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HTML – OVERVIEW
HT
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to
write Web Pages.
Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to
simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure
it to display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information
between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags
available in HTML language.
Basic HTML Document
In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:
Either you can use Try it option available at the top right corner of the code box to check
<!DOCTYPE html>
the result of this HTML code, or let's save it in an HTML file test.htm using your favorite
<html>
text editor. Finally open it using a web browser like Internet Explorer or Google Chrome, or
Firefox etc. It must show the following output:
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
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HTML
HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most
of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing
tag</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags:
Tag Description
<!DOCTYPE...> This tag defines the document type and HTML version.
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly
<html> comprises of document header which is represented by
<head>...</head> and document body which is represented by
<body>...</body> tags.
This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML
<head>
tags like <title>, <link> etc.
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the
<title>
document title.
This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML
<body>
tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.
<h1> This tag represents the heading.
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HTML
<p> This tag represents a paragraph.
To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave, while
formatting a textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of
different tags in order to format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from HTML
4.
HTML Document Structure
A typical HTML document will have the following structure:
We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see
Document declaration tag
what is document declaration tag.
<html>
The <head>
<!DOCTYPE> Declaration
Document header related tags
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version of
</head>
the HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the
following declaration:
There<body>
are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending on
<!DOCTYPE html>
what version of HTML
Document body isrelated
being used.
tags We will see more details on this while discussing
<!DOCTYPE...> tag along with other HTML tags.
</body>
</html>
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2. HTML – BASIC TAGS HT
Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML
also has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>,
<h5>, and
<h6>. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that
heading.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>
HTML
Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph
of text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the
example:
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Here is a first paragraph of
<head>Here is a second paragraph
text.
<title>Paragraph
of Example</title>
text. Here is a third
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
Line Break Tag
Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line. This
tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags,
as there is nothing to go in between them.
The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit
this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the
forward slash character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Hello
Centering
You Content
delivered
<head> your assignment on
time.
You Thanks
can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.
<title>Line Break Example</title>
Mahnaz
</head>
Example
<body>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<p>Hello<br />
<html>
You delivered your assignment on
<head>
time.<br /> Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
This text is not in the center.
This text is in the center.
Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates
a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line
accordingly.
For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example
below:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
This will produce the following result:
This is paragraph one and should be on top
This is paragraph two and should be at bottom
Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening
and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.
The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you
omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you
miss the forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML
Preserve Formatting
Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML
document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.
Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the
formatting of the source document.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
function testFunction( strText ){
<html>
<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
function
testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>
HTML
alert (strText)
Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags
Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to
split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines:
In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a
An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."
nonbreaking space entity instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the
"12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."</p>
</body>
</html>
3. HTML – ELEMENTS HT
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it
ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown
below with few tags:
Start Tag Content End Tag
<p> This is paragraph content. </p>
<h1> This is heading content. </h1>
<div> This is division content. </div>
<br />
So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There
are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and
<br /> elements. These are known as void elements.
HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML
documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an
HTML document.
HTML Tag vs. Element
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends
with a closing tag.
For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same
paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.
Nested HTML Elements
It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element:
Example
HTML
<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
This will display the following result:
This is italic heading
This is underlined paragraph
26
4. HTML – ATTRIBUTES HT
We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag
<p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags
can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information.
An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the
element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts: a name and a value:
The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element
in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to
indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.
The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put
within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute:
left, center and right.
Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation.
Example
This will display the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
This is left aligned
<head> This is center
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p align="left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align="center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align="right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
This is right aligned
Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not
all) are:
Id
Title
Class
Style
The Id Attribute
The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an
HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an
element:
If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify
just that element and its content.
If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you
can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name.
We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to
distinguish between two paragraph elements as shown below.
Example
<p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p>
The title Attribute
<p id="css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>
The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute
is similar as explained for id attribute:
The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is
often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is
loading.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
HTML
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3 title="Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever
Titled
title you usedHeading Tag
in your code Example
is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.
The class Attribute
The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the
class of element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn
Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.
The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example:
class="className1 className2 className3"
The style Attribute
The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element.
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
Some text...
At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much
about CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be
used while formatting content.
Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not
all) XHTML elements.
dir
lang
xml:lang
The dir Attribute
The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the text
should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that
follows:
Value Meaning
ltr Left to right (the default value)
rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left)
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="rtl">
<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>
<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>
</html>
HTML
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed
When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be presented
within the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the text's direction for
just the content of that tag.
The lang Attribute
The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this
attribute was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML.
This attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.
The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes. Check
HTML Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
The xml:lang Attribute
<html
The lang="en">
xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of
thexml:lang
<head> attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.
<title>English Language Page</title>
Generic
</head> Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.
<body>
This page is using English Language
Attribute Options Function
</body>
</html>
align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags
HTML
valign top, middle, bottom Vertically aligns tags within an HTML
element.
bgcolor numeric, hexidecimal, RGB Places a background color behind an
values element
background URL Places a background image behind an
element
id User Defined Names an element for use with Cascading
Style Sheets.
class User Defined Classifies an element for use with
Cascading Style Sheets.
width Numeric Value Specifies the width of tables, images, or
table cells.
height Numeric Value Specifies the height of tables, images, or
table cells.
title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.
We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags. For a complete
list of HTML Tags and related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags List.
5. HTML – FORMATTING HT
If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold,
italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how
text can appear in HTML and XHTML.
Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below:
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
The following word uses a bold typeface.
Italic Text
<head>
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown below:
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>
Example
<body>
<!DOCTYPE html> word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
<p>The following
<html>
</body>
<head>
</html>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>
33
HTML
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses an italicized typeface.
Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown
below:
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
The following word uses an underlined typeface.
<html>
<head>
Strike Text
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with
</head>
strikethrough, which is a thin line through the text as shown below:
<body>
Example
<p>The following word uses a <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>
<!DOCTYPE html>
</html>
<html>
<head>
34
HTML
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses a strikethrough typeface.
Monospaced Font
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts are
known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for example,
the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each letter has
the same width.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
The following word uses a monospaced typeface.
Superscript Text
<head>
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used is
the<title>Monospaced
same size as theFont Example</title>
characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height
above the
</head> other characters.
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
35
HTML
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
The following word uses a superscript
typeface.
Subscript
<head>
Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is the
<title>Superscript
same as the charactersText Example</title>
surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height beneath the
other characters.
</head>
<body>
Example
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
This will produce the following result:
</body>
<!DOCTYPE html>
The following word uses a subscript typeface.
</html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>
</html>
36
HTML
Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
Deleted Text
</head>
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.
<body>
Example
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
</html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>
</html>
37
HTML
Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the rest
of the text surrounding it as shown below:
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
The following word uses a big typeface.
Smaller Text
<head>
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than the
<title>Larger
rest Text Example</title>
of the text surrounding it as shown below:
</head>
Example
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
<!DOCTYPE html>
</body>
<html>
</html>
<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>
38
HTML
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word uses a small typeface.
Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create
sections or subsections of a page.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element
to indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You
might then attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of
style rules.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="menu" align="middle" >
<a href="/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href="/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href="/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>
<div id="content" align="left" bgcolor="white">
<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
39
HTML
HOME | CONTACT |
ABOUT
CONTENT ARTICLES
Actual content goes here.....
The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if
you have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
This is the example of span tag and the div tag along with CSS
<html>
These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a page.
<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style="color:green">span tag</span> and the
<span style="color:red">div tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>
</body>
</html>
40
6. HTML – PHRASE TAGS HT
The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed in a
similar way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in
previous chapter. This chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so let's
start seeing them one by one.
Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
The following word uses an emphasized typeface.
<html>
<head>
Marked Text
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked with
</head>
yellow ink.
<body>
Example
<p>The following word uses a <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>
<!DOCTYPE html>
</html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
41
HTML
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with yellow</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
The following word has been marked with yellow.
Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important text.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
The following word uses a strong typeface.
<html>
<head>
Text Abbreviation
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags. If
</head>
present, the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.
<body>
Example
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.</p>
</body>
<!DOCTYPE html>
</html>
<html>
<head>
42
HTML
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title="Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
My best friend's name is Abhy.
Acronym Element
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and
</acronym> tags is an acronym.
At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the
<acronym> element.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
This chapter covers marking up text in XHTML.
<head>
Text DirectionExample</title>
<title>Acronym
The</head>
<bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to override
the<body>
current text direction.
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in <acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>
</html>
43
HTML
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
This text will go left to right.
<html>
This text will go right to left.
<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
Special
</head>
Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that you
<body>
are introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
paragraph.
<p><bdo dir="rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most
recent browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.
</body>
</html>
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>
</html>
44
HTML
The following word is a special term.
Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in
between<blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.
Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of the
surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:
<html>
<head>
XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on from
Short Quotations
earlier work on HTML
<title>Blockquote 4.01, HTML 4.0,
Example</title> HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a sentence.
</head>
<body>
Example
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web site:</p>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for XHTML, following on
from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 2.0.</blockquote>
<head>
</body>
</html>
45
HTML
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Amit is in Spain, I think I am wrong.
Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening <cite>tag
and closing </cite> tag
As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered in
italicized text by default.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
This HTML tutorial is derived from W3 Standard for HTML.
<html>
<head>
Computer CodeExample</title>
<title>Citations
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed
</head>
inside <code>...</code>tags. Usually the content of the <code> element is presented in
<body>
a monospaced font, just like the code in most programming books.
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>
</html>
46
HTML
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
Regular text. This is code. Regular text.
<html>
<head>
Keyboard Text
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text, you
</head>
can use the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in this
example.
<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
Example
</body>
This will produce the following result:
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
Regular text. This is inside kbd element Regular text.
<html>
<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular text.</p>
</body>
</html>
47
HTML
Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to
indicate that the content of that element is a variable.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
document.write("user-name")
<html>
<head>
Program Output
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script etc.
</head>
Again, it is mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts.
<body>
Example
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
This will produce the following result:
</body>
<!DOCTYPE html>
Result produced by the program is Hello World!
</html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp></p>
</body>
</html>
48
HTML
Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.
Example
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad
<html>
<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>
</html>
49
7. HTML – META TAGS HT
HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a
variety of ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing
properties of the HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords, document
author etc.
The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty
element and so does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its attributes.
You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you
want to keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical appearance
of the document so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you include them or
not.
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents
You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of the
document which is represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can have
following attributes in addition to core attributes:
Attribute Description
Name Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords,
description, author, revised, generator etc.
content Specifies the property's value.
scheme Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the
content attribute).
http- Used for http response message headers. For example, http-equiv can be
equiv used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type,
expires, refresh and set-cookie.
Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and later
these keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for searching
purpose.
HTML
Example
Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important
keywords about the document.
This will produce the following result:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Hello HTML5!
Document
<head> Description
You can use <meta>
<title>Meta tag to give a short description about the document. This again can be
Tags Example</title>
used by various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
Example
</head>
<body>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
<html>
</body>
<head>
</html>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
Document Revision Date
You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was
updated. This information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your
webpage.
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
Document Refreshing
<html> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep refreshing
A <meta>
automatically.
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
Example
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following syntax.
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised"
<!DOCTYPE html> content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
</head>
<html>
<body>
<head>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
</body>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</html>
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5" />
HTML
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also specify a
duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you
want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
Setting Cookies
<html>
Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged between
<head>
web browser and web server to keep track of various information based on your web
application need.
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta
You can name="keywords"
use <meta> tag content="HTML,
to store cookiesMeta Tags, side
on client Metadata" /> this information can be
and later
used by the Web Server to track a site visitor.
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="5; url=http://www.tutorialspoint.com" />
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML
Example
Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If you
want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name="description" content="Learning about Meta Tags." />
<meta name="revised" content="Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
HTML
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