HANS GROSS

Autobiography Hans Gustav Adolf Gross was born December 26, 1847 in Gratz. During 18691870 H. Gross studied at the gymnasia and Gratz University. In July 31, 1870 he received academic degree of the doctor of law at Gratz University. In 1871 Gross commenced to work as an investigator in Feldbass, Leoben (Upper Styria) and Gratz. In 18781879 Hans Gross participated in military operations on the territory of Bosnia. In 18901892 Hans Gross worked as an assistant of the prosecutor. In 1893 Hans Gross published his "Manual for investigators, police officials, gendarmes". March 12, 1894 Gross became the deputy prosecutor, started to give course about correlative criminal and juridical sciences for officers of gendarmerie in Vienna. Acknowledgement of Hans Grosss attainment was his award Knights Cross of Franz Josef Order. In 1895 in Lints, Austria the international union of criminologists congress was held. Its participants called Gross the father of Criminalistics and took a decision to include teaching Criminalistics in the curriculum of the Law Faculties. August 1, 1895 Hans Gross founded the museum of criminalistics in Gratz. He also demanded opening of the Institute of Criminalistics at Gratz Land Court. In May 1896 Gross was refused to receive the academic degree of the private assistant professor according to the results of his research, which defence had taken place at the Department of Law, Gratz University. August 1, 1898 Gross, without the academic degree of the assistant professor, was sent to Chernivtsi University. He lived at number 26, Semygorod Street. Nowadays in Chernivtsi it is the part of Holovna Street, that is between Chervonoarmiyska Street and south line of the city. In December 16, 1898 Gross was appointed as an ordinary professor of the criminal law at Chernivtsi University. Since March 1, 1899 till July 31, 1902 Gross taught at Chernivtsi University the courses of the criminal process, substantive criminal law and penal law. In 1899 Hans Gross published the third edition of Manual for investigators as a system of

Criminalistics. In 18991900 Gross worked on a position of the Dean at the Faculty of Law.

Hans gross work Austrian professor and judge Hans Gross is often considered one of the founders of criminalistics for his research on the subject and the release of his 1891 book, Criminal Investigation. It was the first work of its kind to be published. Gross went on to publish other important research in the field of criminalistics. He also opened the first criminological institute in the world, at the University of Graz, Austria. Gross was a driven young man, attending universities in Vienna and Graz, and earning his law degree in 1869. He worked as a magistrate for the criminal court at Czernovitz, Austria, and was also hired as a professor of criminal law at the University of Czernovitz. He later taught criminal law at both the German University at Prague and the University of Graz. In 1891, Gross published his ground-breaking text Handbuch fur Untersuchungsricter als System Der Kriminalistik, with an English version entitled Criminal Investigation published in 1907. With this book Gross is credited for coining the term "criminalistics." The text provides the theoretical foundations for the science of criminology. He also founded and edited the Archive for Criminology, a journal that was continually published for more than one hundred years. In 1912, Gross opened the Imperial Criminological Institute at the University of Graz, the first of its kind. He considered it a major accomplishment in having criminology recognized as a serious academic discipline. The Hans Gross Criminological Museum, also part of the university, is still open today. In 1898 Hans Gross, working in Chernivtsi, founded the journal Files of the Criminal Anthropology and Criminalistics, which at that time was the only edited publication of such a rank at Chernivtsi University. Till 1902 there were 9 issues of Files. Their publishing was under the editorship of Hans Gross. In 1902 Hans Gross published the monograph Criminal Psychology. In 1902 Hans Grosss scholastic activity was over in Chernivtsi in March 3, 1902 he was sent to German University in Prague. In the same year in Prague Selected

Articles of Criminalistics were published, 1905 the second edition of Criminal Psychology. In July 20, 1905 Hans Gross was invited on a position of the professor ordinary of Austrian criminal procedure at Gratz University. During 19101911 Hans Gross worked on a Deans position, Faculty of Law at Gratz University. February 17, 1913 Gross was appointed director of the Institute of Criminalistics at Gratz University. In December 9, 1915 Hans Gross died of pneumonia in his own house at number 6 Gerdergasse. He was buried in the family grave at St. Peters cemetery in Gratz.

Edmond Locard
Dr. Edmond Locard (18771966) was a pioneer in forensic science who became known as the Sherlock Holmes of France. He formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every contact leaves a trace". This became known as Locard's exchange principle. Locard studied medicine and law at Lyon, eventually becoming the assistant of Alexandre Lacassagne, a criminologist and professor. He held this post until 1910, when he began the foundation of his criminal laboratory. He produced a monumental, seven-volume work, Trait de Criminalistique, and in 1918, developed 12 matching points for fingerprint identification. He continued with his research until his death in 1966. In 1910 Locard succeeded in persuading the Lyons Police Department to give him two attic rooms and two assistants, to start what became the first police laboratory. He was a pioneer.[1] The young Georges Simenon, later to become a well-known detective writer, is known to have attended some Locard lectures in 1919 or 1920. QUOTATION "Wherever he steps, wherever he touches, whatever he leaves, even without consciousness, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value." - Paul L. Kirk. 1953. Crime investigation: physical evidence and the police laboratory. Interscience Publishers, Inc.: New York.

His work Locard published more than 40 works in French, English, German, and Spanish. His most famous work, still referenced daily, is the seven volumes of the Trait de criminastique (Treaty of Criminalistics), published between 1931 and 1935. Many of his books represent significant contributions to the field of criminalistics, and forensic scientists often still read his writings. His publications include several works about police investigations that he personally conducted. Locard was also passionate about philately (stamp collecting), and he wrote a few books on this topic. Locard's contribution to forensic sciences is immense. His most important contribution is the principle of exchange. Locard stated " that any action of an individual, and obviously the violent action constituting a crime, cannot occur without leaving a trace. From this sentence, the whole principle of exchange of traces between two objects entering in contact was established. For example, when a car hits another car, paint from the first car will be deposited on the second one and vice-versa. Similarly, when somebody sits on a chair, fibers from his/her clothing will be deposited on the chair and fibers from the cloth of the chair will be deposited on the person's clothing.

Locards theory- PRINCIPLE of EXCHANGE In all criminal cases, where the perpetrator of a crime has entered the scene of the crime when committing the crime, there is always an exchange between the perpetrator and the crime scene and/or the victim, if there is a victim. Crime Scene Investigators work from this principle in every case. Crime Scene Investigators look for trace evidence left behind by the perpetrator, and once they have a suspect they look for trace evidence that was picked up at the scene of the crime by the suspect. If Crime Scene Investigators can find physical evidence in either direction, they can connect the suspect to the scene of the crime and/or the victim of the crime. In the circumstance that a Private Investigator is hired by the defense, it is a little harder to gather evidence, as he or she is usually coming in after the fact. However, it never hurts to do a crime scene walk through and be observant for

evidence that could have been missed. There are many cases in which Crime Scene Investigators have missed evidence that was later found to exonerate a defendant. Another use for Locard's Theory is in interviews with suspects that were developed by the defense. If you can accurately articulate Locard's Theory to a suspect, you can really get him or her at a very clear and distinct psychological disadvantage. There is another value to Locard's Theory that may be helpful to the Criminal Defense Investigator in assisting the attorney they are working for. I would recommend that the Private Investigator that is getting good "court room time" (as all REAL Criminal Defense Investigator's should be), listen to the Prosecutor in their cases and note which cases the Prosecutor argues Locard's Theory to a Jury. This way they may be able to give the defense attorney a better argument against the Prosecutor in cases that the Prosecutor tries to convince a Jury that the lack of physical evidence should not be considered due to the fact that the Prosecution's Investigators were unable to gather any physical evidence. The Criminal Defense Investigator should note the case, case number, and as accurate of a quote as to how the Prosecutor phrased this argument as possible. Locard's theory can work just as well for the defense as it can for the prosecution.......

Calvin goddard
Colonel Calvin Hooker Goddard (1891 1955) was a forensic scientist, army officer, academic, researcher and a pioneer in forensic ballistics. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland. After graduating from the Boys' Latin School of Maryland in 1907, Goddard graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1911 from the Johns Hopkins University and then earned a medical degree and graduated in 1915 He was a representative of the people of this State, in the Congress of the United States, from the 4th of March, 1801, to the 4th of March, 1805; and was then reelected, but before the next meeting of Congress, he resigned his place. In May 1807, he again represented the town of Plainfield, in the General Assembly, and was again chosen speaker. Devoting himself now to his professional duties, his practice extended itself into the adjoining county of New-London to such a degree, that he was induced to change his place of residence; and he accordingly removed, in the spring of 1807, to Norwich, and there purchased a seat, distinguished alike for its natural beauties and its historical associations, which he still occupies. In May 1808, he was elected an assistant , or member of the upper house in the legislature; which place he held, by successive annual elections, until June 1815, when he relinquished it, and accepted the office of a judge of the superior court and of the supreme court of errors. This office he held until June 1818, when, the political party opposed to him having gained the ascendancy, he was permitted to return to practice. At the next succeeding election, he was chosen a representative of the town of Norwich, in the General Assembly. He was State's Attorney for the county of New-London, from 1810 to 1815; and Mayor of the city of Norwich, from 1814 to 1831. He was one of the delegates from the several New-England States, who met at Hartford in 1814, known as the Hartford Convention-an event, associated as it is with the mens consciarecti, which he recurs to with evident satisfaction.

Forensic Ballistics In 1925 Goddard wrote an article for the Army Ordnance titled "Forensic Ballistics" in which he described the use of the comparison microscope regarding firearms investigations. He is generally credited with the conception of the term "forensic ballistics", though he later admitted it to be an inadequate name for the science. In April 1925, Major [5] Goddard established the Bureau of Forensic Ballistics in New York City with C. E. Waite, Philip O. Gravelle and John H. Fisher. The Bureau was formed to provide firearms identification services throughout America. Goddard researched, authored and spoke extensively on the subject of forensic ballistics and firearms identification, becoming the internationally renowned pioneer in forensic ballistics. The Bureau of Forensic Ballistics, United States first independent criminological laboratory, which Goddard headed, and where ballistics, fingerprinting, blood analysis and trace evidence were brought under one roof. When the Lab began publishing the American Journal of Police Science, which was edited by Colonel Goddard, Hoover strongly encouraged his Special Agents in Charge to subscribe to it and he supplied articles on fingerprint issues and Bureau responsibilities to the journal. The following year the Bureau contributed three articles for the journals series entitled Organized Protection Against Organized Crime. Hoover also sent a number of representatives to a symposium that Goddard sponsored on scientific crime detection. He was also an advisor to FBI when they set up a similar Forensic Laboratory. Comparison Microscope Philip O. Gravelle, developed comparison microscope for the identification of fired bullets and cartridge cases with the support and guidance of Calvin Goddard. It was a giant leap in the science of firearms identification in forensic science. The firearm from which a bullet or cartridge case has been fired is identified by the comparison of the unique striae left on the bullet or cartridge case from the worn, machined metal of the barrel, breach block, extractor, or firing pin in the gun. It was Gravelle who mistrusted his memory. "As long as he could inspect only one bullet at a time with his microscope, and had to keep the picture of it in his memory until he placed the comparison bullet under the microscope, scientific precision could not be attained. He invented the comparison microscope and Goddard made it work."[6] Sir Sydney Smith also appreciated the idea, emphasizing the importance of stereo-microscope in forensic science and firearms identification. He took the comparison microscope to Scotland and

introduced it to the European scientists for firearms identification and other forensic uses.