C++ OOPs Concepts

The major purpose of C++ programming is to introduce the concept of object

orientation to the C programming language.
Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such
as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc.
The programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known
as truly object-oriented programming language. Smalltalk is considered as the first
truly object-oriented programming language.

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented
Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and
objects. It simplifies the software development and maintenance by providing some
concepts:
o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation

Object
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen,
table, keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.
Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.
A Class in C++ is the foundational element that leads to Object-Oriented
programming. A class instance must be created in order to access and use the user-
defined data type's data members and member functions. An object's class acts as its
blueprint. Take the class of cars as an example. Even if different names and brands
may be used for different cars, all of them will have some characteristics in common,
such as four wheels, a speed limit, a range of miles, etc. In this case, the class of car is
represented by the wheels, the speed limitations, and the mileage.
Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e.
known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime
polymorphism.
 1. Sub class - Subclass or Derived Class refers to a class that receives properties
from another class.
2. Super class - The term "Base Class" or "Super Class" refers to the class from
which a subclass inherits its properties.
3. Reusability - As a result, when we wish to create a new class, but an existing
class already contains some of the code we need, we can generate our new
class from the old class thanks to inheritance. This allows us to utilize the fields
and methods of the pre-existing class.
Polymorphism
When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For
example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or
rectangle etc.
Different situations may cause an operation to behave differently. The type of data
utilized in the operation determines the behavior.
Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. Data
abstraction is the process of exposing to the outside world only the information that
is absolutely necessary while concealing implementation or background
information.For example: phone call, we don't know the internal processing.
In C++, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.
Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as
encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.
Encapsulation is typically understood as the grouping of related pieces of
information and data into a single entity. Encapsulation is the process of tying
together data and the functions that work with it in object-oriented programming.
Take a look at a practical illustration of encapsulation: at a company, there are
various divisions, including the sales division, the finance division, and the accounts
division. All financial transactions are handled by the finance sector, which also
maintains records of all financial data. In a similar vein, the sales section is in charge
of all tasks relating to sales and maintains a record of each sale. Now, a scenario
could occur when, for some reason, a financial official requires all the information on
sales for a specific month. Under the umbrella term "sales section," all of the
employees who can influence the sales section's data are grouped together. Data
abstraction or concealing is another side effect of encapsulation. In the same way
that encapsulation hides the data. In the aforementioned example, any other area
cannot access any of the data from any of the sections, such as sales, finance, or
accounts.
Dynamic Binding - In dynamic binding, a decision is made at runtime regarding the
code that will be run in response to a function call. For this, C++ supports virtual
functions.
 7 Benefits of OOP in C++
There are several advantages of OOP in C++. Some of them are as follows:
1. Easier Troubleshooting
One of the major benefits of using object-oriented programming when troubleshooting
applications in C++ is its ability to help identify and isolate problems. By isolating
objects, developers can more easily trace the source of an issue and determine which
part of the code needs to be changed or improved.
OOPs also provides a great way for developers to test their code before going live with it.
Since each object encapsulates its own data, functions, and variables, it makes testing
much easier as changes only need to be made within one isolated area without affecting
any other parts of the program.
2. Code Reusability
Another advantage of OOP in C++ is code reusability. Code reuse allows developers to:
▪ Save time and money by avoiding having to write new sections of code each time a project needs
an update or feature change.
▪ Reduce development costs while also improving program efficiency because with OOPs, entire
blocks of code can be written once and then reused multiple times throughout the application.
▪ Implement changes quickly without having to worry about breaking existing functionality or
duplicating efforts unnecessarily.
When it comes to implementing reusable blocks of code in C++, one way that developers
can go about this is through inheritance. Inheritance involves creating classes that
define their own properties and methods but also draw from other parent classes which
provide additional features they don’t have on their own.
3. Data Redundancy
Data redundancy is a common issue that can occur when working with databases. It
occurs when multiple copies of the same piece of data are stored in different locations,
resulting in wasted disk space and potential inconsistencies between records. Although
the term “redundancy” is unappealing in this context, it is nonetheless seen as one of the
benefits of OOP in C++ because it minimizes the repetition of tedious tasks.
4. Code Flexibility
When an application is written with OOPs, developers will find that editing existing code
becomes much easier as changes need to be made within one isolated area without
affecting any other parts of the program. This means that tasks like bug fixing or adding
new features can be done quickly and easily, requiring minimal effort on behalf of the
developer.
Furthermore, since object-oriented programming provides a modular structure for
applications, it allows developers to easily scale their projects by reusing existing code
or building upon existing components rather than having to rewrite large sections from
scratch each time they wish to extend their project’s functionality.
5. Polymorphism Flexibility
Polymorphism is an incredibly powerful tool when it comes to coding applications in
C++, allowing developers to easily create flexible and extensible programs that can be
adapted for multiple purposes. In its simplest form, polymorphism is the ability of a
single object or class to take on different forms depending on how it’s used. This means
that you can use the same codebase but change certain aspects of its behavior based
on user input or other environmental factors.
6. Better Productivity
In order to ensure better productivity when coding applications in C++, it is important for
developers to employ a consistent methodology throughout the entire project. This
means taking the time to plan out their program’s design before actually jumping into
writing code, ensuring that all components are properly identified and structured ahead
of time. This will help reduce debugging efforts later on down the line.
Furthermore, utilizing certain practices like test-driven development can help streamline
development cycles by providing an automated way of testing changes made within
each component.
7. Security
When coding applications in C++, security is of utmost importance. One way developers
can ensure data protection and privacy within their software solutions is by utilizing
encapsulation principles which limit access rights between objects based on user
permission levels inside these objects – ultimately making it harder for outside sources
(such as hackers) from gaining unauthorized access or manipulating data stored within
the system itself.

OOPs stands for Object-Oriented Programming. It is about creating objects that

contain both data and functions. Object-Oriented programming has several
advantages over procedural languages. As OOP is faster and easier to execute it
becomes more powerful than procedural languages like C++. OOPs is the most
important and flexible paradigm of modern programming. It is specifically useful in
modeling real-world problems. Below are some applications of OOPs:
• Real-Time System design: Real-time system inherits complexities and makes
it difficult to build them. OOP techniques make it easier to handle those
complexities.
• Hypertext and Hypermedia: Hypertext is similar to regular text as it can be
stored, searched, and edited easily. Hypermedia on the other hand is a
superset of hypertext. OOP also helps in laying the framework for hypertext and
hypermedia.
• AI Expert System: These are computer application that is developed to solve
complex problems which are far beyond the human brain. OOP helps to
develop such an AI expert System
• Office automation System: These include formal as well as informal electronic
systems that primarily concerned with information sharing and communication
to and from people inside and outside the organization. OOP also help in
making office automation principle.
• Neural networking and parallel programming: It addresses the problem of
prediction and approximation of complex-time varying systems. OOP simplifies
the entire process by simplifying the approximation and prediction ability of the
network.
• Stimulation and modeling system: It is difficult to model complex systems
due to varying specifications of variables. Stimulating complex systems require
modeling and understanding interaction explicitly. OOP provides an appropriate
approach for simplifying these complex models.
• Object-oriented database: The databases try to maintain a direct
correspondence between the real world and database object in order to let the
object retain it identity and integrity.
• Client-server system: Object-oriented client-server system provides the IT
infrastructure creating object-oriented server internet(OCSI) applications.
• CIM/CAD/CAM systems: OOP can also be used in manufacturing and
designing applications as it allows people to reduce the efforts involved. For
instance, it can be used while designing blueprints and flowcharts. So it makes
it possible to produce these flowcharts and blueprint accurately.