may access the internet whenever they want, education technology makes
learning more fascinating and simpler. They don’t need to go to college, the library, or
any other location to finish their homework as a result. You can confidently finish and
turn in homework at any time if you are skilled in computer applications like Microsoft
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and networking and have access to a quick device, a reliable
network, and a power source.

Students can get economical academic support from essay writers. You can search for
Custom Writings and get a custom essay online if you are a college student who is
drowning in projects like essays, research papers, proposals, dissertations, and
coursework. Your assignment will be handled by a qualified author.
 For example: technologies made learning very easy like dictionaries in smartphone
where we can get meaning every word in seconds and social media where student can get
every update in minutes.

UNIT 1.5
COMPONENTS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Definition of Components:
“A part or element of a larger whole, especially a part of a machine
or vehicle.”
(Oxford Dictionary)

List of Components:
1. Material
2. Media
3. Main power
4. Manner Of life
5. Teaching strategies
6. Teaching aids
7. Role of administration
8. Effective and efficient teaching
9. Manual use of technology
10. Educational psychology
11. Teaching methods
12. Teachers’ personality
13. Demonstration
14. Projects
15. Research work
16. Use of skills
17. Audio visual aids
18. Curriculum
 19. Learning styles
20. Aims of life

Following are some components of educational technology:

1. MEDIA:
Mass communication enterprises including print or broadcast.
Example: newspaper, magazines, radio and television.
REF: Encyclopedia of education.
BY: Cynthia George
2. COUNSELLING SERVICES:
Activities design to assist students in making plans and decisions related to their education,
career or personal development.
Example: *Counseling students who are tardy or absent
*Counseling students who have disciplinary problems
*Teaching various concepts and skills such as self-awareness.
REF: Encyclopedia of education.
BY: Cynthia George.
3. AUDIO VISUAL AIDS:
According to the Webster dictionary, audio-visual aids is defined as “ Training or
educational material directed at the both the senses of hearing and the sense of sight, films,
recordings, photographs, etc. used in classroom instructions, library collections or the likes”.
Example: Educational materials including: posters, painting slides, videos, films, audiotapes
and videotapes.

REF: Dictionary of education.

BY: Mridula Pandey.
4. DEMONSTRATION:
An activity to show students how things work or how they happen. Demonstration are often
used in science classes.
Example: You might need to see a demonstration of napkin folding before you take a job as
a waitress.
REF: Dictionary of education.
BY: Mridula Pandey.
5. LEARNING STYLES:
Differences in the way students learn more readily. Scholars have devised numerous ways of
classifying styles differences.
Example: 1) Cognitive style (the way a person lends to think about a learning situation)
2) Tendency to use particular senses (seeing, hearing, touching) and other characteristics
such as whether the person prefers to work independently or with others.
REF: Dictionary of education.
BY: Mridula Pandey
6. MAN POWER:
Manpower is defined as the total of number of individuals who are employed in a company
or available for a particular project assignment or work.
Example: In software service oriented companies, it is advisable to keep high number of
employees in surplus. This is because the software service oriented companies get new
projects at any point of time, and they must have sufficient manpower available to start
working on that.
REF: Mbaskool.com
7. TEACHING STRATEGIES:
Teaching strategies are the techniques and methods that a teacher applies to
support student learning. A teacher selects the teaching strategy most suited to the current
level of knowledge of the students.
Example: Visualization is a useful technique to process or summarize the knowledge that has
been instructed in class. When students receive the information through visual means, they
are more able to retain both the previous learning and new information for a longer time.
REF: Teaching and learning strategies: A classroom guide
BY: Paul Main
8. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Emotional development can be defined as the study of what mattered in the past and what
will matter in the future in order to better understand what matter in the present.
REF: THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
BY: DANIEL DUKES
9. RESEARCH WORK:
Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of
critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance
with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.
Example: in research we collect, interview, observe participants for the research of the
particular data.
REF: Hampshire.com
10. CURRICULUM:
(Wiles and bondi, 2007) defined curriculum as:
“The curriculum represents a set of desired goals or values that are activated through a
development process and culminate in successful learning experiences for students.
Example: An elementary school might discuss how its curricula is designed to improve
national testing scores or help students learn fundamental skills.
REF: Leading curriculum Development
BY: Jon Wiles