“Energy Storage”

By
PM. IR. DR. MUHAMMAD IRWANTO
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology
 Energy Storage
Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time to
be used at a next time.

Classification of energy storage technology:

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Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS)
Its operating principle is based on managing the gravitational
potential energy of water, by pumping it from a lower reservoir to
an upper reservoir while consuming power from the grid, or by
releasing water from the upper reservoir to the lower one when
energy needs to be injected into the grid.

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The energy stored is proportional to the volume of water, V in the
upper reservoir and the height of the waterfall, H.

EPHS = 𝜌g H V

where EPHS is the stored energy, in joules, 𝜌 is the density of the

water, equivalent to 1000 kg/m^3, g is the acceleration due to
gravity, equivalent to 9.8 m/s^2, H is the height of the waterfall (in
meters), and V is the volume of water stored in the upper
reservoir.

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 Energy Storage
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
CAES systems are based on conventional gas turbine technology. Energy
is stored in the form of compressed air in an underground storage
cavern, at pressures between 40–70 bar at near-ambient temperature.
Another possibility is to store the air in above-ground tanks. The air is
additionally mixed with natural gas and combusted for increased
efficiency. When energy needs to be injected into the grid, the
compressed air is drawn from the storage cavern, heated, and then
expanded in a set of high and low-pressure turbines, which convert most
of the energy of the compressed air into rotational kinetic energy. Then,
the rotational energy is converted into electrical energy in a generator.
While driving the electrical generators, the turbine exhaust is used to
heat the air in the cavern.

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Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS)
Flywheels store kinetic energy in a rotating disk that is
mechanically coupled to the shaft of an electrical machine. When
the machine accelerates – that is, operates as a motor – energy is
transferred to the flywheel and stored in the form of kinetic
energy. In opposite terms, the flywheel is discharged when the
electrical machine regenerates through the drive; that is, when
the speed of the system is reduced.
The energy stored by flywheels can be expressed by:

where J (in kgm^2) is the inertia of the rotating parts – that is, the
flywheel itself and the rotor of the machine to which it is
connected – and 𝜔 is the rotational speed, in rad/s.
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Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
In this type of system, the energy is stored in a magnetic field. This
magnetic field is created by a DC current flowing through a
superconducting coil at cryogenic temperatures. Superconductor
materials present almost negligible resistance while at cryogenic
temperatures, so the magnetic field in the coil can be created and
maintained with a very small amount of current flowing through
it; very little energy is dissipated by ohmic losses.
The energy stored is determined by the self-inductance of the coil
L (in henries) and the square of the electric current I (in amperes).
Thus,

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Supercapacitor Energy Storage System (SESS)
Supercapacitors are based on electrochemical cells that contain
two conductor electrodes, an electrolyte and a porous membrane
that permits the transit of ions between the two electrodes. the
electrodes and the electrolyte are electrically charged (the
cathode is positively charged, the anode is negatively charged,
and the electrolyte contains both positive and negative ions).
The magnitude of the electrical potential V (in volts) between the
two layers of positive and negative ions at each
electrode/electrolyte interface, in conjunction with the resultant
capacitance C (in farads), determines the energy stored in the
supercapacitor. Thus,

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Battery
A battery energy storage system (BESS) converts electrical energy
into potential chemical energy while charging, and releases
electrical energy from chemical energy while discharging.

It is based on reduction and oxidation reactions (commonly called

redox reactions).

An electrochemical reduction reaction is one that allows the

component involved to gain electrons, while an oxidation reaction
allows the component to lose electrons. Redox reactions yield new
active electrochemically active substances with nonneutral electric
charge, and hence ions.
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The energy capacity of battery is defined as the usable energy at a
defined discharge rate. This term is commonly indicated in
amperes hour (Ah). It is important to understand the specific
nomenclature commonly used while defining the energy capacity.
For example, the battery will provide 10 Ah/5 h = 2 A over 5 h, until
reaching its cutoff voltage. Similarly, in the first case, the battery
will provide 10 Ah/0.5 h = 20 A for 30 min.

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Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage System (HESS)

The production of hydrogen

is from water electrolysis,
from various forms of
renewable energy. Once
the hydrogen has been
produced, it can be
transported through
pipelines to the users to
produce electricity, or
stored in order to be used
later in fuel cells. It is called
regenerative fuel cell (RFC).

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The electrochemical reactions in a fuel cell using PEM are depicted
as follows:

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The usage of oxygen,O2 air and hydrogen, H2 in kg/s are given by:
Pe
O2 usage = 8.29 x10 −8 x
Vc
Pe
Air usage = 3.57 x 10−7 x
Vc
Pe
H 2 usage = 1.05 x 10 −8 x
Vc

In a hydrogen-fed fuel cell, water produced in kg/s is given by

Pe
Water production = 9.34 x 10 −8 x
Vc

where;
Pe = The electrical power of the whole fuel cell stack (W)

Vc= The voltage of each cell in the stack(V)

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Example :
A 1 kW fuel cell operating for 1 h, at a cell voltage of 0.7 V. How
many kg of oxygen, air, hydrogen usage and water production for 1
h.

Solution:
Pe 1000 kg kg kg
O2 usage = 8.29 x 10 −8 x = 8.29 x 10 −8 x = 1.18 x 10 −4 = 1.18 x 10 −4 x 3600 = 0.42
Vc 0.7 s h h
Pe 1000 kg kg kg
Air usage = 3.57 x 10 −7 x = 3.57 x 10 −7 x = 5.1 x 10 −4 = 5.1x 10 −4 x 3600 = 1.836
Vc 0.7 s h h

Pe 1000 kg kg kg
H 2 usage = 1.05 x 10 −8 x = 1.05 x 10 −8 x = 1.5 x 10 −5 = 1.5x 10 −5 x 3600 = 0.054
Vc 0.7 s h h
4
Pe 1000 kg kg kg
Water production = 9.34 x 10 −8 x = 9.34 x 10 −8 x = 1.33 x 10 −4 = 1.33x 10 −4 x 3600 = 0.48
Vc 0.7 s h h

District Cooling System & Energy Storage

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Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
Thermal energy storage (TES) systems can store heat to be used
later under varying conditions such as temperature, place or
power. In TES systems energy is supplied to a storage system to be
used at a later time, involving three steps: charge, storage and
discharge.

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When the energy is stored, increasing the temperature of a
storage material, sensible heat storage is occurring. The storage
material can be water, air, oil, bedrock, brick, concrete. The
amount of energy stored is calculated following;

where Q is the amount of heat stored in the material (J), m is the

mas of storage material (kg), is the specific heat of the storage
material (J/kg·K), and is the temperature change (K).

Energy Storage
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