Section: ICT 1-11-6

Partner 1: Kristoffer B. Rivo Jr.

Partner 2: Tracy Angela V. Mendoza
Partner 3: Racel Espineda

MODULE #4: ATOMIC MODEL

Objectives: Describe the current modelof the atom
Quantify sub-particles of atom

I. Atomic Model
An atomic model is an atom, the smallest unit that makes up a chemical element.
Depending on whether it has a positive, negative, or neutral charge, we can find
protons, electrons, or neutrons.
3 subatomic particles
A. Proton
A subatomic particle of an atomic nucleus with a positive electric charge equal in
magnitude to a unit of electron but of opposite sign.
B. Neutron
A subatomic particle of an atomic nuclei that has about the same amount of mass as a
proton without electric charge except those of ordinary hydrogen.
C. Electron
A stable subatomic particle found in all atoms, this has negative electricity acting as the
carrier of electricity in solids.

II. John Dalton

John Dalton, (born September 5 or 6, 1766, Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England—died
July 27, 1844, Manchester), English meteorologist and chemist, a pioneer in the
development of modern atomic theory.
John Dalton's Atomic Theory in 1803 also known as the Billiard Ball Theory or the
Solid Sphere Model, he has simple postulates of atoms, first all matter is made up
of tiny indivisible particles called atoms (law of mass conservation), next atoms of
the same element are identical in mass and other properties and are different
from atoms of other elements, then atoms of an element can chemically combine
with atoms of other elements in specific small, whole number ratios to form
different chemical compounds, lastly atoms are recombined in a chemical
reactions; atoms of an element are not converted into atoms of different element.
He called it Billiard ball theory or Solid Sphere Model because an atom looks like a
ball the it is unbreakable or indivisible.
III. J.J. Thomson
J.J. Thomson, in full Sir Joseph John Thomson, (born December 18, 1856, Cheetham
Hill, near Manchester, England—died August 30, 1940, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire),
English physicist who helped revolutionize the knowledge of atomic structure by his
discovery of the electron (1897). He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906 and
was knighted in 1908.
 The Plum-pudding Model (1897) Thomson compared an atom to a christmas
pudding, the electrons were the raisins in he pudding and the pudding itself is the
positively charged particle, an atom is electrically neutral as the positive and
negative charges within it are equal, as per his conclusions the electrons are
embedded in a sphere of positive charge, but it was incorrect. Positive charge in
an atom holds the negatively charged electrons due to electrical forces.
This discoveries made the scientist believe that an atom is divisible and made up
of electrons and protons.
IV. Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford, in full Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, (born August 30,
1871, Spring Grove, New Zealand—died October 19, 1937, Cambridge,
Cambridgeshire, England), New Zealand-born British physicist considered the
greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867). Rutherford was the
central figure in the study of radioactivity, and with his concept of the nuclear
atom he led the exploration of nuclear physics.
In 1909 he Nucleur model, electrons were kept revolving around the nucleus on
electron orbits, due to electro static attraction just like planets that kept in orbit
revolving around the Sun due to gravitation attraction, the electrons orbiting the
nucleus are electric charges and going centripetal acceleration, so they should be
seeing electro magnetic radiation, this will cause them to lose energy continously,
and if it's true the electros should spire outwards the nucleus and crash in short
all atoms are predicted to be unstable, because atoms should be radiating electro
magnetic energy, losing energy and collapsing, since al of us are madde of atoms,
we should collapsed by now. The Nucleur atom has a nucleus positive charge and
mass of an atom concentrated in the center, the size of ther nucleus is much
smaller than the actual atom, and the electrons of an atom revovlves around the
nucleus.
V. Niels Bohr
Niels Bohr, in full Niels Henrik David Bohr, (born October 7, 1885, Copenhagen,
Denmark—died November 18, 1962, Copenhagen), Danish physicist who is
generally regarded as one of the foremost physicists of the 20th century. he
received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922.
In 1913 Bohr's planetary model, electrons of an atom revolves around a specific
orbit and charge with he same energy levels and they're called the shells knows as
K, L, M, N, the maximum electron per shells are 2, 8, 18, and 32. He said that the
closest shell to the nucleus has a minimum energy and the farthest has the
maximum energy, they do not radiate energy by themselves what happen is when
an atom grab energy the electron will get triggered and jump to a higher energy
level but then if it radiated it will comeback to original state
 He said that the electrons do revolve around the nucleus but the energy of the electrons
remains fixed because they're restricted to some fixed orbits, they have a fixed distance
from the nucleus and fixed amount of energy. The orbits with fixed amount of energy are
known as discrete orbits or energy levels.
He got the Nobel Prize of his work in 1922, that helped to stablize Rutherford's atomic
theory.
VI. James Chadwick
James Chadwick was born on October 20, 1891, in Cheshire, England and died on July 24,
1974 at the age of 82, he was an English physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics
in 1935 for the discovery of the neutron, Chadwick was educated at the University of
Manchester, where he worked under Ernest Rutherford.
in 1932 while Chadwick was in the laboratory he discovered the neutron, Chadwick revised
Rutherford's theory, and proposed that the nucleus contains positively charged protons
and neutral particles called neutrons, he also said that the nuetron was basically equal in
mass to the proton but had no electrical charge, Chadwick improved Rutherford's atomic
model, based on Rutherford's atomic model, atoms only consist of protons and electrons,
In Rutherford's model most of the atom's mass is concentrated into the center, and inside
that nucleus is just the proton or the positively charged subatomic particle, chadwick
added the neutron, now there are 2 subatomic particles in the nucleus, protons and
neutrons, now he finally proved the existence of neutron he used it as a new tool of atomic
disintegration, during his time, they're in a war, so his discovery later paved the way for the
creation of atomic bombs, his discovery contributes a lot to his country, of course their
government have their advantages but for the people they think its inhumane and
indiscriminate weapon ever created in mankind.
VII. Erwin Schrodinger
Erwin Schrödinger was born on August 12, 1877, Vienna, Austria and died on January 4
1961 at the age of 73, He was an austrian theoritical physicist who contributed to the wave
theory of matter and to other fundamentals of quantum mechanics. He shared the 1933
Nobel Prize for Physics.
in the mid 1920s schrodinger thought that bohr's atomic model had a problem because the
electrons were in a specific orbit, Schrödinger thought that the electrons moves like waves,
so in 1926 he proposed the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom or the Electron Cloud
Model, so why is it called the Electron Cloud Model?, if you notice its structure looks like a
cloud, the orbitals surrounding the nucleus are not clear or like a cloud, its fuzzy, so in that
part schrödinger said that it is where electrons or negatively charged subatomic particles
can be found, so Schrödinger's model is just an improved version of Bohr's, because based
on Bohr's structure, the nucleus is said to be surrounded by electrons, just like a solar
system in which the nucleus is the sun, something like that, so schrödinger did not agree
with it, because based on schrödinger's proposal, the exact location of the electron cannot
be specified, but he was able to, because of his equation which is called Schrödinger's
Equation, it is said that with that equation we can at least know where could we possibly
find the location of the electrons, Bohr called those orbiting electrons around the nucleus
orbits, but for Schrödinger's its called Orbitals. so because of schrödinger's theory and
equations, scientists understood that the location of electrons can actually be predicted
without relying on guesswork, so up until today, his equation is still being used, his theory
is a huge contribution to our world.