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    Dbms 111

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    Raj Kumar Yadav
    Database systems provide three levels of abstraction: 1. Physical level: Describes how data is physically stored 2. Logical level: Describes the schema of the data stored 3. View level: Presents an abstract view of the data to users Data independence allows changes to one level without affecting the other levels. This provides major advantages like allowing changes to the physical storage (e.g. hardware upgrades) without impacting applications or users' views of the data. It also allows the logical schema to change by adding or removing attributes without affecting applications or users.

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    Dbms 111

    Uploaded by

    Raj Kumar Yadav
    29 views5 pages
    Database systems provide three levels of abstraction: 1. Physical level: Describes how data is physically stored 2. Logical level: Describes the schema of the data stored 3. View level: Presents an abstract view of the data to users Data independence allows changes to one level without affecting the other levels. This provides major advantages like allowing changes to the physical storage (e.g. hardware upgrades) without impacting applications or users' views of the data. It also allows the logical schema to change by adding or removing attributes without affecting applications or users.

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    Database systems provide three levels of abstraction: 1. Physical level: Describes how data is physically stored 2. Logical level: Describes the schema of the data stored 3. View level: Presents an abstract view of the data to users Data independence allows changes to one level without affecting the other levels. This provides major advantages like allowing changes to the physical storage (e.g. hardware upgrades) without impacting applications or users' views of the data. It also allows the logical schema to change by adding or removing attributes without affecting applications or users.

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    29 views5 pages

    Dbms 111

    Uploaded by

    Raj Kumar Yadav
    Database systems provide three levels of abstraction: 1. Physical level: Describes how data is physically stored 2. Logical level: Describes the schema of the data stored 3. View level: Presents an abstract view of the data to users Data independence allows changes to one level without affecting the other levels. This provides major advantages like allowing changes to the physical storage (e.g. hardware upgrades) without impacting applications or users' views of the data. It also allows the logical schema to change by adding or removing attributes without affecting applications or users.

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    SIDDHARTH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS :: PUTTUR

    Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road – 517583

    QUESTION BANK WITH ANSWERS

    Subject with Code : Database Management Systems (20CS0505) Course & Branch : B.Tech - CSE
    Year & Sem : II-B.Tech & I-Sem Regulation : R20

    UNIT – I
    INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE SYATEM AND DATA BASE DESIGN

    1 a. Define Database? Discuss about applications of Database Systems?


    Database.

    DBMS File System


    DBMS is a collection of data. In DBMS, the File system is a collection of data. In this system,
    user is not required to write the procedures. the user has to write the procedures for
    managing the database.
    Searching data is easy in Dbms Searching is difficult in File System
    Dbms is structured data Files are unstructured data
    No data redundancy in Dbms Data redundancy is there in file system
    Memory utilisation well in dbms Memory utilisation poor in file system
    No data inconsistency in dbms Inconsistency in file system
    DBMS gives an abstract view of data that sFile system provides the detail of the data
    hide the details representation and storage of data.
    DBMS provides a crash recovery File system doesn't have a crash mechanism,
    mechanism, i.e., DBMS protects the user i.e., if the system crashes while entering some
    from the system failure. data, then the content of the file will lost
    DBMS provides a good protection It is very difficult to protect a file under the file
    mechanism. system.
    DBMS contains a wide variety of File system can't efficiently store and retrieve
    sophisticated techniques to store and the data.
    retrieve the data.
    DBMS takes care of Concurrent access of In the File system, concurrent access has
    data using some form of locking. many problems like redirecting the file while
    other deleting some information or updating
    some information.
    A DBMS is software that allows creation, definition and manipulation of database, allowing
     users to store, process and analyse data easily.
     DBMS provides us with an interface or a tool, to perform various operations like creating
    database, storing data in it, updating data, creating tables in the database and a lot more.
     DBMS also provides protection and security to the databases.

    It also maintains data consistency in case of multiple users. Here are some examples of popular
    DBMS used these days:
     MySql

     Oracle

     SQL Server
     IBM DB2

    DATABASE APPLICATIONS – DBMS:


     Applications where we use Database Management Systems are:
     Telecom: There is a database to keeps track of the information regarding calls made, network
    usage, customer details etc.
     Industry: Where it is a manufacturing unit, warehouse or distribution centre, each one needs
    a database to keep the records of ins and outs
     Banking System: For storing customer info, tracking day to day credit and debit transactions,
    generating bank statements etc.
     Sales: To store customer information, production information and invoice details.
     Airlines: To travel though airlines, we make early reservations; this reservation information
    along with flight schedule is stored in database.
     Education sector: Database systems are frequently used in schools and colleges to store
    and retrieve the data regarding student details, staff details, course details, exam details,
    payroll data, attendance details, fees details etc.

    1.b List out the purpose of Database Systems.

    The main purpose of database systems is to manage the data.


    Consider a university that keeps the data of students, teachers, courses, books etc.
    To manage this data we need to store this data somewhere where we can add new data,
    delete unused data, update outdated data, retrieve data, to perform these operations on data
    we need a Database management system that allows us to store the data in such a way so that
    all these operations can be performed on the data efficiently.
    2.a Illustrate about Views of data.
    Abstraction is one of the main features of database systems.
    Hiding irrelevant details from user and providing abstract view of data to users, helps in easy
    and efficient user-database interaction.
    The three level of DBMS architecture, The top level of that architecture is ―view level‖.
    The view level provides the ―view of data‖ to the users and hides the irrelevant details
    such as data relationship, database schema, constraints, security etc from the user.

    2.b Outline the Data Abstraction and discuss levels of Abstraction.

    Database systems are made-up of complex data structures. To ease the user interaction
    with database, the developers hide internal irrelevant details from users. This process of
    hiding irrelevant details from user is called data abstraction.

    We have three levels of abstraction:


    Physical level: This is the lowest level of data abstraction. It describes how data is actually
    stored in abstraction. This level describes the user interaction with database system.

    Logical level: This is the middle level of 3-level data abstraction architecture. It describes
    what data is stored in database.

    View level: Highest level of data abstraction. This level describes the user interaction with
    database system.
    3.a Why is the use of data independence? Explain by listing some of its major advantages?

    Data independence is the ability to modify the scheme without affecting the programs
    and the application to be rewritten. Data is separated from the programs, so that the
    changes made to the data will not affect the program execution and the application.
    There are two levels of data independence based on three levels of abstraction. These are as
    follows −
    • Physical Data Independence
    • Logical Data Independence

    Physical Data Independence

    Physical Data Independence means changing the physical level without affecting the
    logical level or conceptual level. Using this property, we can change the storage device of
    the database without affecting the logical schema.

    The changes in the physical level may include changes using the following −
    • A new storage device like magnetic tape, hard disk, etc.
    • A new data structure for storage.
    • A different data access method or using an alternative files organization technique. 
    Changing the location of the database.

    Logical Data Independence

    Logical view of data is the user view of the data. It presents data in the form that can be
    accessed by the end users.

    Codd‘s Rule of Logical Data Independence says that users should be able to manipulate the
    Logical View of data without any information of its physical storage. Software or the computer
    program is used to manipulate the logical view of the data.

    Database administrator is the one who decides what information is to be kept in the
    database and how to use the logical level of abstraction. It provides the global view of
    Data. It also describes what data is to be stored in the database along with the
    relationship.
    The data independence provides the database in simple structure. It is based on application
    domain entities to provide the functional requirement. It provides abstraction of system
    functional requirements. Static structure for the logical view is defined in the class object
    diagrams. Users cannot manipulate the logical structure of the database.

    The data independence provides the database in simple structure. It is based on


    application domain entities to provide the functional requirement. It provides abstraction
    of system functional requirements. Static structure for the logical view is defined in the
    class object diagrams. Users cannot manipulate the logical structure of the database.

    The changes in the logical level may include −


    • Change the data definition.
    Adding, deleting, or updating any new attribute, entity or relationship in the database

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