Term/Phrase/Value Meaning Professional Example Book, quote, misc.

Answerable for
decision taken and
submit to whatever Horizontal accountability -
scru ny is CAG, CVC, Lokpal, ECI,
appropriate; Judiciary
answerability
supplemented with Ver cal accountability - CZ
Lal Bahadur Shastri
sanc ons Charter, NGO, Social Audit,
resigned as railway
RTI
minister a er train
Person accountable
accident
has ul mate Accountability is not
ownership of the task; limited to accountability to
Vikram Sarabhai accepted
Accountability accountability is seniors via chain of
failure of ISRO's rst
usually not shared command, but includes
mission, without pu ng it
among people, unlike accountability to all
on mission head (Kalam)
responsibility stakeholders, CZs and
society
cVigil App
Importance-
Khan Prahari App
Ensures checks and Hold yourself responsible
balances; prevents for a higher standard than
misuse of power; anybody expects of you.
ensures rule of law; Never excuse yourself. –
e ec ve governance; Henry Ward Beecher
e ec ve u lisa on of
public funds

Facelessness -> civil

servant accountable
only to poli cal Civil servant not in public "Anonymity is the strength
Anonymity execu ve limlight for her success/ of civil servants." - PM
failures Modi
Make public choices
w/o fear or fervour

Legally enforceable
standards of
behaviour expected of Civil Services (Conduct)
those working in the Rules, 1964 - property
Code of conduct
public service transac ons, acceptance
of gi s etc.
Disclosed to
employees only

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 Principles issued by an
organisa on to
members to guide
their conduct in
Public Service Code -> to
accordance with
Code of ethics be impar al, accountable
primary values and
etc.
ethical standards of
the org

Disclosed to public

E. Sreedharan -> inspite of

Being dedicated to a doubters, he completed
cause or ac vity Konkan railways project
bcoz of commitment
Not breaking vow/ "When a man is willing
Commitment promise Commitment of leaders and eager, the gods join
like APJ Abdul Kalam, in." – Aeschylus
Important for civil Vikram Sarabhai, AV
servant as it a ects Bajpayee etc to make India
public at large a space, defence and
nuclear power

Feeling of distress for

su ereing of others
and a strong desire to
alleviate it;

Empathy + Ac on to
bring out person from
Sonu Sood lockdown
plight
migrants
Highest level of
Gurudwara opened their "The smallest act of
kindness -> person
door to people of all faith kindness is worth more
Compassion endures pain for sake
a er Manchester than the greatest
of others
bombings inten on." – Kahlil Gibran
Compassion requires -
Savitri Bai Phule (Pune
Skilful ac on;
Plague)
Self awareness;
Pa ence and
tolerance;
A en veness to need
of others;
Commitment to be
caring;

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 "The responsibility is all

yours; no one can stop you
from being honest or
Situa on when person
straigh orward." – Marcus
poten ally cannot Karnataka HC judge
Aurelius
take impar al decision refused to hear case of
Con ict of interest
bcoz he will be builder who tried to bribe
"Hold yourself responsible
a ected by the him
for a higher standard than
decision himself
anybody expects of you.
Never excuse yourself." –
Henry Ward Beecher

Private corrup on - ICICI

bank Chanda Kochhar Venezuela
Using public resources
Corrup on case, Africa
for personal gains
Why na ons fail (book)
Delhi Karol Bagh hotel re

Quality of facing
di cul es w/o fear

Standing up to take "Courage is the rst of

ac on for moral Durga Shak Nagpal - human quali es because it
reasons depsite risks Yamuna sand ma a -> got is the quality which
of adverse personal threats but s ll guarantees the others." –
consequences con nued Aristotle

Courage/For tude Importance- Neerja, air hostess "With courage you will
Helps civil servant stay dare to take risks, have the
on best course of Vinod Rai - ex CAG -> strength to be
ac on despite exposed 2g scam compassionate, and the
hardships and wisdom to be humble.
tempta ons; Elon Musk Courage is the founda on
Take bold ac ons; of integrity." – Mark Twain
Inculcates impar ality,
integrity, honesty;
Transp. and Acc.

Courage to do what
you believe is right,
Edward Snowden
even though others
whistleblowing -> opposed
may not agree
by internal dept but s ll
Courage of convic on
went forward with it
Adherence to one's
beliefs and principles,
Elon musk
in face of cri cism
from others

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 Person's inner moral
sense of right and
wrong, ac ng as
internal compass to
one's behaviour
Conscience
Inner consciosuness of
blameworthiness

Inner Light/Voice
within

Individual sense of
morality di erent
from collec ve
morality

Individual morality
trapped b/w
compe ng values
"There is a higher court
Preven ve deten on law -
than court of jus ce, and
Crisis of conscience More than one inner security but endangers
that is court of
voices -> Resolved by liberty
conscience." - Gandhi
discerning genuine
Voice of Conscience
from Apparent Voice
of Conscience by
focusing on
fundamental values
like love, empathy,
truth etc.

Remaining mo vated
even during adverse Armstrong Pame -
circumstances crowdfunded 100km road
in Manipur
Sense of deep rooted "It doesn't ma er how
Dedica on commitment to Dashrath Manjhi slow you go as long as you
devote oneself to a (mountain man) - carved a don't stop." - Confucius
cause path through hills using
just hammer and chisel;
Dedica on -> inner took him 22 years
mo va on

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 "It doesn't ma er how

Act undertaken with Armstrong Pame - slow you go as long as you
inten on of public crowdfunded 100km road don't stop." - Confucius
good/increasing social in Manipur
Dedica on to Public welfare "We make a living by what
Service Sonam Wangchuk - we get, we make a life by
Internalisign the idea "Opera on New Hope" what we give." – Winston
of public good within revolu onising educa on Churchill
oneself in Ladakh
Gandhi's Talisman

State of being worthy

"Human dignity is the
of honour Bezwada Wilson - e orts
same for all human beings:
against manual scavenging
when I trample on the
Dignity Immanuel Kant - bcoz it is against human
dignity of another, I am
human diginity is dignity-> awarded Ramon
trampling on my own." ‒
inviolable; categorical Magsaysay
Pope Francis
impera ve

"Whatever you do may

seem insigni cant to you,
but it is most important
that you do it". –
Performing du es
Du fulness Nishkam Karma in Gita Mahatma Gandhi
expected of one
"God provides the wind,
but man must raise the
sails." – St. Augus ne

Ability to perceive,
understand, express "Everything can be taken
and control emp ons from a man but one thing:
Pursuit of Happyness - Will
of self and wrt others the last of human
Smith's self management
Emo onal so as to promote freedoms – to choose
of emo ons, empathy and
intelligence emo onal and one’s a tude in any given
social skills though dire
intellectual growth, as set of circumstances, to
circumstances
well as to manage 5 choose one’s own way." –
components (Daniel Viktor Frankl
Goleman - see notes)

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 Pu ng oneself in
someone else's shoes

How to inculcate -
Understand how they
Sensi vity training through
feel -> pay heed to
role playing;
their opinion
Cul va on of interests in
diverse people, cultures,
Importance -
issues and paradigms;
Helps to adapt Vivekananda - Daridra
Role models like MKG and
e ec vely to new Nayana -> service to poor
Mother Teresa;
Empathy environment; is service to God;
More e ec ve
"Be kind, for everyone you
judgements; Mother Teresa
meet is gh ng a harder
Open to feedback;
ba le." – Plato
E ec ve listening;
E ec ve
"Try to be a rainbow in
communica on ->
someone’s cloud." – Maya
inter personal con icts
Angelou
reduced;
Fosters coopera on;
Increases EQ

"Equality consists in the

same treatment of similar
Equality - everyone
persons." – Aristotle
treated equally -> one
size ts all approach Equality before law
"We all should know that
diversity makes for a rich
Equality and Equity Equity - giving people Equal protec on of law
tapestry, and we must
what they need, in
understand that all the
order to make things A rma ve ac on
threads of the tapestry are
fair -> Indira Sawhney
equal in value no ma er
Judgement...
what their color." – Maya
Angelou

Situa on of compe ng
ethical values;
decision making
becomes di cult Value con icts are
inevitable -> rather than
There is always some impediment to progress,
Harambe case - killing
ethical principle con ict can enhance
Ethical dilemma caged gorilla in zoo to
compromised no quality of decision making
protect fallen girl child
ma er what ac on is through problem
taken iden ca on and
delibera on
"Acts of double e ect"
-> act that lead to
both good and bad

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 Voluntary process in
which person
undergoes change in
feelings and
overcomes nega ve
Nelson Mandela, a er "Ge ng over a painful
emo ons like
assuming presidency -> experience is much like
resentment and
forgave perpetrators of crossing monkey bars. You
vengeance
apartheid to build a have to let go at some
rainbow na on where point in order to move
Forgiveness Importance -
everyone lives in harmony forward." – C.S. Lewis
Helps build social
and spirit of brotherhood
rela onships;
"Weak can never forgive.
Inculcates values of
France-German To forgive is an a ribute of
tolerance and
rela onship post ww2 strong." - Gandhi
acceptance;
Prevents revenge;
Promotes harmony
and brotherhood;
Reforma ve jus ce

Being economical with

resources/money
"Let frugality and industry
ISRO Mangalyaan @ 450
Frugality/Thri be our virtues." - John
Avoiding waste/ cr only
Adams
lavishness or
extravagance

"I don’t think of all the

misery, but of the beauty
that s ll remains." - Anne
Frank
Being thankful ->
Gra tude showing apprecia on "Be thankful for what you
for kindness have; you’ll end up having
more. If you concentrate
on what you don’t have,
you will never, ever have
enough." – Oprah Winfrey

Feeling of worry/
unhappiness that you Yudhishthira guilt a er
Guilt
have bcoz of doing kurukshetra war
something wrong

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 "Happiness is when what

you think, what you say,
and what you say are in
Sa sfac on with life
harmony." – Mahatma
Well being
Gandhi
When there is no Hedonism
Happiness
di erence b/w what Virtuous life - Plato
"Happiness is that state of
we want and what we
consciousness which
are/have
proceeds from the
achievement of one’s
values." – Ayn Rand

Honesty is the rst chapter

in the book of wisdom. –
Thomas Je erson
Being truthful +
ac ons also truthful
When you tell a lie, you
(subset of integrity) to
steal someone’s right to
oneself and others
the truth. – Khaled
Hosseini
Importance-
Ashok Khemka's crusade
Fosters courage
against corrup on No man has a good
Honesty (Gandhi); peace of
enough memory to make a
mind; stable
Durga Shak Nagpal successful liar. – Abraham
rela onships;
Lincoln
credibility among
others; resolve con ict
When we are commi ed
of interest; ensures
to honesty, we help reduce
e ciency and less
the level of
corrup on
misunderstanding, doubt,
and fear throughout
society. – Dalai Lama

Being neutral and

unprejudiced

Fairly giving all sides

an equal value w/o
"Four things belong to a
bias
judge: to hear courteously,
to answer wisely, to
Impar ality/Fairness 2 aspects -
consider soberly, and to
wrt Public: no
decide impar ally." -
discrimina on,
Socrates
provides equal
services for welfare
wrt poli cal execu ve
- neutrality of
administra on

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 Real integrity is doing the
right thing, knowing that
nobody’s going to know
whether you did it or not.
– Oprah Winfrey

Consistency in
Right is right even if no
thought, speech and
one is doing it; wrong is
ac on + consistency
wrong even if everyone is
across me and
MKG - through doing it. – St. Augus ne
circumstances
experiments, he matched
his ac ons with his values I prefer to be true to
Types-
and thoughts; he believed myself, even at the hazard
Integrity Moral integrity:
in non violence and stood of incurring the ridicule of
consistent wrt
for it even in adversity others, rather than to be
following ones moral
e.g., withdrew NCM a er false, and to incur my own
values;
Chauri Chaura abhorrence. – Frederick
Intellectual integrity;
Douglass
Organisa onal
integrity: observing
In looking for people to
CoC/CoE
hire, look for three
quali es: integrity,
intelligence and energy.
And if they don’t have the
rst, the other two will kill
you. – Warren Bu e

Ins nc ve percep on
Intui on of a on as right or
wrong

Criminal jus ce -
retribu ve, reforma ve,
Being just, righteous deterrent, compensatory
SC ordered to setup 'Social
by impar al
Jus ce Bench' to hear
adjustment of Distribu ve jus ce -
cases on social issues
con ic ng clains equality, meritocracy,
Jus ce specially
equity
Giving each person his
FR, Preamble, DPSP, Basic
due according to "Injus ce anywhere is a
Structure etc.
ac on threat to jus ce
everywhere." – Mar n
Luther King, Jr.

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 Traits necessary -
Teamwork
Lead by example
Decision making
Visionary
Mo vator
Good communicator
Consensus builder
Emo onally intelligent
Charisma c
Innovator
First among equals

Steve Jobs -> envisioned

computer as a digital hub If your ac ons inspire
of managing docs, music others to dream more,
videos etc + led his team learn more, do more and
Art of mo va ng and
by example -> iPad become more, you are a
spearheading a group
created leader. – John Quincy
Leadership of people to act
Adams
towards achieving a
Dhoni's leadership - only
common goal
captain to win all ICC The greatest leader is not
tles; always put necessarily the one who
responsibility for loss on does the greatest things.
him, victory on team He is the one that gets the
people to do the greatest
things. – Ronald Reagan

Throughout the centuries

there were men who took
the rst steps, down new
roads, armed with nothing
but their own vision. – Ayn
Rand

Leadership and learning

are indispensable to each
other. – John F. Kennedy

No universally moral
principles -> depend
Moral Rela vism
on person seeing it
from outside

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 Lack of bias against

any poli cal
preference -> poli cal
neutrality

Work w/o fear or

hopes of unethical
favours "The ul mate measure of
a man is not where he
Values ow from TN Seshan - did not bow stands in moments of
cons tu on and not to any poli cal party when comfort and convenience,
Non-par sanship
from ideology of any there were a empts to but where he stands at
poli cal party limit EC powers mes of challenge and
controversy." – Mar n
Bene ts - Luther King, Jr.
Reliability and
professionalism;
Prevents poli cisa on;
Ensures public
con dence;
High morale and
be er performance

Taking decisions solely

on basis of merit
(observable facts) w/o
bias

How to inculcate
Helps in -
objec vity -
Ra onal decisions;
Code of Ethics;
E cient and e ec ve
Proper training and
organisa on; IAS o cer should not
selec on procedure;
Inculcate integrity, appoint or give tenders to
Informa on management
impar ality and non people close to her but
sytem;
Objec vity par sanship; rather do it on basis of
Transp. and Acc.
Maintain situa on merit and how it bene ts
awareness e.g., during the administra on and
communal riots public at large
"Dispassionate objec vity
is itself a passion, for the
Issues -
real and for the truth." -
Subjec ve decisions;
Abraham Maslow
Not helpful in value
con icts;
Many become
apathe c and ignore
genuine problems

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 Should not withhold

informa on unless RTI -
required by law Sec on 4: duty of public
authority to take steps to
Take all decisions in provide as much info suo
open manner moto
Sec on 8: non disclosure
U. Sagayam - rst IAS in TN
Openness/ Importance - of sensi ve info
to publicise nancial
Transparency ensures trust, clarity,
informa on
rules based decision; Openness, respect,
strengthens moral integrity – these are
framework of society; principles that need to
Counters corrup on, underpin pre y much
nepo sm; every other decision that
par cipatory you make. – Jus n Trudeau
democracy

"That which we persist in

Con nued e ort to
doing becomes easier –
achieve something
not that the nature of the
despite di cul es and ISRO scien sts -
Perseverance task has changed, but our
failures Chandrayaan
ability to do has
increased." – Ralph Waldo
Steadfastness
Emerson

Strict adherence to
highest moral
principles and ideals
(integrity, good How to inculcate-
character, honesty and Inculcate sense of
deceny) rather than responsibility rather than
merely avoiding mere answerability;
corrup on Enactment of strong
Ashok Khemka Whistleblower Act;
Presence of Value based training;
procedural integrity Arjun in Mahabharat war Corrup on free
Probity with highest standards didn't ght a er sunset governance as a right to
of behaviour which was the rule -> even CZs;
in very trying mes, even Clear demarca on of
Importance- when others outed rules powers of CVC, CVI,
Public trust and Lokpal;
coopera on; Strengthening CC and RTI
E ec ve and e cient
admin.;
Equitable and
inclusive growth;
GG+SD
Prevent corrupn.

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 Being wise in prac cal

a airs

Use of reason to
govern things in a
ra onal, prac cal and Aristotle -> ran away when
sustainable way charged with impropriety
Aristotle considered
(prac cal); similar to
Prudence Prudence as "Desired
Importance - Krishna's "rannchhor"
Wisdom"
Be er decision
making; Gandhi - STS strategy
Ra onal thinking
promoted;
No to herd mentality;
Check excessive
idealism and rigidity

Being responsible for

one's conduct - not
backed by any law or Being responsible is an
regula on enormous privilege… It’s
what marks anyone a fully
Individuals who grown human. – Barack
Responsibility actually complete Lal Bahadur Shastri Obama
di erent steps of the
task -> responsibility The price of greatness is
can be shared responsibility. – Winston
Churchill
Responsible to the
person accountable

Ins tu ons and

processes should be
sensi ve towards Nirbhaya case -> people
stakeholder demands, asked for a change in law
Responsiveness
needs and aspira ons, -> govt. responded
and serve them within posi vely
reasonable
meframes

Pakistan's Supreme Court

acqui ed Asia Bibi, a
Law shall be the king chris an who was on
Rule of law (lex is rex); law of the death row; a progressive
land decision by court,
considering the dynamics
of PAK

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 Baba Amte
Work sel essly in
public interest while
Mother Teresa trea ng
discharging public Every man must decide
leprosy
du es whether he'll walk in light
of crea ve altruism or
Sel essness Nelson Mandela
No personal interest darkness of destruc ve
sel shness - Mar n Luther
IAS o cer in MP removed
Care about others w/o King Jr.
ACs in his own o ce and
expecta on of
installed them in local
compensa on
child rehab shelter

Complete dedica on
and commitment to
duty (i.e. service) Vivekananda -> service to
without expec ng people and na on is
anything in return for service to God
services rendered
Aruna Sundara Rajan -
Nishkama Karma
Spirit of service headed Kudumbshree
Importance -
Project
Ensures "Ask not what your
responsiveness to all country can do for you, ask
and public welfare; what you can do for your
Keeps morale high; country." - JFK
Mo vate on daily
basis to serve masses

Agreeing
Fall of Medieval Indian
uncondi onally
rulers due to such vices, Banality of Evil - Hannah
Sycophancy/Yes-Man without using one's
nally resulted in Bri sh Arendt
own conscience and
Raj
reason

Temperance

Created by Rajat Yadav, AIR 111, UPSC CSE 2022

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 Acknowledgement,
acceptance and
respect for di erences

A tude of fairness
and respect towards
one whose views and
beliefs are di erent
Societal level - Indian
from that of yours
society tolerant towards
linguis c groups, unlike Sri "Compassion and
Importance virtue in a
Lanka and PAK which are tolerance are not a sign of
democracy and
o en found to be divided weakness, but a sign of
heterogenous society
on these lines; strength." – Dalai Lama
like India

Govt. level - accomoda ve "Mark of an educated

Jainism - Syadvada
policy of govt towards mind is to entertain a
(every view correct
Mizo groups thought without accep ng
from its own
it." - Aristotle
Tolerance perspec ve)
Last rites following Hindu
rituals performed by "I may not agree with you,
Ashoka's Dhamma
Muslim man a er death of but I will defend ll death
a Hindu friend your right to say it." -
Sarva Dharma
Voltaire
Sambhava concepts
Poli cs - Hindu PM, Sikh
ever since Ashoka
PM, Muslim Prez, Chris an Cultural rela vism funde
part president (Sonia G) (PSIR scholars like Franz
Importance -
etc etc. Boas)
Pluralism + mutual
respect;
Akbar - Din i illahi
UID;
Social Harmony;
Peace in society;
Encourages open
debate, FoSE;
Inculcate values like
impar ality, jus ce
and objec vity

"An investment in
knowledge pays the best
interest." – Benjamin
Socrates -> accepted
Franklin
death when charged with
To think and act using
impropriety
knowledge, "A man is but a product of
understanding, his thoughts. What he
Wisdom JFK during Cuban Missile
common sense, thinks he becomes." –
Crisis
insight and good Mahatma Gandhi
judgement
RBI Govr. D Subbarao
"To know what you know
during GFC 2008
and what you do not
know, that is true
knowledge." – Socrates

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 "I do not wish them

Giving women power
[women] to have power
to overcome the Nobel peace prize to rape
over men; but over
shackles, express survivor from ISIS - Nadia
themselves." – Mary
Women herself and capitalise Murad
Wollstonecra
empowerment on the fair Malala
opportuni es; PV Sindhu
"When women do be er,
Falguni Nayyar
economies do be er." –
Change of mindset
Chris ne Lagarde

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