Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy

By: Herman Hindarso, MT

 Non-Renewable Energy
Sources
• Conventional
– Petroleum
– Natural Gas
– Coal
– Nuclear
• Unconventional (examples)
– Oil Shale
– Natural gas hydrates in marine sediment
 Coal
• Coal is a fossil fuel created from the remains of the
plants that died about 100 to 400 million years ago.
• The main use of coal in America is to generate electricity.
• In 2006, about 92.1% of the US was using coal for
electrical production.
• Cost is 1000 dollars a pound.
• Low rank coal pollutes more and high rank does not
 Coal continuation
• ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES
• Abundant • Source of pollution
• Versatile • Liquation requires
• Inexpensive large amounts of
water
• Great recreational
use • Transportation is
difficult
• Leading fuel in
America • Solid is more
difficult to burn
• Reduces
independence on • Not renewable
foreign oil • Dirty industry
 Coal
• Coal has the longest life expectancy
• Environmentalists dislike the burning of
this fossil fuel the most as it gives off the
most CO2
• Unless cheap alternatives to burning coal
are found there is likely to be an increase
in its use – especially from Asia which has
a lot!
 Petroleum
Where does it come from, how was it
What is the cost?
used in the past, and how does it work? • Approx. $45 per barrel and $1.40
• Crude oil underground (preserved
fossils underneath the ground that per gallon
creates oil from the heat and gases • Approx. $250,000 to ship from 1
surrounding them) country to another
• Top 5 crude oil producing countries:
1. Saudi Arabia 4.Iran Additional info:
• the word “Petroleum” means
2.Russia 5.China
“rock oil” or “oil from the earth”
3. US
• Drill underground and then pump the oil What does city need to do to
into barrels
switch from this non-renewable
• Made into many different products such energy to renewable energy?
as: Gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation/jet
It must find a source for
fuel, home heating oil, oil for ships, and
oil to burn in power plants to make underground crude oil and
electricity negotiate with the company who
• Was used as medicines and for lamp oil produces it as far as shipment
goes and payments. Also, they
• Made canoes water-proof
must create a pipeline system to
• Used for more than 5000-6000 years
carry the oil from the source
• George Washington used for frostbite throughout the city.
 Petroleum Continuation

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Highly compact & portable • Releases CO2 into atmosphere when
• If not for discovery of oil, all the whales burnt
would likely be extinct
• We’re running out
• Production of oil has much less impact & a
smaller affect on the earth’s surface • Oil in world is politically unstable
• One of the most economical energy sources • Must be transported in ever increasing
• Excellent surface for asphalt roads & water- quantities
proof roofing materials • Oil spills are great risk factors
• Natural disasters can cause an
interruption in production
• Does contain some cancer causing
compounds
 How much longer can we
depend on fossil fuels?
• Because they are fossil fuels they DO
have a life expectancy
• “Oil has 40 – 50 years left”
• In 1960 they said this too! – what has
happened is that we have found new
reserves of oil and new technology has
made the oil we use last longer
 Effect of Fossil fuels
• Burning fossil fuels has increased atmospheric
pollution and caused acid rain
• Vehicle exhausts contribute to acid rain more so
than power stations burning coal.
• The carbon stored in fossil fuels is released as
carbon dioxide when they are burnt – this leads
to the green house effect and global warming
• Don’t get this confused with the hole in the
ozone layer – this was caused by CFC’s
Acid Rain
The Green House Effect
Global warming
Is Climate Change Really Happening?
- the Debate is Over…

15
What is an alternative source of
energy?
• An energy source that
can be used instead
of fossil fuels
• It is usually a
renewable source of
energy that could be
used should fossil
fuels run out
 Why is there a need for
alternative sources of energy?
• The graph that you completed last time
shows just how much we rely on fossil
fuels
• 90 per cent of the worlds energy supply’s
come from fossil fuels
• Fossil fuels are convenient and relatively
cheap – a litre of petrol in 1998 would
have been 20p if there was no tax added!
 So what are the alternative
energy sources to fossil fuels?
• Once upon a time – nuclear power was seen as the
answer. Huge amounts of power could be produced
from a small amount of uranium
• However, it was not well known that it produced
radioactive waste
• The waste is dangerous to health and life for hundreds of
years
• There is no secure place for storage.
• Public confidence has also been shattered by the
explosion at Chernobyl in 1986
 Other hopes?
• Now that nuclear
power is considered
too risky hopes lie
with things like sun,
water, wind, waves
and tides.
Renewable Energy Sources
• Solar photovoltaics
• Solar thermal power
• Passive solar air and water heating
• Wind
• Hydropower
• Biomass
• Ocean energy
• Geothermal
• Waste to Energy
• Hydrogen/Fuel cell
 Solar Photovoltaics

NJ now has second largest

number of solar installations
in USA, has highest MW of
production/sq. mile of solar
photovoltaic energy in USA
(www.njcleanenergy.com)
GIFFORD PARK ASSOCIATES
 Solar Power
• The energy comes from our closest star
• When the sun's rays hit a certain material (solar
panel) the energy turns into an electrical current
which is used for every day needs.
• In the 1980’s solar water heaters were used
mainly until low costing oil heaters started to
appear, today solar power is making a slow
come back.
• Completely free but it is the panels that cost a bit
of money, for a reasonable amount of energy
you need about 4 panels which is about 3600
dollars.
 Solar power continuation
• ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES
• Solar power doesn’t • To gain a usable amount
pollinate of energy you need a lot
• never runs out of panels
• New materials are • the thin film solar
cheaper technology does not work
as well as silicon when
turning light into energy
• Solar power is more
expensive than the
alternative resources
such as coal
 Solar Energy
• Buildings can be heated
– passive solar heating system
– active solar heating system
• Solar thermal systems are new
technologies that collect and transform
solar energy into heat that can be used
directly or converted to electricity
• Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy
directly into electricity
Suitability of Solar Usage
best when
more than
60% of
daylight
hours sunny

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
 Solar Heating
Passive system: Active system:
Absorbs & stores heat Collectors absorb solar
from the sun directly energy, a pump supplies part
within a structure of abuildings heating or
water heating needs.

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
 Passive solar air and water heating

• Water heater
– Electricity is produced at power plant via solar
energy and transferred via wire to the heater
– Some energy is lost over the wire, …
 Water Heater
• Tank
– Water is heated
– Because heat is lost
through the flue and the
walls of the storage tank
(this is called standby
heat loss), energy is
consumed even when no
hot water is being used.
 Water Heater
• Tankless
– The energy
consumption of these
units is generally
lower since standby
losses from the
storage tank are
eliminated.
– Demand water
heaters with enough
capacity to meet
household needs are
solar energy.
– http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm
Wind Energy
 Windpower

• Each windturbine can produce between 1/4 and 2

MW of electrical power.
• Windfarm needs to be located where there is a
relatively high average wind speed.
• Advantages?
• Disadvantages?
Offshore Wind
Turbines
 Hydropower
Where does it come from, cost, how was it used in the past, and how does it
work?
• Water/water cycle
• One of oldest energy sources, used thousands of yrs ago
• Rivers, streams, ocean, lakes, etc.
• Directing, harnessing, or channeling moving water
• Flow & fall of water determines energy level
• Dams and reservoirs
• Used to turn wooden wheels attached to grinding wheels to grind (mill) flour or
corn
• 5,624 waterwheel driven mills in England for every 400 people were used
• One of the largest producers of electricity in the United States
• 1st use in 1880 and brush-arc lamps were powered.
• Dams, reservoirs, mills, and hydropower plants are built for thousands and
thousands of dollars
• Comes from water sources
• Avg. of .85¢ per kilowatt-hour (kwh)
• The word “Hydro” comes from the Greek word for water
 Hydropower Continuation
Advantages Disadvantages
• Once dam is built electricity is • Can lead to serious problems between
produced at a constant rate neighboring countries
• Can be stopped immediately as well • High costing dams
• Dams are long-lasting • Flooding occurs sometimes
• Lake behind dam can be used for • Some dams can cause earthquakes &
water sports/leisure earth depression at the location
• Lake’s water used for irrigation • Dams can give way under the weight
purposes of the water
• Doesn’t pollute the atmosphere • People in villages & towns are forced
out because of risk of flooding
Hydropower
 Energy from Biomass
• In the developing world, most people
heat homes and cook by burning wood
or charcoal
• Plant materials and animal wastes also
can be converted into biofuels,
– Biogas
– Liquid ethanol
– Liquid methanol
• Urban wastes can be burned in
incinerators to produce electricity and
heat www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Biomass
Types of
Biomass
Fuel

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
 Biorefinery Fuels:
Ethanol
Renewable Diesel
Methanol
Hydrogen
Electricity
Heat
Products
– Plastics
– Foams
– Solvents
– Coatings
– Chemical
Intermediates
– Phenolics
Biomass Conversion – Adhesives
Feedstock Processes – Fatty acids
– Acetic Acid
– Trees – Carbon black
- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation – Paints
– Forest Residues
- Enzymatic Fermentation – Dyes, Pigments, and
– Grasses
- Gas/liquid Fermentation Ink
– Agricultural Crops
- Thermochemical Processes – Detergents
– Agricultural Residues
- Gasification/Pyrolysis – Etc.
– Animal Wastes
- Combustion
– Municipal Solid Waste
- Co-firing
 Biomass Plant

Plant burns poultry litter

and produces 10MW of Fluidised bed boiler
electricity and fertiliser ensures efficient burning
and low emissions
www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt
Ocean/waves energy
 Wave Power
Land Installed
Marine Powered
Energy
Transformer on
Islay, West Coast
of Scotland.
Wavegen Co.

LIMPET provides 500kW of electricity

for the National Grid Three floating wave power
stations at Lewis/1 MW each
 Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal energy can be used to heat
buildings and to produce electricity
• Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if
heat is removed faster than natural
processes renew it, but the potential
supply is vast
 Technology
• Geothermal Heat Pumps
– shallow ground energy
• Direct-Use
– hot water can be piped to facilities
• Power Plants
– steam and hot water drive turbines
• dry steam plants
• flash steam plants
• binary cycle plants

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
Dry Steam Power Plants
• Hydrothermal
fluids are
primarily
steam
– Steam goes
directly to
turbine
– No fossil
fuels

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
 Flash Steam Power
Plant
• Fluids above 200
degrees Celsius
– Fluid is sprayed
into tank at lower
pressure
– Fluid rapidly
vaporizes
– Steam drives
turbine

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
 Binary Cycle Power Plant

• Cooler water
(below 200
degrees Celsius)
– Hot thermal fluid
and a second
fluid pass
through heat
exchanger

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt
 Advantages of using natural
sources of energy
• They are inexhaustible – they will always
be available – they are renewable
• They are clean and will not damage the
Earth
• There are several types – so one or more
of them is present in each country
• Most natural sources can be used on a
small scale and serve local needs
therefore cutting costs of transmitting the
energy
Peak Production of Petroleum in US
 Projected World Peak
Production of Petroleum
World Total Primary Energy Supply in
1998
(9491 Mtoe)

**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.

World Energy Consumption
World Energy Consumption
 World Total Energy Consumption
1990 -2020 (Quadrillion Btu)

Region/Country 1990 1997 2020

United States 84.0 94.2 120.9
Western Europe 59.9 64.0 78.4
Japan 18.1 21.3 25.4
China 27.0 36.7 97.3
Former Soviet Union 61.0 40.8 57.3
Total World 346.7 379.9 607.7
U.S. Energy Flow, 1999
U.S. Energy Consumption by Source, 1998
Global warming over
the past millennium

Very rapidly we have entered

uncharted territory -– what some call
the anthropocene climate regime.
Over the 20th century, human
population quadrupled and energy
consumption increased sixteenfold.
Near the end of the last century, we
crossed a critical threshold, and
global warming from the fossil fuel
greenhouse became a major, and
increasingly dominant, factor in
climate change. Global mean surface
temperature is higher today than it’s
been for at least a millennium.
POLICY IMPLICATION FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY:

Some industry critics claim we will never power civilization with

renewable energy. Fact: Wind & solar are fastest-growing primary
power sources, but are unlikely to grow from present ~ 1% of supply to
10% by 2025 and >30% by 2050 without major incentives, R & D and
demonstration of enabling technologies. There are no known show-
stoppers

Energy Demand 1980-2020 (BAU)

Mbarrels/day oil equiv. Mbarrels/day oil equiv. Mbarrels/day oil
equiv.
Mass-produced widely distributed PV arrays
and wind turbines may eventually generate
10-30 TW emission-free
 Energy
ELECTRICITY H2
Storage
DEMAND DEMAND Options

Flywheels
H2 (high power)
H2
STORAGE
Electricity
Batteries
(convenience)

FLY Compressed Air

WHEELS
Turbines
(low capital cost)

Turbine FUEL Fuel Cells

Underground RENEWABLE
CELLS (hydrogen)
Compressed Air ENERGY
BATTERIES SOURCES
The End