ASHRAE Standard - 241P (Draft) (2023)

ASHRAE Standard 241P
Advisory Public Review Draft
Control of Infectious Aerosols

Advisory Public Review (May 2023)
(Draft Shows Complete Proposed New Standard)
This draft has been recommended for advisory public review by the responsible project committee. To submit a
comment on this proposed standard, go to the ASHRAE website at https://www.ashrae.org/technical-
resources/standards-and-guidelines/public-review-drafts and access the online comment database. The draft is subject
to modification until it is approved for publication by the Board of Directors and ANSI. The current edition of any standard
may be purchased from the ASHRAE Online Store at www.ashrae.org/bookstore or by calling 404-636-8400 or 1-800-
727-4723 (for orders in the U.S. or Canada).
The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this public review document does not constitute
endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, or design, and ASHRAE
expressly disclaims such.
© 2023 ASHRAE. This draft is covered under ASHRAE copyright. Permission to reproduce or redistribute all
or any part of this document must be obtained from the ASHRAE Manager of Standards, 180 Technology
Parkway NW, Peachtree Corners, GA 30092. Phone: 404-636-8400, Ext. 1138. Fax: 404-321-5478. E-mail:
standards.section@ashrae.org.
ASHRAE, 180 Technology Parkway NW, Peachtree Corners, GA 30092

Proposed ASHRAE Standard 241P, Control of Infectious Aerosols, Advisory First Public Review
(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements necessary
for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI requirements for a standard
and may contain material that has not been subject to public review or a consensus process. Unresolved objectors
on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)
The purpose of this standard is to provide minimum requirements to control infectious aerosols to reduce
the risk of disease transmission by inhalation outside close range. Unless otherwise indicated this applies
to all building types. This standard is not being developed under ASHRAE’s ANSI approved rules as there
is a need to make it available for public use as soon as possible.
This public review draft is being processed as an advisory public review so all commenters will be deemed
resolved. The committee will review comments and make additional changes before considering the first
version for publication approval. The intent is to approve a document by the end of June 2023. There
will be no right to appeals for commenters in the first draft. The committee will go on continuous
maintenance to expand the requirements in the standard after its initial publication.
Proposed ASHRAE Standard 241P, Control of Infectious Aerosols
1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this standard is to establish minimum requirements for control of infectious aerosols to
reduce risk of disease transmission.
2. SCOPE
2.1 This standard defines requirements for ventilation, filtration, and air-cleaning system design,
installation, commissioning, operation and maintenance to reduce exposure to infectious aerosols.
2.2 This standard applies to occupiable space in new buildings, existing buildings, and additions to
existing buildings.
2.3 This standard addresses only indoor long-range transmission resulting from inhalation of infectious
aerosol emitted by an infector who is not in close proximity to a susceptible occupant.
3. DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS
3.1 General. Certain terms, abbreviations, and acronyms are defined in this section of the standard.
When the tense or number of the term differs from the defined terms, the defined term still applies.
These definitions are applicable to all sections of the standard except where specified.
3.1.1 Coordination. Terms are not defined in this standard that are defined in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard
62.1, ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2 or ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170, shall have the meanings
assigned to them in those standards. Where terms are not defined in those documents or this standard,
they shall have their ordinary accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Ordinarily
accepted meaning shall be based on standard American English language usage as documented in an
unabridged dictionary accepted by the adopting authority.
3.2 Definitions
authority having jurisdiction (AHJ): the agency or agent responsible for determining compliance with
this standard.
© 2023 Advisory Public Review Proposed ASHRAE Standard 241P, Control of Infectious Aerosols
2
building readiness plan (BRP): a document that shall be created that documents the engineering and
non-engineering controls that the facility systems will use for the facility to achieve its goals.
equivalent outdoor air for infection control (EOAi): The equivalent flow rate of pathogen-free air per
person that, if distributed uniformly within the breathing zone, would have the same effect on infectious
aerosol as a given removal or inactivation mode.
flashlight test: A filter test to check how well the filters and spacers are installed in a central station air
handling unit. The intent is that if light is visible through cracks or openings, that the air would go
through this opening before going through the filter, thereby reducing filter efficiency.
infection risk management mode (IRMM): The mode at which HVAC systems and procedures should be
operating, per the building readiness plan, to achieve the level of infectious aerosol control delivered by
this standard.
long-range transmission: disease transmission that is due to aerosols emitted by an infector who is not
in close proximity to a susceptible occupant.
4 COMPLIANCE
4.1 PREREQUISITES
4.1.1. No requirement in this standard shall be used to circumvent any health, safety or comfort
regulations required by the authority having jurisdiction.
4.1.2 The building shall meet the requirements of the applicable version ANSI ASHRAE Standard 62.1,
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2 or ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170, as determined by its occupancy and
date of construction, major renovation or as determined by the authority having jurisdiction. The AHJ
may also approve the use of an equivalent standard as an alternative.
4.2 REQUIREMENTS
4.2.1 All occupiable spaces, except as noted, shall comply with requirements of Sections 5,6,7,8, and 9.
4.2.2 All occupancies within the scope of 62.2-2022 shall also comply with Section 10.
4.2.3 To be credited towards compliance with this standard, an air filter must have an E1 rating of at
least 20% in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2017. Any filter with an ePM1 rating from ISO
Standard 16890 or certified by the manufacture to be a High-Efficiency Particle Air (HEPA) filter is
deemed to meet this requirement.
4.2.4 Application and installation of systems or equipment shall be carried out in accordance with
manufacturers requirements and instructions.
5. EQUIVALENT OUTDOOR AIR FOR INFECTION RISK MITIGATION.
5.1 General. The long-range infection mitigation prescriptive procedure, performance-based procedure,
3
or a combination thereof shall be used to meet the requirements of this section in Infection Risk
Management Mode (IRMM).
5.1.1 Infection Risk Mitigation Prescriptive Procedure. The prescriptive design procedure presented in
Section 5.2, in which minimum Equivalent Outdoor Air flow rate for infection control (EOAi) are
determined based on space type and occupancy level expected during the IRMM, shall be used for all
occupiable spaces
5.1.2 Infection Risk Mitigation Performance Procedure: Section Reserved For Future Use.
5.2 Infection Risk Mitigation Prescriptive Procedure. The equivalent outdoor air for infection control
rates shall be determined in accordance with Section 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.
5.2.1. Breathing Zone Airflow (VEOAi,bz). The equivalent outdoor air airflow required in the breathing
zone of the occupiable space(s) shall be not less than the greater of the value determined in
accordance with Equation 5-1 and the minimum breathing zone ventilation specified in ASHRAE
Standard 62.1, ASHRAE Standard 62.2, or ASHRAE Standard 170 or other standard adopted by the
authority having jurisdiction.
VEOAi,bz = EOAi × Pz_IRMM. (5-1)
where
EOAi = equivalent outdoor air airflow rate required per zone population required in Infection Risk
Management Mode (cfm/person, L/s/person) as determined from Table 5.-1.
Pz_IRMM = zone population, the maximum number of people permitted in each ventilation zone
during IRMM. This value shall be allowed to be less than the design value of occupancy designed
for normal mode if the IRMM specifies lower permitted occupancies.
4
Table 5-1 Minimum Equivalent Outdoor Air per person for Infection Control Rates in Breathing Zone
EOAi
Occupancy Category CFM/person L/s/person
Office 40 20
Educational Facilities 50 25
Food and Beverage Facilities 40 20
Residential 50 25
Retail 20 10
Gym 80 40
Public Assembly spaces 20 10
Place of religious worship 30 15
Healthcare exam room 60 30
Healthcare patient room 180 90

Healthcare resident room 80 40
Common treatment area 90 45
Healthcare waiting room 120 60
5.2.2 Unlisted Occupancy. Where the occupancy category for a proposed space or zone is not listed, the
requirements for the listed occupancy category that is most similar in terms of occupant density,
activities, and building construction shall be used.
5.3 Long-Range Infection Mitigation Performance Procedure. Reserved for Future Use.
6 AIR DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL VENTILATION
Residential occupancies covered by ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2022 are exempt from the
requirements of this section.
6.1 Airflow Distribution Patterns.
6.1.1 Arrangement of Air Inlets and Outlets. Air inlets and outlets shall be arranged in a manner that
reduces short-circuiting for the majority of the area served by the inlets and outlets.
6.1.2 Transfer Air. Reserved for future use.
6.1.3 Directionality of Airflow. Air moving devices and air inlets shall be designed such that no lateral
flow with a velocity greater than 50 fpm occurs within the breathing zone.
5
6.2 Mechanical Ventilation.
6.2.1 Zone Equivalent Outdoor Air. The total equivalent outdoor air supplied to a ventilation zone,
which shall comprise not more than one space, shall be determined in accordance with equation
6-1.
𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉𝑍𝑍 = 𝐸𝐸𝑍𝑍 ⋅ 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 ⋅ ∑ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆,𝑍𝑍 + 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 (6-1)
𝑗𝑗 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆,𝑗𝑗
where
𝑉𝑉𝑍𝑍 = zone equivalent outdoor air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝐸𝐸𝑍𝑍 = Zone air distribution effectiveness determined per ASHRAE Standard 62.1,
otherwise use one.
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 = HVAC system equivalent outdoor air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑙𝑙/𝑠𝑠)
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆,𝑗𝑗 = supply air flow rate to the ventilation zone j, cfm (l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = equivalent outdoor air flow rate produced in the room, cfm (l/s)
6.2.2. Single Zone Ventilation Systems.

6.2.2.1 The HVAC system equivalent outdoor air flow rate shall be calculated in accordance with
equation 6-2.
(𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉−𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜)
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 + 𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 + ∑𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 (6-2)
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
where
𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = Outdoor air intake flow rate as calculated by applicable ventilation standards, cfm
(l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 = HVAC system air cleaning system equivalent outdoor air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
6.2.3 Multiple-Zone Ventilation Systems.

6.2.3.1 Spaces served by multiple-zone ventilation systems shall recirculate from one zone to another
only air that has been treated by an air cleaning system with at least 50% efficiency for
infectious aerosol removal or inactivation.
equation 6-3:
(𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 −𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 )
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 + 𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 + ∑ 𝑗𝑗 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑗𝑗 (6-3)
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
6
where
𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = outdoor air intake flow rate as calculated by applicable ventilation standards, cfm
(l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 = HVAC system air cleaning system equivalent outdoor air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = supply air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑗𝑗 = cleaned return air air flow rate from ventilation zone j, cfm (l/s)
6.2.4 Non-recirculating Ventilation Systems.

equation 6-4
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 = 𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 (6-4)
where:
𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = outdoor air intake flow rate as calculated by applicable ventilation standards, cfm
(l/s)
6.2.4.2 The zone air delivery rate shall be calculated by Equation 6-1.
6.2.5 Unventilated Spaces.
6.2.5.1 Ventilation shall be provided for all regularly occupied spaces with an occupiable floor length
and width greater than 4 ft (1.2 m) and a height greater than 6.7 ft (2.0 m).
6.2.5.2 Spaces adjacent to unventilated spaces shall not create flow regimes that contribute to
stagnation of the unventilated space.
6.3 Natural Ventilation. Natural Ventilation systems shall be designed in accordance with the methods
described in ASHRAE/ANSI Standard 62.1-2022 or an engineering analysis approved by the authority
having jurisdiction.
6.3.1 Room Division. Where the naturally ventilated area does not include the entire room area, the
room shall be divided into two ventilation zones: the natural ventilation zone and the
mechanical ventilation zone.
6.3.1.1 Natural Ventilation Zone. The zone equivalent outdoor air flow rate (VZ ) in the natural
ventilation zone shall be equal to the calculated buoyancy-driven air flow rate.
6.3.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation Zone. The equivalent outdoor air flow rate in the mechanical ventilation
zone shall be determined in accordance with section 6.2.
7
6.3.2 Fans. Reserved for future use.

6.3.3 Openings. Natural ventilation openings shall:
a. be separated by a minimum of 3 ft (1 m) from openings serving different rooms and
b. not be located within sheltered, recessed, or enclosed areas.
6.3.4 Wind Breaks. Natural ventilation systems shall include features to reduce lateral velocity of
wind driven ventilation within the breathing zone.
6.4 Air Cleaners
6.4.1 Direct Removal. Air cleaning devices that act through the direct removal of infectious aerosols
shall not be placed such that their inlets are within the jet of a ventilation system supply air
outlet with a velocity greater than 50 fpm (0.8 m/s).
6.4.2 Flow Regime. Air cleaning devices shall only be used where the flow regime of the air cleaning
device does not inhibit the development of the intended flow regime of the ventilation system
as described by sections 6.4.2.1 and 6.4.2.2.
6.4.2.1 In-Room Air Cleaning Device Categorization. In-room air cleaning devices that are not part of
the HVAC system shall be categorized in accordance with Table 6-1. All categories for which
the device meets the requirement shall apply.
Table 6-1 Air Cleaning Device Categories

Air discharges Air discharges Air discharges No air discharge
within +/-45 within +/-45 within +/-45
degrees of a plane degrees of a plane degrees of a plane
parallel with the perpendicular to perpendicular to
floor the floor in an the floor in a
upward direction downward
direction
Air inlet is at or
FH FU FD FX
below 6 ft (1.8 m)
Air inlet is within
18 inches (0.5 m) WH WU WD WX
of a wall
Air inlet is above 6
CH CU CD CX
ft (1.8)
Note: F=floor, W=Wall, C=Ceiling, H=Horizontal, U=Up, D=Down, X=None
8
6.4.2.2 Restrictions for Spaces with Stratified Air Distribution. Where stratified air distribution
systems are used, the following in-room air cleaner types shall not be used: CD, FD, FH, WD.
6.4.5 Return Path Placement. Room air cleaners that discharge into a return air path shall not count
toward to the room equivalent outdoor air flow rate.
6.4.5.1 Non-infectious equivalent outdoor air introduced directly to a return air path shall be permitted
to be applied to the HVAC system non-infectious equivalent outdoor air flow rate in accordance with
Section 7.4.3.
6.4.6 Directionality of Airflow. Air cleaning devices shall be placed such that no lateral jet greater
than 50 fpm occurs within the breathing zone.
7. Air Cleaning
7.1 Air cleaning systems shall have effectiveness and safety determined in accordance with Normative
Appendix A.
7.2 Equivalent Outdoor Air Flow Rate. The equivalent outdoor air flow rate shall be determined in
accordance with Section 5.
7.3 In Room Air Cleaning Systems.
7.3.1 Single In Room Air Cleaning System. Where a single air cleaning system is applied in a room the
equivalent outdoor air flow rate shall be determined in accordance with Equation 7-1.
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (7-1)
where
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = room equivalent outdoor air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = air cleaning system equivalent outdoor air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
7.3.2 Multiple In-Room Air Cleaning Systems. Where multiple air cleaning systems serve the same room
the total equivalent outdoor air flow rate shall be determined in accordance with Equation 7-2.
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = ∑ 𝑗𝑗 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑗𝑗 (7-2)

where
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = room equivalent outdoor air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑗𝑗 = air cleaning system equivalent outdoor air flow rate of the jth air cleaning system, cfm (l/s)
9
7.4 In-Duct Air Cleaning Systems.
7.4.1 Single In-Duct Air Cleaning System. Where a single air cleaning system is applied in an HVAC
system the equivalent outdoor air flow rate shall be calculated in accordance with Equation 7-3.
𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 = 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∙ 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (7-3)

where
𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 = HVAC system equivalent outdoor air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑅𝑅 = pathogen removal/inactivation efficiency, [ ]
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = recirculated air flow rate determined in accordance with Equation 7-4, cfm (l/s)
(𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 −𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 )
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
(𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − ∑ 𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑖𝑖 ) (7-4)
where
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = supply air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = outdoor air intake flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = return air flow rate treated by the air cleaning system, cfm (l/s)
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶,𝑖𝑖 = cleaned return air flow rate of the ith room, cfm (l/s)
7.4.2 Multiple In-Duct Air Cleaning Systems. Where multiple air cleaning systems are installed in the
same air flow path the efficiency shall be determined in accordance with the appropriate version of
Equation 7-5 for systems operating in series and Equation 7-6 for systems operating in parallel.
Single System 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,1 (7-5-1)
Two Systems 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 − (1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,1 )�1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,2 � (7-5-2)
Three System 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 − (1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,1 )�1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,2 �(1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,3 ) (7-5-3)
>3 systems 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 − ∏𝑖𝑖𝑗𝑗=1�1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑗𝑗 � (7-5-4 )

where
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = single pass pathogen removal/inactivation efficiency, [ ]
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑗𝑗 = pathogen removal efficiency of the jth air cleaning system and f indicating the final air cleaning
system in the direction of airflow, [ ]
∑𝑖𝑖�𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑖𝑖 ∙𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖 �
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ∑𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖
(7-6)
where
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = single pass pathogen removal/inactivation efficiency, %
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑖𝑖 = single pass pathogen removal efficiency of the ith air cleaning system, %
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑖𝑖 = air-cleaning system air flow rate of the ith air cleaning system, cfm (l/s)
7.4.2.1 The HVAC system equivalent outdoor air flow rate (𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 ) shall be determined in accordance with
section 7.41.
10
7.4.3 Return Air Duct Air Cleaning Systems. Air cleaning systems that treat the return air path shall
contribute equivalent outdoor air to the HVAC system in accordance with equation 7-8.
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∙ 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (7-8)

where
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = cleaned return air flow rate, cfm (l/s)
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = Single pass pathogen removal/inactivation efficiency, [ ]
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = return air flow rate that is treated by the air cleaning system, cfm (l/s)
7.5 Air Cleaning Systems that Distribute Antimicrobial Agents in Room Air. Reserved for future use.
8. ASSESSMENT, PLANNING, AND IMPLEMENTATION.
8.1 Commissioning Requirements to Control Infectious Disease This Section addresses the following:
1. Building Readiness Plan

2. Data gathering
3. Site Observations
4. Evaluation of engineering controls (feasibility of additional control measures)
5. Other controls besides Engineering Controls, including Administrative Controls
6. Overall System Performance – Performance Metric for Individual Controls
8.1.1. Building Readiness Plan (BRP). The BRP is a document that shall be created after the Assessment,
Planning and Implementation phases that describes the engineering and non-engineering controls that
the facility systems will use to achieve its equivalent outdoor air flow for infection control targets. Risk
Assessment goals.
1. The engineering controls shall include the O&M procedures (including operating schedules),
ventilation system operating schedules and airflow values, air cleaning technologies used with
locations included, filtration MERV levels and rack sizing, final design drawings, maintenance
schedules based on manufacturer’s instructions, the maintenance requirements and frequencies
provided in [Operations and Maintenance Section 9.2.2, and any changes made to the system for
Infection Risk Mitigation Mode as opposed to Normal Mode of operation. The Building Readiness
Plan shall also include a zone level ventilation matrix which specifies the EOAi target for each risk
mitigation mode. If Equivalent Outdoor Air for Infection Control (EOAi) is to be provided by
standalone systems (e.g., in-room air filters) that are not part of the building HVAC system, then
the Building Readiness Plan must also include operating and maintenance schedules for all such
systems.
2. Non-engineering controls shall include the requirements, if any, for changes in building occupancy
levels allowed, PPE requirements, social distancing, and cleaning requirements. Updates to this
BRP shall be made if there are changes to the engineering and non-engineering controls be used
by the facility and its systems.
8.1.2. Data Gathering

A. The following documents, if available, shall be obtained and reviewed:
1. Record documents for the mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems. These are also known as
as-built documents.
11
2. Most recent design documents for the current configuration and the original design documents
used for construction.
3. Commissioning documents that include the Functional performance tests, commissioning report,
and systems manual.
4. Building Automation System (BAS) sequences of operation and control diagrams.
5. Test, Adjust, and Balancing reports.
B. The following information shall be discussed with the Owner and Operator in a meeting:
1. Operating issues with the systems as identified by the Facility Staff or Service Contractors.
2. Ongoing renovation projects.
3. Planned renovation projects.
4. BAS Trending that is available or that can be made available.
8.1.3 Site Observations.

1. Walk the facility and observe how the systems are operating.
2. Evaluation of the airside and waterside systems shall be completed.
8.1.4 Evaluation of engineering controls. This occurs during the Planning stage of the Assessment,
Planning and Commissioning portion of the process for Existing Building and during the Design Phase for
New Construction.
8.1.5 Overall System Performance This occurs during the commissioning efforts of the Implementation
Phase for Existing Buildings and the construction and commissioning phases for New Construction.
8.2 Assessment, Planning, And Implementation
8.2.1 Existing Buildings. The requirements of this section apply to buildings and their systems that were
constructed or renovated before the adoption of this Standard. The processes in Section x through x
below shall be followed in order for an existing building or system to be deemed to comply with this
Standard. The existing building and its system shall be assessed for current operation and feasibility of
potential engineering controls that contribute to the required EOAi. In the planning phase, potential
engineering controls shall be evaluated, selected, and implemented. In the commissioning phase, the
systems shall be verified as operational. All information shall be documented in the Building Readiness
Plan.
8.2.2 Building Alterations or Change of Use. When buildings are altered or when changes in building
use, space occupant category, significant change in occupant density, or other changes inconsistent with
system design assumptions are made, the systems contributing to EOAi shall be reevaluated and the
Building Readiness Plan updated as necessary.
8.2.3 Existing Building Assessment. The existing building and its system shall be assessed through
document review and site observations to determine how the spaces are currently used and how the
facility, equipment, and systems are currently operating, and to identify potential engineering controls
that contribute to the required EOAi. Detailed requirements for each component of the Assessment are
listed in Normative Appendix B.
12
8.2.3.1 Occupied Space Inventory. Each occupied space shall be categorized as one of the non-
residential occupancy categories in Standard 62.1-2022 Table 6-1, a dwelling unit, or function of space
from Standard 170-2021 Tables 7-1. 8-1, 8-2, and 9-1, and as one of the space categories in the
Equivalent Outdoor Air for Infection Control Section 5, Table 5-1.
8.2.2.2 Equipment Inventory. The type and size of the HVAC systems that serve the occupied spaces
shall be inventoried.
8.2.3.3 Multifamily residential buildings, including dorms and hotels. Transfer air between corridors
and dwelling units, common areas and dwelling units, and utility areas/mechanical areas and dwelling
units shall be assessed.
8.2.3.4 Residential healthcare, including assisted living and senior homes. [Reserved]
8.2.3.5 Potential Separation Areas. Evaluate any spaces, in non-healthcare facilities, identified by the
Owner that could be repurposed to a designated space for infected or potentially infected occupants
during IRMM. Healthcare facilities Owner shall identify temporary isolation rooms during IRMM to be
evaluated.
8.2.3.6 Ventilation. Ventilation systems shall be assessed for compliance with the applicable version of
the relevant IAQ Standard per Section 4.1.2 and adjusted if not currently compliant. The assessment
shall result in measurement of current system outdoor air delivery rates, and determination of the
maximum potential outdoor air flow rates and conditions for their delivery.
8.2.3.6.1 Outdoor Airflow Measurement. Outdoor airflow quantities shall be measured, estimated, or
identified by any of the following methods:
a. TAB report within 1.5 years of assessment, along with site observation of airflow at
system.
b. Methods in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 111-2008 or equivalent as allowed by the AHJ to
determine airflow.
c. CO2 decay or concentration readings (mechanical or natural ventilation).
8.2.3.6.2 Minimum Outdoor Airflow Requirements. The minimum outdoor airflow required shall be
calculated using the applicable version of the relevant IAQ standard.
8.2.3.6.3 Measured outdoor airflow rates. Measured outdoor airflow rates for HVAC systems that do
not comply with the current IAQ Standard shall be identified on the issues log and be addressed in the
Planning and Implementation Phase.
8.2.3.6.4 Conditioning Capacity. The condition of any cooling or heating coils that treat outdoor air shall
be evaluated for its ability to deliver the capacity at the IRMM airflow rates.
8.2.3.6.5 Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs). Energy recovery ventilators, if present, shall be assessed
for proper airflow measurements and fan locations to determine if the ERV shall remain operational or
require maintenance and upgrades to operate in IRMM.
Informative Note: Refer to Informative Appendix H for Practical Guidance for Epidemic Operation of
Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems. Note to Reviewers: Informative Appendices are not included in
this draft and may be included in the final published version of the standard.
13
8.2.3.6.6 Ventilation System Controls (VSC). Control capabilities shall be verified for proper operation to
deliver the required quantity of outdoor air.
8.2.3.7 Filtration. The following filtration system characteristics shall be documented for each system:
a. Location of filters in the system (airpath), including prefilters

b. Size of existing filter rack
c. Quantity and size of filters
d. MERV rating of existing filters, refer to Normative Appendix A, for conversion to
pathogen removal efficiency.
e. Fan’s design allowable pressure drops for both clean and dirty filters.
f. Evaluation of filter installation quality, including use of spacers or tape, or the presence
of air gaps.
8.2.3.8 Exhaust.
8.2.3.8.1 Exhaust equipment shall be confirmed to be operating according to an appropriate schedule.

Pressure relationships between spaces that are intended to have a pressure differential shall be
qualitatively assessed.
8.2.3.8.2 The potential for exhaust air re-entrainment into outdoor air intakes shall be assessed.
Informative Note: See Informative Appendix I for the Exhaust Re-Entrainment Guide. Note to
Reviewers: Informative Appendices are not included in this draft and may be included in the final
published version of the standard.
8.2.3.9 Air cleaners: Refer to the Air Cleaners Section 7 in this document for how to review, analyze, and
document the EOAi provided by each of the strategies.
8.2.3.10 Controls. The controlling sensors on air delivery systems that will be adjusted to achieve target
EOAi shall be assessed for the need for calibration.
8.2.3.10.1 Control Strategies and Sequences of Operation. The assessment shall document the existing
control strategies and sequences of operations for HVAC systems that could be affected by additional
engineering controls.
8.2.3.10.2 Existing engineering controls. If any additional engineering controls are already in use, assess
their capacity and control according to the Air Distribution Section 6 and Air Cleaning Section 7 of this
document or an accepted method approved by the AHJ.
Informative Note: alternative approaches for evaluation of the HVAC system engineering controls for
the total impact of the ventilation, filtration, and filter-based air cleaners is for a Qualified Professional
to use the particle tracer decay method of determining Equivalent Outdoor Air for Infection Control
(EOAi) described in Appendix G. Note to Reviewers: Informative Appendices are not included in this
draft and may be included in the final published version of the standard.
14
8.2.4 Existing Building Planning and Implementation. Existing building systems shall meet minimum
operating requirements and be evaluated for their contribution to EOAi. The need for additional
engineering controls to meet the target EOAi shall be determined, and potential engineering controls
shall be evaluated, selected, and implemented according to the requirements of this section.
8.2.4.1 Minimum Operating Requirements. Use the information obtained during the assessment and
determine if any adjustments to the existing system are required.
1. HVAC systems for which measured outdoor air did not meet the calculated required
minimum rates under IAQ Standards shall be corrected in the Planning and
Implementation Phase to provide code minimum outdoor air in both Normal Mode and
IRMM.
2. Controls devices or HVA components that were deemed to be out of calibration or not
functioning per the intended sequence of operations shall be corrected in the Planning
and Implementation Phase.
8.2.4.2 Determine Target . Determine the required facility or system target VEOAi,bz per Equation 5.-1.,
evaluated using the Pz_IRMM accepted by the Owner.
8.2.4.3 Determine the current system VEOAi existing that is the combination of the following:
1. Outdoor air quantity introduced to the building as identified in the Assessment Phase, plus
2. Recirculation air that is subjected to existing, and functioning, air cleaners in the HVAC
systems or in room applications and calculated based on the Assessment Phase.
8.2.4.4 Evaluate Adequacy of Existing Systems. Evaluation shall be done at the system level. The
following equation shall be used to determine if additional engineering controls are necessary:
VEOAi target – VEOAi existing = VEOAi modifications (8-1)
If VEOAi modifications is a negative number, then the Assessment, Planning and Commissioning shall
be complete. There are no required modifications to the existing HVAC to achieve the Risk
Assessment target performance.
If VEOAi modifications is a Positive number, then the Planning phase needs to be completed to
determine the engineering controls combination to have the modified system meet or exceed
the Risk Assessment performance.
8.2.4.5 Determine the VEOAi modifications through the selected engineering controls impact per equations in
Section 6 and 7. The impact of the engineering controls shall account for the order in which they are
applied in the air stream.
VEOAi_modifications = change in outdoor air + change in impact of central HVAC

filtration and air cleaning devices + change in impact of in-room air cleaning
devices.
8.2.4.6 Select Engineering Controls.

Potential options to add EOAi modifications shall be determined based on:
15
1. Physical constraints
2. Predicted EOAi (See Informative Appendix E, Equivalent Outdoor Air
Calculator) Note to Reviewers: Informative Appendices are not
included in this draft and may be included in the final published
version of the standard.
8.2.4.7 The Owner shall be informed of the modifications required for the HVAC system to achieve the
VEOAi target.
8.2.4.8 Implement Engineering Controls. Existing systems shall be modified or supplemented with the
selected engineering controls that provide the occupied space with VEOAi target.
8.2.4.9 The Building Readiness Plan shall be updated to include the identified engineering controls, their
intended sequences of operation for IRMM, and any modifications to the existing system operations in
Normal Mode.
8.2.5 Existing Building Commissioning: All modifications to the existing system shall be verified to be
working to their intent through a commissioning process which includes functional performance testing.
8.2.5.1 Commissioning functional performance tests (FPTs) shall be performed for any sequence of
operations modified for IRMM. These FPTs shall include the information and checks outlined in ASHRAE
Standard 230 – Commissioning for Existing Buildings in addition to the following items:
a. Test all modes of operation.
i.Occupied and Unoccupied

ii.Normal Mode and IRMM
iii.Warmup and Cooldown
b, Test all adjustments to outdoor air control and delivery
c, Central filtration shall include a visual check of filter bank and spacer installation by
performing a flashlight test.
d. Confirmation of air cleaner efficiency per Section 7.
e. Provide an Issues Log to the owner and contractors to make any adjustments or changes to
the system so that the HVAC systems are operating as intended and providing the expected
infection risk reduction for the space.
8.2.5.2 Building Readiness Plan. All results from the previous sections shall be documented in the
Building Readiness Plan.
8.2.6. Residential Building Assessment, Planning and Implementation. Reserved.
8.3 New Construction. The requirements of this section apply to new buildings and systems, and
renovations to buildings and systems.
16
Planning and Implementation of engineering controls to achieve VEOA,i in new

construction and major renovations to existing buildings shall be incorporated into the
design, construction, and commissioning processes of the facility.
8.3.1 As defined by Standard 90.1 -2022, Section 11.1.4.1 “Substantial Alterations to Existing Buildings”
shall follow the New Construction requirements below. Renovations that do not meet those
requirements shall follow the Existing Building requirement of this standard.
8.3.2 Owner’s Project Requirements. Assist in the development of the Owner’s Project Requirements
(OPR). In addition to the items noted in Standard 202-2018, Section 6 – Owners Project Requirements,
the OPR shall include potential engineering and non-engineering controls for IRMM.
8.3.3 Design Review. The review shall determine if the expected engineering controls have been
evaluated by the design team and documented in the Basis of Design, drawings, and specifications.
Commissioning provider (CxP) shall perform a review of systems and assemblies in the design
documents to evaluate compliance with the OPR IRMM systems and information, and provide an issues
log for the designers of record to adjust the design documents to align with the OPR.
Informative Note: CxP should use the Informative Appendix E – Equivalent Outdoor Air Calculator for
evaluation of the HVAC systems ability to achieve the EOAi target. Note to Reviewers: Informative
Appendices are not included in this draft and may be included in the final published version of the
standard.
8.3.4 Submittals. CxP and designers of record shall review the infection control equipment and systems
submittals concurrently. CxP shall review the system sequences of operation submittals closely to verify
that the IRMM operation is clearly defined with setpoints, enable and disable actions, and expected
control devices.
8.3.5 Site Observations. Designers of record and CxPs shall perform site observations through the
construction phase and include on the project issues log any items that do not comply with the design
intent for systems to achieve the EOAi target.
8.3.6 Equipment Checklists. CxP shall include on the equipment checklist information about the control
devices and equipment required to achieve the EOAi target.
8.3.7 Functional Performance Tests
8.3.7.1 CxP shall create FPTs that are project specific and test the system’s ability to transition between
Normal Mode to IRMM.
8.3.7.2 FPTs shall include test procedures as outlined in the Air Cleaning and Air Distribution sections of
this document to verify that the HVAC system is achieving the target EOAi.
8.3.7.3 Designers of record shall review the FPTs to confirm the intent of the IRMM mode is being tested
to meet the design intent.
8.3.7.4 CxP shall identify issues that prevent the systems from operating as intended in IRMM and as the
mode is switched from Normal to IRMM. Designers of record shall work with the project team to
resolve the issues.
17
8.3.8 Training
8.3.8.1 Designers of record and CxP shall verify that the project specification for training includes
appropriate time to train the facility staff on the equipment and sequences of operation required for
IRMM.
8.3.8.2 CxP and contractors shall verify that the facility operators were provided with the specified levels
of training for the IRMM equipment and sequences of operation.
8.3.9 Systems Manual
8.3.9.1 CxP shall provide the owner a systems manual that includes the equipment, functions, and
sequences for the HVAC systems operation in IRMM.
Informative Note: Refer to ASHRAE Guideline 1.4-2019 “Preparing Systems Manuals for
Facilities” for additional information required for the development of a systems manual.
8.3.10 Building Readiness Plan. The Building Readiness Plan shall be created and be an appendix of the
Systems Manual, the Current Facility Requirements and Operations, and Maintenance Report.
8.3.11 Residential Building Assessment, Planning and Implementation. Reserved for future use.
9 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
9.1 OPERATIONS
9.1.1 Building Readiness Plan. The Building Readiness Plan, either written or electronic, shall be
maintained on site or in a centrally accessible location for the working life of the applicable ventilation
system equipment or components. This manual shall be updated as necessary.
9.1.2 Essential Facility Supplies for Operations. The operator shall review the maintenance manual to
understand required ongoing activities to make systems work, including spare parts. The building
operator shall maintain a physical stockpile of critical system components, filters, and supplies needed
for three months of operation in IRMM for essential facilities that cannot close down during IRMM. The
Building Readiness Plan shall include instructions for rotating this stock to ensure that the stockpile
remains within its recommended shelf life.
9.1.3 Modes. The operator and building owner shall determine which mode of operation shall be used
for the facility. Modes of operation shall be identified as one of the following:
a. Normal Mode
b. IRMM
c. Temporary Shutdown. [Future Informative Appendix K – Temporary Shutdown]
9.1.4 Operating Schedule. HVAC systems shall be operated whenever the space is occupied. Engineering
controls shall be operated whenever the space is occupied in IRMM to provide not less than the target
EOAi , for all load conditions or dynamic reset conditions. This includes occupancy by support staff and
vendors.
a. Occupancy sensors shall be used in accordance with ASHRAE 62.1-2022 Section

6.2.6.1.4. Ventilation shall be turned off to an allowable occupied standby zone if the
18
HVAC system is in Normal Mode. The ventilation systems shall turn on if occupancy is
detected during unoccupied hours.
b. During IRMM, intermittent ventilation (such as fans that supply primary air cycling
on/off with heating/cooling) shall not be permitted when the space is occupied.
c. Ventilation Dynamic Reset. Demand control ventilation shall operate as follows:
i. DCV Deactivated – The Design or Measured OA shall be fully counted towards
the EOAi.
ii. DCV Activated – only the Minimum Outdoor Airflow Setpoint, to achieve the
building component of the ventilation rate, plus airflow to maintain the building
pressure relationship to outdoor. shall be counted towards the EOAi.
Refer to Informative Appendix L for methodology to determine the appropriate CO2 setpoints for
Normal Mode. Note to Reviewers: Informative Appendices are not included in this draft and may be
included in the final published version of the standard.
9.1.5 Flush Between Occupied Periods. During IRMM, the time between occupied periods to flush
contaminants shall be determined by one of the following methods:
a. Calculate the time required to flush the space to achieve 95% contaminant removal .
b. If the calculation to determine the time required to flush the space is not completed,
then the time for flushing between occupied periods shall be 2 hours.
Informative Note: During unoccupied periods longer than 6 hours (for example,
overnight), natural inactivation, deposition, and infiltration alone may be sufficient to
achieve the recommended equivalent outdoor air changes without changes to HVAC
system operation. Changes to normal morning warm-up/cool-down schedules are not
required.
9.1.6 Occupant Count During IRMM. Operators shall confirm the actual occupant count does not
exceed Pz_IRMM.
a. If the occupant count changes, a qualified professional shall update the EOAi
calculations and determine engineering controls and non-engineering controls needed
to achieve the revised EOAi target.
b. If the actual occupant count aligns with the designated occupant count, the target EOAi
shall remain unchanged.
c. Completely unoccupied spaces are not required to maintain EOAi or occupied
conditions.
9.1.7 Operation at Minimum Airflow Setpoints. Systems with variable speed fan control, which allows
for variation in total airflow to the space, shall have its determination of EOAi be adjusted as follows:
a. If the airflow is set to constant during IRMM, then the resulting airflows shall be used to
calculate EOAi.
b. If the airflow is allowed to modulate, then the minimum airflow setpoint shall be used
to calculate EOAi.
9.1.8 Temperature and Humidity. Maintain temperature and relative humidity (RH) setpoints during all
occupied modes, as indicated in design documents.
19
9.1.9 Air Distribution. Operator shall confirm that air distribution type listed below complies with the
strategies listed in Section 6 Air Distribution.
a. Mixing ventilation.
b. Displacement ventilation.
c. Personal Ventilation
d. Barriers. May not be used unless actual in-space measurements show reduced
concentrations in occupied spaces.
e. The operation of the ventilation systems shall provide air movement that is generally
from clean to less-clean areas (e.g., air shall not be transferred from spaces where
occupants congregate to spaces intended for personal use), regardless of the modes of
operation. If any form of variable-air-volume or DCV system is used for energy
conservation, it shall not compromise pressure balancing and control.
9.1.10 Separation Area. If the building has a designated separation area for infected individuals, this
separation area shall remain separate by doors and kept under negative pressure, relative to all
adjoining rooms, whenever an infected individual is present.
9.1.12 Operator Training. Operators shall receive training on the following topics:
a. Current filter MERV ratings and acceptable filter sizes.

b. Ventilation requirements during normal mode and IRMM.
c. Simple test methods that can be used for verification of proper operation (CO2 readings,
pressure relationship test, etc.)
9.1.13 Occupant Communication. Information about the current and possible operating modes shall be
posted in a public location near the entrance to the building or space. The Building Readiness Plan,
which shall include mode, intended target EOAi by system, current operating schedules, and any
occupancy limits, shall be made available to all occupants of the building.
9.2 Maintenance
9.2.1 Maintenance. Systems shall be maintained in accordance with the requirements of this section.
Maintenance shall be performed in both normal mode and while the systems are operating in IRMM..
9.2.2 Tasks and Frequency. Maintenance tasks and frequencies for all occupancies and system types
shall follow ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180-2018 “Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of
Commercial Building HVAC Systems” as well as any system-specific requirements listed below. For
systems and equipment that have not been maintained previously within the interval indicated in Table
9-1 and Table 9-2, shall have preventative limits in Normative Appendix A 1.7 Safety upon transitioning
to IRMM.
9.2.2.1 Ventilation Equipment. Maintenance tasks and frequencies for all ventilation equipment shall
follow ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2022 Table 8-1 with the modifications listed in Table 9-1 below.
Exceptions for small systems are not applicable to this standard.
20
9.2.2.2 Air Cleaning Equipment.
i. In Use. Maintenance tasks and frequencies for all air cleaning equipment shall
follow the manufacturer’s instructions and any tasks listed in Table 9-2 while in
use.
ii. Testing While Not In Use. All IRMM engineering controls that are disabled in
normal mode shall be tested semi-annually.
9.2.2.3 Control Systems. Remote or offsite access to control systems, such as Computerized
Maintenance Management Check System (CMMS), Building Management System (BMS), or Building
Automation System (BAS), shall be tested for successful remote access and control on a quarterly basis.
9.2.2.3.1 Control system transition between Normal Mode and IRMM shall be tested on a semi-annual
basis.
9.2.3 Cleaning. Review and document the custodial program for the facility with specific regards to roles
and responsibilities for staff and/or external contractors related to HVAC equipment. (ISSA 0415-2015,
Section 3)
Table 9-1. Minimum Maintenance Activity and Frequency for Ventilation System Equipment and
Associated Components
Inspection/Maintenance Task Standard 241 Frequency
in 62.1 Table 8.1 (Descriptor) Modified Interval
J (P-traps) Monthly
N (OA Intakes) Monthly
O (natural vent openings) Monthly
P (OA vent operation) Quarterly
Z (Damper Operation) Quarterly
AD (Sensor calibration) Includes Annually
CO2 sensors, both permanent
and handheld.
AE (Measure OA Min CFM) Every 3 years
[Normative note: no systems
are exempt from this
requirement]
Q (Filter fit and integrity) Annually or when replaced,
whichever is more frequent
E (Filter performance and Quarterly or when replaced,
scheduled replacement) whichever is more frequent.
If higher MERV rated filters are

used and filters are changed
quarterly, measure the
differential pressure across the
filter to confirm that it does not
exceed the maximum pressure
drop of the filter or the
maximum allowable for the fan
21
based on the static pressure

calculations.
Table 9-2. Minimum Maintenance Activity and Frequency for Additional Engineering Controls and
Associated Components While in Use
Engineering Control Inspection/Maintenance Task Frequency
In-room air cleaners Verify unit is in appropriate location and operating at Monthly
designated speed per the Building Readiness Plan. Visually
inspect intake for debris and clean as necessary.
UV Measure irradiance and ozone levels in occupied spaces to Quarterly
ensure equipment is operating safely. Adjust as necessary.
Inspect equipment exposed to UV radiation, including

electrical wiring, for material degradation.
Adjust UV or replace degraded materials with UV-resistant

materials.
All Measure direct products of air cleaning systems that Quarterly
contribute to air cleaning system effectiveness to ensure
that target concentrations are achieved. Adjust as
necessary. Informative Note: “products of air cleaning
systems” varies depending on the technology, such as ions
for ionizers.
Measure for byproduct(s) in occupied areas and compared

to safety limits per Section 7 Air Cleaning.
Adjust equipment as needed.
If equipment cannot be repaired, remove equipment from

service and use a substitute engineering control to maintain
EOAI in occupied space.
Infection Isolation The designated isolation areas should be tested for negative As used
Space pressure whenever an infected individual is present.
10 Residential Buildings
10.1 General requirements
10.1.1. All toilets shall be provided with lids and signage shall be installed recommending that users
close lids when flushing.
10.1.2 Stand-alone air cleaners (often called air purifiers) with particle filters shall meet or exceed EPA
guidelines for CADR (EPA 2018), I.e., CADR greater than 3.3 L/s/m2 (0.65 cfm/ft2) and have filters
22
meeting the requirements of Section 4.2.2 and with a pathogen removal efficiency greater than 0.75
from Table A.1.
10.1.3 All plumbing traps shall be filled with water.
10.2 Existing Buildings – Single family and Multifamily dwellings
10.2.1 Forced-air HVAC systems serving more than one dwelling unit shall be blocked off from any
dwelling unit occupied by either an infected or at-risk resident. Portable HVAC and air filtration/air
cleaning units shall be provided in blocked off spaces.
10.2.2 Transfer air between dwelling units, dwelling units and corridors, dwelling units and common
areas, and dwelling units and utility areas/mechanical chases shall be minimized by complying with
either 10.2.2.1 or 10.2.2.2
10.2.2.1 Verifying a leakage rate less than or equal to 0.2 cfm per ft2 (100 L/s per 100 m2) of the
dwelling-unit boundary area by means of a blower door test at a test pressure of 50 Pa. Testing shall be
conducted in accordance with ANSI/RESNET/ICC Standard 380.
10.2.2.2 All joints, seams, penetrations, openings between door assemblies and their respective jambs
and framing, and other sources of air leakage through wall and ceiling assemblies shall be caulked,
gasketed, weather stripped, wrapped, or otherwise sealed to limit air movement. Doors between the
garage and the dwelling units shall be gasketed or made substantially airtight with weather stripping.
Any common-corridor ventilation system shall be operated to maintain a positive pressure in the
corridor relative to each dwelling unit.
10.3 Separation area for infected occupants. When a household member is known to be infected, a
separate room shall be used as a separation area. The following actions shall be taken when creating a
separation area:
1. Select separation area: If available the separation area shall be on a high floor
in the home during the heating season, but on a low floor during the cooling season.
When possible, the separation area shall have its own restroom facilities. The
separation area shall not be in the space that has the only return for a forced-air system.
2. Separate HVAC Systems: A separate HVAC system shall be used for the
separation area. If necessary, portable room heaters (or room air conditioners) shall be
used in the separation area. If there is a forced-air system that would mix the air
between the household and the separation area, all registers, return grills or supply
grills shall be sealed, unless it is not possible to provide ventilation or maintain thermal
comfort conditions any other way.
3. Operate Exhaust Ventilation: Separate exhaust ventilation shall be provided in
the separation area. If that space includes a private restroom with an exhaust fan, that
fan shall run continuously at high speed. When there is no permanently installed
exhaust fan available, window-installable products shall be used to provide exhaust
ventilation. Minimize use of operable windows anywhere in the home. Exhaust fans in
the main part of the home shall be operated only on an as needed basis unless required
to provide minimum ventilation rates.
23
4. Operate Portable Air Cleaner: Portable air cleaners shall meet the requirements
of 10.1.2.
10.4 Separation areas for vulnerable occupants. For vulnerable occupants, a separate room shall be
used as a separation area. The following actions shall be taken when creating a separation area:
1.Select separation area: If available the separation area shall be on a low floor in the
home during the heating season, but on a high floor during the cooling season. When
possible, the separation area shall have its own restroom facilities.
2. Separate HVAC Systems: A separate HVAC system shall be used for the separation
area. If necessary, portable room heaters (or room air conditioners) shall be used in the
separation area. If there is a forced-air system that would mix the air between the
household and the separation area, all registers, return grills or supply grills shall be
sealed, unless it is not possible to provide ventilation or maintain thermal comfort
conditions any other way.
3. Operate Supply Ventilation: Separate supply ventilation shall be provided in the

separation area. When there is no permanently installed supply fan available, window-
installable products shall be used to provide supply ventilation. Minimize use of
operable windows anywhere in the home. 5. Operate Portable Air Cleaner: Portable air
cleaners shall meet the requirements of 10.1.1.2.
Section 11 Normative References
ANSI/AHAM AC-1-2020, Method for Measuring Performance of Portable Household Electric Room Air
Cleaners
ANSI/AHAM AC-5-2022, Method for Assessing the Reduction Rate of Key Bioaerosols by Portable Air
Cleaners Using an Aerobiology Test Chamber
ANSI/ ASHRAE Standard 55-2020, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
ASHRAE Standard 62-1981, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAED Standard 62.1 -2007, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
24
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 -2019, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2022, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2022, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2010, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential
Buildings
Buildings
Buildings
Buildings
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 111-2008 (RA 2017), Testing, Adjusting and Balancing of Building HVAC Systems
ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170-2021, Ventilation of Health Care Facilities
ANSI/ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 180-2018, Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of

Commercial Building HVAC Systems
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 185.1-2020, Method Of Testing UV-C Lights For Use In Air-Handling Units Or Air
Ducts To Inactivate Airborne Microorganisms
BSR/ASHRAE 185.3P, Method of Testing. In-Room Devices and Systems for Microorganism. Removal or
Inactivation in a Chamber
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 202-2018, Commissioning Process For Buildings and Systems
ANSI/RESNET/ICC Standard 380-2019, Standard for Testing Airtightness of Building, Dwelling Unit, and
Sleeping Unit Enclosures; Airtightness of Heating and Cooling Air Distribution Systems; and Airflow of
Mechanical Ventilation Systems
25
ASTM D5197-2021, Standard Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl
Compounds in Air (Active Sampler Methodology)
EPA Guide to Air Cleaners in the Home, 2nd Edition, Portable Air Cleaners Furnace and HVAC Filters
ISO 14633-14:2016, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments – Part 14, Assessment of
suitability for use of equipment by airborne particle concentration
ISO 16000-3:2022, Indoor air – Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compound in
indoor and test chamber air – Active sampling method
ISO 16890-1:2016 , Air filters for general ventilation- Part 1: Technical specificiations, requirements and
classification system based upon particular matter efficiency (ePM)
ISO 29463., High-efficiency filters and filter media for removing particles in air —
ISSA 0415-2015, Standard for Measuring the Effectiveness of Cleaning in Institutional and Commercial
Facilities
NFPA 704-2022, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency
Response
UL 867-2021, Electrostatic Air Cleaners
UL-2998, Environmental Claim Validation Procedure (ECVP) for Zero Ozone Emissions from Air Cleaners
ACGIH. 2022. 2022 TLVs and BEIs. ACGIH. Cincinnati, OH.
Azimi P, Stephens B. 2013. HVAC filtration for controlling infectious airborne disease transmission in
indoor environments: Predicting risk reductions and operational costs. Building and Environment,
Volume 70, pp.150-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.025.
Stephens B, Gall ET, Heidarinejad M, Farmer DK. 2022. Interpreting Air Cleaner Performance Data.
ASHRAE Journal, 64(3), pp.20‐30.
26
(This appendix is part of the Standard.)
NORMATIVE APPENDIX A, DETERMINING AIR CLEANING SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS

AND SAFETY
A.1Testing Procedure. Products within the scope of a national consensus standard approved by the
authority having jurisdiction shall be tested in accordance with the applicable standard subject to the
conditions of this section. Those consensus standards that shall be used are:
a.) ANSI/ASHRAE 52.2-2017
b.) ANSI/AHAM AC-1-2020
c.) ANSI/AHAM AC-5-2022
d.) ISO 16890-2016
e.) UL2998-2020
f.) ANSI/ASHRAE 185.1-2020
g.) ANSI/ASHRAE 185.3 (when published)
A1.1.1 Parity. Testing for effectiveness and safety shall be performed under identical environmental and
airflow conditions in the test environment and identical operating conditions of the equipment.
A1.1.2 Tests for In-Room Air Cleaning Systems and In-Duct Air Cleaning Systems Intended to Act in the
Room . Tests of room air cleaning systems, both in room and HVAC system applied types, shall be
performed in accordance with this section.
A1.1.2.1 Test Chamber Requirements. The test chamber shall comply with the following:
Volume shall be 950 ft3 (27 m3) or larger.
Surfaces shall be impervious.
Surfaces shall be electrically grounded.
Shall have fans to maintain mixing.
Shall be airtight during testing.
Shall be capable of flushing or treating the air between tests.
A1.1.2.2 Well Mixed Condition. The test chamber shall have an air distribution performance index
(ADPI) greater than 80 during testing.
A1.1.2.3 Results. Test results shall be reported as an air cleaning system equivalent outdoor air flow
rate.
A1.3 Tests for In-Duct Air Cleaning Systems. Test of in-duct air cleaners shall be performed in
accordance with this section.
A1.3.1.1 Test Duct. The test duct shall be as described in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2.
A1.3.1.2 Results. Test results shall be reported as a pathogen removal efficiency.
A1.4 Tests for Bioaerosol Removal Effectiveness. Tests measuring bioaerosol removal shall be
conducted in accordance with this section.
27
A1.4.1 All bioaerosol testing and microbial procedures shall be conducted in accordance with the
current version of the CDC/NIH Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL).
A1.4.1.2 Environmental Requirements. Temperature and humidity within the test area shall be
maintained within the following ranges throughout the duration of testing.
a. Temperature: 73±5° F (23±3°C)
b. Relative humidity (RH): 50% ±10%.
A1.4.1.3 Test Microorganism. Testing shall be performed with the non-enveloped bacteriophage MS2
(host Escherichia coli). The test microorganism shall be aerosolized by nebulizing a microbial suspension
to produce discrete particles.
A1.4.1.4 Quality Assurance and Control Measures. To ensure the quality of testing the following
measures shall be taken:
a. All equipment used in testing shall be calibrated per manufacturer instructions.
b. All equipment and surfaces shall be cleaned and sterilized between tests.
c. Background samples shall be collected and analyzed prior to bioaerosol introduction for
each test. The test device shall be placed within the chamber prior to sampling.
d. Test microorganism shall be prepared and aerosolized in the same manner for all test
iterations.
e. Test microorganism samples shall be collected, handled, and analyzed in the same
manner for all test iterations.
f. A minimum of three replicates of each test condition shall be performed.
A1.4.1.5 Effectiveness. The effectiveness calculation shall:

a. account for background reduction of the test microorganism;
b. average the results of all replicates.
A1.5 Where no national consensus standard has been established the product shall be evaluated in
accordance with this section.
A1.5.1 The air cleaning device manufacturer shall prepare a test plan with the following:
a. A description of the test methodology and all equipment used in the test.
b. The expected environmental conditions in the test environment.
c. The expected operating conditions of the equipment.
d. A description of the challenge substance, including its preparation, injection, sampling,
and quantification methods.
e. A description of any calculations required.
f. A description and concentration of any direct products of the equipment that contribute
to air cleaning system effectiveness and measurement methods.
g. A description and concentration of anticipated byproducts, including physical, chemical,
radiological, or other, and measurement methods.
A1.5.2 The air cleaning device manufacturer shall prepare a test report with the following:
a. The name, address, and contact information of the laboratory performing the test and
the names of test operators performing the test.
b. The name, address, and contact information of the party requesting the test.
c. A description of the air cleaning device being tested including model number, size, and
features.
28
d. A copy of the test plan.

e. The date, time, and weather conditions at the laboratory during the test.
f. The sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and date of last calibration for each piece of
measuring equipment.
g. A description of the test chamber, including its dimensions and a description of its
surfaces, and the location and orientation of the equipment installed within.
h. A log of the environmental and airflow conditions of the test environment throughout
the duration of the test.
i. A log of the operating conditions of the tested equipment.
j. A log of any direct products and anticipated byproducts of the air cleaning system.
k. A matched set of logs and measurements for any control tests.
l. The effectiveness of the air cleaning device.
m. An uncertainty analysis
A1.5.3 Certification. An independent party approved by the authority having jurisdiction shall review
and approve the test report.
A1.6 Reporting Requirements.
A1.6.1Manufacturers shall report the effectiveness of their air cleaning system as a pathogen removal
efficiency (𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ) or an air cleaning system equivalent outdoor air flow rate (𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ).
A1.6.2 Pathogen Removal Efficiency. The pathogen removal efficiency shall be determined in
accordance with Equation A-1 or sections A.2.2.1 or A.2.2.2.
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 −𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖
(A-1)
where
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = pathogen removal efficiency, %
𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖 = pathogen concentration prior to air cleaning system
𝐶𝐶𝑓𝑓 = pathogen concentration after treatment by air cleaning system
A1.6.2.1 Fibrous Media Filters. The pathogen removal efficiency of fibrous media filters shall be
permitted to be determined in accordance with Equation A-2 or Table A-1.
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸1 𝜀𝜀𝐸𝐸1 + 𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸2 𝜀𝜀𝐸𝐸2 + 𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸3 𝜀𝜀𝐸𝐸3 (A-2)

where
𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = pathogen removal efficiency, %
𝑊𝑊𝐸𝐸1 = particle size distribution of the pathogen in the 0.3 to 1.0 micron range, %
𝜀𝜀𝐸𝐸1 = particle removal efficiency in the 0.3 to 1.0 micron range, %
29
Table A-1 Pathogen Removal Efficiency for Air Filter Elements
ASHRAE 52.2 ISO16890 Weighted

MERV (Prior to 1/1/2025) ePM
𝜺𝜺𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷
MERV-A (After 1/1/2025)
<11 0%
11 ePM2.5 50% 60%
12 ePM2.5 65% 71%
13 ePM1 50% 77%
14 ePM1 70% 88%
15 ePM1 85% 91%
16 ePM1 95% 95%
A1.6.2.2 Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation. The pathogen removal efficiency of ultraviolet lights for use
in air handling units and air ducts shall be determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 185.1.
A1.6.3 Air Cleaning System Equivalent Outdoor Air Flow Rate. The air cleaning system equivalent
outdoor air flow rate shall be determined in accordance with Equation A-3 or Table A-2.
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉(𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ) (A-3)

where
𝑉𝑉 = volume of air treated by the air cleaning system, ft3 (l)
𝑘𝑘𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = pathogen decay rate with air cleaning system operating, minute-1 (s-1)
𝑘𝑘𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = pathogen decay rate without air cleaning system operating, minute-1 (s-1)
Table A-2 Air Cleaning System Equivalent Outdoor Air Flow Rate for Portable Residential Air Cleaners
Method of Test 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
ANSI/AHAM AC-1-2020 Per Section A1.6.3.1
ANSI.AHAM AC-5-2022 m-CADR
A1.6.3.1 Residential air cleaning systems rated in accordance with AHAM AC-1 shall be permitted to
determine their air cleaning system equivalent outdoor air flow rate in accordance with Equation A-4.
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑠𝑠– 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑 ∙ 𝑑𝑑– 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝 ∙ 𝑝𝑝– 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 (A-4)
where
𝑊𝑊𝑠𝑠 = Weighting factor for smoke, %
𝑊𝑊𝑑𝑑 = Weighting factor for dust, %
30
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝 = Weighting factor for pollen, %

𝑠𝑠– 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = clean air delivery rate for tobacco smoke, cfm (l/s)
𝑑𝑑– 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = clean air delivery rate for dust, cfm (l/s)
𝑝𝑝– 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = clean air delivery rate for pollen, cfm (l/s)
A1.6.3.1.1 The air cleaning system equivalent outdoor air flow rate shall be zero for all residential room
air cleaners where a clean air delivery rate for tobacco smoke is zero or not reported.
A1.6.3.1.2 Residential room air cleaning systems tested after January 1, 2025 shall be tested in
accordance with ANSI/AHAM AC-5.
Exception to A1.6.3.1.2. Residential in-room air cleaning systems making only filtration performance
claims may continue to be tested in accordance with ANSI/AHAM AC-1.
A 1.7 Safety. Air cleaning system manufacturers shall provide safety information relevant to their
product in accordance with this section.
A1.7.1 A safety report shall be prepared per the following requirements:

a. Testing shall be performed by an third-party laboratory.
b. The report shall include the make, model, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and date of
last calibration of all measuring instruments used.
c. Tests in chambers shall be conducted over a minimum 4-hour period or until the
concentration in the chamber is below 5% of the concentration at the beginning of the
test period.
d. Tests in ducts shall be conducted over a minimum 1-hour period.
A1.7.2 No Statistically Significant Increase. Analytes required to target “No Statistitically-Significant

Difference” shall utilize a t-test with a p-value greater than or equal to 0.05 to determine the difference
of the mean between the readings taken with the system operating and the background readings taken
with the system off and the test chamber flushed.
A1.7.2.1 A minimum of three replicates of the measurement shall be averaged for this analysis.
A1.7.2.2 A minimum of three replicates of the background reading shall be averaged for this analysis.
A1.7.3 Noise. Air cleaning systems shall report an average sound power level at a distance of 3 ft (0.9 m)
from the air cleaning system.
A1.7.3.1 Duct Mounted Equipment Noise. Duct mounted equipment shall include separate
measurements of radiated noise and discharge noise.
A1.7.4 Total Volatile Organic Compounds. Air cleaning systems manufacturers shall report results of
total volatile organic compounds analyzed per Section A1.7.7as measured by a photo ionization detector
(PID) reading at one (1) minute intervals.
A1.7.3.5 Ultraviolet Radiation. Air cleaning systems that generate electromagnetic radiation with a
wavelength less than 315nm shall not exceed the threshold limit value(s) (TLV(s)) in the 2022 American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) TLVs and BEIs publication for the
31
wavelength(s) emitted by the system. The ultraviolet TLV(s) shall not be exceeded anywhere in the
space served by the system at a height of 6.5 ft (2 m) or below..
A1.7.6 Combustion Byproducts. Air cleaning systems that utilize any form of combustion, or heat
surfaces in contact with the airflow greater than 2240°F (1500 K) shall have no measurable increase of
nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide.
A1.7.7 Air cleaning system manufacturers shall report the result of analytes tested in accordance with
Table A-3.
Exception to A1.7.7: Air cleaning systems shall not be required to report on analytes not directly or
indirectly involved in their air cleaning or air treatment process. This determination shall be made by the
third-party testing laboratory based on treatment process information provided by manufacturer. At a
minimum, the third-party testing laboratory shall base its decision on whether the air cleaning system
1.) adds an active agent to clean the air, and 2) adds energy capable of changing the charge on
molecules or changing the composition of the air, on its own or with the aid of a catalyst..
Table A-3 Analyte Safety Reporting Requirements
Analyte of Abbreviation Test Method Target

concern
Formaldehyde HCHO ASTM D5197 No statistically-

significant increase
ISO 16000-3 No statistically-

Ozone O3 UL 2998 or equivalent < 5 ppb
Particulate 0.5 – 10 µm ISO 14644-14 (for chamber and No statistically-

matter (number particles duct tests; duct testing requires significant increase
#/cm^3)) isokinetic sampling)
Ultrafine UFP CPC with cyclone and diffusion No statistically-

particles filter significant increase
(number, SMPS,
CPC)
Methyl ethyl MEK No statistically-

ketone significant increase
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO ASTM D5197 No statistically-

ISO 16000-3 No statistically-

Ethanol EtOH Report Only
32
Peroxides R-OO-R Report Only
Formic acid HCOOH Report Only
Acetic acid CH3COOH Report Only
A1.7.7.1 Where no test method is required by Table A-3 the safety report shall include a description of
the test method and any calculations used to show compliance with the safety target.
A1.7.7.2 Where the target is listed as “Report Only”in Table A-3 the safety report shall include a report
of the minimum, maximum, and average concentration over the test replicates.
A1.7.8 Hazard Reporting. The manufacturer shall provide disclosure and labelling for the following:
a. Pesticides in accordance with local, regional, or federal regulations.
b. Hazardous materials with labels in accordance with NFPA 704.
A1.7.9 Manufacturer’s Certification. The manufacturer shall review the safety test report and certify
that the product is safe to the best of their knowledge and belief.
A1.7.10 Onsite Testing. The building owner shall be permitted to perform on site safety testing of
existing air cleaning systems.
A17.10.1 The onsite testing shall be performed by an third-party testing authority.
A1.7.10.1.1 The independent testing authority shall be prepare a test plan and write a test report.
A1.7.10.2 The onsite test report shall include the following:

a. The make, model, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and date of last calibration of all
measuring instruments used.
b. Environmental conditions in the test area.
c. The operating conditions of any other air conditioning equipment or air cleaning
systems.
d. The operating conditions of the air cleaning system being tested.
e. A log of analyte measurements with the air cleaning system operating for a minimum of
three tests.
f. A log of analyte measurements with the air cleaning system off for a minimum of three
tests.
g. The results of the target analysis for each analyte
h. An uncertainty analysis
33
A1.7.10.3 Onsite particulate testing shall be performed in accordance with ISO 14644-1.
A1.7.10.4 The testing authority shall disable an air cleaning system that does not meet any of the
analyte targets.
A1.7.10.4.1 Any air cleaning system disabled by an independent testing authority shall not be operated
while occupants are present.
A1.7.10.4.2 The air cleaning system shall be permitted to be returned to service upon subsequent
adjustments and testing demonstrating compliance with attaining all applicable analyte targets.
A1.7.10.5 The independent testing authority shall provide the final test report and certify the air
cleaning system is safe to operate to the best of their knowledge and belief.
A1.8 References
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2022. 2022 TLVs® and BEIs® Based
on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents &
Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH. Cincinnati, OH..
Azimi P, Stephens B. 2013. HVAC filtration for controlling infectious airborne disease transmission in
indoor environments: Predicting risk reductions and operational costs. Building and Environment,
Volume 70, pp.150-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.025.
Stephens B, Gall ET, Heidarinejad M, Farmer DK. 2022. Interpreting Air Cleaner Performance Data.
ASHRAE Journal, 64(3), pp.20‐30.
34
(This is a normative appendix and is part of this standard.)
NORMATIVE APPENDIX B, ASSESSMENT, PLANING AND IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
B.1 Existing Building Assessment. The requirements for an Existing Building Assessment shall include
the following tasks.
B1.1 Occupied Space Inventory. Shall include for each space:

1. Geometry: floor area, ceiling height, and any partial height walls within the space
2. Number of occupants indicated in the HVAC design, currently using, and planned to be allowed
during IRMM
3. Space use, including categorization under the relevant IAQ standard and Table 5-2
4. Occupancy schedule
5. Space conditions that could impact the feasibility of in room air cleaning devices.
6. Locations, sizes, and control method for any openings to the outdoors
7. Locations and types of airflow inlets and outlets
B 1.2 Equipment Inventory. The inventory of air delivery systems shall include:
1. Which space the equipment serves.
2. Type of air delivery systems: variable or constant volume, single or multiple zones, 100%
outdoor air or recirculating.
3. Cooling source
4. Heating source
5. Type of ventilation (mechanical, natural, or hybrid) and how outdoor air is delivered to the
space (system, path, openings).
6. Any outdoor airflow measurement devices
7. Whether ventilation airflow is constant or variable; if variable, under what conditions
8. Associated exhaust fans
9. Method of control, whether manual, local (thermostat), or central (Building Automation System
(BAS). The following information shall be identified, if present:
a. Controlling Setpoints
b. Controlling sensor types and locations
c. Schedules
d. Temperature Setbacks
e. Trend Reports and Alarm Logs
f. Life Safety, interfaces with HVAC
g. Access control interlocks, interfaces with HVAC
h. Smoke control system interfaces, interfaces with HVAC
B1.3 Potential Respiratory Separation Area. The assessment for a repurposed space shall include
evaluation of:
1. Physical separation from the rest of the building by at least one door.
2. If systems exist to create negative pressure relative to adjoining rooms.
3. A path of egress for infected individuals.
35
Informative Note: A building may have multiple designated isolation areas, for example a healthcare
facility, and occupants may stay in these areas indefinitely if allowed by the building owner’s response
plan.
B1.4 Multifamily residential buildings, including dorms and hotels. [Reserved]
B 1.5 Ventilation.
B 1.5.1 Outdoor Airflow. Outdoor airflow quantities shall be measured, estimated, or identified by any
of the following methods:
1. TAB report within 1.5 years of assessment, along with site observation of airflow at system.
2. Methods in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 111 or equivalent to determine airflow:
a. OA% ratio calculated based on temperatures if RAT (room air temperature) and OAT
(outdoor air temperature) are at least 20 degrees apart.
b. Anemometer readings at the intake area with calibrated equipment and performed by a
qualified technician.
3. CO2 measurements (mechanical or natural ventilation), along with site observation of airflow at
system.
a. CO2 decay observation. The assessing engineer shall measure, immediately after the
facility has been occupied, CO2 decay in a space and calculate an effective outdoor air
ventilation rate.
b. Expected CO2 concentration during occupancy. Compare CO2 concentrations measured
in an occupied space with the estimated value that are expected given the expected
ventilation rate per person, the number of occupants and their CO2 generation rate, and
the length of time the space has been occupied.
Informative Note: The NIST QICO2 Tool can calculate expected CO2 concentration to help determine
expected values. [1].
B 1.5.2 Minimum Outdoor Air Flow Requirements.

a. Mechanical ventilation in nonresidential spaces shall use either of the following procedures to
determine compliance for the current space use and occupancy:
i. Ventilation Rate Procedure (prescriptive). Determine Outdoor Air Systems Compliance
per Standard 62.1-2022 Section 6.2 Ventilation for Existing Buildings
ii. Indoor Air Quality Procedure (performance). As per Standard 62.1 section 6.3.1 and 6.3.2
all contaminants of concern and exposure limit and concentration shall be clearly
identified.
b. Natural ventilation in nonresidential spaces shall use Standard 62.1-2022 Section 6.4 to determine
the required area of openings. Assessing engineers shall determine the outdoor conditions when
natural ventilation will provide expected airflow and when mechanical ventilation will be used.
c. Residential spaces shall use Standard 62.2-2022 Section 4 or Appendix A to determine the required
ventilation rates.
36
d. Healthcare spaces shall use Standard 170-2018, Sections 7 through 9 to determine the required
ventilation rates.
B 1.5.3 Conditioning Capacity

a. Coil capacity under the following conditions:
i. Design cooling day
ii. mild weather
iii. design heating day.
b. Identify the last maintenance cleaning of the coils per ASHRAE Standard 180. Attach any coil cleaning
reports to the Building Readiness Plan.
c. Confirm that the coil valves are operational and modulate as intended by the controlling signal.
d. Record the condensate line size.
e. Freeze protection controls and capacity.
B 1.5.4 Ventilation System Controls. Ventilation Systems Controls, including:

a. Control damper operation and control sequence.
b. Fan speed adjustment capability, variable air volume or constant air volume
c. Fan cycling
d. Demand controlled ventilation strategies (temperature, carbon dioxide, timed, or occupancy sensing)
resulting in variable total air delivery.
B1.5.5 Pressurization. Building and space pressurization shall be assessed, including:

a. Doors that will not close
b. Perceivable noise at entrance doors and between adjacent spaces
c. Reverse of the expected pressure relationship between spaces
B 1.6 Filtration
a. Location of filters in the system (airpath), including prefilters
b. Size of existing filter rack
c. Quantity and size of filters
d. MERV rating of existing filters, refer to Normative Appendix A, for conversion to pathogen removal
efficiency.
e. Fan’s design allowable pressure drops for both clean and dirty filters.
f. Evaluation of filter installation quality, including use of spacers or tape, or the presence of air gaps.
B 1.7 Exhaust. Exhaust shall be confirmed by visual inspection of equipment and one of the following
methods:
a. Readings from a TAB report that is not older than 1.5 years.
b. Observed pressure relationships between spaces that are intended to have a pressure differential.
B 1.8 Air Cleaners. [Reserved]
B 1.8 Controlling Sensors. Evaluate the controlling sensors on air delivery systems that will be adjusted
to achieve target EOAi by checking the calibration:
1. Air temperatures
2. Air pressures
3. Air relative humidity
37
4. Airflow measuring stations.

5. Freeze Protection
6. CO2 sensors
B 1.9 Control Strategies and Sequences of Operation. Assess the control strategies and sequences of
operation that may be adjusted to implement engineering controls, including:
1. Scheduling and temperature setbacks
2. Fan speed control, min & max
3. Outside air control
a. Min and Max air quantities
b. Outdoor air control methods
4. Building and space pressure controls
5. Economizer sequencing
6. Existing IRMM sequences
7. Demand Controlled Ventilation
8. Humidification control setpoints and upper limits
9. Dehumidification control and limits
10. Temperature, high and low, cutoffs for ventilation delivery
11. Cooling and heating availability
12. Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV) operation
13. Air cleaning equipment operation
a. In HVAC systems
b. In room
B.2 Existing Building Planning and Implementation. [Reserved]
B.3 Existing Building Commissioning. [Reserved]
B.4 Verification of Engineering Controls Implementation.
B 4.1.1 Increases of outdoor air ventilation shall be verified by one of the following methods:
a. An air balance report of the outdoor air.
b. Measured by an outdoor air measuring station with verified calibration.
B 4.1.2 Healthcare.
B 4.1.2.1 Capture devices placed in rooms in spaces expected to be occupied by infected people shall be
verified by a capture test, compared against the design assumption of capture effectiveness. A qualified
professional shall approve that air cleaner performance complies with expected performance.
B 4.1.2.2 Room pressurizations used for containment shall be verified by one of the following methods:
a. A pressure relationship test and compared to the design assumptions of pressure relationship.
b. A containment test, wherein a negative pressure single door shall achieve not less than 97%
barrier effectiveness. (Citation [2] English, Renshaw).
38
B.4.2 Commissioning FPTs.

B4.2.1Test all adjustments to outdoor air control and delivery, including:
a. Ventilation alterations to DCV
b. Ventilation control if there is an increase in outdoor air
c. Ventilation control for expanded economizer mode
B4.2.2. Building pressure sequences
B4.3. New Construction

B4.3.1 Owner’s Project Requirements shall include:
i. EOA_i for the HVAC systems to achieve when in IRMM.
ii. Occupancy anticipated during IRMM.
iii. Filtration MERV ratings
iv. Requirement for spaces to designated to be infected or potentially infected occupants in IRMM.
v. Desired air cleaning products for the HVAC Systems and spaces.
B 4.3.2 Design Review. Design team shall create a Basis of Design that includes:
i. Analyze and determine the appropriate engineering controls to achieve the target equivalent
outdoor air for infection control.
Informative Note: Designer should use the Informative Appendix E – Equivalent Outdoor Air
Calculator for additional information and EOAi Calculator Tool to assist in engineering controls
analysis.
Note to Reviewers: Informative Appendices are not included in this draft and may be included in the
final published version of the standard.
ii. Include a complete sequence of operation and control diagrams for system operation in IRMM.
iii. Include a table of the Normal Mode and Infection Risk Management Mode objectives to
summarize the engineering controls applied to this facility.
iv. Determine Outdoor Air Systems Compliance per applicable standard or code, as required by the
local authority having jurisdiction.
For buildings and systems less than 5,000 ft2/465 m2 ) size or complexity, no professional required.
39

ASHRAE Standard - 241P (Draft) (2023)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ASHRAE Standard - 241P (Draft) (2023)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ASHRAE Standard - 241P (Draft) (2023)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ASHRAE Standard 241P

Advisory Public Review Draft

Control of Infectious Aerosols

ASHRAE, 180 Technology Parkway NW, Peachtree Corners, GA 30092

Proposed ASHRAE Standard 241P, Control of Infectious Aerosols

3. DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS

5. EQUIVALENT OUTDOOR AIR FOR INFECTION RISK MITIGATION.

VEOAi,bz = EOAi × Pz_IRMM. (5-1)

Healthcare patient room 180 90

6 AIR DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL VENTILATION

6.1 Airflow Distribution Patterns.

6.1.2 Transfer Air. Reserved for future use.

6.2 Mechanical Ventilation.

𝑉𝑉𝑍𝑍 = zone equivalent outdoor air flow rate, cfm (l/s)

6.2.2. Single Zone Ventilation Systems.

6.2.3 Multiple-Zone Ventilation Systems.

𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = supply air flow rate, cfm (l/s)

6.2.4 Non-recirculating Ventilation Systems.

6.2.5 Unventilated Spaces.

6.3.2 Fans. Reserved for future use.

b. not be located within sheltered, recessed, or enclosed areas.

Table 6-1 Air Cleaning Device Categories

7.3 In Room Air Cleaning Systems.

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (7-1)

𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 = ∑ 𝑗𝑗 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,𝑗𝑗 (7-2)

7.4 In-Duct Air Cleaning Systems.

𝑉𝑉𝐻𝐻 = 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∙ 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (7-3)

Single System 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,1 (7-5-1)

Two Systems 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 − (1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,1 )�1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,2 � (7-5-2)

Three System 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 − (1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,1 )�1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,2 �(1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,3 ) (7-5-3)

>3 systems 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 − ∏𝑖𝑖𝑗𝑗=1�1 − 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃,𝑗𝑗 � (7-5-4 )

𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝜀𝜀𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ∙ 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (7-8)

8. ASSESSMENT, PLANNING, AND IMPLEMENTATION.

1. Building Readiness Plan

8.1.2. Data Gathering

8.1.3 Site Observations.

8.2 Assessment, Planning, And Implementation

a. Location of filters in the system (airpath), including prefilters

8.2.3.8.1 Exhaust equipment shall be confirmed to be operating according to an appropriate schedule.

VEOAi target – VEOAi existing = VEOAi modifications (8-1)

VEOAi_modifications = change in outdoor air + change in impact of central HVAC

8.2.4.6 Select Engineering Controls.

a. Test all modes of operation.

i.Occupied and Unoccupied

b, Test all adjustments to outdoor air control and delivery

d. Confirmation of air cleaner efficiency per Section 7.

8.2.6. Residential Building Assessment, Planning and Implementation. Reserved.

Planning and Implementation of engineering controls to achieve VEOA,i in new

8.3.7 Functional Performance Tests

8.3.9 Systems Manual

9 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

a. Occupancy sensors shall be used in accordance with ASHRAE 62.1-2022 Section

a. Current filter MERV ratings and acceptable filter sizes.

9.2.2.2 Air Cleaning Equipment.

If higher MERV rated filters are

based on the static pressure

Inspect equipment exposed to UV radiation, including

Adjust UV or replace degraded materials with UV-resistant

Measure for byproduct(s) in occupied areas and compared