Study Guide-Foundation
Study Guide-Foundation
Study Guide-Foundation
STUDY GUIDE
FOUNDATION MODULE
Page
S.No CONTENTS
No
1 Overview 3
2 Introduction to Study Guide 4
3 Learning Methodologies 5
4 Module 1: FOUNDATION 7
4.1 Introduction 7
4.2 Objectives and strategies 8
5 Learning Resources 15
6 Assessment Methods 17
7 LNMC Examination Rules And Regulations 20
8 Schedule 21
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
Module name: Foundation Year: One Duration: 6 weeks (Feb– March 2020)
ANATOMY BIOETHICS
Professor Zia-ul-Islam • Dr. Saleha Shahzad
PHYSIOLOGY
Professor Syed Hafeezul Hassan
LNH&MC MANAGEMENT
Professor KU Makki, Principal LNH&MC
Dr. Shaheena Akbani, Director A.A & R.T LNH&MC
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
INTRODUCTION
It is an aid to:
• Inform students how student learning program module has been organized
• Help students organize and manage their studies throughout the module
• Defines the objectives which are expected to be achieved at the end of the module.
• Identifies the learning strategies such as lectures, small group teachings, clinical skills, demonstration,
tutorial and case based learning that will be implemented to achieve the module objectives.
• Provides a list of learning resources such as books, computer assisted learning programs, web- links,
journals, for students to consult in order to maximize their learning.
• Highlights information on the contribution of continuous and Term examinations on the student’s overall
performance.
• Includes information on the assessment methods that will be held to determine every student’s
achievement of objectives.
CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK
INTEGRATED CURRICULUM comprises system-based modules such as foundation and blood which links
basic science knowledge to clinical problems. Integrated teaching means that subjects are presented as
a meaningful whole. Students will be able to have better understanding of basic sciences when they
repeatedly learn in relation to clinical examples.
Case-based discussions, computer-based assignments, and skills acquisition in skills lab are
characteristics of integrated teaching program.
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
LEARNING METHODOLOGIES
The following teaching / learning methods are used to promote better understanding:
• Interactive Lectures
• Small Group Discussion
• Case- Based Learning
• Practicals
• Skills session
• E-Learning
• Self-Directed Study
INTERACTIVE LECTURES: In large group, the lecturer introduces a topic or common clinical conditions and
explains the underlying phenomena through questions, pictures, videos of patients’ interviews,
exercises, etc. Students are actively involved in the learning process.
TEAM- BASED LEARNING: Team-Based Learning is an evidence based collaborative learning teaching
strategy designed around units of instruction, known as “modules,” that are taught in a three-step cycle:
preparation, (b) in-class readiness assurance testing, and (c) application-focused exercise.
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
Preparation before class: Students must complete preparatory materials before a class or the start of the
module. Materials may be text, visual or other, and set at a level that is appropriate to the students and
the course.
In-class Readiness Assurance Testing: Students complete an individual readiness assurance test (IRAT),
consisting of 5 to 20 multiple choice questions. After submitting their individual answers, and they take
the same test, the team RAT (TRAT), with their team. All members of each team share the same TRAT
score, and both IRAT and TRAT scores count toward the students’ grades.
Instructor Feedback: The instructor reviews material from the RAT that seems to be difficult for students.
In-class application focused exercise: The remainder of the session is taken up with exercises that help
students learn how to apply and extend the knowledge that they have pre-learned and tested. Teams
are given an appropriate problem or challenge, and must arrive at a consensus to choose a “best”
solution out of options provided. Teams then display their answer choice, and the educator facilitates a
classroom discussion between teams to explore the topic and the possible answers to the problem.
SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION (SGD): This format helps students to clarify concepts acquire skills or
attitudes. Sessions are structured with the help of specific exercises such as patient case, interviews or
discussion topics. Students exchange opinions and apply knowledge gained from lectures, tutorials and
self study. The facilitator role is to ask probing questions, summarize, or rephrase to help clarify
concepts.
CASE- BASED LEARNING: A small group discussion format where learning is focused around a series of
questions based on a clinical scenario. Students’ discuss and answer the questions applying relevant
knowledge gained in clinical and basic health sciences during the module.
PRACTICAL: Basic science practicals related to anatomy, biochemistry and physiology are scheduled for
student learning.
SKILLS SESSION: Skills relevant to respective module are observed and practiced where applicable in
skills laboratory or Department of Physiotherapy.
SELF DIRECTED STUDY: Students’ assume responsibilities of their own learning through individual study,
sharing and discussing with peers, seeking information from Learning Resource Center, teachers and
resource persons within and outside the college. Students can utilize the time within the college
scheduled hours of self-study.
E-LEARNING: E-Learning is a strategy by which learning occurs through the utilization of electronic media,
typically the Internet.
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
MODULE 1 : FOUNDATION
INTRODUCTION
This module has been designed to introduce you to the basics of health sciences. The course covers the
molecular level of cell biology including genetics and its role in embryology, microbiology and pathology.
You will also experience clinical skills such as learning to communicate effectively so that you can relate to
patients and their loved ones with compassion and understanding in coming years. Through working within
teams, your co-operative and approachable working style will be enhanced. Through group and individual
work, you will develop problem solving skills to apply your medical knowledge to practical situations. This,
supplemented by lectures, and practical classes, is a significant component of the course.
This study guide has been developed to help guide you and keep you focused on the objectives for this
module.
Welcome to the field of medicine and hope that the journey ahead will be exciting and fulfilling for you all!!
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
ANATOMY
TEACHING STRATEGY
OBJECTIVES
GENERAL HISTOLOGY
1. Explain the concept of organization of cells to tissue, tissues to organ and
organs to system Interactive Lecture
2. Describe the parts of microscope Practical
3. Describe the structural organization of cell membrane and discuss the
function of the components
4. Describe the structure and functions of the following cytoplasmic organelles:
i. Golgi apparatus
ii. Lysosomes
iii. Peroxisomes Interactive
iv. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Lecture/Skills
v. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
vi. Ribosomes
vii. Cellular inclusions
viii. Mitochondria
ix. Nucleus
5. Describe the ultra structure and function of the cytoskeleton
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
12. Describe the microscopic features of connective tissues
13. Differentiate between types of connective tissues: loose connective tissue,
Adipose connective tissue, reticular connective tissue, dense connective tissue, Interactive Lecture
regular and irregular
GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY
Small Group
14. Explain the basic terms related to embryology Discussion/Interactive
lecture
15. Explain cell cycle, division, abnormal cell division and mutations
16. Discuss the significance of karyo typing and its clinical significance
17. Explain the phases of mitosis & meiosis
18. Differentiate between the stages of mitosis and meiosis
19. Justify the importance and results of meiosis in both sexes. Interactive Lecture
20. Identify male reproductive organs and their functions
21. Identify female reproductive organs and their functions
22. Describe the process of spermiogenesis, oogenesis and ovulation
Interactive
23. Describe the phases of female reproductive cycles and their disturbance
Lecture/Case-Based
leading to polymenorrhoea, oligomenorrhea and infertility
Learning
24. Correlate the cyclic changes occurring in the ovary with that of uterus with
their endocrine control
27. Discuss artificial reproductive techniques and Describe the steps involved Small Group
during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer Discussion
Interactive Lecture /
29. Discuss the results of implantation at abnormal site
Case-Based Learning
30. Describe the events of the second week of development including Formation of
amniotic cavity, amnion, bilaminar embryonic disc, yolk sac, chorionic sac and
primary chorionic villi
31. Describe the following events of the third week of development
i. Formation of primitive streak and notochord
ii. Gastrulation
iii. Formation of neural tube Interactive Lecture
iv. Formation of somites
v. Formation of intra embryonic coelom
vi. Formation of blood cells and blood vessels
vii. Formation of secondary and tertiary chorionic villi
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
32. Describe folding of embryo and its results
33. Discuss the derivatives of germ layers and neural crest cells
Interactive lecture
34. Describe the structure, development and functions of placenta and fetal
membranes
Interactive Lecture/
35. Explain the developmental process during first three weeks of gestation Small Group Discussion
/Tutorial
36. Discuss the important events of embryonic period from 4th week to 8th week
and during the organo-genetic period
Interactive lecture
37. Discuss the events of fetal period
Interactive Lecture /
38. Describe the types of twin / multiple pregnancies Small Group Discussion
/ Case- Based Learning
39. Define teratogenesis.
40. Classify the teratogens. Interactive lecture
41. Describe the basic principles of teratogenesis
Case-Based
42. Discuss the common congenital anomalies Learning/Interactive
lecture
43. Calculate the expected date of delivery (EDD) and describe various methods used Small Group
to assess fetal wellbeing Discussion /Tutorial
44. Identify the placenta, fetal membranes, umbilical cord, germ layers, stages of
fertilization on a given model, photograph or specimen Practical/Tutorial
GENERAL ANATOMY
Introduction to Anatomy
45. Define anatomy, differentiate between its branches and state their
practical application in different fields of medicine.
Levels of Organization of human body Interactive Lecture
46. Conceptualize the integration of structures and function in human
body by relating with the arrangement of different levels of
organization.
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Small Group
LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
Introduction to Skeletal system (Bones and Joints)
51. Describe the parts of appendicular and axial skeleton
52. Discuss the functions of bone
53. Classify bones on the basis of shape, development, region and structure.
54. Distinguish between intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
55. List the parts of young & adult bone
56. Explain the blood supply of long bones
57. Classify joint on the basis of structure, regions and functions.
58. Discuss the characteristics of synovial joints
59. Classify synovial joints on the basis of structure and movement
60. Define dislocation, sprain and inflammation of joints
Introduction to Muscular System:
61. Classify the muscles according to their shape (architecture), direction of fibres
and their actions
62. Explain the principles of innervation and blood supply of muscles
Interactive Lecture
Introduction to Nervous System:
63. Discuss the general organization of nervous system and its basic divisions.
64. Define the various components of CNS and PNS
65. Describe the structure and types of Neuron
66. Define a nerve and its coverings
67. List various types of Neuroglia and state their functions
Typical Spinal Nerve
68. Define a spinal nerve, its distributions and various components
69. Identify their location and site of emergence
70. Identify various components of a typical spinal nerve
71. Describe the distribution of gray rami
Introduction to lymphatic system
72. Discuss lymphatic system, lymphatics, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs.
73. Describe the structure of lymph nodes
74. Identify the role of lymphatics in the spread of cancer
Integumentary system and its parts, function, appendages and fascia-I
75. Define the term integumentary system and its functions
76. Differentiate between epidermis & dermis
77. Discuss the significance of tension lines
78. Identify the appendages of the skin
79. Differentiate between superficial & deep fascia
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
BIOCHEMISTRY
TEACHING
OBJECTIVES
STRATEGY
Introduction to Biochemistry
Water
4. Discuss the properties of water that account for surface tension, viscosity, and colloids
5. Describe the mechanism of dissociation of water and concept of pH, body Buffers and
their mechanism of action
Carbohydrates
6. Define & classify Carbohydrates
7. Explain structure, formation (glycosidic bond) & functions of monosaccharide
8. Explain disaccharide, oligosaccharide and their biochemical importance in health and
disease Interactive
9. Define polysaccharide and their biochemical importance in health and disease lectures
Lipids
10. Define and classify Lipids
11. Explain the chemistry, structure and functions of fatty acids
12. Describe properties and biological functions of simple lipids (TAG) & compound lipids
(PL)
13. Explain sterols (cholesterol) chemistry, structure and their biochemical importance in
health and diseased state
14. Classify Ecosanoids
15. Explain their biomedical importance
Proteins
16. Classify Amino Acid on the basis of structure, properties, nutritional significance &
their biological role
17. Define peptides, polypeptides and their biomedical importance
18. Classify Protein with their biochemical importance
19. Explain the structure of protein
Nucleic Acid
20. Explain the nucleotide chemistry with their biochemical importance.
21. Explain DNA & RNA structure
Enzymes
22. Explain Enzymes, mechanism of action and enzyme kinetics (Co-enzymes, Co factors
& Inhibitors)
23. Discuss about the classification of enzymes and individual enzyme property
24. Discuss factors inhibiting and promoting enzyme activity
25. Explain the clinical importance of enzymes (Clinical enzymology)
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
Vitamins
26. Define and classify Vitamins
27. Discuss the overall role of vitamins and their importance in normal body functions
28. Describe the protocols & hazards of Biochemistry Laboratory
29. Detect polysaccharides, Mono & Disaccharides in the lab
30. describe the Scheme & general test for detection of protein in the lab Practicals
31. Detect individual proteins in the lab
32. Detect Lipids in the lab
PHYSIOLOGY
TEACHING
OBJECTIVES
STRATEGY
Extracellular fluid & internal environment
1. Describe functional organization of human body and fluid compartments
Homeostasis and control system of body
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
BIOETHICS /COMMUNICATION SKILLS
TEACHING
OBJECTIVES
STRATEGY
Interactive
1.To Discuss the importance of Ethics in medicine
Lecture
Interactive
2.To Discuss the Importance of good Communication skills
Lecture
STUDY SKILLS
TEACHING
OBJECTIVES
STRATEGY
1. Learning Styles
a. Identify their own learning styles
b. Apply effective learning strategies to improve their learning
4.Stress Management
a. Map the course and effect of stress on one self
b. Assess their own stress levels
c. Recognize stress management technique
5.Reflective Practise
a. Appreciate the benefits of reflection & its place in academic study
b. Use reflection to improve their learning
6.Healthy Lifestyle Changes
a. Identify healthy study habits to maintain and improve cognitive, social, physical
and emotional health.
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
LEARNING RESOURCES
SUBJECT RESOURCES
A. GROSS ANATOMY
1. K.L. Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy
2. Neuro Anatomy by Richard Snell
B. HISTOLOGY
ANATOMY
1. B. Young J. W. Health Wheather’s Functional Histology
C. EMBRYOLOGY
1. Keith L. Moore. The Developing Human
2. Langman’s Medical Embryology
A. TEXTBOOKS
1. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY 2. Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry
3. Biochemistry by Devlin
A. TEXTBOOKS
1. Textbook Of Medical Physiology by Guyton And Hall
2. Ganong ‘ S Review of Medical Physiology
3. Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood
4. Berne & Levy Physiology
5. Best & Taylor Physiological Basis of Medical Practice
PHYSIOLOGY B. REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Guyton & Hall Physiological Review
2. Essentials Of Medical Physiology by Jaypee
3. Textbook Of Medical Physiology by InduKhurana
4. Short Textbook Of Physiology by Mrthur
5. NMS Physiology
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
OTHER LEARNING RESOURCES
• Utilize the lab to relate the knowledge to the specimens and models
Labs
available.
• A skills lab provides the simulators to learn the basic skills and
Skill Labs
procedures. This helps build the confidence to approach the patients.
Video familiarize the student with the procedures and protocols to assist
Videos
patients.
Computer To increase the knowledge students should utilize the available internet
Lab/CDs/DVDs/Internet resources and CDs/DVDs. This will be an additional advantage to increase
Resources: learning.
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
BCQs:
o Sample BCQs:
A 25 year old patient presented with the complain of productive cough, breathlessness and wheezing.
He has been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
The most common risk factor for the disease is:
a) Air pollution
b) Coal mining
c) Infection
d) Tobacco smoke
OSPE: Objective Structured Practical Examination (See the proposed plan of OSPE)
• It may comprise between 12- 25 stations.
• All the students are assessed on the same content by the same examiner in the same allocated time.
• A structured examination will have observed, unobserved, interactive and rest stations.
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
Internal Evaluation
• Students will be assessed comprehensively through multiple methods.
• 20% marks of internal evaluation will be added to JSMU final exam. That 20% may include class tests,
assignment, practicals and the internal exam which will all have specific marks allocation.
Formative Assessment
Individual department may hold quiz or short answer questions to help students assess their own
learning. The marks obtained are not included in the internal evaluation
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
• Students must sit according to their roll numbers mentioned on the seats.
• No students will be allowed to sit in exam without University Admit Card, LNMC College ID Card and Lab
Coat
• Student must bring the following stationary items for the exam: Pen, Pencil, Eraser, and Sharpener.
• Indiscipline in the exam hall/venue is not acceptable. Students must not possess any written material or
communicate with their fellow students.
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LIAQUAT NATIONAL MEDICAL COLLEGE 1ST YEAR MBBS FOUNDATION MODULE
SCHEDULE:
PREPARATORY
LEAVE*
MID TERM EXAM*
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