Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering

Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering
Weicheng Cui • Shixiao Fu • Zhiqiang Hu

Editors
Encyclopedia of Ocean
Engineering
With 1737 Figures and 126 Tables

Editors
Weicheng Cui Shixiao Fu
School of Engineering School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and
Westlake University Civil Engineering
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai, China
Zhiqiang Hu
Marine, Offshore and Subsea Technology Group
School of Engineering Newcastle University
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
ISBN 978-981-10-6945-1 ISBN 978-981-10-6946-8 (eBook)

ISBN 978-981-10-6947-5 (print and electronic bundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6946-8
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,
and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or
by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
Although the planet on which we live is called Earth, more than 70% of her
surface is covered by the ocean. With the constant increase of human popula-
tion, people are striving to develop more living space in the ocean and take
advantage of its resources. However, there is no doubt that during this process
humans will meet many technological challenges and must find ways to
protect the ocean environment, on purpose of reaching a sustainable and
harmonious lifestyle with the ocean. To achieve this goal, we must know the
ocean, gather sufficient knowledge about the ocean, and treat the ocean in a
respectful and cautious manner, because otherwise, any violent and reckless
exploration behavior that harms the ocean will lead to unaffordable conse-
quences to humanity. Therefore, to understand the ocean and to master the
fundamental technology relating to its development is of critical importance,
especially this year when humanity is truly beginning to experience the
obvious temperature rise due to global warming.
The writing of this encyclopedia, Ocean Engineering, has three aims.
Firstly, to provide a useful introductory reading reference for people interested
in, but not delving into, the field of ocean engineering. Secondly, to provide
necessary scientific and technological knowledge for people who are delving
into some specific aspects in ocean engineering and want to do interdisciplin-
ary extensions. Thirdly, to contribute within our scope in helping people find
sustainable and harmonious ways to develop and protect the ocean.
This encyclopedia discusses the main categories of fundamental knowledge
on ocean engineering, which are extensively covered in 21 parts, including the
parts on conventional naval architecture and offshore engineering such as ship
design and offshore decommissioning; the parts on ocean exploration such as
underwater engineering, AUV/ROV, and polar engineering; the parts on
harvesting of ocean resources such as deepwater mining and on utilizing the
ocean space such as very large floating structures (VLFS) and aquaculture
engineering; and the parts on sustainable ocean development such as offshore
renewable energy, green shipping, and ocean environmental protection. This
encyclopedia contains numerous illustrations and examples to make it easy to
understand.
With the publication of this encyclopedia, Ocean Engineering, the editorial
team wants to thank all those who have contributed to it. Please forgive us for
not being able to name all the section editors here since they are specified in the
next page, but we would like to convey sincere appreciations to our excellent
section editors (SEs). You have done great work, and the time and effort spent
v
vi Preface
in organizing and reviewing entries is much appreciated. Besides, please let us

acknowledge every author’s contribution. We would not be able to begin
without the help of all our brilliant authors. Finally, we are also very grateful
to the Springer Nature supporting team. Thank you for always being there for
this encyclopedia. The experience of working together in this 3-year project
leaves an indelible impression on us.
Westlake University, Hangzhou, China Weicheng Cui, Ph.D. (Editor)

Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China Shixiao Fu, Ph.D. (Editor)
Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne,
United Kingdom Zhiqiang Hu, Ph.D. (Editor)
May 2022
Table of Contents
Alternative Fuel for Ship Propulsion Concept Design

Analysis of Renewable Energy Devices Concrete Platform
Application of Image Processing in Ice–Structure Connectors of VLFS
Interaction Cutting Technology of Steel
Aquaculture Structures: Experimental Techniques Damage Stability
Aquaculture Structures: Numerical Methods Dead Ship Condition
Arctic Pipeline Decommissioning of Fixed Platform
Atmospheric Diving Suit (ADS) Decommissioning of Floating Platforms
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas
AUV/ROV/HOV Control Systems Installations
AUV/ROV/HOV Hydrostatics Decommissioning of Subsea Facilities
AUV/ROV/HOV Propulsion System Deep Sea Mining
AUV/ROV/HOV Resistance Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV)
AUV/ROV/HOV Stability Deep Tow System
Auxiliary Icebreaking Methods Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of
Beaching Tsunamis (DART) BUOY
Bearing Capacity of Spudcans Design of Mooring System
Big Data-Based Decision Support Systems Design of Pipelines and Risers
Biodiversity Conservation Design of Renewable Energy Devices
Block Assembly Line Design of Submersibles
Block Erection Technology Design Rules and Standards
Bucket Foundations Design Spiral
Buffer Station Detailed Design
Cable Diving of Anchors
Capacity of Suction Anchor Doppler Velocity Log for Navigation System in
Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring Underwater Vehicle
Catenary Mooring Drag Anchors
Central Monitoring System Ductile-Brittle Transition of Sea Ice Under
Christmas Tree Uniaxial Compression and Its Engineering
Collector and Crusher Applications
Complete and Partial Dismantling Dynamic Analysis Method
Compliant Tower Platform Dynamic Behavior and Fatigue
Computational Fluid Dynamics in AUV/ROV/ Dynamic Ice Loads and Structural Responses
HOV Hydrodynamics Dynamic Positioning in Ice
vii
viii Table of Contents
Economic Assessment Hydroelasticity Theory

Empirical Design Ice Breaking Vessel
Energy Efficiency Regulations from IMO Ice Management in Offshore Operations
Environmental Impact Assessment System Ice Tank Test
Environmental Perception for Underwater Iceberg Scouring
Vehicles Ice-Induced Vibration and Noise of Ships
Eutrophication Impact of Maritime Transport
Excessive Accelerations In Situ Permeability Measured Using Piezo-
Experimental Investigation of Offshore penetrometers
Renewable Energy Installation and Decommissioning
Experimental Techniques for VLFS Installation of Offshore Pipelines
Exploitation of Gas Hydrates Installation of Spudcans
Explosive Removal Intact, Damage, and Dynamic Stability of
External Turret Floating Structures
External Turret Single Point Mooring System Integrated Navigation
Fatigue of Mooring Lines Intelligent Control Algorithms in Underwater
Fiber Optic Hydrophone Vehicles
Fiber-Optic Cable Internal Turret Single-Point Mooring (SPM)
Field Development System
Fishing Ships Introduction to Shipbuilding (Shipyard)
Flexible Pipes and Umbilicals Inventory of Hazardous Materials
Flexural Strength of Sea Ice Jacket Platform
FLNG Jack-Up Platforms
Floating Bridge Jellyfish Bloom
Fluid Effects During Iceberg-Structure Launching Technology
Interactions Lifting System
Forming Technology of Profiles Local/Global Buckling and Propagation
Forming Technology of Steel Hull Plates Long Baseline Underwater Acoustic Location
FPSO Technology
Future Trend on the Design, Building, and Long-Term Storage
Operation of Ships for Energy Efficiency Luxury Cruises
Glider Maneuverability of Polar Vessel
Global Buckling of Offshore Pipelines Marine Ecological Red Line
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Buoy Marine Operations
Green Tides Marine Protected Areas in Areas Beyond National
Harmful Algal Blooms Jurisdiction
Heave Plate Mega-Float
High-Performance Ship Meteorological Monitoring and Measurement
Homotopy Analysis Method Buoy
Human Factors in Ship Design Microplastics
Human Factors in the Role of Energy Efficiency Mineral Processing and Metallurgy
Human Occupied Vehicle (HOV) Modern Aquaculture Structures
Hybrid Remotely Operated Vehicle (HROV)/ Modification for Reuse
Autonomous and Remotely Operated Vehicle Monopile Foundations in Offshore Wind Farm
(ARV) Moored Ship in Ice
Hydrodynamic Design Mooring Anchor
Hydrodynamics for Subsea Systems Mooring Connector
Table of Contents ix
Mooring Lines Profiling Float

Mooring System Pure Loss of Stability
Mooring System of Renewable Energy Devices Recycling Regulations
Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) Reefing
Navigation Buoy Reliability and Safety in Offshore Engineering
Navigation of Polar Vessel Reliability-Based Design (RBD)
Net Structures: Biofouling and Antifouling Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)
Net Structures: Design Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) in Subsea
Net Structures: Hydrodynamics Engineering
New Technologies in Auxiliary Propulsions Rescue Bell
Nonexplosive Removal Research Ship
Numerical Simulation Floe Ice–Sloping Structure Resistance of Polar Vessel
Interactions Resource Assessment
Numerical Simulation of Ice-Going Ships Risk-Based Design for Ship and Offshore
Numerical Tank Structures
Obstacle Avoidance Technology for Underwater ROV Dynamic Positioning
Vehicle Safety of Offshore Platforms
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Salinity Gradient Power Conversion
Offshore In Situ Penetrometers Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria
Offshore Pile Driving Semi-submersible Platform
Offshore Structure Design Under Ice Loads Semisubmersible Vehicle Autopilot Control
Offshore Vessel System
Offshore Wind Turbine-Ice Interactions Service Ships
Offshore Wind Turbines Shallow Foundations
On-Bottom Stability of Submarine Pipelines Shear Strength
Open Water Test Ship Construction and Operation Impact on
Optical Compass Energy Efficiency
Optimal Design Ship Design Process
Painting Technology Ship Electrical Design
Parametric Rolling Ship Hull Lofting and Marking-Off
Photoelectric Detection Technology in Ship Machinery Design
Underwater Vehicles Ship Navigation System
Physical Properties of Sea Ice Ship Operational Environment
Pile Capacity Ship Overall Design
Pipeline Soil Interactions Ship Propulsion System
Piping Technology Ship Recycling
Polar Acoustics Ship Recycling Facility Plan
Polar Communications Ship Recycling Plan
Polar Materials Ship Structural Design
Polar Merchant Vessel Ship-Fitting Design
Polar Offshore Engineering Ship-Iceberg Interactions
Polar Propulsion Short Pile and Uplifting Capacity
Polar Research Vessel Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
Power Take-Off System Single Anchor Leg Mooring
Power Transmission and Distribution Single-Point Mooring
Preliminary Design Size Effect and High-Pressure Zone of Sea Ice
Probabilistic Aspects for Ice Loads on Ships Sloping Structure: Floe Ice Interactions
x Table of Contents
Sloping Structure–Level Ice Interactions Tidal and Ocean Current Turbines

Soft YOKE Single Point Mooring System Towing Tank Test
Sonar Technology Traditional Aquaculture Structures
SPAR Platform Transport Ship
Spatial Variability Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Buoy
Special Marine Vehicle Tsunami Warning Buoy
Spread Mooring System Ultra-short Baseline Underwater Acoustic
Static Analysis Method Location Technology
Station-Keeping System for VLFS Umbilical Cable
Steel Pipelines and Risers Underwater Acoustic Communication
Steel Pretreatment Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network
Structural Analysis and Design of VLFS Underwater Driving Subsystem
Structural Characteristics of Polar Engineering Underwater Information Sensing Technology
Structural Design Underwater Lander
Submarine Underwater Mining System
Submersible Underwater Welding
Subsea Connector Very Large Floating Structures (VLFS):
Subsea Equipment Installation Technology Overview
Subsea Hazards Vortex Shedding and VIV Suppression
Subsea Production System Water Surface Support (Layout and Recovery)
Suction Piles System
Surface Buoy Wave Energy Converters
Surface Mineral Storage and Dump Wave Energy Utilization Buoy
Surface Warships Wave Measurement Buoy
Surf-Riding and Broaching Wave-Ice Interactions
Taut Mooring Welding Technology
Technical and Economical Barriers on Green Winch
Energy Utilization in Shipping Wind Tunnel Test
Tension-Leg platform Winterization of Polar Engineering
Thermal Insulation
Thruster-Assisted Mooring
About the Editors
Weicheng Cui
School of Engineering
Westlake University
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Associate Editor, Journal of Ship Mechanics,

Shipbuilding of China
Editorial Board Member, Marine Structures,
Ocean Engineering, Ships and Offshore Struc-
tures, Journal of Marine Science and Technology,
Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environ-
ment, Journal of Marine Science and Application,
Journal of marine science and engineering
Weicheng Cui joined Westlake University
(WU) as a chair professor in September 2018,
1 month before its founding ceremony. The
founding mission of WU is to become a global
leader in frontier scientific research and a reformer
in higher education in China. Dr. Cui’s current
research interests include (1) development of
robotic fish-type submersibles and (2) fundamen-
tal research on the generalization of general sys-
tem theory (GST) into theory of everything (TOE)
for complex systems.
He got his B.Sc. from the Department of Engi-
neering Mechanics at Tsinghua University in
1986 and his Ph.D. from the University of Bristol,
England, in 1990. From 1990 to 1993, he did his
postdoctoral research in the Department of Aero-
space Engineering at the University of Bristol. He
made some contributions in the aspects of mea-
surement of interlaminar shear strength, nonlinear
effect and size effect of the delamination strength,
and the delamination mechanism for composite
materials.
xi
xii About the Editors
From February 1993 to May 1999, he worked

at China Ship Scientific Research Center
(CSSRC), and from June 1999 to September
2002, he was appointed as the Changjiang Profes-
sor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. During
these two periods, he mainly engaged in research
in ship structural mechanics. He had made some
contributions in the areas of the prediction of the
ultimate strength of intact and damaged ship
structures, fatigue strength assessment of ship
structures, and reliability-based analysis and
design of ship structures.
From October 2002 to March 2013, he worked
at CSSRC again. Dr. Cui was the project leader
and first deputy chief designer of Jiaolong deep
manned submersible. He made some contribu-
tions in the application of multidisciplinary design
optimization method and the establishment of a
rational design standard for the manned cabin.
Because of his outstanding contribution to the
Jiaolong manned submersible development pro-
ject, he won the Blancpain Hans Hass Fifty
Fathoms Award, the First Prize in National Sci-
ence and Technology Progress, and many honor-
ary titles such as “The National Excellent Science
and Technology Workers,” “The Deep Diving
Hero” awarded by the Central Committee and
the State Council, and the first batch of scholars
of the National Innovation Talent Award.
From March 2013 to September 2018, he
worked at Shanghai Ocean University, and from
September 2018 onward, he has been working at
Westlake University. He served as the project
leader and chief designer of the Rainbowfish
Challenging the Challenger Deep project from
2013 to 2020. In 2016, he was named one of
“China’s Top Ten Science Stars” by Nature.
He is currently an editorial board member of
six international journals, and the associate editor-
in-chief of both Shipbuilding of China and the
Journal of Ship Mechanics. He has published
more than 400 papers in SCI and EI journals,
being selected in Elsevier’s list of China’s Highly
Cited Researchers continuously from 2017
to 2019.
About the Editors xiii
Shixiao Fu
School of Naval Architecture, Ocean
and Civil Engineering
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai, China
Associate Editor, Marine Structures, Journal of

Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, Pro-
ceeding of the Institute of Civil Engineers-Marine
Engineering
Editorial Board Member, Journal of Hydrody-
namics, China Ocean Engineering (in Chinese)
Shixiao Fu got Bachelor and MSc degrees
from DaLian University of Technology, and
received his Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong Uni-
versity (SJTU) in 2005. In the next 2 years, he did
his postdoctoral research at CeSOS, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology (NTNU).
He joined the faculty of Shanghai Jiao Tong Uni-
versity in 2008, served as a professor from 2009 to
2018, and was appointed as a distinguished pro-
fessor in 2019.
Professor Fu has been selected as the Acade-
mician of the Norwegian Academy of Technolog-
ical Sciences in 2020, and was granted China
National Funds for Distinguished Young Scien-
tists in 2018.
Professor Fu is now the vice director of the
State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering at
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and the dean of
the Research School of Polar and Deep Sea Tech-
nologies (joint research school between SJTU and
Second Institute of Oceanography). He is also the
associate editor of Marine Structures and the
Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engi-
neering.
Professor Fu’s research interests include
hydroelasticity of floating bridges/tunnels and
large-scale fish cage, vortex-induced vibration of
flexible structures, experimental methods of force
feedback control, and hybrid full-scale model
testing.
xiv About the Editors
Zhiqiang Hu
Newcastle University
Associate Editor, Ocean Engineering

Zhiqiang Hu received his Ph.D. in naval archi-
tecture and ocean engineering from Shanghai Jiao
Tong University in 2008 and had been working in
Shanghai Jiao Tong University until 2016. He
joined Newcastle University in 2016 and has
been the Lloyds Professor of Offshore Engineer-
ing since 2018. Professor Hu has plenty of lectur-
ing and research experience in offshore renewable
energy, offshore hydrodynamics, structural
dynamics, and basin experiment testing. Professor
Hu has published approximately 100 scientific
papers and currently is the deputy editor of the
journal Ocean Engineering.
About the Section Editors
Hongwei An
Department of Civil Environmental and Mining
University of Western Australia
Perth, WA, Australia
Weicheng Cui
Westlake University
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Zunfeng Du
Department of Naval Architecture and
Ocean Engineering
School of Civil Engineering
Tianjin University
Tianjin, China
xv
xvi About the Section Editors
Menglan Duan
College of Safety and Ocean Engineering
China University of Petroleum-Beijing (CUP)
Beijing, China
Shixiao Fu
School of Naval Architecture,
Ocean and Civil Engineering
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai, China
Zhen Gao
Norwegian University of Science and
Technology
Trondheim, Norway
Terry Griffiths
Oceans Graduate School
The University of Western Australia
Perth, WA, Australia
About the Section Editors xvii
Min Gu
China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC)
Wuxi, China
Zhiqiang Hu
Newcastle University
Shunying Ji
State Key Laboratory of Structural
Analysis for Industrial Equipment
Dalian University of Technology
Dalian, China
Zhe Jiang
Hadal Science and Technology Center
Shanghai Ocean University
Shanghai, China
xviii About the Section Editors
Xiangyang Li
China Ocean Mineral Resources
R&D Association (COMRA)
Beijing, China
Yujun Liu
School of Naval Architecture and
Ocean Engineering
Dalian University of Technology
Dalian, China
Zhenhui Liu
Front End Engineering
Aker Solutions ASA
Trondheim, Norway
Jiang Lu
China Ship Scientific Research Center
Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
About the Section Editors xix
Wenjun Lu
Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal
Technology Research Centre
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Trondheim, Norway
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

Trondheim, Norway
Wengang Mao
Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences
Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg, Sweden
Wanan Sheng
SW MARE Marine Technology
Cork, Ireland
Changhui Song
Westlake University
Hangzhou, China
xx About the Section Editors
Liping Sun
College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering
Harbin Engineering University
Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Yinghui Tian
Department of Infrastructure Engineering
The University of Melbourne
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Chunsheng Wang
Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem
and Biogeochemistry
Second Institute of Oceanography
State Oceanic Administration
Hangzhou, China
Yanzhuo Xue
College of Shipbuilding Engineering
Harbin, China
About the Section Editors xxi
A-Man Zhang
College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering
Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Contributors
Chen An School of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of

Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
Hongwei An Department of Civil Environmental and Mining, School of
Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Xinglan Bai School of Naval Architecture and Maritime, Zhejiang Ocean
University, Zhoushan, The People’s Republic of China
Chunwei Bi State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering,
Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
Shuxia Bu China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi, China
Jing Cai College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin,
China
Yang Cao China Ship Scientific Research Center, Shanghai, China
Wei Chai Departments of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Structural Engi-
neering, School of Transportation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan,
China
Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Cheng Chen College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu
University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
Guo-Qing Chen College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin
Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Hao Chen Zhejiang University – Westlake University Joint Training, Zhe-
jiang University, Hangzhou, China
Ji-Kang Chen College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering
University, Harbin, China
Lu Chen Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and
Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
Miao Chen College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engi-
neering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
xxiii
xxiv Contributors
Quanzhen Chen Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second

Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
Shaohua Chen Yichang Research Institute of Testing Technology, Yichang,

China
Xi Chen China Ship Development and Design Centre, Wuhan, China
Xiaodong Chen State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial

Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
Xin Chen College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu

Xujun Chen College of Field Engineering, The Army Engineering Univer-

sity of PLA, Nanjing, China
Yunsai Chen Department of Technology, National Deep Sea Center of

China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
Jianhua Cheng College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University,

Harbin, China
Jinping Cheng Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong

Kong, China
Tianhu Cheng State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao

Tong University, Shanghai, China
L. F. Chernogor V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv,

Ukraine
Jilong Chu China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi, China
Wen-Hua Chu College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University,

Shanghai, Shanghai, China
Jie Cui College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu

Weicheng Cui School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhe-

jiang, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and Technology,
Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
Ye Cui College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin

Engineering University, Harbin, China
Guoliang Dai School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing,

China
Shuang Ling Dai Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of

Natural Resources, Guangzhou, China
Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, China
Contributors xxv
Chen Dandong China Ship Development and Design Center, Wuhan City,
China
Shaocheng Di College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering

Wenbin Dong Senior Engineer Technical Advisory of Offshore Structures,

DNV GL AS, Høvik, Oslo, Norway
Xinguang Du Intelligent Equipment Engineering Technology Center, China

Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Shanghai, China
Zunfeng Du Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,

School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
QingFeng Duan School of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University

of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
Menglan Duan College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University

of Petroleum-Beijing (CUP), Beijing, China
Wen-Yang Duan College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering

Mike Efthymiou Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, The University of

Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Junkai Feng College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of

Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
Linyong Feng Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Technology Group, Beijing, China
Xiaowei Feng Fugro Australia Marine Pty Ltd, Perth, WA, Australia
Yan Feng College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering Univer-

sity, Harbin, China
Zhengping Feng School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineer-

ing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Dengfeng Fu State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and

Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Guangming Fu Department of Offshore Oil and Gas Engineering, China

University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, China
Shixiao Fu School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,

Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Shaowei Gan Overseas Technology Center, China Classification Society,

Singapore, Singapore
Cong Gao College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu

xxvi Contributors
Fu-ping Gao Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,

China
Huan Gao Shanghai Electric Cable Research Institute, Shanghai, China
Lei Gao Shanghai Rainbowfish Deepsea Equipment & Technology Co. Ltd,
Shanghai, China
Liang-Tian Gao College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin
Xifeng Gao State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and
Zhen Gao Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,
Norway
Lin Gong Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao,
China
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao,
China
Terry Griffiths Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Austra-
lia, Perth, WA, Australia
Min Gu China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi, China
Fukun Gui National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture,
Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhejiang, China
Chunyu Guo Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
Fengwei Guo DNVGL, Oslo, Norway
Hong Guo China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Beijing, China
Qiang Guo College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin
Engineering University, Harbin, China
Ruiyan Guo College of Safe and Off-shore Engineering, China University of
Petroleum – Beijing, Beijing, China
Ying Guo State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Port and Ocean Engineering, Tianjin University,
Tianjin, China
Feng-Lei Han College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin
Duochang He Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric CO., LTD, Zhuzhou, Hunan,
China
Yankang He Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan
University of Technology, Wuhan, China
Contributors xxvii
Li Hongtao Offshore Engineering Technology Center of China Classifica-

tion Society, Tianjin, China
Wu Hongyun Seabed Mining Department of Changsha Institute of Mining
Research, Changsha, China
Muhammad Shazzad Hossain Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems
(COFS), Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia,
Crawley, WA, Australia
Cun Hu Research Center of Offshore Geotechnical Engineering, Research
Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
Haitao Hu Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of
Technology, Dalian, China
Qing Hu School of Marine Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen Uni-
versity, Zhuhai, China
Yong Hu Shanghai Jiaotong University, ShangHai, China
School of Transportation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
Zhen Hu China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi, China
Ting Huang Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Wei Huang Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Insti-
tute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
Yan Huang State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and
Da Hui School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian Uni-
versity of Technology, Dalian, China
Kim Hyunwook School of naval architecture and ocean engineering, Dalian
university of technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
Kazuhiro Iijima Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,
Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
Shunying Ji State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial
Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
Hui Jia College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engineering
University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Zhike Jia Engineering Technology, CNOOC Energy Technology & Services
Limited, Tianjin, China
Xun Xiong Jiang Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metal-
lurgy Technology Group, Beijing, China
Zhe Jiang Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and
xxviii Contributors
Zhiyu Jiang Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder,

Grimstad, Norway
Guo-Yong Jin College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineer-

ing University, Harbin, China
Haiyan Jin Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Insti-

Lei Ju College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,

Harbin, China
Zhuang Kang College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin

Youngho Kim Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems (COFS), Oceans

Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA,
Australia
Xiao Lang Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers

University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Chengfeng Li State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation

and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Dewang Li Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Insti-

Feng Li College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engineer-

ing University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Hai-Chao Li College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engi-

neering University, Harbin, China
Hongtao Li Offshore Engineering Technology Center of China Classifica-

tion Society, Tianjin, China
Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technology (SAMCoT), Centre for
Research-based Innovation (CRI), Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Hui Li College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Jimei University,

Xiamen, China
College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin,
China
Jinhui Li Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Insti-

tute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P. R. China
Junrong Li China Classification Society Wuhan Research and Institute,

Wuhan, Hubei province, China
Liang Li Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Univer-

sity of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
Contributors xxix
Lin Li Department of Mechanical and Structural Engineering and Materials

Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
Mian Li UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
Mingfang Li Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Peiyong Li School of transportation, Wuhan University of Technology,
Wuhan, China
Qiuhua Li Changsha Mining and Metallurgy Research Institute Co., Ltd.,
Changsha, People’s Republic of China
Rui Li School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian Univer-
sity of Technology, Dalian, China
Ruipeng Li School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
Shuai Li State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai, China
Song-Jie Li College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engi-
Xiangyang Li China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association
(COMRA), Beijing, China
Xiaodong Li Yichang Research Institute of Testing Technology, Yichang,
China
Xinzheng Li Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qing-
dao, China
Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao,
China
Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Labo-
ratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Xueyou Li School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou,
P. R. China
Yan Li State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and
Tianjin, China
Zhijun Li State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian, China
Lian Lian School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shang-
hai, China
State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
xxx Contributors
Xu Liang Institute of Marine Structures and Ship Architecture, Zhejiang

University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
Kang-Ping Liao College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering
Qiang Lin China Ship Science Research Center (CSSRC), Shanghai, China
Zhiliang Lin School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,
Sun Liqiang Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Guijie Liu College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao,
China
Hongbin Liu Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong
Kong, China
Junfeng Liu Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Kun Liu Department of Technology, National Deep Sea Center of China,
Qingdao, Shandong, China
Liqin Liu State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and
Ning Liu School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian
Pengfei Liu School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon
Tyne, UK
Renwei Liu College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering Uni-
versity, Harbin, China
Run Liu State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and
Shewen Liu Nava Architecture and Ocean Engineering College, Dalian
Maritime University, Dalian, China
Tao Liu China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi, China
Wenlong Liu Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of
Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Xiaodong Liu Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,
China
Yujun Liu School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian
Zhenhui Liu Front End Engineering, Aker Solutions ASA, Trondheim,
Norway
Xue Long Nava Architecture and Ocean Engineering College, Dalian Mar-
itime University, Dalian, China
Contributors xxxi
Jiang Lu China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi, China

Wenjun Lu Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technology Research
Centre, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,
Norway
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Trondheim, Norway
Yang Lu College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engineer-
ing University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Xiaofeng Luo China Classification Society, Wuhan Rules & Research Insti-
tute, Wuhan, China
Yong Luo Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Haining Lyu School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,
Gang Ma Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
Lu Ma College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering
Qian Ma American Bureau of Shipping, Houston, TX, USA
Shan Ma College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering Univer-
sity, Harbin, China
Xiafei Ma Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Underwater Engineering Insititute Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
Xuewen Ma College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering Uni-
Wengang Mao Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Dong-Qing Miao College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,
Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
Baoyu Ni College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering Univer-
sity, Harbin, China
Wen-Chi Ni College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engi-
Mac Darlington Uche Onuoha College of Safety and Ocean Engineering,
China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Fu-Zhen Pang College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin
Wei Ping Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Underwater Engineering Insititute Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
Dongsheng Qiao State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering,
Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
xxxii Contributors
Gang Qiao College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineer-

Aohan Qin China Classification Society Wuhan Rules & Research Institute,
Wuhan, China
Jun Qin Marine Design & Research Institute of China (MARIC), Shanghai,
China
Ting Qu National Engineering Research Centre for Marine Aquaculture,
Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan,
China
Zhen Ren Tianjin Jinhang Institute of Technical Physics, Tianjin, China
Igor Rychlik Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of
Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Junji Sawamura Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Osaka Uni-
versity, Osaka, Japan
Yugao Shen Department of Marine Technology, Centre for Autonomous
Marine Operations and Systems (AMOS), Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Wanan Sheng SW MARE Marine Technology and Consultation, Cork,
Ireland
Wei Shi Deepwater Engineering Research Center, Dalian University of Tech-
nology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
State Key Laboratory of Coast and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of
Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
Changhui Song School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou,
China
Ming Song Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,
Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
Xiancang Song College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing-
dao, China
Biao Su SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
Dong Sun Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute
of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
Fengsheng Sun School of Navigation and Naval Architecture, Dalian Ocean
University, Dalian, China
Kai Sun State Key Laboratory of Structure Analysis of Industrial Equipment,
Liping Sun College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engi-
Contributors xxxiii
Pengfei Sun Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and

Zhe Sun School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian Uni-
Yougang Tang Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Zongyong Tang Yichang Testing Technique Research Institute, Yichang, China
Yinghui Tian Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of
Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
F. Tong School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The Uni-
versity of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Anliang Wang Marine Disaster Forecasting and Warning Division, National
Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing, China
Biao Wang Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and
Chao Wang Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
Chong Wang School of Transportation, Wuhan University of Technology,
Wuhan, China
Chunhui Wang Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
Dong Wang Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Enhao Wang State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation
Hongwei Wang Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
Ji Wang School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Dalian Uni-
Jinlong Wang College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University
of Petroleum, Beijing, China
Junrong Wang College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing-
dao, China
Liyuan Wang State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation
Tianjin, China
Pengbin Wang Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural
Resources, Hangzhou, China
Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, China
Qingkai Wang State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering,
Shoujun Wang CIMC Raffles Offshore Ltd, Yantai, China
xxxiv Contributors
Shuai Wang China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi, China
Shuqing Wang College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qing-

dao, China
Tianhua Wang China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi, China
Xian-Zhong Wang Departments of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Struc-

tural Engineering, School of Transportation, Wuhan University of Technol-
ogy, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
Yanhui Wang School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tian-

jin, China
Yongfeng Wang School of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University

of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
Yi Wang College of Safe and Off-shore Engineering, China University of

Petroleum – Beijing, Beijing, China
Yingying Wang China Ship Scientific Research Center, Wuxi, China

School of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum
(Beijing), Beijing, China
Yongkui Wang College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering

Zhen Wang DNV AS, Høvik, Norway
Zongling Wang Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and

Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources
(MNR), Qingdao, China
Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National
Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
Cheng Long Wei Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of

Natural Resources, Guangzhou, China
Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou, China
Zhaoyu Wei School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,

Shanghai, China
Shanghai, China
Baoshan Wu China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi, China
Fang-Guang Wu College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin

Gang Wu Marine Design and Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
Baoshan Wu: deceased.

Contributors xxxv
Hongyun Wu Seabed Mining Department of, Changsha Institute of Mining

Research, Changsha, China
Qigang Wu College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering Uni-

Wenxiang Wu National Center of Water Transport Safety, Wuhan University

of Technology, Wuhan, China
Gongkui Xiao Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of

Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Hong Xiao Engineering Department, Hunan Kenon Explosive Engineering

Co., Ltd., Changsha, People’s Republic of China
Jie Xiao Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Tech-

nology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources
Yin Xiao Changsha Mining and Metallurgy Research Institute Co., Ltd.,
Jianhang Xin Piping Division, Hualu Engineering and Technology Co., Ltd,
Xi’an, China
En-Hui Xu Departments of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Structural Engi-

neering, School of Transportation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan,
People’s Republic of China
Ning Xu Marine Dynamic Division, National Marine Environmental Moni-

toring Center, Dalian, China
Pengfei Xu Institute of Marine Vehicle and Underwater Technology, Hohai

University, Nanjing, China
Shengwen Xu State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval

Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai, China
Wanhai Xu State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and

Wei Xu College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu

Wei-Jun Xu College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engi-

Yuwang Xu School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,

Shanghai, China
xxxvi Contributors
Yanzhuo Xue College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering

Hongsheng Yan School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin,

China
Jun Yan State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equip-
ment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technol-
ogy, Dalian, China
Yue Yan State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and

Jianmin Yang School of Marine Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen

University, Guangzhou, China
College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,
Harbin, China
Shaoqiong Yang School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University,

Tianjin, China
Xiaoyan Yang School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,

Zhixun Yang College of Mechanical and Electrical, Harbin Engineering

Jing-Zheng Yao College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin

Guanqiong Ye Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
Jiangzhou Ye Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Tian-Gui Ye College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering

Xi Ye Marine Design & Research Institute of China (MARIC), Shanghai,

China
Jingwei Yin College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineer-

Xipeng Ying Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of

Technology, Dalian, China
Liwei Yu College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao,

China
Long Yu Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
Yang Yu China Institute of Marine Technology & Economy, Beijing, China

College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum,
Beijing, China
Contributors xxxvii
Li-Hao Yuan College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engi-

Ying-Fei Zan College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin Engi-
Jiangning Zeng Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second
Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
Ke Zeng China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi, China
Lingdong Zeng College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering
Xiaguang Zeng College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University
of Petroleum, Beijing, China
A-Man Zhang College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin
Chi Zhang Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan Uni-
versity of Technology, Wuhan, China
Chunfang Zhang Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
Dongdong Zhang Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
Di Zhang Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan Uni-
versity of Technology, Wuhan, China
Gui-Yong Zhang School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,
Hailong Zhang National Engineering Research Centre for Marine Aquacul-
ture, Institute of Innovation & Application, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhou-
shan, China
Heyue Zhang Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
Jinfei Zhang Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hadal Science and
Mingyang Zhang Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center,
Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
Pei Zhang State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and
Tianjin, China
Qin Zhang Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Qing Zhang College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin,
China
xxxviii Contributors
Shiyuan Zhang State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao

Tong University, Shanghai, China
Xinhu Zhang School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern
Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
Xuelei Zhang Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and
Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources
Yu Zhang College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of
Petroleum-Beijing (CUP), Beijing, China
Zhongwu Zhang College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering,
Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
Baihui Zhao Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Bin-Bin Zhao College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering
Dong Sheng Zhao School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,
Liang Zhao Formerly, Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems and ARC
Centre of Excellence for Geotechnical Science and Engineering, University of
Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Min Zhao State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, Shanghai, China
Qiaosheng Zhao Department of Hydrodynamic Research, China Ship Sci-
ence Research Center, Wuxi, China
Xueliang Zhao School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing,
China
Yong Zhao Naval and Ocean engineering college, Dalian Maritime Univer-
sity, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
Yu-Xin Zhao College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Har-
bin, Heilongjiang, China
Yunpeng Zhao State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering,
Hao Zheng Changsha Mining and Metallurgy Research Institute Co., Ltd.,
Jingbin Zheng Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environ-
ment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and
Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
Miaozhuang Zheng China Institute for Marine Affairs, Ministry of Natural
Resources, Beijing, China
Contributors xxxix
Qiumeng Zheng College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering

Zhenming Zheng Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second
Guoqiang Zhou China Classification Society Wuhan Research and Institute,
Wuhan, Hubei province, China
Ke Zhou Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Li Zhou Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
Mi Zhou College of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
Qingji Zhou School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Haiming Zhu Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,
School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Jianbo Zhu Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric CO., LTD, Zhuzhou, Hunan,
China
Xiaomeng Zhu College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering
Feng-Xuan Zhuo College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin
Li Zou School of Naval Architecture, Dalian University of Technology,
Dalian, People’s Republic of China

Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Encyclopedia of Ocean Engineering

Weicheng Cui • Shixiao Fu • Zhiqiang Hu

With 1737 Figures and 126 Tables

ISBN 978-981-10-6945-1 ISBN 978-981-10-6946-8 (eBook)

in organizing and reviewing entries is much appreciated. Besides, please let us

Westlake University, Hangzhou, China Weicheng Cui, Ph.D. (Editor)

Alternative Fuel for Ship Propulsion Concept Design

Economic Assessment Hydroelasticity Theory

Mooring Lines Proﬁling Float

Sloping Structure–Level Ice Interactions Tidal and Ocean Current Turbines

Associate Editor, Journal of Ship Mechanics,

From February 1993 to May 1999, he worked

Associate Editor, Marine Structures, Journal of

Associate Editor, Ocean Engineering

The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

Chen An School of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of

Quanzhen Chen Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second

Shaohua Chen Yichang Research Institute of Testing Technology, Yichang,

Xi Chen China Ship Development and Design Centre, Wuhan, China

Xiaodong Chen State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial

Xin Chen College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu

Xujun Chen College of Field Engineering, The Army Engineering Univer-

Yunsai Chen Department of Technology, National Deep Sea Center of

Jianhua Cheng College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University,

Jinping Cheng Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong

Tianhu Cheng State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao

L. F. Chernogor V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv,

Wen-Hua Chu College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University,

Jie Cui College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu

Weicheng Cui School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhe-

Ye Cui College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin

Guoliang Dai School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing,

Shuang Ling Dai Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Ministry of

Shaocheng Di College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering

Wenbin Dong Senior Engineer Technical Advisory of Offshore Structures,

Xinguang Du Intelligent Equipment Engineering Technology Center, China

Zunfeng Du Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,

QingFeng Duan School of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University

Menglan Duan College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University

Wen-Yang Duan College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering

Mike Efthymiou Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, The University of

Junkai Feng College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of

Linyong Feng Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Yan Feng College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering Univer-

Zhengping Feng School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineer-

Dengfeng Fu State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and

Guangming Fu Department of Offshore Oil and Gas Engineering, China

Shixiao Fu School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering,

Shaowei Gan Overseas Technology Center, China Classiﬁcation Society,

Cong Gao College of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu

Fu-ping Gao Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,

Li Hongtao Offshore Engineering Technology Center of China Classiﬁca-

Zhiyu Jiang Department of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder,

Guo-Yong Jin College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineer-

Haiyan Jin Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Insti-

Lei Ju College of Shipbuilding Engineering, Harbin Engineering University,

Zhuang Kang College of Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering, Harbin

Youngho Kim Centre for Offshore Foundation Systems (COFS), Oceans

Xiao Lang Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers

Chengfeng Li State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation