USE OF ELECTRONIC INFORMATION RESOURCES IN SKYLINE

UNIVERSITY NIGERIA LIBRARY

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 CHAPTER 1

1.1 Background to the study

Electronic Information Resources are the resources in which information is stored

electronically and which require electronic systems/ devices and networks to
access and use. The term „Electronic Information Resource‟ is a broad term that
includes a variety of different models like, e-journals, e-books, online databases,
CD-ROMs, e-mail publishing, Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs), etc.
with the invention of electronic information resources, libraries now use different
types of resources to aid the services they render . Till recently, libraries used to
furnish the information needs of users by means of their vast print sources.

However, due to the impact of ICTs, this arena is fast changing. The new electronic
era, having Internet in the forefront, is pushing libraries towards the digital
environment. This has led libraries to acquire, organize and provide access to
electronic resources required for their users. The emergence of electronic
information resources (EIRs) has greatly transformed information handling and
management in Nigerian university communities. Electronic information resources
have become one of the most important and essential for all activities aspects of
information in the current era of information and communication technology.
Eresources can be very helpful to the users in available information and knowledge
services. The use of e-resources is now commonplace among academics in tertiary
educational institutions the world over. Electronic information resources are
electronic version of print formats which is a crucial part of library collection in the
digital era. Hitherto, the universe of knowledge was mainly in the form of print
while libraries served as link between students and information sources, using
manual method to retrieve and disseminate information. The method was
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considered inadequate in the digital era. The use of the Internet and WWW has
made accessibility to remote databases and full text online resources possible. So
it‟s the responsibility of library to keep pace with technological developments and
cope up with the users demand for e-information Kumar & Singh (2011).
Electronic resource as defined by AACR2, (2002) is any work encoded and made
available for access through the use of a computer which includes electronic data
available by:

• Remote access: (electronic resources) refers to the use of electronic

resources via computer networks.

• Direct access (fixed media): (electronic resources) refers to the use of

electronic resources via carriers (e.g., discs/disks, cassettes, cartridges) designed to
be inserted into a computerized device. However the use of these resources is
likely to be influenced by availability of the resources. Consequently, this study
investigated the level of use and constraints to the use of electronic information
resources by students for academic purposes at skyline university Nigeria (SUN).

1.2 Statement of the problem

Whereas accessing electronic information resources offers opportunities to obtain

accurate and timely literature, observation shows that there seems to be low usage
of e-resources at Skyline University Nigeria. the Nigerian libraries still faced some
challenges and hindrances in effective and efficient use of the resources for the
provision of information in the library today. Today Electronic information
resources Use are facing a lot of problems. This research work is conducted to
findout some of the inhibiting factors that are hindering the accessibility of
eresources on Skyline university Nigeria. Low usage of electronic resources is a
challenge to the library management since a lot of money is being spent in
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purchasing or subscribing to various electronic information resource packages.
Although the university Library conducts Information Literacy Skills training,
workshops, seminars and communicates to clients regularly about the available
electronic information resources, it seems there is a low usage of the e-resources.
Low usage of electronic resources is cited as a challenge to the library
management. Although the University is making efforts to facilitate use of the
resources, still electronic information resources are not effectively utilized and
some are not used at all. Therefore, it is necessary to know why there is low usage
of electronic information resources among Skyline university students. Lack of
competent staff on the other hand also affects the management of electronic
information resources. Okiy (2005) asserted that libraries as centres for learning,
teaching and research can no longer cope with information management through
use of traditional methods; where the process of acquisition and organization of
information resources may take up to six (6) months before the patrons use them.

It is therefore against this background that this research is set to investigate the use
of E-resources in the Library of skyline university Nigeria.

1.3 Research questions

1. What types of electronic information resources are available in the library of

skyline university, kano, Nigeria ?

2. How are these electronic information resources used in the university?

3. What challenges are associated with the use of electronic resources in the
library under study?

4. How does the University address these challenges ?

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1.4 Objectives of the study

1. To investigate the types of electronic information resources available to the

students in skyline university library .

2. To investigate how electronic information resources are used in the

University.

3. To find out the challenges associated with the use of EIR in the library.

4. To find out how the challenges are addressed

1.5 Significance of the study

This study is important because it examines problems or challenges associated with

the use of electronic resources at Skyline University and findings of this study will
contribute to the body of knowledge on student‟s use of electronic resources. This
study is also expected to provide a basis for comprehensive information on the use
of electronic information resources in skyline university Nigeria. The study will
also be beneficial to academics, researchers, students and professionals interested
in this area of study. The study will also be beneficial to academics, researchers,
students and professionals interested in this area of study. The output of this study
will serve as a blueprint for libraries, information managers/information scientists,
researchers, lecturers, students, and teachers to chart the right course of action for
the use of electronic information resources in furthering education through policy
formulation and implementation.

1.6 Scope and limitations of the study

The research covers the use of electronic information resources in Skyline

university Library Kano. The study is confined to the usage of electronic resources
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only. Participants are chosen on the premise that they have fresh technical
knowledge to the subject under study as they receive information literacy skills
training. The limitations of the study include:

1. Less physical interaction which can result in a lack of nonverbal indicators

and a feeling of separation. Electronic media frequently appeals to attention
span limitations and promotes surface-level involvement rather than in-depth
comprehension.
2. User attitude: User attitude was also expected to affect the quality of
information provided by participants due to fear of providing sensitive
information, unwillingness to participate and fear of intrusion into personal
privacy of the participants. Therefore the researcher didn‟t ask for people‟s
names to insure anonymity and encourage participation.

1.6.1 Effects of limitations on the study

1. Electronic resources is dependent on technology, and when there are

technical problems, accessing the media may be challenging or impossible.
2. Compared to in-person communication, electronic resources offer less
physical interaction, which can result in a lack of nonverbal indicators and a
feeling of separation.
3. Electronic resources frequently appeals to attention span limitations and
promotes surface-level involvement rather than in-depth comprehension.

1.7 Operational definition of key terms.

The following terms have been defined operationally to ease the understanding of
this project work.

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 1. Information resources: An element of infrastructure that enables the
transaction of certain selected significant and relevant data, prepared so as to
provide content and information services that can be used directly by the
user

2. Electronic information resources (EIR): According to Reitz (2004) electronic

information resources (EIR) are materials consisting of data and computer
programmme encoded for reading and manipulation by a computer through a
peripheral device directly connected to the computer or remotely via a
network such as the Internet.

3. Use: to put into action or service. the action of using something or the state
of being

Reference

Adeleke, D. S., & Emeahara, E. N. (2016). Relationship between Information

Literacy and Use of Electronic Information Resources by Postgraduate Students of
the University of Ibadan. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 1381.
Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1381

Abdulsalami, T. Lucky and Salami, F. Paulina (2013) Availability, Accessibility and

Use of Information among Samaru Traders. Journal of Education, ABU Zaria.
7
Kaduna State.

Arokoyo T., (2005) ICTs Application in Library and Information Centers Delivery.
A-Journal on Procedure.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

In the course of this research a lot of literature had been contacted to support and
give solid background to the topic under the study. The review is organized under
the following sub-heading:

2.2 Concept of Electronic information resources

2.3 Benefit of Electronic information resources

2.4 Availability of Electronic Information Resources in University Library.

2.5Use of Electronic information resources in the university Library

2.6 Challenges associated with electronic information resources in the University

Library.

2.7 How University Address Challenges associated with electronic information

resources.

2.2 concept of electronic information resources

For many, general reasons for embarking on the purchasing of electronic

information resources are the unique nature of EIRs such as easy usability,
readability, speedy accessibility, budgetary aspects, and affordability. The
following are the advantages of EIRs overprint documents.

Anupam Mitra (2020) outlines the findings of a study conducted during COVID-19
to identify E-resources‟ Challenges and Opportunities. The study discusses the
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various obstacles that e-resource users encounter and the edutech options available
locally and worldwide in a universal library. Due to the worldwide COVID-19
epidemic in 2020, e- resources will be heavily exploited. All stakeholders have
understood the obstacles and promising future potential accessible in this subject in
e-resources. Users will have to cope with the new growing digital world and devise
the best possible ways and methods for managing these resources efficiently and
effectively for enhanced availability and accessibility, providing convenient and
comfortable use while overcoming all obstacles.

Muteshewa (2004) reveals that traditional libraries stored different types of

information resources in different formats in buildings. Various toolsand guides to
locate these resources were available only when a patron physically visited the
library. The situation has now changed and access to these guides has
become paramount. He asserted that with the advent of computers and
telecommunication technologies, libraries and information services can provide
access to these resources through work-stations like PCs and terminals that
are in patron‟s Offices, as well as in the Library. Hawkins (2000) emphasizes
that the library of the future will have the daunting mission of helping scholars
discover what relevant information exists Anywhere in the world and in a
variety of formats and media. Understanding how students navigate this maze
of resources is important in helping the librarians to develop and assess
pedagogy designed to instruct students in library use. The study intended to
assess the usage of e-resources available in must library and to

Determine the extent of use. This would help guide must librarians In the
transformations required in handling information in the context of the
complex challenges posed by the emerging e-learning environment and
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globalization. The traditional university library cannot compete favourably well
with the modern information technology, especially with their outdated and
obsolete traditional resources of prints. Given this assertion, libraries have
transformed into digital and virtual libraries where books, journals and magazines
have changed into e-books, e-journals, and e-magazines (Akpojotor, 2016).
Electronic resources could also be adjudged as information materials that need
computer device to access, whether through a personal computer (PC), Mainframe
or handled mobile devices and are facilitated by the use of the internet or LANs
(Igwe&Uzuegbu 2013). An electronic source is any library or information
resources that can be accessed via a computer such as an email, internet, video,
audio recording etc. Electronic resources according to the International Federation
of Library Association (IFLA, 2012) are those materials that require computer
access, whether through a personal computer, mainframe, or handheld mobile
devices. They may be accessed remotely via the internet or locally. Similarly,
Mansur (2012) describing electronic resources as electronic products that deliver a
collection of data, be it text referring to full text databases, e-journals, e-books,
image collections, other multimedia products and numerical, graphical or time
based, as commercially available title that has been published with a sole aim of
being marketed and for information dissemination. According to Oyedapo and Ojo
(2013), e-journal offers a range of potential advantages to libraries and end-users.
EIRs are domiciled in CD-ROMs, computer hard disc, and databases and
disseminated through an electronic library of a University. Igbo and Imo (2017)
stated that a major advantage of the EIRs is being able to share and distribute the
resource. Ugwu and Onyegiri (2013) clearly gave examples of electronic resources
which include, but are not limited to: web sites, online databases, e-journals,
ebooks, electronic integrating resources, and physical carriers in all formats,

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whether free or fee-based, required to support research in the subject covered, and
maybe audio, visual, and/or text files.

Owolabi, Ajiboye, Lawal and Okpeh (2012) observed that EIRs have increasingly
become an invaluable asset in education, research, teaching and learning. They
noted that EIRs have transformed the conduct of research and teaching in
universities by allowing Academic staff opportunity for accessing a wide range of
accurate and timely information on various subjects. Electronic resources have
placed themselves at the top priority in academic and research organizations,
especially in developing countries. Electronic resources have the advantage of
being more current, and sometimes more comprehensive than comparable print
equivalents. The dawn of electronic resources (E-resources) has drastically changed
the way of accessing the conserved information in databases and provided 4tilizati
speeds for retrieving it (Suboohi Siddiqui, 2018). EIRs are highly important
teaching and research tools, which complement print-based resources and enhance
the learning and research processes in any academic institution (Iroaganachi, 2016;
Dadzie, 2005). Electronic resources are the electronic representation of the
information. There are available in various forms like e-books, digital libraries,
online journal, magazine, and e-learning tutors and online test. Because of the
effective presentation with multimedia tools, these e-resources have become the
source of information. According to Shuling (2007), electronic information has
gradually become a major resource in every university library. The
emergence of electronic information resources, simply referred to as
electronic resources,has tremendously transformed information handling and
management in academic environments and in University libraries in particular.
Ellis and Oldman (2005) note that through the use of electronic resources,
researchers and students; now have access to global information resources,
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particularly the Internet for their scholarly intercourse.The death of current and
up-to-date information for research in University libraries is attributed to
poor levels of developing electronic information resources, (Afolabi, 2007;
Faborode, 2007; Bozimo, 2007). Libraries need to be vanguards for
technology transfer from the developed world to the developing economies of
Africa; to meet these expectations African university libraries must provide a link
between local researchers, scholars and their counter parts in other parts of the
world. Utilization of online information resources is the way of achieving
this objective. According to Tsakonas et al. (2006) electronic information
resources are information resources provided in electronic

Form, and these include resources available on the Internet such as e-books
e-journals, online database, CD-ROM databases and other computer –based
electronic networks, among others.

2.3 Benefit of Electronic information resources .

The advent of Internet has dramatically changed the way people and institutions
function. It has led to tremendous change in the way libraries function and offer
services to their users. At present, the libraries actively procure, organize, display
and issue e-forms of books, journals, newspapers, theses and dissertations. This is
also due to change in information seeking behavior of users. The new generation of
users prefers online resources as they want all information at the click of mouse.
The e- resources have certain inherent characteristic features which offer
convenience to the users. An e- resource is material which requires computer
mediation in order to access its content and make it useful. Both online and offline
resources such as CD ROMs fall within the scope of e- resources. The term
eresource refers to all the products which a library provides through a computer
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network. The electronic resources are also known as online information resources
covering bibliographic databases, electronic reference books, search engines for
full textbooks, and digital collections of data. They include both “born digital”
materials which has been produced directly online. Access to the electronic
resources may be free via Internet or may be available against a fee.

The benefits of Electronic information resources in skyline university Nigeria are

as follows:

1.Access of material any time, any where

2.Easy to use

3.Additional e-journals link facility.

4.Fast and quick access of desired information.

5.Access of material with multimedia( Video, animation, sound,

Graphical form etc.)

6.Time saving

7.Cheaper than print materials.

8.Multi-access: A networked product can provide multiple points of

Access at multiple points in time and to multiple simultaneous user.

9.Helps to reduce the burden of library staff.

10.Reduces storage space.

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2.4 Availability of Electronic Information Resources

Availability of electronic information resources is about information being

accessible as needed, when needed, where needed. The objective of availability is
to enable access to authorized information or resources. Availability, in the context
of a computer system, refers to the ability to a user to access information or
resources in a specified location and in the correct format. Chandrasekhar (2006)
observed that the availability of electronic resources depend on the availability of
funds as well as the demand for their use. Aguolu & Aguolu (2002) argue that
availability should be viewed from both national and instructional levels. They
attribute the lack of availability of information resources to the steady proliferation
of universities: federal, state, and private, along with increases in students and
faculty, and the diversification of courses and academic and research programs,
without adequate information resources to meet the actual and information needs.
They identify obstacles to the development of adequate information resources.
Dike cited in Amankwah (2014) conducted research on the scarcity of books in
Nigeria and the threat to academic excellence. She was able to establish that non-
availability of information resources has led faculty and students not to use library
services. A study by Marama & Ogunrombi cited in Ankrah & Atuase(2018)
confirms high unavailability of library and information science (LIS) collections in
most Nigerian university libraries, which had a negative effect on the use of
information resources in the libraries studied. Unomah cited by Quadri et al (2014)
conducted a study at the former Bendel State University to determine the
unavailability rate in the library and to find out its causes. The survey revealed an
unavailability rate of 34 percent. A similar study by Okiy (2000) showed an
unavailability rate of only 7.5%. Iyoro (2004) found that availability of serials at
the University of Ibadan was 94 percent, with 242 of 256 respondents agreeing that
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serial publications are available and readily accessible. The provision of electronic
information resources varies among disciplines. They are most available in the
sciences and medicine and least in the social science and humanities. Torma &
Vakkari (2004) observation that the availability of relevant electronic resources
affect how frequently scholars use them. Rosenberg (2005) noted that access of
Nigerian university libraries to the EBSCO Host online database was first made
possible by NULIB Consult, which is a consortium for the Committee of
University Librarians of Nigerian Universities (CULNU). In 2002, the continued
subscription of Nigerian University Libraries to EBSCO Host was taken over by
the Education Trust Fund (ETF) from 2005-2010. In a study conducted by
Liverpool John Moore University (LJMU) on the provision of electronic
information resources in Nigerian libraries, Ashcroft and Watts (2005) examined
existing electronic information resources and barriers obstructing effective
provision of electronic information. Ajayi & Akinniyi (2004) found frustration
among information seekers due to the non -availability of sources. Aina cited in
Ugbagir (2010) analyzed the availability of periodical titles used in 14 Nigerian
libraries, finding that only 67 (11.5%) of the 578 periodical titles studied were not
available in any of the major libraries, and confirming a high availability rate. The
study observed that electronic information resources are better provided through
consortia efforts the main benefits are that of rationalization and cost savings. They
observed that a consortium can comprise both large and small institutions and both
public and academic libraries through a wide area network (WAN). This
observation is in agreement with the position of CULNU, which formed a
consortium, NULIB, through which Nigerian university libraries subscribe to
electronic resources and services, among many of its other activities.

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2.5 Use of Electronic information resources .

Information centres and libraries have the challenges to maintain the overflow of
new- fangled literature. A number of developments have been occurred in recent
years with respect to the electronic resources. Publishers are concerned about costs,
reader behaviour and expectations, rights management and archiving. Scholars
prefer to have trouble-free access to intricate information, including easy access to
full text and reference linking. On the other hand the aggregators face the problem
of organization content from various sources, providing orientation linking not
only their own service but to other service providers, ensuring wholeness and
privileges management and archiving. Library consortia have become extremely
significant by means of cooperative purchasing and conciliation of licenses, they
are assured for access and proper management. Access to electronic information
resources such as abstracting and indexing databases and electronic journals is
purchased under license by the library on behalf of the institution. Exact license
terms vary from one publisher to another, but in general they authorize use of the
resources by current students and staff of the institution only for the purposes of
academic research. Use of the resources for commercial purposes and unauthorized
users is explicitly prohibited. The E-resources plays a vital role in the all over
world, every user must knew the importance of e- resources, it is accepted by all
kind of people because of its accessibility, affordability, usability and readability.

1. The information preserves at standard interval and can be reserved always

up-to-date in electronic media.
2. Smooth the progress of easy replication into new media and sharing the data.
3. Incorporation of special media (Image, Sound, Video etc.)
4. Afford hyper links to related additional resources.

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 5. The electronic resources unresponsive to environment exposure and if
handle with care, it will Prove huge stability which cannot be attain on paper
based print media.
6. Saves massive time by providing easy and immediate access without slaying
time for processing,printing, binding and delivery.
7. It also saves the space of the library.
8. It gives awareness to the user community such as PG students, research
scholars, faculty, staff etc.
9. The user can get all the data in digitalized format, so there is no need for
printing and binding.
10.The cost of e-resources is less than the print version
11.It allocates the interactive facility.
12.Have possible to preserve delicate / valuable unique materials.
13.To access and recover appropriate articles, number of search engines is
available
14.It facilitates concurrent access to huge number of users.
15.Numerous access and through limited networks become easy.

2.6 Challenges associated with electronic information resources .

Today‟s library professionals continued play a significant role in the libraries to

give better services to their users to grow the research output. The new
technologies have changed the way of library services and professionals skills to
do routine work easily. Now, library professional used these technologies to get,
conserve and offer the reference services to its users. The shift from print to
electronic or digital has been well observed and recognized globally. The adoption
of the e-resources has made a great advantage over the library services for easy

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retrieval of required information within a short period of time. There is some of the
challenges in offering the high level of the services to users. Some of the
challenges facing with e-resources management are discussed below: A. Shortage
of library funds:

ICT demand more funds for its infrastructure and continuing services. Most of the
libraries have inadequate fund for acquiring e-resources and so the users do not get
their needy information at the right time. Therefore, shortage of library fund to
establish and run the same is challenges were identified for implementation of the
digital libraries.

B. Technical infrastructure:

In a digital information service system, infrastructure such as software, hardware,

internet facilities and other physical equipment„s are required to provide easier,
faster and comprehensive access to information. Absence of stable technical
network infrastructures in terms of servers, physical cabling and wireless access
points are challenges were identified for implementation of the digital libraries. C.
Lack of professional skills:

Due to lack of management and technical skills, the academic library professionals
are not able to handle the e- resources. Therefore, shortages of the professional
skilled personnel who can establish or run digital library are challenges were
identified for implementation of the digital libraries. D. Online / virtual crimes and
security:

Web/cybercrimes have become a common threat on internet. To overcome this

issue, compulsory Virus Proof procedures should be adopted while downloading
einformation from any other system. To secure the system from viruses, the
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databases can be modified by hacker proof procedures. Separate login and
password systems are to be compulsorily adapted to the Network systems. To
overcome the above database security problems and issues, it is essential to install
a database security software or firewall technology to protect the databases. E.
Privacy / confidentiality:

Maintaining privacy and confidentiality is another problem in accessing online

information. To control pirating of software, copying or downloading all the
contents of any e-resource at a time, right to obtain information and right to
withhold or ban the access is essential and so there is a delicate challenge between
privacy and rights to information. Protecting one network from another to maintain
confidentiality of information is another problem in securing databases on Internet
and Intranet.

F. Copyright issues:

Large scale of piracy of software and plagiarism is an important issue that the
present day the academic library professionals are facing in providing
electronic/digital information service. The cost and timeliness in retrieving the
information are also considered. When negotiating access with a publisher, the
librarian must agree to certain restrictions on photocopying or distribution of
electronic materials. The library is responsible for maintaining the awareness of all
users about copyright issues.

G. Collection of e-resources:

Collecting the materials and making it available to all current and future users is
another core value of librarianship. The challenge is for the librarian to contribute
to establish realistic collection-development policies covering acquisition of and

20
provision of access to electronic resources for users now and in the future. A
digitized collection means that libraries share the use of the collections with other
institutions, not only locally, but also globally. It is the publisher who dictates how
much access will be provided, which issues will be available, and how much that
access will cost.

G. Organizational structure:

Technology has broken down the rigid hierarchical structure of the organizations
which is another important issue in changing the roles of the librarian in the
knowledge society. Far from emulating the organization of conventional libraries,
the organization and structure of digital libraries, and the division of labour within
them, are open to considerable experimentation.

2.7 How University Address Challenges associated with electronic information

resources.

Universities face several challenges associated with the use of electronic

information resources, and they employ various strategies to address these
challenges. Here are some common approaches:

1. Access and Licensing: One challenge is ensuring access to a wide range of

electronic resources, including scholarly journals, databases, e-books, and more.
Universities negotiate licenses with publishers and vendors to provide access to
these resources. They often participate in consortia or partnerships to collectively
negotiate better terms and pricing.

2. Budget Constraints: The cost of electronic resources can be significant, and

universities must manage their budgets effectively. They allocate funds to prioritize
resources that are most relevant to their faculty and students. They may also
21
explore open access options, where research outputs are freely available online,
reducing costs.

3. Technological Infrastructure: Maintaining a robust technological

infrastructure is crucial for handling electronic resources effectively. Universities
invest in adequate bandwidth, servers, and storage capabilities to ensure seamless
access and smooth functioning of the resources. They also implement
authentication systems to restrict access to authorized users.

4. User Education and Support: Many universities offer training programs and
workshops to educate faculty and students on effectively using electronic
resources. Librarians and IT professionals provide guidance on search strategies,
citation management, and resource evaluation. Help desks and online support
systems are established to assist users with technical issues and queries.

5. Copyright Compliance: Electronic resources often come with licensing

agreements and copyright restrictions. Universities educate their communities
about copyright laws and fair use guidelines to ensure compliance. They may also
implement software or systems to track and manage copyright permissions.

6. Information Literacy Programs: Given the vast amount of information

available electronically, universities emphasize the development of information
literacy skills. They integrate information literacy programs into the curriculum to
teach critical evaluation, ethical use of information, and proper citation practices.

7. Preservation and Long-Term Access: Electronic resources require long-term

preservation and access strategies. Universities may establish digital repositories or
collaborate with preservation initiatives to ensure the longevity of scholarly
outputs and digital materials.
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8. Data Security and Privacy: Universities have a responsibility to protect user
data and ensure privacy when accessing electronic resources. They implement
security measures like firewalls, encryption, and access controls to safeguard
sensitive information.

9. Evolving Technologies and Trends: Universities stay abreast of emerging

technologies and changing trends in electronic information resources. They
actively participate in professional networks, attend conferences, and collaborate
with other institutions to share best practices and adapt to new developments.

10. Feedback and Assessment: Universities regularly seek feedback from faculty
and students to assess the usability, relevance, and effectiveness of electronic
resources. They may conduct surveys, focus groups, or usage statistics analysis to
inform decision-making and improve resource provision.

Overall, universities employ a multifaceted approach to address challenges related

to electronic information resources, focusing on access, budgeting, infrastructure,
user education, compliance, and adaptation to technological advancements.

Reference

Forsman, R.B.(1998), ― managing the electronic resources transforming research

libraries; challenges in the dynamic digital environment‖, Adv in Librarianship.
Vol.22 No.2; pp.1-19.

Hahn, S.E.(1999). ― Advantages and disadvantages of electronic journals:

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Business school faculty views‖, Journal of Business and Finance Librarianship, Vol.
5 No. 1; pp.19-31.

Kidd, T.(2002), ―Electronic journal usage statistic in practive‖, Serials. Vol.15

No.1; pp. 11-17.

Nabe, Jonathan(2001). E-Journal Bunding and Its Impact on Academic Libraries:

some Early Results. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship.

Matto, G., & Bwabo, M. (2012). Prospects of digital libraries in enhancing

academic materials access: A survey of libraries in higher learning institutions in
Kilimanjaro region. Proceedings and Report of the 5th Ubuntu Net Alliance Annual
Conference, 102-117.

2 Naik, R.R., &Horakeri, M.D. (2009, September 13). ―Changing role of the
college library professionals in the internetera: Trends, opportunities and
challenges‖. Retrieved from http://dliskud.over-blog.com/article-36027362.html.

3 Nallathambil,A.,Shanthi,S.L and Shanmugam,A.P Use of Information and

Communication Technology Among the Faculty Membersof Leading Engineering
Colleges in Namakkal District IJISS Vol.S No.1 Jan-June 2014 PP 46 – 49

4 Kathirvel,R Shanmugam.A.P Natarajan,N.O Information Services and Facilities

of the Professional CollegeLibraries in Vinayaka Mission„s University, Salem
CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the method and the strategy used in conducting the study.
24
The chapter however covers the following headings;

3.2 Research Method

3.3 Research Design

3.4 Population of the Study

3.5 Respondent Groups

3.6 Sampling Techniques and Sample size

3.7 Instrument for Data Collection

3.8 Administration of Research Instrument

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

3.2 Research Methodology

Quantitative research is a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering

quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational
techniques. Quantitative research collects information from existing and potential
customers using sampling methods and sending out online surveys online polls and
questionnaire. According to Abdullahi, (2005) Quantitative Research is the process
of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and
averages, make predictions, test casual relationships and generalize results to wider
populations. Furthermore, quantitative research is widely used in the natural and
social sciences. The researcher uses quantitative methods because its generate
knowledge and create understanding about the social world and also to observe
phenomena or occurrences affecting individuals.

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3.3 Research Design

Research design is the plan on which the various activities in a research work can
be based. Akuezuilo and Agu (2003) stated that "research design is the plan for
research project which provides guidelines that direct the researcher towards
solving the research problem and may vary depending on the nature of the problem
being studied". Quantitative research design is aimed at discovering how many
people think, act or feel in a specific way. Quantitative projects involve large
sample sizes, concentrating on the quantity responses as opposed to gaining the
more focused or emotional insight that is the aim of quantitative research. The
standard format in quantitative research design is for each respondents to be asked
the same questions, which ensures that the entire data sample can be analyzed
fairly. The data is supplied in a numerical format, and can be analyzed in a
quantifiable way using statistical methods.

3.4 Population of the Study

A population is the complete set of individuals, objects and measurements from

which a sample Is draw (Bello, 2009). Sambo (200S) also defined population as
"the set of all elements, objects,or events that are of interest for a particular study".
Population according to Haruna (2010) refers to total number of the target group,
item, element, events, or object intended to be studied.Population determines the
focus of the investigation, Maiwada (2009) defines population as "the naturally
existing collection of an entity such as group of human beings or non-human
object".According to Mugo (2010) population is a „‟group of individuals, persons,
objects or item from which sample are taken for measurement".The population of
the study comprises the students Of Skyline University Nigeria engaged in using

26
the Electronic information resources.According to the preliminary study conducted
there are 321 registered users.

3.5 Respondent Groups

In research methodologies, respondent groups refer to the individuals or entities

that participate in a study or provide data for research purposes. The selection of
respondent groups depends on the research objectives, research design, and the
population under investigation. Here are some respondent groups in these research
methodology:

1. General Population: This refers to the overall population that the research
aims to study. It could include individuals from various backgrounds,
demographics, and locations. General population surveys often employ random
sampling techniques to ensure representativeness.The general population in this
research is 118

2. Targeted Demographic Groups: Researchers may focus on specific

demographic groups within the general population. These groups could be defined
by factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, income, education level, occupation, or
other relevant characteristics.

3. Experts and Professionals: In certain studies, researchers may seek input or

expertise from professionals or subject matter experts. These experts could be
academics, practitioners, industry professionals, or individuals with specialized
knowledge in a particular field.

27
3.6 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size

A sample is a small amount or proportion of a total, selected to represent the total

(Abdul-malig;2006),. Sampling according to Abdul-maliq (2006) are methods or
approaches to selecting samples from population that ensure a satisfactory degree
of representatives and un-biasness.Sampling may be defined as a process of
selecting some part of an aggregate or totality, on the basis of making a judgement
or inference about that aggregate or totality (Kothari, 2009). The researcher
adopted Krejcie and Morgan (1970) theory of determining sample size. Hence, the
total population of registered users in the library is three hundred and twenty one
(321) registered users. A total of one hundred and eighteen (118) was randomly
selected for this study.

3.7 Instrument for Data Collection

The instrument used in gathering data is a questionnaire. The decision to use

questionnaire arrived after considering the nature of the data to be collected and the
relative low cost of producing it.

3.7.1 Questionnaire

The questionnaire is the most frequently used instrument in educational research,

Ujo (2000) said that it is so popular that a number of published studies and students
projects in education employ this instrument for data collection. Aina (2007)
defined Questionnaire as a list of questions,carefully formulated to be administered
as a selected group of people for the purpose of gathering information. The
significance of questionnaire in conducting research is beyond question, this is due
to the fact Aina (2004) posited to have said that Anonymity is guaranteed,and
hence respondents are unbiased. It facilitates the collection of large amounts of

28
data in arelatively short period and it is cheap to administer.Open and close ended
questionnaire were used for this study. The open ended questionnaire is the type of
questionnaire were the respondent are encouraged to express their opinions on a
number of issues without any restraint, while the closed ended questionnaire is the
type that multiple answers are provided to each question asked and the respondents
are to pick one or as many as relevant. The questionnaire titled "Use of electronic
information resources in Skyline university Nigeria‟‟ was used in collecting
required data. The questionnaire was divided into 5 sections.The first section
sought to collect the subject bio data of the respondents, the second section was
multiple choice aimed at availability of electronic resources among students, the
third section was also a multiple choice questions aimed at determining benefits of
electronic resources to student,the forth section was a multiple question aimed at
determining use of use ofelectronic resources among students and the last section is
a multiple question aimed at determining the challenges of electronic resources in
the university understudy.

3.8 Administration of Research instrument

In order to achieve the aim of this study, the questionnaire were distributed to the
students of Skyline university Nigeria . The questionnaires were administered by
the researcher in person to ensure that the respondents received and complete it in
good time.

29
3.9 Method of Data Analysis

Descriptive statistical tool was used to analyse the data collected The results were
presented in frequency tables. The researcher in addition used other statistical tools
as percentage and frequencies in analysing data from the research questions.

30
Reference

Matto, G., & Bwabo, M. (2012). Prospects of digital libraries in enhancing

academic materials access: A survey of libraries in higher learning institutions in
Kilimanjaro region. Proceedings and Report of the 5th Ubuntu Net Alliance Annual
Conference, 102-117.

2 Naik, R.R., &Horakeri, M.D. (2009, September 13). ―Changing role of the
college library professionals in the internetera: Trends, opportunities and
challenges‖. Retrieved from http://dliskud.over-blog.com/article-36027362.html.

3 Nallathambil,A.,Shanthi,S.L and Shanmugam,A.P Use of Information and

Communication Technology Among the Faculty Membersof Leading Engineering
Colleges in Namakkal District IJISS Vol.S No.1 Jan-June 2014 PP 46 – 49

4 Kathirvel,R Shanmugam.A.P Natarajan,N.O Information Services and Facilities

of the Professional CollegeLibraries in Vinayaka Mission„s University, Salem
international Journal of Library Scienceand Research (IJLSR) ISSN(P): 2250-
2351; ISSN(E): 2321- 0079 Vol. 5, Issue 1, Feb 2015, 9-18

CHAPTER 4

31
 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents results from the analysis of data collected through
questionnaire administered to 118 students of Skyline university Nigeria . It also
presents descriptive analysis of the data collected from the field work based on the
research questions raised in the study. Finally, the chapter also provides discussion
in relation to the research questions as well as summary of the major findings.

4.2 Data Presentation

This section presents the analysis of respondents‟ demographic data (students) as

presented in table 4.2.1 below;

Table 4.2.1: Respondents‟ Demographic Information

Items Variables No. Of student Percentage (%)

Gender Male 75 74.6

Female 43 25.4

Total 118 100.0

Age group 20-25 23 10.8

26-30 62 58.5

30-above 33 30.7

Total 118 100.0

Department Biology 63 51.9

32
 Geology 37 30.8

Computer science 18 17.3

Total 118 100.0

Table 4.2.1 shows the summary of descriptive analysis of personal data of the
respondents to the study on the use of electronic information resources in skyline
university Nigeria.Based on students‟ gender majority of the respondents are male
with 75 (74.6%), while female students are 43 (25.4%). As indicated in the above
table most of the students are between the age group of 26 – 30 years with 58.5%
while the majority of the respondents are in the department of Biology with 63
(51.9%), 37 (30.8%) department of Geology and 18 (17.3%) in the department of
Computer science respectively.

4.3 Data Analysis based on Research Questions

This section contains descriptive analysis of data from students based on research
questions. The data collected were analyzed, interpreted and presented in tables
below;

Availability of Electronic Information Resources

S/N Items Unavailable Highly available Available Highly unavailable

1 E-book 11 (6.8%) 69 (56.5%) 27 (29.9%) 11 (6.8%)

2 Database 14 (18.0%) 20 (50.7%) 78 (27.3%) 6 (4.0%)

3 E-journal 16 (16.5%) 58 (15.5%) 18 (45.0%) 26 (23.0%)

33
4 CD Rom 72 (73.0%) 1 (1.0%) 9 (6.8%) 36 (20.1%)

5 Opac 79 (20.1%) 7 (3.6%) 11 (8.3%) 21 (11.2%)

RO1: Availability of Electronic Information Resources to Students in Skyline

University, Nigeria. Findings discovered that 106 (86.4%) e-books are the major
information resources in the library followed by database 96(78%), e-journals
62(60.5%), this means e-book,e-journal, database and internet are the major
electronic information resources available in the library. The least available
electronic information resources were OPAC 105 (88.1%), CD-ROM 110
(93.2%),E-Archives 206 (74.2%). This finding is supported by Quadri,
Adetimirin& Idowu (2014) that internet access, e-journals, and database are
readily available to Undergraduates in Babcock and Redeemer‟s Universities. Also
related to the study is that of Monopoli, who discovered that two third of the
respondents (69.5%) in the university of Patras, Greece, submitted that electronic
information resources are available.

4.4 Summary of Major Findings

The summary of the major findings of this study are as follows:

1. There is availability of electronic information resources among the students

of Skyline University, Nigeria.

2. It was discovered that student‟s accessibility to electronic information

resources improves their academic performance in Skyline University, Nigeria .

34
4.5 Discussion of Findings

Research question 1 of this study revealed that there is availability of electronic

information resources among students of Skyline University, Nigeria. Which
indicates that student‟s accessibility improves their activities and punctuality and
may likely focus more on his lectures. The findings revealed that majority of the
respondents agreed that the challenges encountered such as inadequate facilities
and lack of trainingconstitute hindrances to the use of EIRs in the library.This is in
contrast with the findings of Igbo and Imo (2014) who examined use of electronic
information resources sharing and networking among University libraries in
Nigeria and found out that a major challenge of non-use of e-resources is due to
lack of awareness. Also supported by Aina (2014) who examined awareness,
accessibility and use of electronic databases among academic staff of Babcock
university and find out that unreliable internet connectivity and searching skills are
major challenges to the use of electronic information resources.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presents summary, conclusions and recommendations based on the

findings of the study. It also suggests areas for further studies.

5.2 Summary

Chapter one of this study introduces the research as it established that accessibility
of students to electronic resources exposes students to various activities, functions
and responsibilities. This motivates the study as it examines the use of electronic
35
resources by students in SkylineUniversity, Nigeria.Similarly, a number researches
were formulated, research questions were raised. The significance of the study was
outlined as well as the scope and delimitation of the study in chapter one. In
chapter two, various concepts and studies relevant to the study were reviewed.
Among those reviewed were: Concept of electronic resources, Effects of electronic
information resources, Use of electronic information resources.Challenges
associated with electronic information resources and was also reviewed.Review of
empirical studies of other people‟s work that are related to the study was also
reviewed. Summary and uniqueness of the study shows that most of the previous
researches focused on student‟s accessibility on electronic information resources
with less emphasis on academic performance in the university environment.
Research methodology was discussed in chapter three; research design, population
of the study, sample size and sampling technique, data collection instrument(s),
validity and reliability of data collection instruments, data collection procedure and
data analysis procedure is scientifically provided in chapter three. Hence, the study
employed descriptive survey research design.

Chapter four of this study presents data analysis with logical discussions of findings
as well as summary of the major findings. The concluding part of the study is
chapter five in form of summary, conclusions, and recommendations as well as
recommendations for further studies.

5.3 Conclusions

Based on the major findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn:
Libraries are an integral part of the knowledge society that surrounds it. The
Library system is one effective way in which the aims can be achieved by ensuring
Knowledge of information technology. To handle and utilize the modern
36
communication facilities library professionals should have the knowledge and
skills regarding the technologies and communication channels and must get the
proper training. The new digital ICT is not a single technology but a combination
of hardware and software, multimedia and delivery systems. As ICT advanced, the
costs of hardware and software declined and the digital option became more
attractive. When it was realized that sharing costs would benefit the stakeholders,
resource sharing of digital resources gained momentum. Internet has transformed
from ―browse and surf‖ environment into ―knowledge exchange‖ environment.
Internet has many uses as well as limitation. It can be a vehicle for inexpensive
easy mass distribution of products and services. There are limitations as well, such
as security and privacy issues, hackers, worms, viruses and Trojan horses.

5.4 Recommendations

1. The library should take a proactive step such as training and orientating users on
the use of Electronic Information Resources in addressing the lack of digital skills
and consequently increase their patronage.

2.The University Management should ensure regular electricity supply as well as,
power backup on campus and by extension the University library, so that these
eresources can be accessed.

3. More off line e-resources in terms of, and journals, relevant to all the
programmes in the University are desirable. This will complement the hardcopies
on the open shelves, especially during internet down times.

37
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE FACULTY
OF EDUCATION BAYERO UNIVERSITY,KANO USE OF ELECTRONIC
INFORMATION RESOURCES QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondent,

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of BSc. Library and
information science in the above named department, I am a final year student
conducting a research on the „‟use of electronic information resources In Skyline
university library‟‟.The questionnaire is therefore designed to solicit relevant
information from you. I would be grateful if you complete it with utmost sincerity.

The information provided will be treated and kept confidential and for purpose of
this research.Please, give your responses after reading the instruction carefully for
each section and answer all questions according to the instruction.Thank you in
advance for your genuine opinion.

Section A: Demographic Data

Instructional: Please thick ( ) in the appropriate box against each item as it applies

to you.

Gender: Male ( ) Female ( )

AgeGroup: 20–25( ) 26–30 ( ) 31–Above( )

Your current status at Skyline University ________________________________

Section B: Respondent‟s Opinion on the level of usage and types of electronic

information resources

Instruction: thick as appropriate

1. How frequently do you use electronic information resources for academic or

work-related purposes?

38
 * Daily

* Several times a week

* Once a week

* Rarely

2. Which electronic information resources do you use most often? (Please

select all that apply)

* Online databases

* E-books

* E-journals

* Online journals and articles

* Online encyclopedias

* Websites

* Online videos and tutorials

* Other (please specify): ______

3. How do you access electronic information resources? (Please select all that
apply)

* Personal computer/laptop

* University computer/laptop

* Mobile phone

* Tablet

* Library computer

4. What are the main purposes for using electronic information resources?
(Please select all that apply)

39
 * Conducting research
* Studying for assignments/exams
* Keeping up with the latest developments in the field
* Writing papers/reports
* Accessing course materials
* Other (please specify): ______
SECTION C

Respondents opinion on challenges associated with EIR and how challenges are
adressed.

1. How satisfied are you with the availability and accessibility of electronic
information resources at Skyline University Nigeria?

* Very satisfied

* Satisfied

* Neutral

* Dissatisfied

* Very dissatisfied

2. What challenges do you face when using electronic information resources?

(Please select all that apply)

* Slow internet connection

* Difficulty finding relevant resources

* Limited access to specific databases or resources

* Technical issues with the platforms or websites

* Lack of training on how to use electronic resources effectively

* Other (please specify): ______

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3. Would you like to receive more training or support on how to effectively use
electronic information resources?

* Yes

* No

4. Any additional comments or suggestions regarding the use of electronic

information resources at Skyline University Nigeria?

Thank you for participating in this questionnaire! Your responses will be kept
confidential and used for research purposes only.

41