TUN ING NOT ES ANO RAN GE O F PITC H

The four string s are tuned to

these notes :

o
G D A E
(8 vª = an octav e highe r)

Mu sic for the violín

l ~hr h,\ir ~~r1n~., ,1 t 1) t unrd íhe , ,,,L, r an 1: ~
(¡ , ,, n • "-: ti
i"' t h<'~< n<"t P~ J;r nr t .,J I u c.: f ' ar r

C)
1)
1:,
 TUNI NG NOTE S ANO RAN GE OF PITCH
The fot1r strings are tuned to The cello' s range of notes
these notes: most used in tne orches tra are:
E
o
~: e
_____,_ ...
o ,

<> ,~ -
e G D }\. e:
In solo works the cellc, sorr1etirrH:,~<F1 LJ ys r11uch higher than this.
 TUNING NOTES AND RANGE OF PITCH
The four/five strings are tuned to these notes which sound
an octave lower than vvritten:
Í fi~["I
l ll .._
---- --j-st.i:1ng 1
0

1 O 1 ~
1) G
~ e J E
.
The double bass can play this range of n o tes:

r 1
~Bb
1 1
•
•

1 O 1
o
1 1 E
L. J
 RANGE

~··
~B~
·~~;
f,q' 1~.:.5ltl
.¡Y :"M::i;r..~;•~ ~
---0"1t,,••-ú1'Wllll'W.·~ -., ..r.1!..:'lC7n-:t~ ~ , ·:,Y.. -,; . ~\IU:~a., ~ii';l1tl~W.;ioiJ,~\~ltn&YfJl~::s..~r-.~:.t.~ it'.Mfl'/JÜ:/ Ji'ilat

. . , , ~ J . ~' i . ~ ~ i ':'\tr'~~ l{°",..'"'1- ~!' ~~- ~!.M''CP ~

.. ~ ~..t..'7 ! ',.'-\'t~ ¡."1,'M(':\Vi!J f'~

Piccolo ~
~
..,;tlt~'fi~~ ~_c.~'t.,.~,,¡;~
~ ~ ~ ( ,·~
~~ .>i°'...:...._'t-..., '~ .Jl(tt~.-.l{_l;"~ ~•~ ~._~j,., ,'l;.J!.,\!i91:f~ \ ! ~

~~:s;t"'",r"'.,..r•~:·;---<~S,.JNl/l;#~;g,r,,,..~"C...l:l,._~ ~~ )(fl!P.~ \"Jf..'~

~Cf(a",.r.u.-,7~_,-~,p ~<1-'í:.Jtt,.,-..~•.,.;:v.1.:u.1 ";~~•.s;'"'1Y.,X"..;;)r41i11Jf~-~ r , ~~ -~ ~

,

D
Sounds an octave higher

Flute
o
e
 RANGE

~G
-
Sopranino

Sounds an octave higher

Descant

Treble

/ -e-e
z z
Tenor z

zz
Bass 7
7
, ,.
- - -..o---
F
Sounds an octave hiRher
Music for t'1e oboe ______ _ _ _
RANGE
The oboe can be quite agile. Notice the clear and
precise sounds the oboe plays in the scale and
arpeggio patterns in the Gavottc by Corelli (below):
11(l~il u>n i11 t he orchcstra

RANGE

8' ,,
Vvri tten -0- (

ub ( L 11nf't =t r-

7 rr

='
u-
L
i
/"

1•l lt,/ ,~. ..

~•,.
t ~, 'UU,h
-~""
,. \
/ l df ji ll l

••1
 RANGE

8 l';.l

wr1.tt-
-. .. en
Soprano
Eb Clarinet

-e-e
saunds
F
•
Bass •
Clarinet
l,u ob
Eb a majar 9 th lawer

The rnusic far all clarinets is written

in the treble clef
 RANGE
All saxoph ones have the same written range of notes:

.o. F

sounds

Soprano Bb

'
souncs

Alto Eb

be= a major 6th lower

ob
sounds l>e-Eb
¿-

Tenor Bb zz

Ab a maj or 9th lower

sounds
•
Baritone Eb •

ob a major 13 th lower
 -- --- - n - · . ·l.," . . t,..-1. ••, e 11 [.

RANGE

<>E
e::::

(the tenor cJef

Bassool1 is used far
high notes)

written scJu.n ds Eh
eo n trabas so o n ---~:- - - - - 1 - -_---~~=~-=~~--~~~~~--.~. - - -~~~~-- b:n____
------- - ----·----·-- - . _7r - - -
·· ·- -·- /
···-·-· /
. --- ~ - - I
1\ - · .._. __ _ /
~}.f1.Fir-
~· ,l.,.

Bb
- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- ----
 RAN GE

B.bCor net

writ ten oc sou nds

Eb Cor net
ºA
a min or 3 rd high er
posítion in the
orchestra

• r l r CH

B~ Tru m pe t f _:_ -:= /

7
7
I

u- E
sounds one tone lower

E Tr umpet F Trumpet
D Trumpet e

~
11
e
11 11 11
1 11
sounds sounds
wri tten sounds
pe ts so un d hi gh er th an the note written
The sh orter D , E and F trum
 RANGE

so u n d s F
w ri tt en
~ ~ · -
---,1.,__•- -
- -
-
·
~
- . · _ __,. ~ - -- -
- - --·-•-- -1 // f. ~
H o rn in F
o o-
F~
tt B .
th
a pe rf ec t 5 lo w e r

( ~
position in the
orchestra

Tenor 9= )C -&7
(i~ 0 )

(non-transposing)
E

l,e. sb
•
Bass or •
Tenor-bass
(non-transposing)

Music for the trombone _ _ _ _ _ __ R

 RANG E

Tenor tuba •
•
in Bb

..O..f
/ -
Bass tuba 7
7
in F 7

Double Bass
in Bb

Music for the tuba

 So
RANGE ANO DIAMETER OF HEADS Pre
Each drum has a range of approximat-ely 5 noles Fry
Medium: 71 cms .
Large: 76 cn1s.
•
•
•
• Lit
U- F
D
Small: 59 cms.
Medium: 64 cms.

D A
B~ F

Music for the timpani - - - - - - - -

, · often hear tirnpani playing ª roll.
, "~f ch stick
 Sorne well-known sopranos _ _ _ __
So pr an o d (th
Past Maria Cal las (1923-1977), Jen ny Lin
chil d's voice
Classifica tion Hig hes t fernale voice and Swe dish Nig htin gale ) (1820-1887).
n Sut her land
Types Col ora tura , lyric, dra mat ic, child sop
ran o or Presenf Victoria de los Ang eles , Joa
pf, Cleo Laim
treble Hea the r Ha.rper, EJisabeth Sch war zko
·
Ern est Lou gh (fam ous boy sop ran o).
{( 88] Mozart: Alleluia
soprano Heather Harper

Listening _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
AVERAGE RANGES Purcell: Dido and Aen eas
Nig ht
Mozart: The Magic Flu te (Qu een of the
aria)
Don Gio van ni
Schubert: The Erl King
Brahms: Deu tsch e Volkslieder
Puccini: Ma dam e Butterfly
Verdi: Tosca
Rigoletto
Bizet: Car men
Boy sop ran os
Allegri: Miserere

Child sop,a no
(trebfe)
* -e-' z
e
M~ndelssohn: Hea r my pra yer
Brztten: Noy es Flu dde
St Nicholas
Cer emo ny of Carols

140
Mezzo Sop ran o
Classification Middle range female voice
Types Coloratura , lyric and dramatic Ton e quality Lower notes are strong er and darke r
than those of the sopra no

(( 89 ) Massenet: Werth er (Act 3)

mezzo soprano
Frederica van Stade

AVERAGE RANGE Listening - - - - - - - - - --

The same for all types of voice Bellini: Norm a (Adal gisa)
~.O..B~ Mozart: The Marri age of Figaro (Cher ubino)
~ / Rossini: The Barbe r of Sevill e (Rosin a)
Mah/er: Symp hony no.4 (last mowm e nt)
Oelni ssy: Songs
Po11/e11 c: Songs
Vnuslu111 Willin111s : Linde n Lea
Sorne well-known mezzo-soprano s
Present Frede rica von Stª d e, Marily n Hornc.

141
Contralto
(and alto)

(C 90 J
Anon: Blow t/1c
Wind Southcrly

contralto Kathleen Ferrier

Classífication Low female voice (and high male

Sorne well-known contraltos - - - - ~
voice)
Tone quality: Past Kathleen Ferrier (1912-1953)
Low, strong, rich and dark notes
(female) Present Janet Baker, Hans Breitschopf (boy alto).

Listening - - - - - - - - - - --...
AVERAGE RANGE
Hande/: Messiah (O Thou that tellest; He was
des pi sed)
/
oG Brn/1111s: Alto Rhapsody, Op.53
Ma/1/cr: Das Lied von der Erde
Brillen: Folksong arrangements, for example,
'Kitty my love',

142
Te no r
''
{C 91] O Waly Waly

t',.

/·:...
' ,...._~
.....~,- ... ~-.: ;~-~.'"·- ~' ...

-> ·'" '¡,--....\

~
:';l'.:~1I;t.f_I·i···;_•
•~: •• t_,. ~ •.,.~~
~~ .
•"~;~h'
t ·.f . •-, .
<

I;. '·
'., .
.• ~ p-
::· -~~~;: ~- ~~-\
~- l

f: !;",\ ·d_i,
~
t -t , .... ·, t•i·t~:,..'~,--_~
"' ... ->-=.l'
.,."<4•! .,.,. \.,-~ ·.,j:~I•
.. ., ~--~~-~~:
·.i<,.n,,• ; l'-~ ~--:r;
.:-h--
1
~~
· ~;,
t,~
I', ";,, .:C
J _,>'_.,"~ ' y,. ~. ~ rt*·~~ ~!;d4 ;:~ :{..·,t, ~'~ . .u

~.~¼·:.:- ~·~ ,~1 . •·'l>•lt -.-i;4~ .""'*•"~ '

1-,►~.ti,.\}~l! fl:1' ~,
~'¼

tenor Placido Doming o

•
t-'.4 ~- A, ,. ,_ ,...__.,¡..,. .._-.u,,.. .c.u_,.,l. i.

Sorne well-known tenors

ico Car u so
Hig hes t nat ura l mal e voi ce Past Ben jam ina Gig li (18 90- 1975), Enr
Classification nor ) (19 12- 1979),
(1873-1921) , Alf red Del ler (co unt erte
Types Cou nte rten or, lyric, dra mat ic Pet er Pea rs (1910-1986), Hed dle
N as h (1 896 -19 61) .
Luc iano Pa va rotti,
Pres ent Gui sep pe de Ste fan o,
Pla cido Dom ing o.
om be, We bs te r
Tenors in popular 11111sic Har ry Sec
AVERAGE RANGES Boo th, Ric har d Tau ber .

_
Listening _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Vcrdi: Req uie m
P11cci11i: La Boh e mc
n a nd s trin gs

Lyri c :>= ••
e
t ~- e
Brif tc11: Sere nad e for te nor , hor
Les lllu min atio ns
Folk son g nrra nge men ts, for exa mpl
'Fng gy, fogg y dcw '
e,

~e Cuu ntc rte nor

il
Dram atic :>= i •
Britten: A Mid sum mer Nig ht's Dre
am
e
Baritone Sorne well-known baritones ______
:lassification · Most common middle range male Past Tito Gibbi (1915-1987)
;oice Present Thomas Hemsley, Thomas Allen, Dietrich
rypes: Lyric, dramatic, bass baritone Fischer-Dieskau.

( 92 ) Mozart: 'Non Piu Andrai' from The Marriage

o.f Figaro
barítone Tom Allen

AVERA GE RANGES

Lyric and
Dramatic
Listening
A
Mozart: Don Giovanni
/ -&E The Marriage of Figaro
Bass Baritone ~9~¡:;::=====z=z=::zz::'.'.::::=========.. Schubert: Winterreise (song cycle)
2
0
F Die Schone Müllerin (song cycle)
Schumann: Dichterliebe (song cycle)

_44
Has s
Some well-known hass singers _ _ __
Classificntion Lowes t male voice
/Jnst Feder Chalia pin (1873- 1938), Owen Bran -
Types Basso cantan te, basso profun do, contra ba ss nigan (1908- 1984).
(used in barbe rshop singin g and Russ ian musi c)
Prescnt Gerain t Evans, Ian Wallace, John Shirley -
Qultk .
(C 93 J Bizet: ' Votre Toast' from Carme n

bass Gerainl Evans

~ >,.. •' ' '

rt '·"· - · . ,
l''

:·· ,,,

• ">

AVERA GE RANGE S

/ .fi.f

: : 9¡ ~:~~~
Basso cantante ~ z~.,,~ z~~~ ~~
u /
F
Listening - - -- - - - - - ---
,.o. D
z Variou s operat ic arias and folkso ngs
Basso profund o 2: Mussorgsky: Boris Godun ov
Bomdin: Prince lgor
Sullivnn: HMS Pinnforl'
The Yeoml!n of tlw Gu.ll'd
Contrab ass Tht..• Gondolil•rs
Hrillc11 : Ntiy l'S l·'luddL•

145
INSTRUMENTAL GROUPS
The orchestra
The Romantic orchestra increased enorrnously in size
The Classical orchestra of Mozart, Haydn and
with composers such as Berlioz, Wagner and Richard
Beethoven in his early days (that is, to the end of
Strauss. The tone poem Don Juan (opposite) by
the 18th century), had a large body of string instru-
Richard Strauss (1904) starts with a brílliant intro~
ments. A typical Classical orchestra is that used by
duction played by a very Jarge orchestra.
Beethoven in his firs t symphony (below).

Adagio molto ( J= 88)

Beethoven: Symphony no.1 in C, Op.21 (1st movement)

./ ~~
2 flauti
'
fp

2 oboi
~

. -,_
~
n
~
- ..
1 1 1./
f~
l

2 clarinetti inC
. ~
~

" --
~
'

-
~ -;::;,
4
fp

2 fago tti
1\
- .. ~
9 -

-
----- •
Í'\
.,

fp
1, ~

2 comi in C
. ~ -" .,
4l -6...___ ~
} Bm, family (Aernphones 2)
~

2 trombe in e
.
" •1

timpani C-G
-.. J- Percussion (Idiophones, Membranophones)

1, pizz.
." . . -- L O-

1
4
-
1

violíno pizz. f
2
." .
41 -=
11
pizz. f
viola 1- Sfring family (Chordophones)
f p

violoncell o r_-¾ r--= =t -

JI
, .Jrm-,.- ~
contrabasso :::i _~ _J
" ~ ~ ~--=1
J' J)

150
the r for eas e of pla yin g and identification by the
luctor.