Anatomical terms

terms of position
Anatomical position •
Supine position •
Prone position •
 Terms of plane
median sagittal plane
coronal plane
transverse plane
Horizontal plane
 Terms of relations
anterior ( ventral)
posterior (dorsal)
superior ( cranial, cephalic)
inferior (caudal, tail)
medial
lateral
intermediate
ipsilateral
contra-lateral
superficial
profunda (deep)
central
periphral

 Terms used in limbs
proximal
distal
preaxial
postaxial
palmar
plantar

 Terms used in cavities or
hollow organs

exterior
interior
evagination
invagination
 Terms of movements
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
rotation
circumduction
pronation
supination
inversion
eversion
protraction
retraction
gliding

 Bones (osteology)

Osteology is the study of the bony part of the skeleton. •

Structure of the bone •

1- Bone cells (osteocytes).

2- Bone matrix


 Functions of Bones

1- Give the body its shape

2- Support the body and resist stress
3- Carry, transmit the body weight to ground
4- Provide surface for attachment of muscles and tendons
5- Act as a lever for muscle action
6- Protect the vital soft parts of the body e.g. brain
7- reserve for calcium and phosphorus in emergencies
8- Bone marrow helps in formation of blood cells
9- Pneumatic- bones arround nasal cavity
a- lightening the weight of the head
b- purification, regulation of inspired air, adjust temperature
c- resonance of voice
10- Chewing of food by teeth and jaws
 Classification of bones


Long bones 
• It have shaft (body,or diaphysis) which extends between two
expanded two epiphysis.

Short bones (carpal and tarsal bones )
Flat bones (skull)
Formed of outer and inner lamina of compact bone separated by a
layer of spongy.


Irregular bones (Vertebrae, Hip bone ,Bones in the base of skull,
Pneumatic bones).


Sesamoid bones (patellae)

Bony nodules found embedded in tendons of some muscles ,
ligaments or joint capsules.


Tuberosity
Tubercle
Condyle
Ebicondyle
Process
Spine
Ridge
Fossa
Groove
Foramen
Canal
fissure
 Skeleton
Axial 
Appendicular
The skull consists of two sets of bones:
bones that form the cranium, or braincase
(calveria). cranial
framework of the oral cavity. bones that
support the eyes and nose and form the bony
facial
Paired bones of the cranium: 
parietal. 
temporal. 

Unpaired bones: 
Ethmoid 
Frontal 
Occipital 
sphenoid 

 bones of the face:

Paired bones:
Maxillary
Zygomatic
Nasal
Lacrimal
Inferior concha
Palatine

Unpaired bones:
Vomer
Mandible

 Vertebral column
Formed by 24 separate vertebrae and
Sacrum (which composed of 5 fused
vertebrae)
Coccyx (which composed of 2-4 fused
vertebrae)
Separate vertebrae divided in to:
Cervical •
Thoracic •
lumbar •

 Each typical vertebra has:
Body
Vertebral foramen
Pedicle
Laminae
Spine
Transverse process
Superior and inferior articular facets
 Cervical vertebrae
Characteristic by: 
Small body.
Short spinous process (bifid).
Transverse process contain foramen t.
: Atypical cervical vertebrae 
Atlas
Ringlike shape 
No body 
Axis
It has odontoid process
Seventh cervical v.(vertebral prominens) 
has very long spinous process
 Thoracic vertebrae

It have: 
Facets for articulation with ribs 
Spinous process is long and oblique 
Vertebral foramen is small 
 Lumbar vertebrae

Characteristic by:
Large size of body 
Spinous process quadrangular in shape, 
flat and project straight back
Thoracic cage
 Bones of the upper Limb
A- Shoulder Girdle
- Scapula
Clavicle -
Humerus - Proximal end -
B- Arm
- Humerus
C - Forearm
- Radius (lateral)
- Ulna (Medial)

D - Wrist
- Carpal Bones
- Hand
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
 bone, Small key) clavicle (collar

Long S-shaped bone. its the only bony attachment between the trunk and the upper
limb.

It has:

Convex medial end (or sternal). 

Concave lateral end ( or acromial). 

Two borders (anterior, posterior). 

Two surfaces (superior, inferior).
 a
6
1
7

6
b
3
1 2 5

4
Clavicle; a- superior view (left); b- inferior view (left). 1. sternal end with articular
surface 2. costoclavicular impression 3. groove for subclavius muscle 4.conoid
tubercle 5. trapezoid line 6. acromial end with articular surface 7. shaft of clavicle
 Scapula

The scapula is a large, flat triangular bone with:

Three angles (lateral, superior, and inferior); 
three borders (superior, lateral, and medial); 
two surfaces (costal and posterior); and 
three processes (acromion, spine, and coracoid process).


 1

Scapula, ventral view (left). Costal surface 1. subscapular fossa.

 5
4 1

Scapula; lateral view (left).1. supraglenoid tubercle 2. infraglenoid tubercle 3.glenoid

cavity 4. coracoid process 5. acromion
 8
3 13
1 9
10
2 4
12

11 5

Scapula posterior surface

7
1. Acromion 2. acromial angle 3. coracoid process 4. spine 5. medial border 6. lateral
border7. inferior angle 8. superior angle 9. suprascapular notch 10. supraspinous fossa
11. infraspinous fossa 12. neck 13. superior border
 Humerus
It’s a long bone with:

a) Proximal end (proximal epiphysis)
b) Shaft (diaphysis)
c) Distal end (distal epiphysis)

 Humerus a b
a. ventral view 1
b. dorsal view 2 4 5
head 1. 6 3
anatomical neck 2.
surgical neck 3.
4. Lessar tubercle 7 8
5. greater tubercle 10
6. biciptal groove (intertubercle)
7. medial lip 9
8. lateral lip
9. deltoid tubercle
10. sulcus for radial nerve
11. medial epicondyle
12. lateral epicondyle
13. medial supraepicondylar ridge
14. lateral supraepicondylar ridge
15. coronoid fossa
16. trochlea 14
17. capitulum
18. anterior surface
13 19
1
19. posterior surface 12
20. radial fossa 11 15 20
8 21
21. olecranon fossa
16 17
 Ulna
The ulna: is a long bone, prismatic in form, placed a
the medial side of the forearm, parallel with the radius

It has
1- Proximal end
2- shaft (with three borders and three surfaces)
3- Distal end
 a b c
a. Ventral view (left);
b. Dorsal view (left); 11
3 6
c. Radial view (left) 9
12 10
1. anterior border
2. anterior surface
3. coronoid process
4. interosseous border 2
5. medial surface
1 4
6. olecranon
7. posterior border
8. posterior surface
9. radial notch 8
10. supinator crest

11. trochlear notch 5
12. tuberosity of ulna 7
13. styloid process
14. head 14
13
 Radius

The radius: is a long bone, prismatic in form and slightly

curved longitudinally.

It has:
A- Proximal end
B- Shaft (with three borders and three surfaces).
C- Distal end
hand
 1
a. Ventral view (left); 2 a b c
b. Dorsal view (left); 3

c. Ulnar view (left)
5
1. head
2. neck 7
3. tuberosity of radius
6
4. anterior border 8
4
5. anterior oblique line 9
6. interosseous border
7. lateral surface
8. posterior border
9. posterior surface
10. dorsal tubercle
11. ulnar notch
12. styloid process 10 11
12
 The skeleton of the lower limb

Pelvis
Composed of:
Two hip bones anteriorly
Sacrum and coccyx posteriorly

Hip bone
Consist of three part fused together.
Ilium•
Pubis •
ischium •
Bones of free part of the lower limb

1- thigh (Femur)
2- leg ( tibia, fibula, patella).
3- foot
a- tarsus (talus, calcaneus,
navicular, cuneiform bones).
b- metatarsus.
c- phalanges

 The joints

Classification;

1- Synovial joins

2- Cartilagenous joints

3- Fibrous joints


 Synovial joints;

ball and socket ( shoulder, hip) •
ellipsoid or condyloid (wrist) •
plane (sterno-clavicular) •
pivot (superior radio-ulnar) •
hinge (elbow) •
 Cartilagenous joints;

primary cartilagenous joints •

secondary cartilagenous joints •
( fibrocartilagenous)

 Fibrous joints;
suture of the skull •
gomphosis •
syndesmosis •
 Muscular system

Type of muscles:
skeletal (somatic), striated, voluntary •
smooth (visceral), involuntary •
cardiac •

SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR
Heart •
Arteries •
Veins •
 The heart
Muscular organ acts as pump for blood
Surface anatomy
Structure
Consist of:
two atriums
two ventricles
:Blood supply
:Nerve supply
Arteries
Aorta (arch)
brachio-cephalic trunk
right subcl.avian a.
right common carotid
left subclavian a.
left common carotid
The arteries supplying head & neck

Common carotid a
external carotid a
superior thyroid
lingual
facial
occipital
superficial temporal
maxillary
ascending pharyngeal
internal carotid a
Arteries of the upper limb
Cubclavian •
Axillary •
Brachial •
radial
ulnar
 Main arteries of the upper limb

Axillary a.

Brachial a.

Radial and Ulnar a.

 Descending aorta
Thoracic part •
posterior intercostal
bronchial
Abdominal part } internal& external•
icliac
coeliac trank
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
renal
suprarenal
testicular
 Arteries of the lower limb

Femoral ► popliteal
Popliteal
Anterior tibial
Posterior tibial (peroneal)


Venous return from the lower limb

Deep veins
Superficial
long saphenous femoral
short saphenous

External
iliac

i.v.c Common iliac

Venous return from the upper limb

Deep
Superficial
cehpalic axillary► subclivian
basilic

s.v.c
 Main veins of the upper limb

Basilic Vein
Starts: venous arch on dorsum of hand.
Drains medial side of limb into brachial vein.

Cephalic Vein
Starts: venous arch on dorsum of hand
Drains lateral side of limb into axillary vein.

Median cubital vein
Branch of cephalic vein
located in cubital fossa.


Portal circulation

Portal anastomosis
Gastro-oesophagyeal
Ano- rectal
Umbilical
 Respiratory system
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
lung
Lymphatic system
Consists of: •
Lymphatic capillaries •
Lymphatic vessels •
Lymph nodes •
Cisterna chyli •
Thoracic duct •
Right lymphatic duct •

 Digestive system

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
large intestine
Rectum



Accessory organs of digestive system

Salivary glands
Pancreas
liver
 Salivary glands

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
 pancreas

Pale yellowish grey gland

dimensions: Length – 18 cm & weight – 60 gm.
Location: across posterior abdominal wall & 1,2
lumbar vertebrae.
Structure: head, neck, body, tail,
pancreatic duct (ampulla of vater, Oddi duct)
islets of langerhans
Blood supply: superior mesenteric& spleenic
arteries.
 Liver (hepar)
The largest gland in the body (dark reddish •
brown).
It has superior, inferior, anterior, posterior •
surfaces.
Dimensions: transverse 20-25cm&vertical 15-17 •
cm) & anterio-posterioelly10-12 cm& Weight 1.5
kg
Location: upper right part of the abdominal •
cavity (70%).
structure: four lobes( left, right, quadrate, •
caudate)
 Gall bladder
Pear shaped sac.
Fundus, body, neck.
 Peritoneum
lining abdominal wall (parietal) and
cover the organs of GIT (visceral)
Serous layer which
 Diaphragm
Dome shaped musculo-fibrous structure
which separates abdominal and thoracic
cavities.
Urinary system
Genital system
Male genital system
Testis•
Vas deferens •
Seminal vesicle •
Prostate gland •

External genitalia
Scrotum •
Penis •

 Female genital system
ovary
uterine tube
uterus
External genitalia
monus pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitioris

 Breast (mammary gland)

modified sweat glands in the superficial fascia of the

anterior thoracic wall.
Its located anterior to the pectoral muscles
between 2-6 ribs, sternum and medaxillary line.

Blood supply: thoracoacromial (pectoral), lateral
thoracic, internal thoracic and intercostal arteries.

Nerve supply: 2-6 intercostal nerves. 

Lymph drainage: A) 75% of lymph to axillary (anterior,
apical) nodes. B) parasternal, posterior intercostal nodes
and to opposite side.
Nervous system
Central 
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral 
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
 brain

Cerebrum
Brain stem ( med-brain, pons, medulla •
oblongata).
Cerebellum
Ductless glands
Pituitary •
Thyroid •
Parathyroid •
Thymus •
suprarenal •