The Study on Regional Solid Waste JICA

Management for Adana-Mersin in the Republic of Turkey KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

8.5 Design of a Final Disposal Site

8.5.1 Examination of Technical Alternatives

The concept described below is applied to the design of a Sofulu disposal site.
Although the team proposed to design new landfill (Phase 2 & 3) without liner, it was
not approved by the MoE.

a. Phased Site Development and Landfill Operation

The Sofulu disposal site will be developed and operated in 3 phases as described
below (refer to Figure 8-17: Design of the Sofulu Disposal Site).
Phase 1:
In this phase the current dump site will be rehabilitated. The landfill operation will be
continued until the final height of the landfill (including final cover) reaches to the
elevation indicated in the ultimate land use plan.

Phase 2:

The landfill operation area of the phase 2 is the uppermost section upstream of the
catchment area. Since rain water fallen in this area will generate leachate by passing
the current dump site, it is considered much better to fill up the area by waste than to
remain as it is (like a reservoir in shape).

Phase 3:

In this phase as shown in Figure 8-17 the opposite side of the present dump site will
be reclaimed by waste. The landfill operation will be completed when the height of it
reaches to the ultimate use of the landfill. In addition, the surface soil can be used for
covering soil for phase 2 landfill operation.

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b. Appropriate Sanitary Level of the Disposal Site

Turkish Solid Waste Regulation requires that a 2 mm, high density polyethylene
(HDPE) liner is laid at the slope surface of disposal site if there is impermeable layer
at the bottom. Because it is impossible to remove the waste layer that are already in
the disposal area the liner will not be installed during phase 1. At phase 2 and phase
3, the liner will be laid according to the SWM regulation, and leachate from the
disposal site will be treated by circulation, proved to be functional during the pilot
project.
 Since a 4 km long and 50 meter width greenbelt, which may have a lot of
vegetation, will be constructed, it requires considerable amount of water. If
diluted the leachate can be used as irrigation water for it.
 This treatment system appears to be more economic than the construction of a
leachate treatment facility.

8.5.2 Preliminary design

a. Outline of the Sofulu Disposal Site
Outline of the Sofulu Disposal site is shown on Table 8-21.

Table 8-21: Outline of the Sofulu Disposal Site

Items Description
Land Area and Proposed Total Area :95ha
Land Use Phase1:Landfill Area :25ha
Phase2:Landfill Area :13ha
Phase3:Landfill Area :17ha
Plant :Area :6ha
Medical waste Landfill Are :3ha
Buffer zone :Area :25ha
Others(include regulation pond)Use :6ha
Landfill Volume Phase Capacity Disposal Period
Phase2 2,325,000m3 2002-2006
Phase3 2,351,000m3 2007-2009
Road Approach road(Asphalt paved) :width8.0m,lenght780m Access
road (Asphalt paved) :width4.0m,lenght1,885m
Operation road Temporally
Control facilities and Entrance area(Asphalt paved) :9,000m2
approach road Site office :300m2
Weigh bridge : 2set
Tire washing pit : 1set
Gate : 1set
Power supply :1set
water supply :1set
Weighbridge and washing area(conc. paved) :2,000m2
Parking for heavy vehicle(gravel) :5,000m2

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Items Description
Leachate control facility Leachate collection pipeφ100mm :2,485m
Main leachate drainφ200mm :990m
Pumping station :2 set
Pump : 4set
Regulation pond :1set
Leachate pipeφ200mm :1,680m
Leachate Tank :1set
Drain for runoff water Open concrete drain :2,665m
Pipe drain for rain fall :990m
Environmental protection Fence :4,570m
facilities Buffer zone :4,570m
Gas removal facility(Vertical) :900m
Gas removal facility(Horizon) :2,485m
Monitoring borehole :3set

Purpose and outline of the individual facilities will be explained as follows.

b. Final Disposal Site
Final disposal site shall be constructed for treating the municipal solid waste from
Adana city.
b.1 Capacity of Final Disposal Site and Disposal Period
Disposal period for Sofulu Disposal Site will be planned considering both final
municipal solid waste disposal volume from Adana Greater Municipality and
remaining capacity of Sofulu Disposal Site. According to the above consideration,
disposal period for Sofulu will be from year 2002 until year 2009. Final municipal
solid waste disposal volume from Adana Greater Municipality is shown on Table 8-
22 and Volume of each Phases, year of construction and disposal period are shown on
Table 8-23.

Table 8-22: Final Disposal Amount in Sofulu (2002-2009)

Item unit formula 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Final Waste ton/day a 786 842 900 966 1,042 1,130 1,234 1,334
Disposal Amount ton/year b=bx365 286,984 307,593 328,717 352,693 380,042 412,903 449,925 486,945
Waste +Cover c=bx1.2/
m /year
3
430,476 461,390 493,076 529,040 570,063 619,355 674,888 730,418
soil 0.8
Total m3/year Σd 430,476 891,866 1,384,942 1,913,982 2,484,045 3,103,400 3,778,288 4,508,706

Table 8-23: Capacity of the Phases in Sofulu

Capacity of Year of
Phase No. Disposal Period
Phase(m3) Construction
Phase 1 1,409,000m3 - 1999-2001
Phase 2 2,351,000m3 2001 2002-2006
Phase 3 2,325,000m3 2005 2007-2009

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In Phase 1 operation, municipal solid waste will be landfilled from 1999 till 2001.
Earth cover will be carried out daily and final cover will be carried out once height of
the landfill reaches to the elevation indicated in the ultimate land use plan.
Structure of the final disposal site is as follows.

b.2 Bottom of Final Disposal Site

According to the SWM regulation, a liner will be laid at bottom and slope of the final
disposal site to prevent leachate from seeping into the ground. The structure of
Bottom and slope are as follows;
 Bottom: Impermeable clay layer (K = 10-8 to 10-9 m/sec) should be kept as the
liner.
 Slope: 60cm impermeable clay layer (K = 10 -8 to 10-9 m/sec) should be kept
as the liner. And a 2 mm, high density polyethylene (HDPE) liner should be laid
on top of it.

The structure of the bottom of final disposal site is shown on the following figure.

Solid Waste
Solid Waste

Geo Textile
Impermeable Clay Impermeable
Layer t> 0.6 m Layer Geomembrane
(K<10-8 - 10-9 m/sec) HDPE t= 2.0mm
K<1x10-8 m/sec

The Bottom Structure The Slope Structure

1:3 (Filling Slope) 2m

1:2 (Cutting Slope)

5m

Final Disposal Site

Liner
(HDPE + Impermeable Layer)
5m

Typical Cross Section of Slope with a liner

（ HDPE + Impermeable Layer ）

Figure 8-18: Diagrams of the Landfill’s Impermeable Strata (Bottom and Slope)

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b.3 Slope of Final Disposal Site

The structure of the slope of final disposal site is same as bottom of it. The slope will
be 1:2 for cutting and 1:3 for filling and has 2m wide bench at every 5m height after
consideration of construction of clayey liner.
b.4 Approach Road
For the refuse collection vehicles reaching the working face(waste disposal site),
sorting plant and compost plant, this approach road should be constructed. Its width
should be 8.0m and 780m long, paved with asphalt. Open concrete drain will be
constructed along approach road in order to prevent rainfall water to flow into landfill
area.
b.5 Access Road
For the refuse collection vehicles reaching the working face(current landfill operation
area) , this approach road should be constructed. Its width should be 4.0m and 1,885m
long, paved with asphalt. Open concrete drain will be constructed along access road
in order to prevent rainfall water to flow into landfill area.
b.6 Operation Road
Operation road for the refuse collection vehicles will be constructed at the working
face(current landfill operation area). This is a temporary road which will shift location
according to the location of the working face.
c. Control Facilities and Approach Road
Following facilities will be planned to operate at the disposal site. Layout plan of the
control facilities is shown on Figure 8-19.

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c.1 Entrance Area (Asphalt paved)

Entrance area starts from approach road to the site office and has 9,000m2 and is
paved with asphalt.
c.2 Site Office
The site office (approximately 300m2) shall have a control room and facilities for
staff and management.
The control room shall be constructed and equipped with facilities, that enable easy
control and registration of incoming vehicles. The computerised weighbridge system
enables detailed registration, this is indispensable for appropriate SWM.
The facilities are as follows;
 a control room furnished with a computer for the weighbridge.
 a changing room
 toilets and showers
 cooking facilities
 a storeroom
c.3 Weighbridge
A weighbridge shall be constructed on weighing cells in a concrete structure. The
recorded weight of a full vehicle will be transmitted to the computer in the site office.
Capacity of weighbridge shall be 60t and there shall be 2 nos. of Weighbridge
installed to cover approximately 300 collection vehicles in a day at the year of 2005
c.4 Tire Washing Pit
The refuse collection vehicles should pass the tire washing pit before leaving the site
to avoid carrying the dirt back into the city. The pit should be of a concrete structure.
c.5 Gate
A 8m wide gate should be installed at the entrance of the site.
c.6 Power Supply and Water Supply
Power supply should be installed at the entrance area, site office, weighbridge,
compost pant, sorting plant and pumping station. Water supply should be installed at
the site office, compost pant, sorting plant and tire washing pit.
c.7 Weighbridge and Washing Area

Weighbridge and washing area should be mainly for heavy equipment for the landfill
operation. This area should also be available for the refuse collection vehicles to park.
The area should be around 2,000m2 and concrete paved.

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c.8 Parking for Heavy Vehicle (gravel)

Parking for heavy vehicle area should be mainly for heavy equipment for the landfill
operation. This area should also be available for the refuse collection vehicles to park.
The area should be around 5,000m2 and gravel paved.
d. Leachate Control Facility
d.1 Precipitation and Evaporation
The following table presents monthly values and annual values for average
precipitation and evaporation in Adana. At the sanitary landfill in Adana the average
annual precipitation is 670 mm/year. Evaporation from an area depends on the
climatic conditions (temperature, wind and precipitation) and the type of surface.

Table 8-24: Average Precipitation and Evaporation at Adana

Adana GM Month
mm/month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year
Average
111.7 92.8 67.9 51.4 46.7 22.4 5.4 5.1 14.8 43.6 67.2 118.1 647.1
Precipitation
Average
47.3 56.1 84.9 119.7 170.5 210.1 243.4 224.6 181.0 120.8 66.3 47.0 1571.7
Evaporation

d.2 Leachate Quality

Leachate quality varies according to type of waste disposed of at the landfill, landfill
structure (aerobic, anaerobic, semi-aerobic), and climatic conditions, e.g., ambient
temperature. Determining leachate quality by referring to past examples is unrealistic.
The proposed final disposal site is planned to be a semi-aerobic type, but the final
disposal sites in AGM are not equipped with leachate control structures (e.g.,
impermeable liners to block leachate from permeating the ground), and, therefore,
examples from Japan and other countries were used to determine leachate quality
(refer to Table 8-25). Further, as a reference, Table 8-26 shows the results of the
comparison between the leachate quality, obtained by the team during the study, from
the MGM’s landfill and the AGM’s landfill.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Suspended Solid (SS) are used to
determine leachate quality.

Table 8-25 : Comparison of Leachate Quality

Japan (combustible waste with a
semi-aerobic structure)*1 Denmark
USA(combustible
Waste Incinerated Ash (combustible waste
Constituent (Garbage) (a semi-aerobic
waste with an
with an an-aerobic
an-aerobic structure)
(a semi-aerobic structure) structure)
Structure)
2,000 to 30,000
BOD (mg/l) 1,200 250 (typical 10,000) 200 to 20,000
200 to 2,000
S S (mg/l) 300 300 (typical 500) not available
Note*1 :Source : Study on the Leachate Treatment System Development for Landfills, 1979; Japan Waste
Management Association

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Table 8-26 : Comparison of the Leachate Quality from the Existing Landfill Sites.
Measurement results
Parameters MGM AGM
(23.05.1999) (24.05.1999)
Flow rate L/sec 1.9 2
pH - 7.85 7.86
TDS ppm 6.9 6.8
COD - >35,000 >30,000
BOD ppm 9,985 9,885
Total N ppm 360.65 340.64
Total P ppm 24.16 23
NH4+ ppm 346.38 335.15
Na+ ppm 68.51 68.35
Cl- ppm 692.31 671.23
SO 4- ppm 121.5 128.3
+2 ppm 1.54 1.4
Hg
+2 ppm <0.04 <0.035
Cd
Pb ppm - 0.06
As - - <0.05
Total Coliform cob/mL 7,250 7,100
E.Coli cob/mL 500 360

As indicated in Table 8-26, leachate quality is considerably better in semi-aerobic

landfill structures than in anaerobic landfills.
 This proposed Sofulu landfill site adopted the semi-aerobic structure for the
disposal site in order to maintain a lower load to the leachate treatment facilities
and to immediately stabilise the disposed waste in the landfill. Accordingly,
the leachate quality for the proposed landfill site is designed with a BOD of
BOD 2,500 mg/l, and SS 500 mg/l, based the Japanese values for leachate
quality (BOD – 1,200mg/l; SS – 300mg/l) and, even though they are anaerobic
structures, the leachate quality of the present landfills.
d.3 Effluent Standards
Table 8-27shows the effluent standards for leachate generated from waste recycling
plants and disposal areas.

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Table 8-27: Effluent Standards

unit Composite Sample Composite Sample
Parameters
2-hours 24-hours
BOD5 mg/l 100 50
COD mg/l 160 100
SS mg/l 200 100
Oil & Grease mg/l 20 10
PO4-P mg/l 2 1
Total Cr mg/l 2 1
Cr
+6 mg/l 0.5 0.5
Pb mg/l 2 1
CN- mg/l 1 0.5
Cd mg/l 0.1
Fe mg/l 10
F
- mg/l 15
Cu mg/l 3
Zn mg/l 5
Fish Bioassay - 10
pH - 6-9 6-9
Source: Water pollution control regulation,
Office Gazette No. 19919 on 4.9.1988

d.4 Leachate Treatment Method

This chapter describes the following methods of treating the leachate.
 Recirculation of leachate and evaporation of leachate
 Treatment in a leachate treatment plant constructed at the landfill.
d.4.1 Regulation Pond (Buffer reservoir)
The described treatment methods all require a regulation pond (buffer reservoir) that
facilitates the storage of leachate during winter, when the generation of leachate is
high and the lower temperatures reduce the biological activity of microbes.
To keep peak loads on the leachate treatment plant to a minimum, and hence the
required investment, the regulation pond is designed considering the following issues:
 The varying quantity of leachate generated during the year.
 The varying treatment capacity of the leachate treatment plant caused by the
lower microbial activity during winter.
d.4.2 Recirculation and Evaporation of Leachate
The method involves:
 Storage of leachate in the regulation pond during winter.
 Recirculation of leachate through old waste to clean some of the leachate.
 Evaporation of leachate by sprinkling/irrigation during summer.

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d.4.3 Reticulation of Leachate

The Recirculation of leachate is based on the concept of old waste working as a
biological filter that can purify leachate generated from new waste. The principles for
Recirculation of leachate are presented in the following figure.

Recirculation Tank

Recirculation Pump
Waste

Dyke
Leachate Pond

Figure 8-20: Recirculation of Leachate in Sofulu

d.4.4 Evaporation of Leachate

During summer a reduction of the leachate quantity may be achieved by evaporating
leachate that is sprinkled on top of old landfill section. The old landfill section is
preferably furnished with final coverage and vegetation in order for the evaporation to
become as efficient as possible.
d.4.5 Treatment of Leachate in a Plant at the Landfill
For the treatment of leachate, the biological contact aeration process, the rotating
biological compactor process, and the waste stabilisation ponds are used. In Japan the
first two cases are more common, because of the lack of land and the strict effluent
standards. However, the two processes rely heavily on machinery, require the use of
chemicals, which complicates operation, making them highly capital intensive.
Therefore, if a large area can be secured it would be effective to use the waste
stabilisation ponds , the more economical and easily operated method.
d.4.6 Selection of the Leachate Treatment Method
If a large plot of land, like the proposed landfill site, can be secured, it is
technologically and economically desirable to use Recirculation or evaporation
methods, where leachate does not leave the disposal site. This proposed landfill site
consists of phase 1 under landfilling and phase2 and phase3 going to be developed
surrounding east of phase 1. Therefore proposed landfill site has the old waste section
that can be utilised for Recirculation and evaporation of leachate. Considering this
site conditions, Recirculation and evaporation method shall be adopted for leachate
treatment at proposed landfill site. Based on this method, leachate treatment process
such as waste stabilisation pond, where leachate will be decomposed biologically, is
not required. Phase 1 of old waste section will be utilised for Recirculation at
beginning stage, and Phase 2 of old waste section also will be utilised when the
section is available for Recirculation and evaporation.

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d.5 Proposed Leachate Treatment (Recirculation and Evaporation)

The flow of the proposed leachate treatment process is shown in Figure 8-21. And
plan of leachate treatment facility is shown in Figure 8-22.

Leachate Collection Main Leachate Regulation

Pipe Drain Pond Pump Staion

Leachate
Leachate Feeding Drain Landfill
Leachate Pipe Lecahte Tank Feeding Drum (Old Waste)

Figure 8-21: Proposed Leachate Treatment Process in Sofulu

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d.6 Engineering Calculation

d.6.1 Selection of a Treatment Method During the Landfill Operations
The proposed landfill is planned to be operated as follows.

Table 8-28: Forecast for the Size and Type of Surface Cover of the Landfill Sections
in Sofulu
Type of Landfill Section
Year Surface Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Total
Cover ha ha ha ha
Open 25 --- ---
2001 Dec Final 0 --- --- 25
2002 Jan Open 0 13 --- 13
2006 Aug Final 25 0 --- 25
2006 Sep Open 0 0 17 17
2009 Dec Final 25 13 0 38
2010 Jan Open 0 0 0 0
Final 25 13 17 55

 Phase 1: Leachate from the landfill site is generated from water trapped in the
MSW layers and rainwater. For the rainwater from the Phase 2 landfill section,
under construction, a rainwater drainage system – separate from the leachate
drainage – will expel the rain from the disposal site.
 Phase 2: Landfill operations from Phase 1 would have been complete, and a
final cover applied. During this period leachate will be generated from the
completed area (with the final cover) and the landfill areas in operation in Phase
2. Because landfill sections for Phase 3 will be under construction in 2004,
there will be no leachate from this section.
 Phase 3: Leachate will be generated from the two completed sections with a
final cover (from Phases 1 & 2) and the landfill section in use during Phase 3.
In accordance with the disposal plan, the following is a basic method adopted for the
proposed leachate treatment.
 Phase 1 will be utilised until proposed landfill site is completed. Leachate
generated from phase 1 will be collected at leachate drain which was
constructed during pilot project by JICA study team. It is possible to be treated
by Recirculation and evaporation during summer season because of less
rainfall. But it is difficult to be treated by the same method during winter season
because of heavy rainfall. After landfilling has been commenced at proposed
landfill site, leachate generated will be treated by Recirculation and evaporation
method through newly constructed regulation pond.
 In the phase 2, leachate Recirculation in the completed section, i.e., old waste
section of landfill section from Phase 1 and phase 2, will be introduced.
 In the phase 3, leachate Recirculation in old waste section of phase 1, phase 2
and phase 3 will be introduced.

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d.6.2 Capacity of the Leachate Recirculation Facility

To determine the scale of the leachate Recirculation facility, the daily leachate
generation figures are required to calculate the design leachate amount. There are two
ways to calculate design leachate amount: 1) based on rational formula, 2)based on
empirical data. For the design of the proposed leachate Recirculation facility, the
rational formula was used. The following is the mathematical formula used to
calculate design leachate amount.
Qj=1/1000 x Ij x (C1A1＋C2A2) （Formula1）
Qj：Design leachate generation amount (m3/day) for day (j) in a given
year.
Ij ：Rainfall amount (mm/day)for day (j) in a given year.
C1：Leachate generation coefficient from area of current landfill
operation
C2：Leachate generation coefficient from landfilled area
A1：Area of current landfill operation(m2) A2：
Landfilled area (m2)
d.6.3 Leachate Generation Coefficient
AGM did not have the daily meteorological data that is required to calculate the
leachate generation coefficient, for this reason the figure used was the coefficient
used in Japanese, that would give a degree of safety at an average annual precipitation
of 1,600 mm.
C1=0.5
C2=0.3
In future there is a need to calculate an accurate generation coefficient, based on the
observed leachate generation amount from the pilot project.
d.6.4 Design Leachate Generation Amount
The daily leachate treatment amount generated from the proposed Sofulu landfill site
of AGM was calculated under the following conditions.
 All the rainwater outside the landfill site is expelled, and none enters the
disposal section.
 Daily precipitation (I) is taken as 3.81 mm/day, based on December’s monthly
precipitation which is the highest throughout the year. Average daily
precipitation calculated based on monthly average precipitation in Table 8-24 is
shown in Table 8-29 .

Table 8-29: Average Daily Precipitation

mm/day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average
3.60 3.31 2.19 1.71 1.51 0.75 0.17 0.16 0.49 1.41 2.24 3.81 1.77
Precipitation

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 The operation plan includes the separation of the landfill sections with small
dikes during Phase 2 and Phase 3. Assuming that the leachate amount would
increase during the latter part of Phase 3, the total area of the landfill section
(17ha) will be divided in to two sections: one completed section with an inter-
mediate cover (8.5 ha) and one section under use. Phase 1(25 ha) and phase
2(13 ha) shall be considered as completed section with an inter-mediate cover
or a final cover. Therefore total area with leachate generation coefficient of 0.3
will be 46.5 ha.
 The daily leachate Recirculation amount is calculated.
The daily leachate treatment amount is calculated by the following formula.
Q=1/1000 x3.81 x (0.5x85,000＋0.3x465,000)=693.4m3/day
Where: I = 3.81 mm/day
C1=0.5
C2=0.3
A1=85,000 m2
A2=465,000 m2
Based on this result the proposed leachate treatment facility’s design leachate
generation amount is 700m3/day.
d.6.5 Determining the Recirculation Pump Capacity
The calculation of the Recirculation pump’s capacity is based on the following
conditions.
 In order to determine the appropriate size of the regulation pond & the pump
capacity, the amount of leachate to be generated from the disposal area and the
regulation pond capacity (Aj) were used in the calculation. The variables were
altered to calculate the most appropriate size and capacity.
 In this case, fifty percent of the leachate that is circulated to the disposal site by
the pump will evaporate, and the rest is assumed to return to the regulation pond
from the disposal site as part of the design leachate generation amount.
 The amount of leachate that will flow into the regulation pond, Σ Ｑ j, is
calculated as follows:
ΣQj =Ｑ j＋(C1xRj-1)
Where Ｑ j：Design leachate amount (m3/d)on day (j) in a given
year C1：Generation coefficient for the disposal area. (0.5)
Rj：Amount of leachate circulated (m3/d) to the disposal area by the
pump on day (j) in a given year.
The results of the calculations are shown in Table 8-30. The shadow indicates the
ideal capacity.
From the results, capacity of the Recirculation pump and the regulation pond are
determined as 1370 m3/day and 750 m3 respectively.

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Table 8-30: Results of the Calculation in Sofulu

Capacity of Recirculation Capacity of Regulation Pond
Pump (m3/day) （m3）
1,300 2,500
1,350 1,040
1,360 895
1,370 750
1,380 605
1,390 461

d.6.6 Planning for Regulation Pond

Leachate collected from Main Leachate Drain will flow to regulation pond and
be back to the landfill area by pumping up.
Capacity of regulation pond should satisfy following condition.
 Capacity of regulation pond ＞＝750（m3）
Size of the regulation pond shall be 25m width x 40m length x 2m effective depth
with 1,100m3 storage capacity which has a factor of safety more than 1.2.

GEO Textile
HDPE t = 2.0 mm
Impermeable Clay Layer
(K<10-8 - 10-9 m/sec)

t >0.6m
Impermeable Layer
K<1x10-8 m/sec

2.0m
1:3

Figure 8-23: Regulation Pond in Sofulu

d.6.7 Planning for Pump & Pumping Station

Difference of elevation between regulation pond and Recirculation pit which will
locate near Sorting & Compost Plant has around 50m and it will require a big
capacity pump to pump up directly. Therefore another intermediate pump station will
be installed at middle point and 2 pumps shall be used for pumping up leachate.
Capacity of pump shall satisfy following requirements considering water head and
head loss.
 Capacity of pump ＞＝1,370(m3/day)x1.2（safety factor）=1,644(m3/day)
 Total head（actual head＋head loss）/2＝(50+10)/2＝30m

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The Study on Regional Solid Waste JICA
Management for Adana-Mersin in the Republic of Turkey KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Based on the requirements above, pump with capacity of 30m head pressure and
138(m3/h) discharge volume should be selected. 2 pumps including 1 standby pump
shall be installed at each pump station and 12hours operation is considered.
138（m3/h）x12(hour)＝1,656(m3/day)＞1,644(m3/day)
d.7 Leachate Collection Pipe
Leachate generated from landfill will be collected by the leachate collection pipe and
flow into leachate main drain. Structure of the leachate collection pipe shall be φ
100mm PVC perforated pipe with gravel surround and section is shown in Figure
8-24.

3D

Cobol Stone
Permeable
Sheet

0.3m

0.2m
0. 3m 1:2 D
Sand Layer
0.1m

Geomembrane Geo Textile

HDPE t=2.0mm

At The Slope

3D

Cobol Stone
Permeable
Sheet

0.3m

1:2 D

Impermeable Clay Layer (K = 10-8

- 10-9 m/sec)

At The Bottom

Figure 8-24: Typical Section of Leachate Collection Pipe & Main Leachate Drain

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The Study on Regional Solid Waste JICA
Management for Adana-Mersin in the Republic of Turkey KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

d.8 Main Leachate Drain

Leachate collected from leachate collection pipe will flow into leachate main drain.
Structure of the leachate main drain shall be φ200mm PVC perforated pipe with
gravel surround and section is shown in Figure 8-24.
d.9 Leachate pipe
Leachate collected to the regulation pond will be pumped up to leachate tank through
leachate pipe. Structure of the leachate pipe is PVC pipe on top of sand bed and
shown in Figure 8-25.

0.8m

D = 0.2m 0.3m
PVC

0.3m 0.3m

0.3m
Sand

Figure 8-25: Typical Section of Leachate Pipe in Sofulu

d.10 Leachate Tank

Leachate in tank pumped up from regulation pond through leachate pipe will be
divided into two. One is discharged into Leachate Feeding Drum for recirculating and
the other is used for water source for planting. As used for planting, leachate shall be
diluted with potable water.
d.11 Leachate Feeding Drum & Leachate Feeding Drain
Leachate will flow into Leachate Feeding Drum and Leachate Feeding Drain. Then it
will penetrate into Land fill for recirculating treatment. Leachate Feeding Drum and
Leachate Feeding Drain will be connected to the existing facilities which was
constructed under Pilot project.
e. Drain for Runoff Water
Drain for runoff water shall be provided for running off the rainfall water to outside
landfill area.

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The Study on Regional Solid Waste JICA
Management for Adana-Mersin in the Republic of Turkey KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

e.1 Open Concrete Drain

Open concrete drain shall be provided along the inspection road for discharging
rainfall water outside the landfill area and will have 300mm x 300mm section and
2,665m long.

e.2 Pipe Drain for Rainfall

Pipe drain for rainfall will be provided for discharging rainfall water in the landfill
area. φ400mm concrete pipe will be used and total length will be around 990m.
f. Environmental Protection Facilities
Environmental protection facilities shall be provided for protecting surrounding
environmental conditions from Landfill and preventing invader from outside the area.
f.1 Fence
The fence will restrict the access of the scavengers and animals to the site. The fence
installed around the site will be of mesh type and will have a height of 2m and a
length of about 4,600m. Scattering of waste from the landfill site will be prevented by
mobile fences near the active cells and by tall trees planted as buffer zone. Therefore,
waste scattering beyond the buffer zone will be minimal. In addition to those
measures, the fence around the project site will function as final barrier for flowing
waste.
f.2 Buffer Zone
The planting of fast growing trees at the circumference of the landfill site, 50 meter
wide, will also work to prevent the scattering of litter such as plastic bags and
furthermore will function as a vegetation screen(visual shield) that will improve the
aesthetic landscape view and avoid possible impact by offensive odour and noise.
f.3 Gas Removal Facility
To remove the landfill gases carefully from the landfill site, vertical chimneys will be
installed with perforated iron pipes and Gabion, every 50m. Horizontal gas removal
facilities made of gravel will be installed before final earth cover is laid. At its
bottom, these will be connected to the leachate collection pipe and leachate pipe, in
order to achieve better ventilation of the gases. Structures of the gas removal facilities
are shown in Figure 8-26.

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The Study on Regional Solid Waste JICA
Management for Adana-Mersin in the Republic of Turkey KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD.

Perforated Iron
Pipe o 0.5m 0.5m

Gabion
Final Cover 1.0m
Soil
Cobol
Stone

Cover Soil 0.2m

0.3m

Solid Waste Gas Removal

Facility (Horizon)

Leachate Drain

(Vertical)

1.7m

0.2m
Cover Soil
0.3m
Cobol Stone1:2

0.5m

(Horizon)

Figure 8-26: Gas Removal Facility in Sofulu

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