GED103 Reviewer

Module 1 – Section 1 (Distinction Between Primary and Secondary Sources)

 Primary sources are considered as contemporary accounts of an event, personally written or narrated
by an individual person who directly experienced or participated in the said event.

 Secondary sources serve as interpretations or readings of primary sources.

Scholars use the ff. questions in evaluating the validity and credibility of sources of historical accounts:

- How did the author know about the given details? Was the author present at the event? How
soon was the author able to gather the details of the event?

- Where did the information come from? Is it a personal experience, an eyewitness account, or a
report made by another person?

- Did the author conclude based on a single source, or on many sources of evidence?
 GED103 Reviewer

Module 1 – Section 2 (Evaluation of Primary and Secondary Sources)

Garraghan (1950) identified six points of inquiries to evaluate the authenticity of a primary source:
1. Date – when was it produced?
2. Localization – where did it originate
3. Authorship – who wrote it?
4. Analysis – what pre-existing material served as the basis for its production?
5. Integrity – what was its original form?
6. Credibility – what is the evidential value of its content?
 Louis Gottschalk (1969) emphasized that it is impossible for historians to avoid using secondary
sources due to difficulty in accessing primary sources.
 Gottschalk suggested that secondary sources must only be used for:
(1) deriving the setting wherein the contemporary evidence will fit in the grand narrative of
history;
(2) getting leads to other bibliographic data;
(3) acquiring quotations or citations from contemporary or other sources; and
(4) deriving interpretations with a view of testing and improving them but not accepting them as
outright truth.
 Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier (2001) stated that before any source can be considered as
evidence in a historical argument, it must satisfy three preconditions. First, it must be comprehensible
at the most basic level of vocabulary, language, and handwriting. Second, the source must be
carefully located in accordance with place and time. Third, through the first two preconditions, the
authenticity of the source must always be checked and accepted as a credible source in any historical
findings.
 Cases of forgery and mislabeling are common in Philippine historiography. One example of the
latter is Ambeth Ocampo’s discovery of the alleged draft of Jose Rizal’s third novel, the Makamisa.
The stack of writings was labeled Borrador del Noli me Tangere. However, upon reading the draft,
it is clear that it is not connected to Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

Seven factors that evaluate the sources in terms of internal characteristics according to Howell and
Prevenier (2001):
1. The genealogy of the document – refers to the development of the document. The document
may be original, a copy, or a copy of the copy.
2. The genesis of the document – includes the situations and the authorities during the
document’s production.
3. The originality of the document – includes the nature of the document whether it is an
eye/earwitness account or merely passing of existing information.
4. The interpretation of the document – pertains to deducing meaning from the document.
5. The authorial authority of the document – refers to the relationship between the
document’s subject matter and its author.
6. The competence of the observer – refers to the author’s capabilities and qualifications to
critically comprehend and report information.
7. The trustworthiness of the observer – refers to the author’s integrity-whether he or she
fabricates or reports truthfully.
 GED103 Reviewer

Module 2 – Section 1 (Customs of the Tagalogs)

 Fray Juan de Plasencia, also known by his real name, Joan de Portocarrero, was one of the seven
children of Pedro Portocarrero. He was born and raised in Extremadura, Spain in the 16 th century
during the country’s Golden Age (Siglo de Oro). He died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590.

 His interaction with the Tagalogs converting to Christianity influenced him in writing the book
Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589). The book identifies the
political, social, economic, and cultural systems that were already in place among Filipino
communities prior to the arrival of the Spaniards.

 Filipinos were allowed to hold the position of gobernadorcillo of puebos.

 Plasencia’s work is a primary source. His work is considered by many historians as an example of a
friar account. The original text is currently kept in Archivo General de Indias (A.G.I.) in Seville,
Spain.

 Miguel de Loarca, who arrived in the Philippines in 1576, wrote Relacion de las Islas Filipinas
(1852) that describes the way of life of Filipinos living in Western Visayas.

 Antonio de Morga, who came to the Philippines in 1595 as Asesor and Teniente General, wrote
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which provides valuable information about the Philippines at the latter
part of the 16th century.
 GED103 Reviewer

Module 2 – Section 2 (Raiders of the Sulu Sea)

 Raider of the Sulu Sea is a historical documentary produced by Oak3 Films. It depicts the slave-
raiding activities perpetrated by the Balangingi Samal and the Ilanun people under the command of
the Sultanate of Sulu.

 The documentary shows the Moro resistance to the Spanish and American colonial governments in
Southern Philippines. The raids were facilitated by different indigenous groups of the Sulu region
including the Ilanuns, Balangingi Samals, and Tausugs.

 Established in 1996, Oak3 Films was founded by Zaihirat Banu Codelli (CEO) along with Lim Suat
Yen (COO) and Jason Lai (Director of Content). It became popular because they co-produced a
documentary with Discovery Asia titled “The Gods Must Be Hungry”, which earned Discovery
Asia’s highest viewership in 10 years.

 The struggle against foreign invaders are considered by Moro leaders as part of the four-century long
national liberation movement.

dem link bois: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CEtJ1mZdX10

 GED103 Reviewer

Module 2 – Section 3 (Kartilya ng Katipunan)

 Emilio Jacinto, also known as the Brains of the Katipunan, was also regarded as Moses of the
Filipino people by Artemio Ricarte and both Soul of the Revolution and Eyes of the Katipunan by
Epifanio de los Santos. He was born on December 15, 1875 in Trozo, Manila. His father was
Mariano Jacinto who was a bookkeeper but according to E. de los Santos, was a merchant. His
mother Josefa Dizon was a manghihilot or midwife. He died of malaria on April 16, 1899 at 23 years
old.
 Jacinto joined the Katipunan in 1894 and was the youngest member at 19 years old. He became the
general of the Katipunan and the director of the printing shop and library of the Katipunan. Jacinto
was proclaimed generalissismo of the North, became the adviser of the Supremo, and furnished
Bonifacio with weapons, money, printing materials, and musical compositions. He was also the editor
of the newspaper Kalayaan.

Teachings of the Katipunan – Emilio Jacinto

GED103 Reviewer

Decalogue of the Duties of the

Sons of the People – Andres
Bonifacio

Factors that influenced the forming of

Katipunan and the Kartilya:
1. The Age of Enlightenment gave
way to Liberalism and Classicism
and in the 20th century, Modernism.
2. The French Revolution was a
period of social and political
upheaval in France.
3. Masonry was introduced to the
Philippines in 1856 when a Spanish
naval officer organized a lodge
 GED103 Reviewer

Module 2 – Section 4 (The Works of Luna and Amorsolo)

 Juan Luna (1857 – 1859) was born on October 23, 1857 in Badoc, Ilocos. He was third among the
seven children of Joaquin Luna de San Pedro y Posadas of Zambales and Laureana Novicio y
Ancheta of La Union. He married Maria de la Paz Pardo de Tavera and had two children. He was
granted the title Licentiate Pilot for High Seas after passing the government examination for sailors
and was also a member of the Hong Kong Revolutionary Committee that tried to convince Emilio
Aguinaldo during his exile in Hong Kong to return to the Philippines and take part in the rebellion.

 He spent eight months making the Spolarium, the largest painting in the Philippines that won three
gold medals in the 1884 Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid. Another work of his that
won a silver medal during that time was the La Muerte de Cleopatra (Death of Cleopatra). Jose Rizal
delivered a congratulatory speech for winning a gold medal with his The Battle of Lepanto painting.

 Fernando Cueto Amorsolo (1892 – 1972) was born in Calle Heran (known today as Pedro Gil) in
Paco, Manila on May 20, 1892. He studied at the Art School of the Liceo de Manila and at the
University of the Philippines’ School of Fine Arts.

 He painted and sketched more than 10,000 pieces over his lifetime using natural and backlighting
techniques which gave him numerous awards and recognitions. The themes of his paintings are
mostly rural Philippine landscapes. Two of his award-winning works are:
(1) The Leyendo El Periodico which won second place in the Bazaar Escolta in 1908
(2) Afternoon Meal of Rice Workers which won first prize at the New York World’s Fair in 1939

 Amorsolo’s paintings depict life during the late American regime and the Japanese occupation in the
Philippines. Some of Amorsolo’s works presenting such scenes are the Bombing of The Intendencia,
the Bombing of the Legislative Building, the Rape of Manila, and the Burning of Sto. Domingo, all
produced in 1942; Rizal Avenue in Ruins and Defense of a Filipino Woman’s Honor in 1945; and the
Burning of Manila in 1946.
 GED103 Reviewer

Module 2 – Section 5 (Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan)

 Emilio Famy Aguinaldo Sr. was born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite. He was the seventh
among the eight children of Carlos Jamir Aguinaldo (the appointed gobernadorcillo) and Trinidad
Famy-Aguinaldo. He died of coronary thrombosis on February 6, 1964. He was 94 years old then.

 He attended high school at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran but had to stop on his fourth year
because of his father’s death. He then helped his mother run their farm. And in 1895, at the age of 25,
he became Kawit’s first gobernadorcillo capital municipal. He became a Freemason during this year,
joining Pilar Lodge No. 203, Imus, Cavite with the codename Colon. He also joined the Katipunan
and used the nom de guerre Magdalo in honor of Mary Magdalene.

 Aguinaldo became the first and youngest president of the country by being the President of the
Philippine Republic. His presidency was cut short when he was captured by the American soldiers in
Palanan, Isabela where he pledged his loyalty to the American government thus dissolving the First
Republic. He retired from politics after losing to Manuel L. Quezon in 1935 but continued serving the
government until President Epidio Quirino appointed him as member of the Philippine Council of
State in 1950.

 He produced the first volume of his memoirs between 1928 and 1946 which included his early years
until the signing of Biak na Bato Treaty in 1897. It was translated by Luz Colendrino Bucu, the
Secretary of the Graduate School of Education and faculty member of the University of the East. Mga
Gunita ng Himagsikan was officially released to the public in 1967. It was presumed by Ambeth
Ocampo (2017) that Aguinaldo also made a second volume, which could have covered the Philippine
revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American war. Until now, no one knows whether it was
actually written but Ocampo hints that it might be hidden in a secret compartment, drawer, or
passageway in the Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite.
 GED103 Reviewer

Module 2 – Section 6 (The Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence)

 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, also known as Don Bosyong, was born on December 17, 1830 in
Biñan Laguna to Gregorio Enriquez Bautista and Silvestra Altamira. He studied Law at the University
of Sto. Tomas and earned his degree in 1865. He died on December 4, 1903 from a fatal fall from a
horse-drawn carriage.

 Bautista solicited funds to finance the campaign for reforms in the Philippines and became a member
of the La Liga Filipino, Cuerpo de Compromisarios, and La Propaganda. He was imprisoned at Fort
Santiago for being involved in the Philippine Revolution but was eventually released.

 He became the first adviser of President Emilio Aguinaldo in 1898. It was believed that it was him,
and not Aguinaldo, who waved the Philippine flag during the proclamation of Philippine
independence in Kawit, Cavite. On July 14, 1899, he was elected as president of the Philippines in
the Revolutionary Congress in Tarlac and was later appointed judge of the Court of First Instance of
Pangasinan.

 In May 1898, the Battle of Manila Bay occurred. Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the
Philippines from Hong Kong, bringing with him the first Philippine flag sewn by Marcela Agoncillo,
Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herbosa. Together with the Americans, the Filipinos assaulted the
Spaniards in the Battle of Manila Bay. However, it was believed to be a mock battle as arrangements
were already made between the Americans and the Spaniards.

 After the battle, Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. It
was accompanied by the playing of the Philippine national anthem composed by Julian Felipe with
lyrics by Jose Palma from his poem Filipinas. At the same time, Ambrosio Bautista read the Act of
Declaration of Philippine Independence in Spanish. The Americans never recognized this declaration.

 The Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino was among the documents lost
during the 1990s. It was finaly returned to the National Library in 1994 after a professor from
University of the Philippines, Milagros Guerrero, negotiated for its return.
 GED103 Reviewer

Module 2 – Section 7 (Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era)

 Alfred McCoy was born on June 8, 1945 in Massachusetts, USA. He earned his BA in European
Studies from Columbia College in 1968. He finished his MA in Asian Studies at the University of
California in Berkeley in 1969 and his PhD in Southeast Asian History at Yale University in 1977. He
studied Philippine political caricatures to understand the social and political contexts of the
Philippines during the American period and later worked with Alfredo Roces, his co-author of
Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the American Era.

 He provided an analysis of the pressing problems and issues of American colonialism manifested in
political cartoons.

 Alfredo Reyes Roces was born on April 29, 1923. He was a painter, an essayist, and a versatile artist
who is considered to be a prominent figure in Philippine art. His paintings started with a figurative
style but soon began to amalgamate expressionism, Fauvism, and impressionism.

 The Philippines Free Press was founded in 1906 by Judge W. A. Kincaid but and was taken over
by McCullough Dick due to bankruptcy. It was published in both Spanish and English where it
featured investigative articles regarding the country’s development.

 Lipag-Kalabaw was launched in the same year as Philippine Free Press, was also published in
Tagalog and Spanish containing satiric cartoons. The artists remained anonymous by using pen
names.

 The Independent was founded in 1915 by the Father of Cebuano Letters, Vicente Sotto, one of the
militant and aggressive advocates of immediate independence. It served as a forum for the discussion
of political issues where Fernando Amorsolo began his career as the angriest of Manila’s political
cartoonists.

 In Cebu, there was the Bag-Ong Kusog which means “New Force”. It was known for highlighting
the conditions in Cebu prior to the war. It talked about the differences between the Spanish and
American governments, depicting the breakdown of hallowed customs and social practices due to
American influence.

 The Spanish colonial period in the Philippines was characterized by strict censorship resulting in a
lack of political liberty for expressing political views. It banned non-religious publications. However,
the transition to the American colonial period provided leeway in the publication of independent
newspapers. Censorship was loosed when a civil government was established in 1901 which gave
Filipinos the right to publish without prior censorship of the government.

 Rafael Palma launched El Renacimiento (Rebirth) which became the most influential of the early
nationalist newspapers campaigning for the right to a free press. Americans felt offended and he faced
two libel suits causing El Renacimiento to be discontinued. Martin Ocampo and Fernando Ma.
Guerrero established a new publication, La Vanguardia, in the same office and survived until World
War II as one of Manila’s leading newspapers.