<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Session 31 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

DDL COMMANDS

1) Create database campusX

2) Drop database campusX
3) Create database if not exist campusX
4) Drop database if exist campusX

5) Create table users (

user_id INTEGER,
name VARCHAR(255)
)

6) Truncate table users

7) Data Integrity - accuracy, completeness, consistency

(constraints, Transaction, Normalization) methods of data integrity

8) Create table users (

user_id integer not null,
email varchar(255) not null)
)

9) Create table users (

user_id integer not null,
email varchar(255) unique not null)
)

10) Create table users (

user_id integer not null,
email varchar(255) not null,
password varchar(255) not null,

constraint user_email_unique UNIQUE (email)

)

11) Create table users(

user_id integer not null primary key,
email varcher(255) not null,
)
12) Create table users (
user_id integer not null auto increament,
email varchar(255) not null,
password varchar(255) not null,

constraint user_email_unique UNIQUE (name,email)

constraint user_pk primary key (user_id, email)
)

13) Create table users (

user_id integer not null ,
email varchar(255) unique not null,
age not null check (age > 6 and age < 25 )
)

14) table date default datetime_stanp

15) Create table customers(

cid integer primary key auto_increatment ,
 name varchar(255) not null ,
email varchar(255) not null unique
)
Create table orders(
order_id integer primary key auto_increament ,
cid integer not null,
constraint orders_fk foreign key orders(cid) references
customers(cid)
)

16) Create table customers(

cid integer primary key auto_increatment ,
name varchar(255) not null ,
email varchar(255) not null unique
)
Create table orders(
order_id integer primary key auto_increament ,
cid integer not null,
constraint orders_fk foreign key orders(cid) references
customers(cid)
on update cascade
on delete cascade)
)

17) Alter table ( add column / delete column / modify column )

alter table customers add column password varchar(255) after name

adding multiple column-

alter table customers(
add column pan_number after surname
add coliumn password integer before surname )

18) Alter table customers modify column surname integer

19) Alter table customers add columns age integer not null
Alter table customers add constraints customer _age_check ( age > 13)

20) Alter table customers modify constraints users_age_check check (age>6) not
possible to edit constraints

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<Session 32
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

21) Insert into campusx.users ( user_id,email,password)

values (null,'nitish','nitish@gmail.com','12234')

22) Insert into campusx.users(null,'nitish','nitish@gmail.com','12234')

23) Insert into table values

(..............),
(..............),
(..............)

24) Select * from campusX where

25) Select columns, columns from campusx

26) Select os as 'Operating System' , model as '..........' from campusX

27) Select model , sqrt(resolution width* resolution width + resolution height*
resolution height )/screen_size as ppi
from campusX

28) Select model ,'smartphone' as 'type' from campusx --- to make the constant
column

29) Select distinct(brand_name) as 'All Brand' from campusX

30) Select distinct brand_name , operating_system

31) Select * from smartphones where brand_name = 'samsung'

32) Select * from smartphones where price BETWEEN 100000 and 200000

33) Select * from smartphones where price < 250000 and rating > 8000

34) Select * from campusX where processor_brand in/not_in (exionios,snapdragon)

35) Update>>>>> Update smartphones (Generally Alter for columns and

update for rows)
set processor_brand ='dimensity'
where processor_brand='mediatek'

36) Delete>>>>> Delete from campusX

where price> 2000000 and batttery_capacity > 4000

37) Select max/avg/sum/count/count(price) from campusX .smartphones

38) Select count(distinct(price)) as 'count' from campusX

39) Select abs/round/ceil/floor(price - 1000000) as 'temp' from campusX

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Session 33 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

SORTING DATA

40) Select * from campusX order by screen_size desc limit (x,y) ---- x se start y
rows print krdo

41) Select model_name , front_cam + back_cam as 'total_num_camera' from campusX

order_by total_camera desc

GROUPING DATA ( Having is used for group by inplace of where )

42) Select brand_name, count(*) as 'num_phone',(round(screen_size),2) from campusx

groupby brand_name order_by num_phone

43) Select brand_name,count(*) as 'num_phone' groupby brand_name,processors_brand

44) Select brand_name , count(*) as 'count' from campusX

where has_nfc='True' and has_ir_blaster ='TRUE'
groupby brand_name having count > 20
orderby count desc limit 5

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Session 34 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>(join form temperory table

and to reduce the data redundancy )
45) Left join ( Pehli table ka data pura chahiye second se match ho ya na ho but
chahiye)
select * from membership t1
left join users t2 ( Yaad rakhna wapas se select * nahi krna hota)
on t1.user_id=t2.user_id

46) Cross Join

SELECT * FROM sql_cx_live.users t1
cross join sql_cx_live.groups t2

47) Inner Join

SELECT * FROM sql_cx_live.users t1
join sql_cx_live.groups t2
on t1.user_id = t2.user_id

48) Self Join

select * from users1 t1
join users1 t2
on t1.user_id=t2.emergency_contact

49) More than one column

select * from students t1
left/ right/ join class t2
on t1.class_id=t2.class_id
and t1.enrollment_year=t2.class_year

50) More than 2 tables

select * from order_details t1
join orders t2
on t1.order_id=t2.order_id
join users t3
on t2.user_id=t3.user_id

51) More than 2 table with ( Column filtering )

select t1.order_id,t1.amount,t1.profit,t3.name_id from order_details t1
join orders t2
on t1.order_id=t2.order_id
join users t3
on t2.user_id=t3.user_id

52) Profitable order

select t1.order_id, sum(t2.profit) from flipkart.orders t1
join flipkart.order_detail t2
on t1.order_id=t2.order_id
group by t1.order_id
having sum(t2.profit) > 0

--------- Set Operation in SQL --------------

UNION -- All unique rows

UNION ALL -- Union with duplicate rows

INTERSECT -- Common wale a jayenge

EXCEPT -- Pehli wali table ke woh element aayenge jo 2nd table me nhi h

54) Select * from person1

UNION / UNION ALL / INTERSECT / EXCEPT
 Select * from person2

55) FULL OUTER JOIN TRICK (because it is not present in mysql )

select * from membership t1
left join users t2
on t1.user_id=t2.user_id
UNION
select * from membership t1
right join users t2
on t1.user_id=t2.user_id

( F J W G H S D O )

56) Row filtering

Select * from ordeers t1
join users t2
on t1.user_id = t2.user_id
where t2.city = 'Pune' and t2.name = 'Sarita'

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Session 35 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ( Subquery - Query

ke andar query )

57) Basic Example of Subquery

Select * from movies
where (gross- budget) =( select max(gross- budget) from movies )

58)CTE:-
use flipkart;
with top_directors as (select director
from flipkart.movies
group by director
order by sum(gross) desc
limit 3)

select * from flipkart.movies

where director in (select * from top_directors)

59)Most profitable every year

select * from movies
where (year,gross-budget) in (select year, max(gross-budget)
from movies
group by year)

60)
with top_duos as (select star ,director ,sum(gross)
from movies
group by star , director
order by sum(gross) desc limit 5)

select * from movies

where (star,director,gross) in (select * from top_duos)

61) Corelated Subquery

select * from movies m1
where score > (select avg(score) from movies m2 where
m2.genre=m1.genre
group by genre)
62) select name,f_name,count(*)from users t1
join orders t2 on t1.user_id =t2.user_id
join order_details t3 on t2.order_id=t3.order_id
join food t4 on t3.f_id=t4.f_id
group by t2.user_id,t3.f_id

63) Subquery in select

select name,votes/select sum(votes) from movies))*100 from movies
or
select name, genre,score ,(Select avg(score) from movies m2 where
m2.genre=m1.genre)
from movies m1 (usage of subquery also there)

64) Subquery in from

select r_id,avg_rating from (select r_id,avg(restaurant_rating) as 'avg_rating'
from orders
group by r_id) t1
join restaurants t2
on t1.r_id=t2.r_id

65) Subquery with having

-- Find genres having avg score > avg score of all the movies
select genre ,avg(score )
from movies
group by genre
having avg(score) > (select avg(score) from movies)

66) Independent Subquery

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< Session >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Views ( Virtual table , not present physically on memory / logical table ) ---
Changes in table reflects on view also
Type - Single / Complex ------- On basis of no of joins
- Read only / Update view ------- On basis of if you can update (
Agar view updatable h toh view me change krne se original table me bhi change aa
jayega )
- If you have Aggregate fn / Distinct / Group by/ Having/ union /
Subquery / Certain joins then it will be read only view , you cant make this as
updatable view
- Materialized Views --- It can reduce the execution time / they
store the result ( result store krega so time reduce ho jayega )also so it reduce
the time
Advantage of materialized view fast / disadvantage - have to update
manually whenever you want the updated result kuki woh to store ho gya ab update
nhi hoga apne aap

- Adavntage of Views - To give control on certain data only sara

data dikhane ki jaroorat nahi / do not occupy memory
67)
Create view indigo as
select * from flights
where airline = 'Indigo' -------------- Select * from indigo ( we have created
the subset virtually )

68)
Create view joined_order_data as
Select order_id, amount, r_name , name ,date
from order_details t1
join orders t2
on t1.order_id=t2.order_id
join users t3
on t2.user_id=t3.user_id ------------------ Select * from joined_order_data (
Ab hum isse use kr sakte hai )

69) How to change the view

Alter view indigo
Select * from flights
where airline = 'Indigo_airline'

------------ User Defined Function

Syntax

-- Stored Procedure ( block of sql statements and procedural procedural logic that
is stored in a database ) pehle se likhe huye sql statement and procedure that we
will use

CREATE PROCEDURE 'new_procedure' ()

BEGIN

END

70) Create procedure hello_world ( )

begin
select "hello world" ;
end

-- CALL hello_world ( )

71) Create procedure add_user (IN input_name varchar(255) , IN input_name

VARCHAR(255) ) ---- yeh parameterised stored procedure h isme parameter aayega
and IN is used for input
begin
DECLARE user_count INTEGER ;
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO user_count FROM users WHERE email = input_email;

IF user_count = 0 THEN
INSERT INTO users (name,email) VALUES (input_name ,
input_email );
end

------------------------ TRANSACTIONS -------------------------- ( Database

transaction is a sequence of operation that are perforemed as a single unit of work
in a database management )
transaction only valid for write oeration that is ( insert update delete ) ya toh
pure statement honge ya phir ek bhi nhi hoga
Database transaction three main command
1) Commit - sare execution ke baad commit krna padega to make permanent changes
2) Rollback - wapas jaane ka tarika
3) Savepoint - kisi specific jagah pr pauchne ke liye savepoint use krte h bcoz
rollback me initial pr pauch jayenge if beech me save nhi kiya ha toh so we are
goint to use savepoint at particular stage

AUTOCOMMIT- Bina kisi explicit commit command diye changes ko save krna hi
autocommit h generally yahi hota hai but when you start transaction then autocommit
band ho jata h uss case me
how to turn off autocommit == SET autocommit = 0 now ab aapko khud se commit krna
padega

72)
START TRANSACTION ;
UPDATE person
set BALANCE = 4000 WHERE ID = 1;

UPDATE person
SET balance = 15000 WHERE ID = 4;
COMMIT / ROLLBACK ( rollback ulte direction me hota h )

73) rollback to specified savpoint

START TRANSACTION ;

SAVEPOINT A;
UPDATE person
set BALANCE = 4000 WHERE ID = 1;
SAVEPOINT B;
UPDATE person
SET balance = 15000 WHERE ID = 4;

ROLLBACK B;

74) rollback with commit

START TRANSACTION ;
UPDATE person
set BALANCE = 4000 WHERE ID = 1;
COMMIT;
UPDATE person
SET balance = 15000 WHERE ID = 4;

ROLLBACK ;

---------------- ACID PROPERTIES ----------- ( it is set of properties that ensures

reliable databse transactions ) yeh apne aap implemented h transaction me

1) Atomicity - all or none ( ya toh pure change shonge nahi toh koi nhi hoga )
2) Consistency- transaction only allowed if it must follow certain rules , or
constraint which ensures data integrity
3) Isolation- concurrent transaction do not interfere with each other / sab ek
doosre se isolate honge
4) Durability - agar commit ho gya toh permanent change store ho jayega
String Data Types ---
1) Char - fixed length string

2) Varchar- upper limit specified variable length

3) Text << Mediumtext <<< Longtext

Wildcards --- for pattern matching ( % and _ )

--- Select name from movies like '_____' ---- Exactly 5 characterer
----Select name from movies where name like '%man%' --- kahi bhi man ho

%man --- man pr khatam ho rhi ho

man%---- man se shuru ho

String Functions -----

-Upper(name)
-Lower(name)
-Concat(name,' ',director,' ',star)
-Substr(name,1,5) -- 1 se start krke 5 character dikha de (1 - position h 5- number
of character h)
-Replace (name, man, women) ---- name ke saare men ko women se replace krdo
-Reverse(name)
-char_length(name) vs length(name)
-Insert('hello world' ,7,3,'cccc') ------ hello world me 7th position se 3
character hata ke cccc replace krdo
-Left(name,3) left se 3 character dede
-Repeat(name,3) --- 3 baar name repeat krde
-Trim(name) --- space hata de
-Ltrim/ Rtrim
-Substring_index---- work as split function of python
substring_index('www.campusX.com','.',1) pehle . tk ka character de dega

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< CASE STUDY >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1) Create table laptops_backup like laptops ----------- Make backup

2) Insert into laptop_backup ---------- Copy the data

Select * from laptops

3) Select * from information_schema.TABLES

where table_schema='sql_cx_live' --------------same like
df.info
and table_name='laptops'

4) Alter table laptops drop column 'Column_name'

5) Delete from laptops where 'index' in (Select 'index' from laptops where
column_name is null ) -------------- Delete null values

6) Select name , gender, age,count(*) from laptops

group by name,gender,age
----------------------- for getting the duplicates value
having count > 1

7) Select * from duplicates:

delete from duplicates
where id not in ( select min(id) from zomato ----------------------- Removing
the duplicates
group by name,gender ,name)

8) Select distinct ( ) from laptop --------------- to see the

categorical colum / cleaning categoriacal column

9) Update laptops l1
Set Ram = (select replace(ram,'GB','') from laptops l2 where
l2.index=l1.index)

10) Alter table laptops modify column ram integer

11) Update laptops l1

Set price = ( select round( price) from laptops l2 where l2.iden=l1.index)
-------------- to update price column

12) select ops ,

case
when ops like '%mac%' then 'macos'
when ops like '%window%' then 'macos'
else 'other'
end as 'os_brand'
from laptops

13) Update laptops

Set ops = case
when ops like '%mac%' then 'macos'
when ops like '%window%' then 'macos'
else 'other'
end as 'os_brand'
from laptops

14)