Main Street Fire - Cause and Origin ROI - Dot

US.
Department of Justice Report 0f Investigation

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
Title of Investigation: Investigation Number: Report Number:

743 Main St. Fire (Firefighter Fatality) 765070—23—002’1 124
ORIGIN AND CAUSE REPORT
SUMMARY OF EVENT:
On March 1, 2023, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), National Response Team (NRT)
was activated to assist in determining the origin and cause of a fire that occurred at 743/745/747 Main Street, Buffalo,
New York 14203. The structure was a three-story commercial building with a single-story warehouse attached on the
east side. During suppression efforts, Firefighter Jason Arno became trapped inside the structure and sustained injuries
which resulted in his death. The fire was classified as ACCIDENTAL.
NARRATIVE:
1. On March 1, 2023, at approximately 9:56 am, a fire was reported at the above-listed address. The Buffalo Fire
Department responded to the scene and began suppression efforts. Investigators from the Buffalo Fire
Department, Buffalo Police Department, the New York State Fire Marshal’s Office and ATF responded to the
scene. Due to the line of duty death and the significant damage to the structure, the ATF National Response
Team (NRT) was requested and activated on March 1, 2023. Members of the NRT traveled to Buffalo, NY on
March 2, and the initial briefing was held later that evening. On March 3, 2023, the NRT and other
investigative partners began the joint scene examination.
r__l?‘_repar§g__by_z ______________ Title: Signature: Date:
i_.(_l2).(_§l./_(P_l_(_7_l_(9l_l 81’6““ng NCETR

..Autbgrizeg.py.r_._._._._._.. Title: Signature: Date:
2 (b)(6)/(b)(7)(C) g National Response Team Supervisor, NCETR
Second level reviewer (optional): Title: Signature: Date:

John B. DeVito Special Agent in Charge, New York Field
Division
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For Official Use Only
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Figure 1 — West side of 743/745/747 Main Street, Buffalo, New York.
INVESTIGATIVE PARTICIPANTS:
2. The following personnel were present at the time of the fire scene examination, conducted interviews, and/or
conducted other investigative activities related to the origin and cause determination:
National Response Team
Team Supervisor
Scene
Scene — Lead CFI
Leads Coordinator
Scene — Safety Officer
Scene — 3D Vista
SACFI(b)(6)/(b)(7)(C) SCEHC
SACFI (b)(6)l(b)(7)C) Scene — Mapping/UAS
SACFIiL§(b)(6)/(b)(7)(c) Scene — Mapping
SACFIC' Scene
_._ Scene — Heavy Equipment Coordinator
SAi..I.'?.II§I!.II2IIZII9Ii____________ Leads
SAi .....(_l9.I.(_§I.’_(_'F’_I(_7._I_(_.C_EI._._._.i Leads
IRSi(b)(6)/(b)(7)(C)i Leads
SACFI(b)(6)/(b)(7)(C) Scene — Evidence Custodian
SACFIi—"l._.i§iii35IiEii'?5i§I_._'.'_'.i Scene — Photographer
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SAiIiIIiIIIIEIIIIIiIfl
.... Leads
EEi(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C) Scene — Electrical Engineer
FPEi(bI(6II(bI(7I(CI: Scene — Fire Protection Engineer
Scene w/ ATF ADC “Clipper”
Scene — Medic
Scene — Medic
New York Field Division
Leads — Team SAC

Leads — RAC (acting)
Leads
Leads
Leads
Leads
Buffalo Fire Department
De . Commissioner Ramone Suarez Leads

LT Scene
FM Scene
FM Scene
FF (b)(6)l(b)(7)(C) Scene
FM Scene
FM Scene
FM Scene
FM/CFIIEIEILLIIIZILEM Scene
Captain (b)(6)l(b)(7)(C)i Scene
FF Scene
FF Scene
FF (bl(5I/(b)(7I(CI Scene
FF Scene
Buffalo Police Department
Chief of Detectives Craig Macy Leads

SergeantiL_IbI(6I/(bI(7I(CIi. Leads
Detective Leads
Detective Leads
Detective Leads
Detective (b)(6)l(b)(7)(C) Leads
Detective Leads
Detective Leads
Detective Leads
New York State Fire
Investigatori (bI(5I/(bI(7I(CIi Scene
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Investigator Scene
Investigator (bI(6I/(bI(7I(CI Scene
Investigator Scene
Specialisti (b)(6)/(b)(7)(C)i Scene
New York City Fire Department
DivisionChrcf(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C) Scene
Capta1ni(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C)i Scene
Department of Permit and Inspection Services
i_(ib)(6)/(b)(7I(CI Scene
Empire Dismantling (Heavy Equipment)
(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C) Scene
SCOPE OF WORK:
3. This report relates to an origin and cause determination for the fire that damaged a commercial structure located
at 743/745/747 Main Street, Buffalo, New York, which is further described within the body of this origin and
cause report. This investigative team utilized the systematic approach of the scientific method throughout the
fire investigation, as recommended by the 2021 edition of NFPA 921 Guide for Fire & Explosion
Investigations, Kirk’s Fire Investigation, eighth edition, and other fire investigation texts. NFPA 921, Section
3.3.167, defines the scientific method as “[t]he systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and
definition of a problem; the collection of data through observation and experimentation; analysis of the data; the
formulation, evaluation and testing of a hypothesis; and, where possible, the selection of a final hypothesis.”
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Scientific Method
Recognise the need

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{Define the pmbiem
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Cotieet data
WW»
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Atiaiyze the data
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Develop hypotheses
(inductive reasoning}
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Test the hypotheses
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Setect tine; hypothesis
Figure 2 — Scientific Method as shown in NFPA 921, 2021 Version, Figure 4.3.
LEGAL PRESENCE and SCENE SECURITY:
4.
(see attached). Investigators examined records that showed 743was the address for the structure where the fire
occurred, including records from the assessor’s office.
Later, investigators learned that DC Theatricks utilized the address 747 Main Street. Upon learning this
information, the investigative team stopped searching the scene and another warrant was obtained to include
745 (vacant bike shop) and 747 Main Street (see attached).
The Buffalo Police Department provided scene security 24 hours a day from the time of the incident until the
scene was released on March 13, 2023. Uniformed officers in marked police vehicle were positioned around
the property and kept bystanders from entering the scene. Chain link fencing was also installed in areas around
the building to prevent unauthorized access.
SCENE DESCRIPTON / BUILDING CONSTRUCTION:

Section authored by ATF SA/CFIi (b)(6)l(b)(7)(C)i
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7. Building construction was determined through the post-fire examination of the surviving portions of the
structure, pre—fire photographs, witness statements, electronic data, Erie County Assessor’s information, and
satellite imagery. All measurements listed in this report are approximations.
8. The Erie County Assessor’s website (www.erie.gov/ecrpts) identified the property address as 743 Main Street.
However, as indicated by medallions embedded in the sidewalk on the Main Street side, the structure also
encompassed the addresses of 745 and 747 Main Street. For the remainder of this report, the overall structure
will be referred to as 743/745/747 Main Street.
9. 743/745/747 Main Street was a three-story, mixed-use structure with an attached single-story warehouse. The
structure was oriented at an angle to magnetic north. However, for the purposes of this report, the Main Street
side of the structure will be referred to as the west side of the structure. A concrete sidewalk with masonry
planter boxes and trees separated the west side of the structure from Main Street. Asphalt paved parking areas
lined the north side of the structure. Metal security fencing encircled the parking areas and was attached to the
northeast and northwest corners of the structure. The parking areas were accessed via a gate located at the north
end of the Main Street portion of fencing. A concrete sidewalk separated the east side of the structure from
Washington Street. The south side of the structure was lined by, and attached to, 739 Main Street. See Figure 3
and Figure 4.
Figure 3 — Screen capture from www.google.com.

743 Main Street encircled in yellow.
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Figure 4 - Screen capture from Google Earth.

743 Main Street encircled in yellow.
Foundation
10. A basement with masonry walls supported the footprint of the three—story portion of 743/745/747 Main Street
and the westernmost 10’ of the attached single-story warehouse. The basement walls were constructed of a
combination of bricks and concrete masonry units (CMU). A concrete slab served as the foundation for the
remainder of the single-story warehouse. The grade was generally level on all sides of the structure. Entry into
743/745/747 Main Street was at grade level on the west and north sides of the structure. Entry was above grade
level on the east side of the structure via a concrete staircase and concrete loading dock. There was no interior
access from the exterior south side of the structure.
Exterior
11. Dimensionally, the structure spanned approximately 200’ in length (east to west), 66’ in width (north to south),
and was comprised of two different construction methods. The western half of the structure was three stories in
height and was comprised of masonry, wood, and metal construction with a flat roof. The eastern halfof the
structure was one-story in height and was comprised of masonry construction with a partial bowstring-style roof
supported by metal framing. The structure’s exterior masonry constructed walls varied from 12 to 24 inches in
thickness.
12. The exterior west wall of the structure contained four doors, three merchandise display areas, and had windows
on all three floors. The four ingress/egress doors were inset approximately 6’ east from the west exterior wall
and arranged in pairs. The northern pair of doors allowed access into the northern portion of the first floor,
occupied by DC Theatricks. Per witness information, the northern door in the pair was used as the main
entrance for DC Theatricks as the southern door was blocked by merchandise. The northern most door
associated with the southern pair opened to the interior staircase that allowed access to the second and third
floors of the structure. The southern door was used as the main entrance for the vacant bike shop in the
southern portion of the first floor that had been formerly occupied by Rick Cycle.
13. Shaped brick surrounded the metal I-beam posts in front of each pair of doors. The exterior masonry walls on
the second and third floors were covered with stucco-like material and decorative metal plates. See Figure 5.
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Figure 5 - Screen capture from www.googlemaps.com.

West side of 743/745/747 Main Street, facing east.
Front door to DC Theatricks highlighted.
14. The exterior north wall of the three-story portion of the structure contained one door and 13 windows. Based on
measured 85 1/2” in height, 46” in width, and was 1/2” thick (R01 99). A gap of unknown size was located along
the bottom of the particle board. A piece ofplastic sheeting covered the plywood and adjacent brick. Five of
the windows were on the first floor, five were on the second floor, and three were on the third floor. The glass
for the easternmost first floor window had been previously replaced with a piece of plywood. The
polyvinylchloride (PVC) intake and exhaust piping for the basement natural gas-fueled furnace extended
outward through the plywood. Plywood covered the upper portions of the windows on the third floor. The
exterior north wall of the single-story portion of the structure contained three arched windows that were covered
with plywood. See Figure 6 and Figure 7.
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Figure 6 — Screen capture from Google Earth facing south.

North exterior metal door encircled in yellow.
Figure 7 - Side by side pre-fire images of the north exterior metal door in place, the metal door removed, and the
plywood and plastic sheeting.
15. The exterior east wall of the single-story portion of the structure contained an ingress/egress door, an overhead
rollup-style door, and two arched windows. The metal ingress/egress door was four steps above grade level and
was accessed via concrete steps lined with metal handrails. The rollup door was accessed via an elevated
concrete loading dock. Based on pre-fire photographs, the arched windows were covered with plywood.
16. The exterior east wall of the three—story portion of the structure contained a fire escape, three doors, three
sections of windows, and three sections of CMU. The metal fire escape was located on the northeast exterior
comer of the structure. The fire escape extended upward from the roof of the single-story warehouse to a metal
balcony on the third floor. The portion of the fire escape that lowered to the ground appeared to have been
previously removed from the structure. Based on pre-fire photographs, two ingress/egress doors allowed access
from the interior of the second floor to the roof of the warehouse. The third ingress/egress door allowed access
from the interior of the third floor to the metal balcony. The three sections of windows were all located on the
second floor. The northern and southern section of windows surrounded the second-floor ingress/egress doors.
The three sections of CMU were all located on the third floor. The northern section of CMU surrounded the
third-floor ingress/egress door.
17. The exterior south wall of the three—story portion of the structure contained seven windows on the third floor.
Based on pre—fire imagery, some of the windows were partially covered. The remainder of the south side of the
three-story portion and single-story portion of the structure were lined by, and attached to, 739 Main Street.
Roof
18. The overall roof for 743/745/747 Main Street was comprised of two different construction methods. The center
of the single—story warehouse’s roof was of bowstring construction supported by north to south oriented metal
trusses. The metal trusses were supported by the north and south exterior walls. The remainder of the roof
sloped downward away from the base of the bowstring and were supported by wood roofj oists. The wood roof
joists were supported by the bottom of the metal roof trusses and the east and west exterior walls. Various
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combinations of plywood and wood strips sat atop the metal trusses and wood roofj oists. The outermost roof
covering for the warehouse was comprised of a combination of rolled asphalt, composite shingles, and
membrane roofing. Ventilation piping penetrated the roof.
19. The north, east, and south exterior masonry walls of the three-story portion of the structure extended upward
above the flat roof. An east to west oriented, metal framed parapet wall, covered with stucco-like material,
connected to the north and south exterior walls. The three-story portion’s flat roof was supported by north to
south oriented wood roofj oists. The ends of the wood roofj oists were inserted into, and supported by, the
exterior north and south walls. Two rows of east to west oriented joists, constructed of metal I—beams, further
supported the wood roofj oists. The metal I-beam joists were each supported by seven metal I-beam posts. East
to west oriented tongue and groove wood strips, covered with rigid insulation panels, sat atop the wood roof
joists. Membrane roofing formed the outermost roof covering. Rain scuppers, a chimney, and ventilation pipes
penetrated the roof. A roof access hatch that spanned 10’ in length (east to west) and 5’ in width (north to
south) was in the southwest portion of the flat roof. The roof hatch was positioned approximately 22’ east of
the west exterior wall and 22’ north from the south exterior wall. See Figure 8.
Figure 8 - Screen capture from Google Earth.

743/745/747 Main Street encircled in yellow.
Interior
20. The interior of 743/745/747 Main Street was subdivided into four functional areas: DC Theatricks, vacant bike
shop, second and third story apartments, and the single-story warehouse. DC Theatricks occupied the northern
two-thirds of the basement and first floor of the three-story portion of the structure. Rick Cycle previously
occupied the southern third of the basement and first floor of the three-story portion of the structure. DC
Theatricks was separated from the vacant bike shop by a masonry constructed wall further described below.
The second and third floors were previously used as apartments.
21. For the three-story portion of the structure, north to south oriented wood floor joists supported the first, second,
and third floors. The wood floor joists were inserted into, and supported by, the north and south exterior
masonry constructed walls. As with the roof construction, two rows of east to west oriented metal I-beam joists
filrther supported the wood floor joists. Unlike the roof construction, each row had two metal I-beam joists that
were stacked on top of each other. The inner ends of the wood floor joists were notched and inserted into the
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web of the upper I-beam instead of extending over the I-beam joists. The vertically stacked metal I-beam floor
joists were supported by seven metal I—beam posts. For the first floor, the northern row of metal I—beam joists
and posts were sheathed with a combination of metal mesh, lathe, and plaster. The southern row of metal I—
beam joists and posts were filled with masonry blocks, sheathed with plaster, and served as the dividing wall
between DC Theatricks and the vacant bike shop.
22. Strips of diagonally oriented, tongue and groove flooring sat atop the wood floor joists. A second layer of east
to west oriented tongue and groove flooring covered the diagonal strips and created the uppermost flooring
material on each level.
DC Theatricks
23. The first floor of DC Theatricks was one open continuous space that spanned approximately 40’ in width (north
to south), 100’ in length (east to west), and had a 13.7’ ceiling height. The north and south walls were sheathed
with plaster. The cast wall was comprised of CMU and was not sheathed. The northernmost 9’ of the CMU
wall jogged east and contained a metal door that allowed access to the warehouse. Metal ceiling tiles were
attached to wood strips that were affixed to the underside of the wooden joists.
24. The basement of DC Theatricks was accessed via two staircases. The larger of the two was open, of metal
construction, and surrounded by metal railings. The smaller of the two staircases was enclosed with wood—
framed walls that were sheathed with lathe and plaster. The larger open staircase was approximately centered
(east to west) within the space. The northern row of metal I-beam columns lined the south edge of the open
staircase. The smaller enclosed staircase was in the southwest comer of DC Theatricks, with doors at the top
and bottom of the stairwell.
25. A metal I—beam column was adjacent the southeast corner of the open staircase. A wood—framed wall, sheathed
with wood paneling, extended 16.75’ east from the metal I—beam column. An opening in the wood wall
extended 4.31 ’ east from the metal I-beam column. The opening had an overall height of 6.46’, with a 1.92’
header. A metal-framed wall, sheathed with gypsum board panels, extended north from the east end of the
wood framed wall to the exterior north wall. The two walls formed an ‘L’ shape. An opening in the metal
framed wall was located 6.46’ south of the north exterior wall. The opening measured 4.8” in width, 6.46’ in
height, with a 1.92’ header. Bathrooms and storage rooms were located along the west wall.
26. Two sections of plaster ceiling were present in basement. The smaller section extended 6.46’ south from the
north wall and spanned from the east wall to the west edge of the metal-framed wall. A natural gas-fueled
heater was mounted to the ceiling below this section of plaster ceiling. The larger section was suspended and
spanned across the entire width (north to south) and extended approximately 75 ’ east from the west wall to the
metal—framed wall. The suspended ceiling was comprised of two layers ofplaster board suspended by metal
rods. The interior ceiling height from the floor to the underside of the suspended ceiling measured 8.35’. The
remainder of the wood framing that formed the basement ceiling was exposed with no sheathing.
27. A metal door was located in the northeast corner of the basement and allowed access to the portion of the
basement located below the single-story warehouse. Two wooden doors were located on the south wall that
divided DC Theatricks from the vacant bike shop. The western door was blocked by storage racks on the DC
Theatricks side.
Vacant Bike Shop
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28. The first floor of the vacant bike shop was one open continuous space that spanned approximately 20’ in width
(north to south), 100’ in length (east to west), and had a 13.7’ ceiling height. The north and south walls were
sheathed with plaster. The cast wall was comprised of CMU. Metal ceiling tiles were attached to wood strips
that were affixed to the underside of the wooden joists. A natural gas-fueled heater was suspended from the
ceiling approximately 75 ’ east of the west wall.
29. The basement was accessed via an enclosed staircase in the northeast comer of occupancy. A metal door, at the
top of the staircase allowed access to the single—story warehouse. A second staircase was located along the
south wall. However, the wood floorng for the first floor covered the top of the stairwell and made it unusable.
A bathroom was located on the west wall of the basement. The remainder of the basement walls and ceiling
were devoid of sheathing.
Scene Diagram
30. Figure 9 and Figure 10 below are scene diagrams of the approximate layout of the first floor and basement
associated with DC Theatricks and the vacant bike shop previously occupied by Rick Cycle.
Figure 9 - Scene Diagram of the first floor.
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a»
Figure 10 — Scene diagram of the basement.
Second and Third Floors
31. The walls that enclosed the staircase for the second and third floors were comprised of wood-framed
construction, sheathed with lathe and plaster. Based on witness statements everything but the exterior walls,
flooring, and support structure for the second and third floors had been removed prior to the fire. Plaster
sheathing was present on the exterior walls. However, pre—fire photographs showed that the metal I—beam posts,
metal I-beam joists, and the wooden joists were all exposed with no sheathing. Additionally, preexisting
damage to the wood floor was present on the second and third levels. See Figure 11.
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Figure 11 - Pre-fire damage to the flooring on the third floor, facing north.
Single—story Warehouse
32. The interior of the single-story warehouse was one continuous open space with a couple partial height, wood-
framed walls. The ceiling and portions of the partial height walls were sheathed with plaster. Pre-fire damage
was observed to the south side of the plaster ceiling. Metal ingress/egress doors in the west wall of the
warehouse allowed access into DC Theatricks and the vacant bike shop.
Fire Protection Systems
33. 743/745/747 Main Street was devoid of fire suppression systems. During the scene examination, a manual pull
station was observed on the exterior of the structure, in front of the vacant bike shop. A fire alarm panel with
mechanical bell was observed in the basement of the vacant bike shop. The systems did not appear to have
been functional at the time the fire.
UTILITIES:
electrical service viaundergroundservice lateral which entered the building on the south side of the structure.
The main incoming service conductors were routed1n conduit towards the East end of the basement where a
fused three-phase main service disconnect switch along with enclosed distribution buss, wireways, several
meters, and disconnect switches were located. These components were located in the basement of the vacant
bike shop on the partition wall that separated that area from DC Theatricks’ basement. The phase A fuse on the
main service disconnect switch was observed to be open due to electrical fault while the remaining phase fuses
were intact. There was no other thermal, electrical, or mechanical damage observed to the service entrance,
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meters, meter bases, or disconnect switches. Electrical distribution in the structure was routed to panelboards
located throughout the structure.
35. During interviews with DC Theatricks ownership and employees, the status of electrical items at closing was
determined. They confirmed the closing procedures included turning off circuit breakers on panelboards near
the front of the store, the south stairwell to the basement, and the south wall in the basement near the opening to
the vacant bike shop basement area. Only a few circuits remained energized that included limited fluorescent
lighting along the ceiling towards the Southwest corner of the store, the timer for front window lighting, and
circuits near the red service counter including computer equipment, water cooler, and other misc. electronics in
this area. Gas fired forced air furnace units serving the basement and first floor also remained energized. It was
reported that power to lighting, tools and appliances in the basement were shut-off at the panelboards.
36.
the west into the vacant bike shop basement. The meter and valve assembly were located within the basement at
the point of entry and were on at the time of the examination. There was no mechanical or thermal damage
observed to the natural gas service entrance or metering equipment in this area. Additionally, elevated usage
was observed after examining historical gas usage data. During the structural collapse, a gas pipe was severed
in the basement area near the opening at the partition wall between the vacant bike shop and DC Theatricks.
This corresponds with the location of isolated and sustained fire, as observed by the gas company employees,
that self—extinguished upon turning off the gas service. The free—flowing gas in this area is consistent with the
documented gas consumption and resulting fire observed in this area.
OWNER / INSURANCE INFORMATION:
38.
warehouse. He did not maintain insurance on his property.
39. ATF ROI # 84 — Investigators received photographs of the interior of the structure from James O’Neill
Investigations Inc. This company is representing Buffalo NY Claims Services, which is adjusting the claim for
Dryden Mutual Insurance. The photographs were taken in September 2022 and show the interior of DC
Theatricks. Some of the photographs show clothing/costumes displayed on vertical surfaces extending to near
ceiling level (Figure 12 and Figure 13).
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Figure 12 and Figure 13 — Clothing and costumes on vertical surfaces to near ceiling level.
WITNESS REPORTS:
40. Members of the investigative team conducted numerous interviews as part of this investigation. This section
serves to document the pre—fire condition of the building, activities taking place within the building, fire
discovery, fire department response and observations, and witness observations. The following are summaries
of the statements made by witnesses. For additional information, refer to the individual ATF Reports of
Investigation (ROI).
44. On March 2, 2023,

investigators interviewedi (b)(6)l(b)(7)(C) ii(b)(6)l(b)(7)(CIistatedhebegan rehabilitation work
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access doors to the second and third fioors from inside the structure. It was estimated that approximately 20
dumpsters worth of material was removed from those floors. This stored property removal was completed on
second and third floors had been cleared out. He provided these photos and a video to investigators. The video
shows small holes and floor damage through the third floor. The video also shows the area to be clear of debris.
Figure 14 — Second Floor post—renovation facing east.
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Figure 15 — Third Floor post-renovation facing west.
Tenant — DC Theatricks, 747 Main Street
48. Investigators conducted interviews withi (b)(6)l(b)(7)(C).'ifrom March 2 — 11, 2023i_(ib)(6)l(b)(7)(C) is a C0-
Owner of DC Theatricks withi (b)(6)l(b)(7)(C) :All keys to the business were accounted for.
of a different group of workers repairing the brick on the north side of the structure next to a door to their
occupancy.
51. The day before the fire, i(bI16I/IbII7IICIj-ihad washed three loads of clothing/costumes
1n the washingmachine located1n
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clothing/costumes stored side by side with additional racks above. There were also numerous foam mascot
heads throughout the business.
Figure 16 — Photograph of clothing in plastic bags on racks.
fire. The list of items included bags of costumes as well as costumes inside clear plastic bags that were hanging
above the doorway (Figure 17).
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Figure 17 — North exterior door to DC Theatricks and interior contents.
cigarette usage and was certain that he put the cigarette out when he finished smoking.
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57. ithGI/(bIUIICI!istated he was the last to leave the buildingi-i(bI(6II(bI(7I(CIstated the close out procedure was toshut off
58. On March 11, 2023,i_(b)(6)l(b)(7)(CIiprovided additional information to ATF SAi (b)(6)l(b)(7)(C) iregarding the electrical
circuits that remained on at night. On the first floor, the items that were left energized were the heater, two
ceiling lights on the front (west) side, a timer (located in the south stairwell) for front window lights, phone
chargers, a water cooler, a time clock, a computer, and fax machine. All other circuits would have been
deenergized at the circuit breaker boxes. He labeled these items on a drawing of the first floor (Figure 18). In
the basement, the items that were left energized were the refrigerator at the bottom of the stairs, the hot water
tank in the bathroom, and two light fixtures that they could not figure out how to turn off.
Figure 18 —i(bwaxvm!diagram of energized electrical items on the first floor.
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Titie of Investigation: Investigation Number: Report Number:
743 Main St. Fire (Firefighter Fatality) 765070—23—0021 124
61.
62.
cutting tablesi(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C);.identified aheat press, computer, vinyl cutter, Eastman rotary cutter, and battery charger.
All of these items were located on the east side of the table. There was also a vinyl cutter located on the west
end of the smaller table. The placement of these items was confirmed during the scene examination.
63.
64.
65.
_.._._._._._._._._.__ '-----------v- .........................
66. i
67.
I stated thaton the firIstI floor, there wereclothing racks that were stacked three high, and there were rIolling stairs
and hanger retrieval poles to get clothing down from the highest racks. Some of these racks can be seen in
Figure 4 of this report.
Tenant, 743 Main Street
video inside the warehouse to document the condition. He also stated Ithat the south side of tlie three--stIory
structure on the first floor was empty, along with all the second and third floor.
69.
provided the previouslIy mentioiIied video and photographs to investigators. The photographs show items at
floor level to be free of thermal damage.
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71. Investigators conducted interviews withi (b)(6)/(b)(7)(C)iIfrom March2— 6, 2023. i(bxe)!(bx7)(C) stated the steel door
the plywood from the torch. Additionally, a leaf blower was used1n combination with the torch to help melt the
ice.
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degree bend downwards and the other pipe came straight out. iibxembiamiIsaid theI pipe that came straight out had
warm steam coming out. He remembered this steam because he used it several times to keep his hands warm.
76. Additionally,i (b)(6)l(b)(7)(0)-idid smoke at the site, including the morning of the fire.
77.ii(b)(6)/(b)(7)(C)i — JP Contracting— ATF ROI #68
78. On March 1, 2023, investigators interviewedi(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C)i He1si (b)(6)l(b)(7)(ciithe owner of JP Contracting,

(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C)i, i(b)(6)/(b)(7)(C)iItold investigatorsi-(b)(6)I(b)(7)(C)i'called him at 9: 59 am on March 1, 2023, and told
79. i(b)(6)/(b)(7)(C)_i — JP Construction employee/911 caller— ATF R01 #111
80. During
the course of the investigation, several attempts were made to interviewi(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C)_i He was an
81. Additionally, investigatorslistened toi i!!!6!!!b!7!°!iIs 911 call. The call was made at 9: 55. 05 am. The recording15 one
door;
Fire Department
82. During the interviews of fire department personnel, it was learned that firefighters only entered through the
northern—most door on the west side of the building for the purpose of suppressing the fire. That door, referred
to herein as the front door, was the main entry for DC Theatricks on the Main Street side of the building as seen
in Figure 5. Fire department personnel did not make entry through any other door.
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assisted with forcing open the second door from right. This door led directly to a stairwell to the second floor.
Cpt.iibiiembimiciireported minimal smoke and no fire in this area. He then went to the front door of DC Theatricks
...............................
..................
85. Firefighter (FF)i..........

(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C)
.5._._.w.._._._._._._._._._._.ii— Ladder Truck 2 — ATF ROIs #11 and #79
86.
was forced open. He reported heavy, hot, black smoke but could not see any flames. Visibility was so poor that
he could not see any of the interior contents of the building. Shortly after entry, others told him to back out. As
87.
88.
and were only a few blocks away when the fire was reported at 743/745/747 Main Street, so they were able to
arrive on scene very quickly. Upon arrival, the firefighters encounteredirbnsmwnmi in a parking area north of the
89.
90.
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2023-01322-000025
everyone to exit the building. A short time later, a backdraft occurred. AIfter tIhe backdraft, the firefighters
learned that FF Arno was unaccounted for.
#89)
imaging cameraIwith him. He pointed it toward the ceiling, and it showed the ceiling area was allIIorange in
color. Agents examined the thermal imaging camera and the darkest orange color on the camera represents
temperatures reaching 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit.
97. The order wasgiven

to withdraw from the structure and, as they were
exiting, an explosion occurred. After the
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2023-01322-000026
freight train and a huge wind came at him. After this event, firefighters were not allowed to go back into the
structure until the fire was under control.
structure again; however, the fire was too intense, and firefighters were not allowed to reenter until the fire was
under control.
Video Review
Savarino Company Surveillance Camera — ATF R01 #69
104. During the course of the investigation, several videos of the event were reviewed. There were surveillance
cameras on the Savarino Company building (753 Main Street), which was located directly north of the affected
structure. One camera (Rear Parking 2) that captured relevant information regarding the fire was located on the
east side of 753 Main Street and faced east toward the parking lot. A doorway on the north side of the building
accessed DC Theatricks. The right edge of the camera view stops just before the doorway to DC Theatricks is
in view. A portion of the concrete threshold can be seen in the video.
105. The video time was synchronized with www.time.gov. The Savarino surveillance camera was 1 hour 1 minute
and 54 seconds ahead of www.time. gov (ROI # 107). It should also be noted that this video did not
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continuously record. There were gaps ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes. There were also times that
the video would freeze for approximately 10 seconds. During those times, video was not captured.
Investigators reviewed all the available footage. The times listed in this section are the approximate normalized
times.
Figure 20 — Rear Parking 2 surveillance camera view with concrete sill highlighted.
106. JP Contracting employeesiibiiembimici-and-551531913113; are seen arrivingat 07: 25. A propane tank and propane torch were
I Ebegan
melting snow andwe near the north wall of 743/745/747 Main Street. At approximately 07:36, 07:56, and
08:07, the torch was used near the east corner ofthe north doorway to DC Theatricks. At approximately 08:16,
the torch was again used near the east corner of the of the samedoorway. Some use of the torchI1s slightly off
iibeganto use the leaf blower
tank was turned off atIappronimately 08:35 and the torch was not used again.
107. ATF ROI #69 states that at 7:37:53, “smoke puffs from structure.” The material observed was low density and
white in color. At this point, the doorway was still covered by plastic. Additionally,intake and exhaust piping
burning odIor (ROI #97).
108. Also, at various times during the use of the torch, condensation can be seen forming from the melting snow and
ice. The material that is seen forming is similar in density and color to the material observed emanating from
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material was notemanating from the doorway butI was coming from theIarea west of the doorway. This was the
area that the intake and exhaust piping for the basement furnace are located. On the morning of the fire,
temperatures were in the low 30’s (F) with relative humidity near 70%. Investigators now believe the material
referenced as smoke in ROI 69 is actually condensation/water vapor coming from an exhaust pipe located to the
west of the doorway.
Figure 21 — North door to DC Theatricks, intake and exhaust vent circled.
then threw a bucket of water into the doorway, which can be seen washing back toward the parking lot. IHe then
beganto unscrew the east side of theplywood from the frame, partially opening the plywoodcovering and was
to report the fire.
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2023-01322-000029
video of the building. She filmed the video from her apartment located just north of 743/745/747 Main Street.
Her video showed the plywood still attached to the west side of the door frame and in a vertical position. At this
point, fire was seen inside of 743/745/747 Main Street but smoke and fire were not venting from the doorway.
111.0f note is the condition of the inside surface of the plywood board. The interior surface of the plywood showed
charring only on the east side, while the west side was relatively undamaged. While in the original closed
position, this charring would have been closest to the east side of the doorway where the brickwork was taking
place (Figure 24).
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2023-01322-000030
TitIe of Investigation: Investigation Number: Report Number:
investigative team. One of the photographs of the north doIorway shoned smoldering debris on the concrete
threshold (Figure 25). This photo was taken at approximately 10:05 and, by this time, the plywood had been
removed from the door frame by a firefighter.
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Figure 25 — Cropped image taken showing debris on concrete threshold.
743/745/747 Main Street. The video pannedIback and forth across 743/745/747 Main Street and captured
different parts of the building at different times. At first, the only flames visible were inside the north doorway
to DC Theatricks. Heavy smoke could be seen emanating from the west side of 743/745/747 Main Street. One
minute and seven seconds into the Video, all the windows were dark with no Visible fire (Figure 26). From one
minute and five seconds to one minute and thirteen seconds into the video, flames were seen venting from the
west side of the structure and building in intensity until they eventually extended above the structure. The video
then panned from west to east. From one minute and thirteen seconds to one minute and twenty-five seconds
into the video, flaming combustion can be seen in all the second—floor windows (Figure 27). Additionally, at
one minute and fourteen seconds into the video (10:07) an over—pressure event (backdraft) is observed at the
north doorway to DC Theatricks (Rear Parking 2) and at the roof hatch to the building. NFPA 921 defines a
backdraft as, “[a] deflagration resulting from the sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing
oxygen-deficient products of incomplete combustion.” [1] During this event, smoke was also seen pushing out
of the third-floor windows.
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Figure 26 - Smoke on second floor. Figure 27 — Seconds later, flaming combustion.
1 15. Timeline Summary
116. Below is a timeline summarizing the events related to the fire. The information includes information from ATF
ROIs containing witness information, video review, Buffalo Fire Department radio traffic and 911 Dispatch
records. The times listed are approximate.
a. 04:46 —ii§i@[(§_)_(l)_(9)_i left the building.

11 07:25 —i::1!:1!}:{!:!§:ian II
c. 07:29 — Propane torch was ignited.
d. 07:36 — 8:17 — The torch was used in and around the north doorway at various times.
e. 08:35 — Propane tank was turned off.
f. 09:53 — appeared to notice the fire and attempts to extinguish it.
g. 09:55 — ibnsmwncx called 911 to report the fire.
h. 09:56 — kicked open the plywood covering the north doorway.
i. 09:58 —Eng1ne2 arrived on scene and advised nothing was showing.
j. 09:59 ”iiEZi‘fIZiE’lZISEIiVidCO was recorded.
k. 10:00 —
Firefighters reported heavy smoke coming out of the first floor.
1. 10:03 —
Firefightersreported flames on the second floor.
m. 10:04 —
Inv.i_(_pi_(§il_(_!_a_)_(_r_)_(_<_:_)_i reported heavy fire in the back, number 2 (North) side.
n. 10:06 —
Tones sounded for all firefighters to evacuate the structure.
0. l ivideo was recorded.
p. 10:07 — Tfié'fi'iié't backdraft occurred.
q. 10:07 — FF Arno calls MAYDAY.
r. 10:11 — FF Arno’ last radio transmission.
s. 10:17—FFi_<_ ______ _)__ .
t. 10:18 — The second backdraft is reported. After the second backdraft, all firefighters evacuated the
building.
u. 13:44 — FF Arno’s body was recovered by fire department personnel.
SCENE PROCESSING:
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117. Scene processing was conducted using a systematic approach. Once the investigators arrived at the scene, facts
and data related to the origin and cause of the fire were gathered. These facts and data included witness
statements, electronic data, and the analysis of fire patterns and fire dynamics. Based on this methodology, the
investigative team’s inspection of the scene began by conducting an exterior examination and then moving to
the interior. Subsequently, hypotheses were developed and tested by the investigative team.
Investigative activities conducted prior to the arrival of the ATF NRT on March 1, 2023
1 1 8. After it was learned that Firefighter Arno perished during the fire, several agencies responded to the scene to
assist with the investigation including ATF, the New York State Fire Marshal’s, and the Erie County Sheriff’s
Department. Investigators began documenting the scene by using still photography and an Unmanned Aircraft
System (UAS). Once the scene was safe, members of the Buffalo Fire Department recovered Firefighter Arno.
1 19. Due to structural concerns, an emergency demolition order of the building was issued on March 1, 2023, and
and Inspection Services for the City of Buffalo, and requested all excavation stop until further notice. Upon
filrther discussion with ATF, the Buffalo Fire Department, New York State Fire Marshals, and the city
commissioners, any further demolition was ceased.
National Response Team to the fire scene for assistance in the investigation.
Investigative activities conducted after the arrival of the ATF NRT
structure that could be safely accessed. All investigators present were encouraged to ask questions, suggest
hypotheses, and discuss methods for processing the scene.
122. For purposes of this report, a short summary of daily activities will be described. Then a detailed description of
the scene will be given, starting with the exterior and the single-story warehouse. This report will then describe
the three-story portion of the building from the third floor moving down to the basement.
123. On March 3, 2023, investigators began the joint scene examination. On that day, the NRT began scene
documentation with the use of still photography, 360 photography, UAS photography, mapping tools, and a 3D
scanner. Scene documentation continued during every day of the scene examination. Additionally, engineers
from the New York City Fire Department (NYFD) evaluated the structure for stability and safety of the
investigative team.
124. Before investigators entered the structure, a decontamination line was established. Investigators utilized this
decontamination line to decontaminate boots and tools before entering the scene. Investigators continued the
safety assessment by entering the structure through the front door of DC Theatricks. Investigators proceeded to
the staircase located on the south side of DC Theatricks and descended to the basement. NYFD engineers
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examined the structure and noted areas of collapse in the east side of the basement. It was determined that areas
of the first floor would need to be shored for the investigative team to safely conduct an examination of the first
floor. Significant collapse was also observed on the east side of the second and third floors. The second and
third floors were deemed unsafe to work in. Those areas were examined with the use of a UAS.
125. On March 4, 2023, Investigators utilized an Ignitable Liquid Detection (IGL) Canine during the search. No
alerts or changes of behavior were noted. See the IGL Canine report for details. Additionally, the Buffalo Fire
Department Urban Search and Rescue/Tech Support Team (USAR) arrived on scene to shore the flooring of the
first floor. To access the basement for shoring, the investigative team had to clear an area of the first floor that
led to a centrally located staircase. Investigators hand-cleared debris while looking for any items of evidentiary
value. Once a path was cleared to the staircase, the USAR team began to shore the structure.
126. While the shoring work was taking place, investigators were able to safely enter and examine the vacant bike
shop on the first floor, south side of the structure. Investigators then discovered that DC Theatricks and the
vacant occupancy had separate mailing addresses from the building itself. At that time, investigators stopped
searching while a new warrant was sought. However, shoring operation continued to prevent the scene from
further collapse, which could have caused the loss of evidence. Once the shoring operations were completed,
the investigative team secured the scene and ended all operations for the day. A new warrant was obtained later
that night and searching resumed the next day.
127. On March 5, 2023, investigators utilized a UAS to assess the building for any movement or safety concerns.
Investigators then utilized an IGL canine in areas of the scene that were safe to work in, including the first floor
and basement. No alerts or changes of behavior were noted. See the IGL Canine report for details. At that
time, the decontamination line was discontinued.
meters from the building. Meanwhile, other investigators began to process and layer debrisinthe firstfloor,
northeast corner of DC Theatricks.
gas company to check and remove the gas meters from the building. Meanwhile, afteIr the basement was
thoroughly documented, all fire investigators on scene were able to walk through and examine the fire damage.
Investigators then examined the first floor, west side of DC Theatricks.
130. On March 7, 2023, investigators processed areas of the basement that sustained fire damage from direct flame
impingement, including the cutting tables. Meanwhile, other investigators continued to process the first floor,
northeast corner of DC Theatricks. Investigators also examined the first floor and basement of the vacant bike
shop. Investigators also examined the single—story warehouse.
131. On March 8, 2023, investigators continued to process the basement and first floor of DC Theatricks.
132. On March 9, 2023, investigators documented the basement and first floor of DC Theatricks. After the
documentation was completed, an excavator was used to demolish the single—story warehouse on the east side
of the structure. Once the excavator started its activities, investigators were not allowed to go back into the
structure for their safety. The only exception was to allow the photographer inside for a limited amount of time
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(CMU) from the center section of the east wall of the three-story structure. This was completed so the building
would maintain structural integrity and then allow investigators to remove debris from the interior of DC
Theatricks with the excavator.
133. On March 10, 2023, no scene examination work was completed due to a snowstorm and the funeral of FF Arno.
The excavator was allowed to work to the east of the three-story structure to prepare a safe foundation to work
134. On March 11, 2023, the excavator continued to remove debris from the three-story structure. Once the
excavator removed all the debris it could safely reach, all fire investigators on scene were able to examine the
scene from the exterior of the building. On March 11, 2023, the scene examination was concluded. N0 scene
work took place on March 12, 2023. On March 13, 2023, the scene was released to the Buffalo Fire
Department.
Exterior Scene Examination
135. During the scene examination, investigators inspected the exterior of the structure. The examination began on
the west side of the structure and proceeded in a clockwise direction. The front of the structure faced west
toward Main Street.
136. West side (Figure l): The west side of the structure was heavily damaged during the fire. Much of the facade
on the west side of the building was consumed and/or failed during the fire. Large sections of structural brick
and metal I-beams were exposed. All windows failed except for the northern-most first floor windows. Those
windows were broken by the fire department during suppression operations. Soot and smoke deposits were
observed on surfaces that did not fail during the fire.
137. Overall, the damage was slightly worse on the northern side of the west face of the building. At ground level,
the upper portions of the front face of the north faux column had failed, while the southern faux column
remained intact. There were also more significant smoke deposits on the remaining facade on the northwest
corner of the building than on the southwest corner of the building. Additionally, more decorative metal
coverings failed on the northern side of the west face of the building than on the southern side.
138. North side: The north side of the three-story portion of the structure had several windows of varying size.
During the Video Review, some of the glass in these windows can be seen falling to the ground after the first
backdraft. There were four small windows on the first floor, north side. There were little to no smoke deposits
above these windows. There were five windows on the second floor. There were moderate soot and smoke
deposits above these windows. These deposits were angled to the west due to the wind conditions on the
morning of the fire. There were three windows on the third floor. There were only minor smoke deposits
around these windows.
139. The north side of the three-story portion of the structure also contained an entry doorway to DC Theatricks at
ground level and a plywood-covered opening to the west of the doorway used for intake and exhaust piping for
the basement natural gas—fueled furnace. The plywood covering the opening to the west of the doorway
sustained significant charring and mass loss on the interior surface while the remaining exterior surface was free
from such damage.
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140. Pieces of wood had been used to secure plastic over the brickwork that needed repair. The plastic extended
down and covered the doorway. This plastic had been rolled upward and secured above the doorway the
morning of the fire. The plastic above the doorway charred and melted, while the plastic further to the east
remained intact. Also, the piece of wood directly over the doorway sustained charring and mass loss while the
other pieces of wood were free from fire damage. Additionally, the metal doorframe sustained significant
oxidation.
141 . On March 1, 2023, emergency demolition had started, and the eastern half of the single—story warehouse had
been knocked down. The north side of the warehouse had four large windows and one smaller window that had
been covered over with plywood. No soot or smoke staining was visible on the remaining section of the north
wall.
142. Additionally, there was a metal-framed fire escape that extended from the east face of the third floor to a
platform attached to the north exterior wall of the single—story warehouse. There were no stairs or ladder that
extended to ground level.
143. East side: Although the demolition had started on the east side of the warehouse, investigators were still able to
roll—up garage door and an entry door at ground level. There were also two windows, one above each door.
The windows had been covered with plywood. There were no deposits of soot or smoke above the doors or
windows.
144. The second and third floors of the three-story structure extended above the single-story warehouse. The third
floor had a doorway that accessed the fire escape. There was light to moderate soot and smoke staining across
the third floor exterior wall. The second floor had three large openings that had contained various doors or
windows. All of those openings had failed during the fire, which resulted in three large openings. There was
light to moderate soot and smoke staining across the second floor exterior wall.
145. South side: The south exterior wall of the three-story structure abutted the north wall of 741 Main Street. 741
Main Street was a two-story structure, so the top of the second floor and third-floor exterior wall of
743/745/747 Main were visible. There were seven windows that were centrally located on the third floor of the
south wall. There were also four small windows at the top of the second floor of the south wall. Light to
moderate soot and smoke deposits were observed around the window openings.
146. The south exterior wall of the single-story warehouse abutted the north wall of 742 Washington Street. There
were no doors or windows on this section of exterior wall. It also did not sustain any significant soot or smoke
staining.
147. Roof: Investigators examined the roof of the structure with the aid of an UAS. The center of the single-story
warehouse’s roof was of bowstring construction. The remainder of the roof sloped downward away from the
base of the bowstring and was supported by wood roofj oists. The outermost roof covering for the warehouse
was comprised of a combination of materials. Much of the membrane covering the bowstring construction was
still in place. The top side of many sections of wood material were left un—charred. A large metal vent on the
east side ofthe roof did sustain significant oxidation from the fire.
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148. The three-story portion of the building had a flat, membrane roof, previously described. Much of the roofing
material had been consumed and subsequently collapsed during the fire. The only remaining section of
membrane material was located on the western third of the three—story portion of the building.
Interior Scene Examination
149. Investigators examined the interior of the structure. Due to structural collapse, the second and third stories were
determined to be unsafe to work in. These areas were examined with the use of camera systems and UASs.
Additionally, the area to the east of the centrally located stairs on the first floor of DC Theatricks was deemed
unsafe to work in. Again, these areas were examined with the use of camera systems and UASs. However, the
Buffalo Fire Department USAR team was able to shore the flooring of the first floor in the far northeast corner
of DC Theatricks, so this area could be processed by the investigative team. The warehouse will be described
first, followed by the three-story structure.
Figure 28 — First floor - Areas highlighted in yellow were deemed unsafe to work in.
150. Single-story warehouse: Investigators examined the single-story warehouse in person. Additionally,
investigators examined photographs that were taken post—fire before any demolition occurred (ATF R01 #28).
Investigators observed items at floor level throughout the warehouse to have almost no thermal damage. There
was no melting of plastics and the paint had not been consumed. Investigators observed Whiteboards on the
south wall of the structure that were free from fire damage. Also, along the south wall were items in fabric
storage bags, which were undamaged by the fire. Items along the north wall still had paint remaining on their
surfaces and were free from thermal damage. These items included pallets, light fixtures, and pallet jacks.
151 . Wooden ceiling joists in the northwest corner of the warehouse sustained significant charring and collapse.
However, items at floor level in this area, including a table and washing machine were free from any significant
fire damage. This area of the warehouse was adjacent to the northeast comer of DC Theatricks, including the
north door to the occupancy.
Page 38 0161 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)
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152. Three—Story Structure, Third Floor (Figure 29): The third floor of the structure was examined with the use
of an UAS. As previously stated, the third floor was devoid of contents/furnishings. Most of the eastern portion
of the roof collapsed into the structure. The horizontal steel I-beams at ceiling level showed oxidation while the
vertical support I-beams did not. The wooden ceiling joists on the west side of the structure showed deep
charring and mass loss. The stairwell was centrally located on the west end of the third floor. The walls of the
stairwell were framed with wooden 2x4’s, and the walls had been covered with lathe and plaster. Much of the
lathe and plaster had failed and exposed the wood structure. Most of the 2x4s were undamaged by the fire.
153. Sections of the floor in the southeast corner of the third floor had collapsed into the second floor. Some areas of
the floor in this area were still attached to the south wall of the structure, indicating the failure of the floor
occurred toward the center of the building. The flooring surface was covered in soot and smoke deposits.
However, the surfaces were not deeply charred. Conversely, the exposed wooden floor joists showed deep
charring, indicating a fire underneath the floor.
Figure 29 — Third floor, stitched and cropped image taken from UAS photographs facing east.
154. Three—Story Structure, Second Floor (Figure 30): The second floor of the structure was examined with the
use of an UAS. As previously stated, the second floor was devoid of contents/furnishings. The ceiling joists on
the second floor served to support the flooring of the third floor. The ceiling joists in the southeast corner of the
structure had collapsed. The remaining ceiling joists sustained deep charring and mass loss on the east side of
the structure, with increasing survivability moving to the west side of the structure.
155. The stairwell was centrally located on the west end of the second floor. The walls of the stairwell were framed
with wooden 2x4’s and the walls had been covered with plaster. Much of the lathe and plaster had failed and
exposed the wood structure. Most of the 2x4s on the north, south and west sides were undamaged by the fire.
However, many of the studs on the east-facing wall had collapsed into the first floor. Additionally, the doorway
in the southeast corner of the stairwell sustained significant charring and mass loss.
156. Although damaged by the collapse of the third floor, most ofthe flooring on the south side of the second floor
(above the vacant bike shop) remained in place. The flooring on the north and east sides of the second floor
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2023-01322-000039
(above DC Theatricks) had failed and collapsed into the first floor. Some areas of the floor in this area were
still attached to the north wall of the structure, indicating the failure of the floor occurred toward the center of
the building. The floor on the west side of the structure did not fail during the fire. Additionally, much of this
flooring had light to moderate soot and smoke staining. However, there were many areas where the wood
surface of the floor survived, relatively undamaged. Conversely, the exposed wood floor joists showed deep
charring, indicating a fire underneath the floor.
Figure 30 — Second floor, stitched and cropped image taken from UAS photographs facing east.
157. Three—Story Structure, First Floor, Vacant Bike Shop: Investigators examined the first-floor vacant bike
shop in person and with the assistance of an UAS. This area was mostly free of contents; however, there were a
few items including a metal cart, table, filing cabinet, refrigerator, ductwork, and other miscellaneous items.
158. The ceiling had been covered with square metal ceiling tiles. Most of these tiles had failed and fallen to the
floor. The ceiling joists in the vacant bike shop served to support the flooring of the second floor. The greatest
damage on the first floor of the vacant bike shop was to the ceiling joists. The wood joists sustained deep
charring and significant mass loss during the fire. However, there was more survivability of the wooden strips
that the ceiling tiles had been affixed to on the west side of the vacant bike shop.
159. Approximately 40 feet of the eastern—most portion of the wall that separated the vacant bike shop from DC
Theatricks failed and collapsed during the fire. The other walls remained in place. There were directional
patterns on the north and south walls of the vacant bike shop. Smoke and soot depositions and bubbling and
peeling of paint were lowest on the east end of the vacant bike shop and rose to near-ceiling level when moving
to the west. Additionally, items at floor level, including the metal cart and table, showed little to no thermal
damage. There was a refrigerator located on the east end of the vacant bike shop near the south wall. Some of
the insulation on the electrical conductors at the top of the refrigerator had begun to melt, while the same
insulation on the same conductors at floor level sustained no damage.
160. Many items at floor level sustained almost no thermal damage. These items included a propane heater and 201bs
propane tank, plastics, and rubber. The wooden baseboards on the west side of the vacant bike shop survived
and were free from thermal damage.
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161 . The combination of these patterns indicated a hot layer of gases at ceiling level throughout the vacant bike shop.
This hot gas layer was lower on the east end of the vacant bike shop and rose to ceiling level near the west end.
heavily fire damaged and melting on the aluminum gas valve assembly. Adjacent sections with the return
air/blower compartment and coil sections were relatively less damaged. The gas valve in the basement serving
the unit was confirmed to be open. The electric service from the basement to the unit was observed to have a
blown 30A fuse. No arc melting was observed on the remaining portions of the metal clad branch circuit
feeding the unit or within the unit itself.
163. Three-Story Structure, Basement, Vacant Bike Shop: The basement was mostly free from any
contents/furnishings. The ceiling joists in the basement served to support the flooring of the first floor of the
vacant bike shop. These joists were not charred during the fire.
164. There was a door on the north wall (centrally located) that led to the basement of DC Theatricks. The side of
this door facing the vacant bike shop still had paint on the surface. However, the side facing DC Theatricks was
heavily charred by the fire. There was also a doorway in the north wall toward the east end of the basement
near the stairs. The doorframe of this doorway still had paint on its surfaces facing the vacant bike shop. There
were light smoke deposits throughout the basement of the vacant bike shop; however, there was no significant
thermal damage.
165. Three—Story Structure, First Floor, DC Theatricks: DC Theatricks was the only operating business inside
the structure, occupying the northern two-thirds of the first floor and basement. The first floor was not
subdivided by walls and was an open space filled with displays and storage of costumes and other materials.
166. The northwest corner was used for displaying items. The southwest corner was used as a shipping area.
Counters, display cases, and the customer service areas were located to the east of the displays and shipping
area. There were offices located along the north wall about halfway into the structure; however, the walls did
not extend to the ceiling. There was a large area of costume storage located along the south wall of the
occupancy extending north to the central staircase and extending east toward the back of the store. Costumes in
this area were stored on metal racks two and three levels high. The cast wall of the occupancy was used for
storage and the northeast corner was used for washing costumes.
167. The ceiling had been covered with square, metal ceiling tiles. These tiles had been attached to the ceiling joists
with wooden strips. However, most of these tiles had failed during the fire and fell to the floor. The ceiling
joists in DC Theatricks served to support the flooring of the second floor. Most of the ceiling east of the
customer service area had collapsed. The remaining ceiling joists sustained deep charring and mass loss during
the fire. However, there was more survivability of the joists and wooden strips for the ceiling tiles on the west
end of the occupancy.
168. The areas immediately behind the display windows on the west side of the structure were the least damaged
areas of DC Theatricks. To the north of the front door were metal wire racks used for displaying items. The
paint at the top of the racks had been consumed and the exposed metal had begun to oxidize. The oxidation
extended about one foot down from the top of the racks. Below that area were soot and smoke deposits that
extended another one to two feet downward. Below that area, and extending to the floor, were little to no soot
or smoke deposits or other thermal damage from the fire on the wire racks. Lightweight combustibles on the
floor in the area such as carboard boxes, fabrics, and plastics were still intact.
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169. The area south of the entry door exhibited similar damage to the area north of the entry door. South of the entry
door, the ceiling joists sustained significant charring and mass loss; however, lightweight combustibles at floor
level, including fabrics, boxes, and pegboards, did not sustain thermal damage.
wall of DC Theatricks was observed to have two tripped circuit breakers. One circuit breaker was associated
with a timer associated with two metal clad branch circuits. One branch circuit was mechanically severed at the
free end. The other was connected to an intact duplex receptacle. Arc melting penetrations were observed on a
mid-span portion of the metal clad cabling. The other tripped circuit breaker was associated with a separate
metal clad branch circuit in the same area. This circuit was routed to a thermally damaged, but otherwise intact,
duplex receptacle on the south wall towards the west end. This receptacle had an attached arc severed power
cord that was devoid of insulation. Other electrical items in the southwest corner of DC Theatricks also showed
evidence of arc melting.
171 . Again, according to Electrical Engineer itgyfiiflexpifitfs report, the location of observed are melting was mid-span
on the identified branch circuits. It should be noted that the circuits remained energized during fire progression
since power was not secured for several hours after the fire was reported. The blown phase A fuse on the main
service disconnect can be associated with the failure of multiple branch circuits simultaneously in a particular
area that have common phase A bus connections upstream.
172. Four structural, vertical I-beams were evenly spaced, east to west through the middle of DC Theatricks.
Investigators located the hoseline used by the fire department during suppression operations inside the front
door and located the nozzle next to the first I-beam. The hoseline and nozzle appeared to be intact. These items
were documented and released to the fire department.
173. Investigators layered through and removed fire debris from the area behind the display windows to the customer
service counters. During this process, investigators located a thermal imaging camera and Halligan tool used by
the fire department. These items were documented and released to the fire department.
174. Two service counters were located in between the first and second I-beams from the west side of the store. The
counter on the north side of the store contained glass display cases. The counter on the south side of the store
was bright red in color. According to interviews, the store computer, cash register, and other electronic items
were kept in and on these counters. Investigators located a computer, computer monitor, relocatable power
taps, extension cords, and other electrical devices in these areas. The electrical items were free from thermal
evidence of electrical failure. Additionally, there were plastic tubs near the glass display cases and the tubs only
sustained slight deformation from thermal radiation.
175. The counters on the north side of the store sustained uniform fire damage. There was also some mechanical
damage on the end of the counter nearest the center of the store. The mechanical damage was caused during the
collapse of the structure.
176. During suppression operations, FF Arno was located near the south end of the red counter. His gloves were
recovered by investigators during the scene examination and released to the fire department.
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177. The area to the east of the red counter was used as a large storage area for costumes. This area consisted of
metal storage racks running east—west stacked two to three levels high. The second and third floors had
collapsed into this area as well. The metal racks that were exposed exhibited oxidation and deformation.
178. The area to the east of the counters with glass display cases was used as an office space. The ceiling joists and
second floor had collapsed into this area. Investigators were able to observe the wooden 2x4 studs used for
framing the office area. The damage from charring and mass loss was the greatest at the top of the vertical
studs with lessening damage moving toward floor level.
179. During the scene exam, investigators were unable to safely examine the southeast corner of DC Theatricks from
inside the structure. Due to this safety concern, the investigative team utilized an excavator to remove a section
of CMU blocks from the east wall of the structure. The excavator was then used to remove debris so
investigators could examine the contents.
180. During this part of the examination, investigators observed that the second and third floor flooring and the roof
materials had collapsed into this area. The excavator was used to remove these items and investigators saw
deep charring of the floor joists for the second and third floors. Materials from the first floor were then
recovered. These materials included racks, boxes, clothing, plastic bags, ceiling tiles, and heavy machinery.
Items near the floor level, including some of the heavy machinery, sustained relatively minor thermal damage.
However, items near the ceiling level, such as the ceiling tiles, sustained significant thermal damage. The floor
surface in this area was mostly free from thermal damage. In many areas, the red paint from the floor was still
Visible, especially where boxes had been sitting directly on the floor.
181. The northeast comer of DC Theatricks was used to wash costumes. Some of the ceiling joists above this area
remined in place after the fire. However, they suffered severe damage in the form of mass loss and deep
charring. Most of the thinner flooring material above was consumed during the fire.
182. A sewing machine, a dyeing vat and electrical cords were located just to the east of the north doorway. These
items were not in use and were not plugged into a receptacle.
183. A washing machine was located just to the west of the north doorway. The washing machine was powered by
an extension cord that extended under a door into the single—story warehouse area. The extension cord was
plugged into a receptacle in the warehouse, which was energized. Investigators examined the washing machine
no other evidence of electrical failure on the examined artifacts and components in this area.
184. A large commercial dryer was located next to the washing machine; however, the dryer was not in use and was
not plugged in. Several large canvas laundry carts were located around the washing machine.
185. Investigators layered and removed debris from the northeast corner of the structure. Investigators were able to
clear the debris down to floor level. Investigators discovered a hole in the floor in front of the door leading into
the single-story warehouse. The hole allowed investigators to visually inspect a storage area below the first
floor and to the east of the three—story structure basement. Items in this storage area still had paint intact. There
was also an undamaged peg board in this area.
186. Once the northeast comer was clear, investigators were able to observe large patterns in the area. Investigators
observed the exposed structural I-beams in the northeast corner had significant oxidation. The oxidation was
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present on both the vertical and horizontal I-beams. The oxidation of the I-beams lessened in severity when
moving west through the structure. The furthest west vertical I—bearn exhibited almost no oxidation.
Figure 31 — Oxidized I-beams in the northeast corner facing southwest.
187. Additionally, investigators observed a clean burn pattern along the east wall. The line of demarcation
separating the area of clean burn from the area with soot and smoke deposits rose when moving toward the
south (Figure 32). The directional oxidation and clean burn patterns indicate longer duration and intensity of
burning in the northeast corner of DC Theatricks.
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Figure 32 — Clean burn pattern along the east wall facing northeast.
188. Three-Story Structure, Basement, DC Theatricks: The below-grade basement of DC Theatricks was
accessed via two staircases. A small, enclosed staircase was located along the south wall of DC Theatricks.
The entrance to that staircase was located near the south end of the red countertops. A large, open staircase was
centrally located in the DC Theatricks occupancy. The east end of the basement was largely used for storage.
The east wall was also used for storage of fabrics and costume patterns. Cutting tables was located directly next
to the east wall and the stored fabrics. The cutting tables were where the employees would use electric and heat
producing tools, including the hot cutter, heat press, computer, Vinyl cutter, Eastman rotary cutter, and battery
chargers. The central area of the basement, to the west of the central staircase, was also used to store materials.
Additionally, the north wall was used to store various materials. Commercial irons were also located against
the north wall. A bathroom was located in the northwest comer of the basement. A microwave, refrigerator
and another bathroom were located in the southwest comer of the basement. The bathroom in this corner was
not used by the occupants.
189. The northeast corner of the basement was free from thermal damage. Lightweight materials, such as plastics,
cardboard boxes, and fabrics were intact and received only minor soot and smoke deposits. Moving west
toward the central staircase, the ceiling joists sustained some charring and mass loss. The least amount of
damage was on the north end of the joists with worsening damage moving toward the south. Items at floor level
under these joists were relatively free from thermal damage. Items, including plastic garbage cans, fabrics, and
thread on spools, were intact and readily identifiable.
190. There was a two—inch gas line running north—south through the east end of the basement. The line originated
from the vacant bike shop and penetrated the wall separating DC Theatricks from the vacant bike shop. There
was a mechanical sever on the DC Theatricks side of the wall where the pipe entered DC Theatricks. There
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were no significant areas of thermal damage (charring, melting, deformation) on the wall or the ceiling joists
directly above the broken area of the gas line. This indicates the first floor collapsed into the basement and
severed the gas line at that time.
191 . The southeast comer of the basement sustained more damage than the northeast corner. In the southeast comer,
the first floor had collapsed into the basement. In this area, ceiling joist members suffered significant charring
and mass loss. The damage was greatest approximately five to 10 feet away from the south wall and lessened
when moving toward the north. Peg boards located to the north and south of this area had survivability at floor
level; however, they sustained charring and mass loss on their upper portions. The lowest area of damage in
this area was located in and around three racks of costumes and patterns. Most of the costumes and patterns on
these racks suffered significant mass loss and had fallen off their hangers onto the floor.
192. Metal storage racks were located along the south wall next to the southernmost clothing rack in the southeast
comer of the basement. Plastic tubs of fabric materials were located on these racks. The racks at floor level
suffered minor deformation and melting. However, the tubs and fabric at ceiling level suffered significant
charring, melting and mass loss.
Figure 33 — Photo facing cast into the southeast comer of the basement.
193. Continuing west along the south basement wall, lightweight fuels (plastic tubs and cloth) were stacked to
ceiling level. All of the materials on the top shelves sustained significant thermal damage in the form of mass
loss and charring. These racks continued to a bump out in the wall for the south staircase. After the bump out,
fabric and costume patterns were hanging along the bottom portion of the wall. Above the fabric and patterns
were four wooden shelves. These shelves contained plastic baskets and fabric. The top three shelves failed and
collapsed during the fire while the bottom shelf remained in place. Some of the plastic baskets on the bottom
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shelf had melted from the top down with the bottoms surviving. The wall behind the shelves sustained thermal
damage. The paint on the wall had been consumed and there were areas of significant soot and smoke deposits.
Figure 34 — South wall of basement.
194. Investigators examined the west end of the basement and observed heavy soot and smoke deposits at ceiling
level. These deposits lessened in severity when moving down the wall toward floor level. Additionally,
lightweight fuels, such as plastics and cardboard boxes sustained little to no thermal damage along the entire
west wall.
195. An area of notable damage was located in the southwest quadrant of the basement. There were two cutting
tables in this area that sustained significant damage. The cutting tables were used by employees to manufacture
costumes. The eastern cutting table was longer in length than the western cutting table. Additionally, the
employees conducted most of their work on the eastern table.
196. Above the tables were ceiling mounted florescent light fixtures and a power rail. The light fixtures and power
located on these items. There was no evidence of electrical failure on these components. This is consistent
with statements that much of the basement electricity had been turned off at the circuit breakers. Therefore,
these items were eliminated as potential causes of the fire.
197. Investigators layered through the debris on the tables. The debris was placed in buckets, brought to the
sidewalk in front of DC Theatricks and sifted through. No significant items were located during the sifting
operation.
198. Each cutting table had thermal damage to fabric and boxes located on top of the tables. The most significant
damage was on the west end of the eastern table and on the east end of the western table. These areas sustained
significant damage and the boxes and fabric in these areas were reduced to fine, white ash. However,
lightweight fuels nearby on the tables, such as cardboard boxes, foam, and fabrics, remained relatively free from
thermal damage (Figure 35).
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Figure 35 — Southwest basement including cutting tables.
199. Another power rail and electrical receptacles were located under the eastern cutting table. This power rail was
free from any significant damage. Lightweight fuels under the tables, such as plastic bags and fabrics, did not
sustain significant thermal damage. Moreover, the under—side side of the tables did not sustain significant
damage or smoke staining except in areas where the material burned through the top of the table. Additionally,
these areas of damage were located away from where the electronic and heat producing tools had been used.
200. Investigators located the tools referenced by employees during their interviews. The computer, Vinyl cutter,
Eastman rotary cutter, and hot cutter were all located in the central portion of the eastern cutting table. These
tools did not sustain any significant fire damage and did not show any signs of failure (Figure 36). These tools
were also located to the east of the significant damage on top of the tables. A large cardboard roll on top of the
table separated the area of significant fire damage from the tools. The only damage to the cardboard roll was on
the top side nearest the south wall. In this area, the cardboard sustained some charring and mass loss. The tools
were collected and turned over to the Buffalo Fire Department.
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Figure 36 — Eastern cutting table with tools intact.
201 . There were several electrical items located on top of the western cutting table, including a computer tower,
printer, and a plotter. None of the items on this table were plugged into an electrical receptacle. The most
significant damage to the table was located on the northeast corner of the table near the computer tower. In this
area, items burned through the table surface. The western end of the table and the western edge of the plotter
were free from thermal damage. Additionally, sections of foam under the table were still intact.
202. Investigators examined the north section of the basement and observed heavy soot and smoke deposits at ceiling
level. These deposits lessened in severity when moving down the wall toward floor level. Additionally,
lightweight fuels, such as fabric, plastics and cardboard boxes, were stacked to the ceiling along much of the
north wall. These items sustained little to no thermal damage along the entire wall. Additionally, racks of
clothing and cloth mannequins were located in this area and also sustained no significant thermal damage.
203. Investigators also located commercial irons and sewing machines in the northwest quadrant of the basement.
These tools did not sustain any significant thermal damage and showed no signs of failing. Cloth material and
thread on spools located next to these tools were free from any thermal damage.
204. During the examination of the basement, investigators discovered evidence of a waterline. As suppression
operations continued during the fire, the basement would have begun to fill with water. Investigators
discovered waterlines on mannequins in the basement at 54.5 inches above floor level. Additionally,
investigators located charred debris that came to rest on top of cloth or fabric. This is indicative of the charred
materials floating in the water and then coming to rest on objects as the water receded.
RESEARCH:
205. During the course of the investigation, testing was conducted, and research was reviewed to obtain information
pertinent to the scene examination and testing of hypotheses.
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and observed the visible flames. With the handle on the torch fully depressed the visible flames impacted the
concrete floor and extended for approximately two feet (Figure 37).
Figure 37 — Propane torch flames.
207. Investigators utilized pocket rod measuring devices when conducting the tests. During one of the tests, the
torch was located approximately three and a half feet away from the pocket rod. The handle on the torch was
fully depressed however, flames were not constantly visible and would intermittently appear and disappear.
Despite Visible flames only sporadically appearing, the pocket rod began to discolor and ignited resulting in
charring and melting (Figures 38 and 39).
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Figure 38 — Torch and pocket rods. Figure 39 — Discolored and melted section.
208. In 2001, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published research regarding clothing fires.
[2] In the tests NIST conducted, men’s suits were placed on a metal rack approximately six feet in length. The
racks had two rows of suits. DC Theatricks had similar arrangements of clothing suspended from metal racks.
However, some of the racks in DC Theatricks were longer and some racks were stacked two or three levels
high. NIST preformed three tests. In each test, a heat release rate of one megawatt was sustained for about five
minutes. However, one test briefly spiked to two megawatts.
\\\\\\\
‘\\
Figure 40 — DC Theatricks — Pre—fire. Figure 41 — NIST Testing.
209. In 2009, ATF conducted research on the ignition propensity of clothing by cigarettes. [3] In this research,
ignited cigarettes were placed into piles of clothing. During the testing, researchers found that the clothing
would not transition to flaming combustion without constant air flow across the surface of the materials and
cigarettes. Additionally, researchers commented that high relative humidity could have also been a factor in the
test results. The relative humidity during the testing was reported to be between 66% and 73%.
EVIDENCE:
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210. During the scene examination, investigators documented the scene via photography and diagraming.
Additionally, the following items were recovered from the scene and turned over to the Buffalo Fire
Department (ATF ROI #120):
Right hand fire glove

spas-mn'r'r'e‘qorboepp‘a
Fire helmet liner

Halligan tool
Left hand fire glove
Scott thermal imaging camera
Vinyl Express machine
Plastic Eastman master tool
Two battery operated drills
Memorex radio
Hot Knife
Phone charger
Pencil Sharpener
. Eastman cutting tool
Soldering tool
Charging base
Thread Lubricant
INJURIES AND/OR FATALITIES:
21 1. Buffalo Fire Department Firefighter Jason Arno, Engine 2, became trapped in the structure during suppression
efforts and died as a result of his injuries. The preliminary report from the Erie County Medical Examiner’s
Office listed the cause of death as smoke inhalation and thermal injuries. For additional details, see the medical
examiner’s report. Other firefighters reported minor burns.
FIRE PROGRESSION TO OTHER STRUCTURES:
21 2. No other buildings were affected by the fire.
WEATHER:
213. After reviewing the following weather information from Weatherundergroundcom and considering witness
information, it was determined that weather was not a factor in the ignition of the fire:
Hourly Weather History & Observations for zip code 14203 on March 1, 2023:
Time Temp. Dew Point Humidity Wind Wind Speed Wind Gust Precip. Condition
12:54 AM 29 0F 24 OF 82 % S 5 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Mostly Cloudy
1:54 AM 30 OF 25 OF 82 % SSE 7 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Cloudy
2:54 AM 30 0F 25 OF 82 % ESE 5 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Cloudy
3:54 AM 30 OF 25 OF 82 % E 9 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Fair
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4:54 AM 31 OF 25 OF 79 % SE 9 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Cloudy

5:54 AM 30 OF 24 CF 79 % ESE 7 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Cloudy
6:54 AM 30 0F 24 OF 79 % E 6 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Cloudy
7:54 AM 30 OF 24 CF 79 % NE 9 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Cloudy
8:54 AM 33 0F 25 OF 72 % SE 6 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Cloudy
9:54 AM 34 OF 24 OF 67 % E 9 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Cloudy
10:20 AM 35 0F 23 OF 61 % E 7 mph 0 mph 0.0 in Light Snow
Figure 42 — Weather data.
ANALYSIS AND HYPOTHESES:
Area of Origin
214. Investigators analyzed witness information, electronic data, fire patterns, and fire dynamics when considering
potential areas of origin. Based upon a review of all the available information, the possibility of a fire
originating on the exterior of the structure was eliminated.
215. Warehouse: The single-story warehouse was considered and subsequently ruled out as a potential area of
origin. Video review shows the first indication of smoke and/or fire was at the north doorway of DC
Theatricks. Additionally, the scene examination revealed that most of the items inside the warehouse were
relatively free from fire damage, especially the items located at floor level. Moreover, the only direct access
between the warehouse and three-story structure was located at ground level. These doors were closed and
secured.
216. Third Floor: The third floor of 743/745/747 Main Street was considered and subsequently eliminated as a
potential area of origin. Witnesses and firefighters first reported smoke emanating from the first floor of the
structure. Additionally, the third floor had been cleared of contents. Also, gas and electrical services had been
discontinued to this floor. An examination of the third floor revealed the underneath side of the floor joists
sustained much more severe damage then the top side of the floor. This indicated the fire originated somewhere
under the third floor and then spread upward.
217. Second Floor: The second floor was considered and subsequently eliminated as a potential area of origin. The
second floor was in similar condition to the third floor with contents removed and gas and electrical service
disconnected. As with the third floor, the most severe damage was located on the underside of the floor. There
was considerable survivability of the floor surface, with the painted surface surviving in some areas. The severe
damage to the underside of the floor indicated the fire originated somewhere under the second floor and then
spread upward.
21 8. Vacant Bike Shop, First Floor: The first floor of the vacant bike shop was considered and subsequently
eliminated as a potential area of origin. Most of the furnishings and other items had been removed from the
vacant bike shop. However, a few items remained in the space. These items included a metal hand cart, a
table, metal filing cabinets, HVAC ductwork, a propane tank and heater, a forced air gas furnace that had been
suspended from the ceiling, and other miscellaneous items. Of the items observed, only the propane heater and
forced air furnace could have been competent ignition sources. However, upon examining the items,
investigators observed that the propane heater was free from thermal damage. The plastic components, labels,
and paint were all intact. Additionally, the heater was found on top of a wood-framed door that was laying on
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743 Main St. Fire (Firefighter Fatality) 765070—23—002’1 124
the floor. The wood-framed door was also free from any thermal damage. Moreover, the fire patterns within
the space indicate a fire at ceiling level with the greatest damage being on the east side and decreasing toward
the west.
219. The forced air gas furnace had been suspended below a metal tile ceiling and was enclosed in a metal housing.
If a failure had occurred within the unit, there was no secondary fuel in close proximity that could have been
ignited. The damage observed was the result of fire impinging on the unit.
220. Vacant Bike Shop, Basement: The basement of the vacant bike shop was considered and subsequently
eliminated as a potential area of origin. The basement of the bike shop contained no furnishings. Light to
moderate soot and smoke deposits were located throughout the space; however, there was almost no thermal
damage to any of the items in this area. One exception was the door that separated the bike shop basement from
DC Theatricks’ basement. The wood door sustained charring and mass loss on the upper portions of the door.
However, the DC Theatricks side of the door sustained far greater damage than the vacant bike shop side of the
door. These patterns clearly indicated a fire on the DC Theatricks side of the door that started to breach into the
vacant bike shop basement.
221. Additionally, there was no thermal damage to the main electrical service, enclosed distribution buss, wireways,
meters, disconnect switches or other electrical service components in the basement. The only exception was the
phase A fuse, which had blown. This failure had been caused by the fire impinging on several first—floor
circuits simultaneously.
222. After eliminating the warehouse, third floor, second floor, and vacant bike shop (first floor and basement) as
possible areas of origin, the only remaining area was the DC Theatricks occupancy. Within DC Theatricks,
several areas were considered as possible origins.
223. Based on interviews, pre—fire photographs, the scene examination, and prior research, the volume, orientation,
and geometry of the stored costumes and fabrics throughout DC Theatricks would have provided a tremendous
fuel load, especially on the first floor. A fire in this environment would have quickly developed into a very
large fire and subsequently become oxygen limited until additional oxygen was introduced.
224. DC Theatricks, First Floor: The western third of the first floor of DC Theatricks was considered and
subsequently eliminated as a potential area of origin. During the initial fire attack by the fire department,
firefighters made entry into the front door on the west side of DC Theatricks. They reported high heat and
heavy smoke but no flaming combustion. In fact, firefighters could not see any flames or glow from a fire and
believed the fire was further east in the structure. Firefighters eventually made their way to near the customer
service counters of DC Theatricks. During the scene examination, these counters and the appliances in and on
the counters had a high degree of survivability, with many items at floor level sustaining little to no damage.
225. The central third of the first floor of DC Theatricks was considered and subsequently eliminated as a potential
area of origin. As previously stated, firefighters made their way to the service counter area, almost to the large
central staircase and still could not see any flames or glow. Additionally, upon initially responding to the scene,
fire department personnel only reported flaming combustion inside the north doorway to DC Theatricks. The
doorway was on the far eastern end of the occupancy. Also, according to the building occupants, the circuit
breakers serving the circuits in this area had been turned off. In addition, investigators were able to visually
inspect the area and utilized camera systems and an UAS to obtain additional images from different
perspectives. The greatest damage in this area was at ceiling level with lessening damage toward the floor.
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This was evidenced in the vertical 2x4 wooden studs in the office area, as well as other items throughout the
space.
226. Investigators considered the possibility of the fire originating in the eastern portion of the first floor of DC
frame and in a vertical position. The interior surface of the plywood showed charring only on the east side,
while the west side was relatively undamaged. The fire pattern on the inside surface of the plywood would have
been caused by a fire originating in the materials on the east side of the doorway and quickly spreading upward.
227. Additionally, the first responding fire department units on Main Street did not initially report any smoke or
first observed flames inside the north doorway to DC Theatricks.
228. A large fire deeper in the structure would have resulted in significant radiation uniformly impacting the
plywood covering the north doorway to DC Theatricks. This type of fire inside the structure would be
inconsistent with the pattern observed on the interior face of the plywood. Additionally, according to DC
Theatricks employees, the electrical circuits in this part of the building would have been de—energized at the
breaker. The area just inside the north doorway to DC Theatricks could not be eliminated as a potential origin
of the fire.
229. DC Theatricks, Basement: The basement of DC Theatricks was considered and subsequently eliminated as a
potential area of origin. The significant fire damage was located along the southern side of the basement.
There was thermal damage to items under the collapsed first floor in the southeast corner of the basement,
thermal damage along the upper shelves and storage racks along the south wall, and thermal damage to items on
top of the cutting tables in the southwest corner of the basement.
230. During the examination, investigators considered the area on top of the cutting tables as a potential area of
origin(s). The damage appeared to be localized on the tables. However, during the processing and sifting of the
debris from the tables, no competent ignition sources were discovered. Additionally, the circuits to the light
fixtures and power strips above the tables had been de-energized at the breaker. Moreover, the fires on the
tables did not develop into high heat release rate fires. They remained smoldering fires, as evidenced by the
survivability of the nearby, lightweight fuels. These longer duration, low heat release rate fires consumed the
immediate fuels, resulting in the fine white ash observed by investigators. If a larger fire had originated on the
tables, the larger heat release rate would have consumed the nearby, lightweight fuels.
23 1 . As the scene exam in the basement progressed, investigators discovered the area of thermal damage under the
collapsed first floor in the southeast corner of the basement. In this collapse zone, investigators observed more
racks that had contained fabrics and costume patterns, similar to Figures 37 and 38. In this area, the greatest
damage was at ceiling level with the ceiling joists suffering significant charring and mass loss. Some of the
fabrics and patterns had fallen off the hangers and the remains were near floor level. One of the racks extended
to the west and was located next to a metal shelving unit containing plastic storage tubs filled with various
materials. The shelving units extended to the ceiling of the basement. The fabrics and patterns hanging on the
rack were about three to five feet above floor level. The plastic tubs at this height sustained some melting and
deformation. However, the tubs and fabrics at ceiling level sustained far greater damage. These patterns
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indicate that the tubs on the metal shelving units were more affected and sustained greater damage from ceiling
jets and/or the hot smoke and gas layer than radiation from the racks of costume patterns and fabrics.
232. As fire spread along the top of the racks against the south wall, the hot smoke and gas layer would have
impacted the wall until reaching the bump out for the south staircase. This bump out would have redirected
some of the fire flow and hot gases over the cutting tables. Embers would have then dropped down on to the
tables and created small smoldering fires on the tabletops. Meanwhile adjacent lightweight fuels, such as foam,
remained intact.
233. According to DC Theatricks employees, the electrical circuits in the southeast comer of the basement would
have been turned off. Additionally, investigators observed the circuits in this area to be inside of conduit. Also,
employees had not been working in this area of the basement. The damage observed was the result of the
collapse and subsequent fire spread into the basement.
Ignition Sources/Causes
234. Investigators examined the area of origin of the fire for heat-producing items and competent ignition sources.
The following reasonable cause scenarios were considered by investigators during the investigation.
235. Building Electrical System: During the scene examination the building electrical system was examined. The
circuits in the building were contained within conduit. Several arc artifacts were located in the southwest corner
of the first floor. However, the southwest corner of the first floor was outside the area of origin. Additionally,
firefighters made their way through this area during the initial fire attack and reported no fire in the southwest
corner. The electrical service was not immediately disconnected and, as the fire progressed, it impacted these
circuits. Near simultaneous fire impingement on these circuits resulted in the phase A fuse blowing.
236. The FEMA, Fire Investigation: Essentials, FI: E—Student Manual, 1St Edition, 4th Printing (2022) contains three
common electrical failure points, conductor entry points, connection points, and transition points. The
document also states that, “Failures in a straight run of conductor are extremely rare.” [4]. It also states that,
“Wiring in conduit or behind walls normally will not fail in the middle of a run without some sort of mechanical
event.” [5].
237. Moreover, as referenced in Electrical Engineer ll'E’JIEI’IEZIZIIELis report, NFPA 921 states, “sparks from arcs in branch
circuits are inefficient ignition sources and can ignite only fine fuels when conditions are favorable.” [6]. With
the circuits encased in conduit, this scenario is even less likely.
238. As previously stated, only a few circuits remained energized in the structure. None of the energized circuits
were located in the area of origin identified by the investigative team.
causation on any of the examined electrical artifacts or building electrical components. A failure of the building
electrical system was eliminated as a potential cause of the fire.
240. Electric and heat producing Tools — Investigators learned through the interviews of the DC Theatricks
employees that several electrical and heat producing tools had been used in the basement the day before the fire.
These tools included a heat press, computer, vinyl cutter, Eastman rotary cutter, and irons. During the scene
examination, investigators were able to locate these tools. All the tools were outside the areas of significant fire
damage and were not thermally damaged. Moreover, these tools were located outside the area of origin
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identified by the investigative team. All the tools identified by the employees were eliminated as potential
causes of the fire.
241. Incendiary Cause: Investigators also considered the hypothesis of an intentional human act causing the fire.
According to the scene examination and firefighter and witness statements, the building was secured with no
open doors or windows. Also, the only tenants of the buidling, DC Theatricks, did not maintain insurance.
Additionally, the building had been recently purchased, and the new ownership was in the process of renovating
the building with the intention of renting out the other occupancies of the building. Moreover, there was no
evidence of any ignitiable liquids being used to ignite the fire. Based on the known facts and circumstances,
investigators eliminated the possibility of an incendiary fire.
the other employees had left. He wasadamant that he put out the cigarette and used an ash tray. Other
employees stated that when they saw him smoke previously, he would carry around an ashtray with him.
According to Kirk’s Fire Investigation, Eighth Edition, a cigarette would be hottest during the puff or draw.
After the draw is over, the temperatures are lower. [7]. Additionally, Kirk’s Fire Investigation, Eighth Edition,
lists the average heat release rate for a cigarette as five (5) watts. [8]. Once a cigarette is discarded, the
temperature will immediately begin to lower. Based on the witness statements ofE(b)(6)l(b)(7)(C)and other employees,
E(b)(6)/(b)(7)(c_)’!Ewas working and smoking outside of the area of origin. Coupled with the use of the ashtray, investigators
Theatricks. Investigators watched the video surveillance camera clips, and all the cigarettes were discarded into
the snow except for one. One cigarette can be seen sitting on top of a pile of bricks that were going to be used
to repair the wall. When the next video clip starts, the cigarette is no longer on the bricks and cannot be seen.
244 .For a cigarette to be the cause of the fire, it would need to have been discarded and then roll under the plywood
attached to the doorframe. The ground in this area was cold and wet. Additionally, as referenced above, a
cigarette will begin to cool down as soon as there is not a draw on it.
245. The area just inside the plywood would have had conditions similar to the outside environment. According to
NFPA 921, 2021 Edition, the relative humidity generally needs to be below 25% for the ignition of fuels from
smoking materials. [9]. Kirk’s Fire Investigation, Eighth Edition references similar humidity levels. [10].
While these sections are directed at wildfire investigations, these principles can also be applied to the
circumstances of this fire. On the morning the fire occurred, temperatures were in the low 30’s with the relative
humidity near 70%. These cold, wet conditions are not conducive to a fire being ignited by a smoldering
cigarette. Discarded smoking materials were eliminated as a potential cause of the fire.
246. Propane Torch: While conducting the video review, investigators observed a propane torch being used on the
north exterior side of the structure. As previously stated, the torch is used in and around the north doorway to
DC Theatricks. The door had been removed and a piece of plywoodhad been installed over the opening. There
close proximity to theplywood, andpossible directly against it. This was evidenced by photographsobtained
during the investigation, including Figure 25, which shows flaming debris spilling across the concrete threshold
shortly after the fire was discovered.
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Figure 17 — Pre-fire, north doorway. Figure 25 — Post-fire, north doorway.
247. Investigators consideredEibxsmwmc)Es statements that a shovel had been used to shield the plywood from the torch.
The visible flames emitted-bythe propane torch were measured and extended approximately two feet after
impacting the ground. Additionally, investigators observed ignition of their measuring device approximately
three and a half feet away from the torch. The shovel could not have shielded the entire gap under the plywood
during the torch usage. Additionally, heat and energy from the torch went beyond the Visible flames as
evidenced by the testing conducted by investigators. The heat and energy from the torch were sufficient to
ignite the pocket rod three and a half feet away from the torch itself.
248. Additionally, a leaf blower was used in and around the doorway as well. The additional air movement would
have aided in ignition of the material just inside the doorway. Application of an accelerated air flow would
have also aided in the growth of the fire once established. Additionally, shortly after the fire was discovered,
opened, and investigators were observed a steep V shaped pattern on the east interior surface of the plywood
(Figure 24). This is consistent with a fire originating in that area. Moreover, had a large fire originated
elsewhere in the structure, the radiant heat from that fire would have caused uniform damage to the interior
surface of the plywood. Additionally, costumes in plastic bags were hanging on the wall and extending down
into the doorway, as evidenced by Figure 17. Once a fire was established just inside the doorway, it would
easily spread to the material above it. Investigators were unable to eliminate the propane torch as a potential
ignition source.
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Figure 24 - Charring on the east interior face of the plywood
CONCLUSIONS:
249. The investigative team reached the following conclusions:
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250. Origin - After conducting a systematic examination of the fire scene, evaluating the fire patterns within the
scene, considering fire dynamics, and conducting interviews of witnesses, it was determined that the area
of origin was located just inside the north doorway to DC Theatricks.
251. Cause - The cause of the fire was the application of an open flame from the propane torch (ignition
source) to the common combustibles inside the north doorway, including bags of cloth material (first
fuel ignited).
252. Classification — ATF classifies fires as either Natural, Incendiary, Accidental, or Undetermined. Considering all
the known facts and circumstances of this investigation, the fire was classified as ACCIDENTAL.
DISPOSITION:
253. The investigation will be closed. If new information arises, follow—up investigative activities will be conducted
by the Buffalo Police Department, the Buffalo Fire Department, the New York State Fire Marshal’s Office, and
ATP.
ATTACHMENTS:
Search Warrants
Erie County Sheriff’s Office Canine Utilization reports
Buffalo Fire Department Canine Utilization Report
Erie County Medical Examiner’s report
ATF Electrical Engineer Laboratory Report
REFERENCES:
[1] — NFPA 921: Guidefor Fire and Explosion Investigations, Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association,
2021, p. 14.
[2] — Fire Tests ofMen ’s Suits on Racks, Test FR 4013, D.W. Stroup et. al., Gaithersburg, MD, US. Department of
Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2001.
[3] — Ignition Propensity of Clothing by Cigarettes, K. Rush, Ammendale, MD, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms,
and Explosives Fire Research Laboratory, 2009.
[4] — Fire Investigation: Essentials, FI: E—Stua’ent Manual, ISl Edition, 4’14 Printing, Emmitsburg, MD, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, 2022, SM 5—56.
[5] — Fire Investigation: Essentials, FI.‘ E-Student Manual, I“ Edition, 4‘17 Printing, Emmitsburg, MD, Federal
Emergency Management Agency, 2022, SM 5-58.
Page 60 of61 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

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2021,p.135.
[7] — Kirk’s Fire Investigation, Eighth Edition, Icove, et. al., New York, NY, 2018, p. 264.
2021, p. 348.
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US.

Department of Justice Report 0f Investigation

Title of Investigation: Investigation Number: Report Number:

ORIGIN AND CAUSE REPORT

r__l?‘_repar§g__by_z ______________ Title: Signature: Date:

i_.(_l2).(_§l./_(P_l_(_7_l_(9l_l 81’6““ng NCETR

Second level reviewer (optional): Title: Signature: Date:

Page 1 of 61 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 1 — West side of 743/745/747 Main Street, Buffalo, New York.

National Response Team

New York Field Division

Leads — Team SAC

Buffalo Fire Department

De . Commissioner Ramone Suarez Leads

Buffalo Police Department

Chief of Detectives Craig Macy Leads

New York State Fire

Investigatori (bI(5I/(bI(7I(CIi Scene

Page 3 of 61 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

New York City Fire Department

Department of Permit and Inspection Services

Empire Dismantling (Heavy Equipment)

Page 4 of 61 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Recognise the need

LEGAL PRESENCE and SCENE SECURITY:

SCENE DESCRIPTON / BUILDING CONSTRUCTION:

Page 5 of 61 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 3 — Screen capture from www.google.com.

Page 6 of 61 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 4 - Screen capture from Google Earth.

Page 7 of 61 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 5 - Screen capture from www.googlemaps.com.

Page 8 of 61 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 6 — Screen capture from Google Earth facing south.

Page 9 of 61 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 8 - Screen capture from Google Earth.

Page 10 of6l ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Vacant Bike Shop

Page 11 of6l ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 9 - Scene Diagram of the ﬁrst ﬂoor.

Page 12 of6l ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Second and Third Floors

Page 13 of6l ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Fire Protection Systems

Page 14 of6l ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

OWNER / INSURANCE INFORMATION:

warehouse. He did not maintain insurance on his property.

Page 15 of6l ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

44. On March 2, 2023,

Page 16 of6l ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 14 — Second Floor post—renovation facing east.

Page 17 0161 ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 15 — Third Floor post-renovation facing west.

Tenant — DC Theatricks, 747 Main Street

Page 18 of6l ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 16 — Photograph of clothing in plastic bags on racks.

Page 19 of6l ATF EF 3120.2 (10—2004)

Figure 17 — North exterior door to DC Theatricks and interior contents.