Year 8 Maths

Mathematics
National Curriculum Dr Terry Dwyer

8
Mathematics
National Curriculum
Dr Terry Dwyer
CertT, BAppSc, BEd, GDipEd, MEd(Hons), PhD
Head of Mathematics
www.drdwyer.com.au
The cover: Maths is the stairway to success in our technological economy and society.
“In today’s world, economic access and full citizenship depend crucially on
math and science literacy.” - Robert P. Moses.
its basic skills are vital for the life opportunities of the youth. Let us all
embrace and encourage the study of this indispensable subject.“
- Alfred L. Teye.
Dr Dwyer Pty Ltd

ABN 27105593922
10 Moss Court
Stanthorpe 4380
www.drdwyer.com.au
Copyright © Dr Dwyer Pty Ltd

First Published 2011
COPYRIGHT
Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review, or as
permitted under Part VB of the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced by
any process without permission.
National Library of Australia

Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
Dwyer, T. (Terry),
Mathematics 8 : National Curriculum
1st ed.
Includes index.
For secondary school year age.
ISBN: 9780646536088
1. Mathematics--Problems, exercises etc.
510
Published in Australia by Dr Dwyer Pty Ltd

Printed in Malaysia
Contents - Overview
Chapter 1 Index Laws 1
Chapter 2 Integers 17
Chapter 3 Algebra 33
Chapter 4 Probability 51
Chapter 5 Review 1 65
Chapter 6 Real Numbers 73

Chapter 7 Congruence 89
Chapter 8 Data 105
Chapter 9 Circles 121
Chapter 11 Ratio & Rate 145

Chapter 12 Linear Equations 161
Chapter 13 Data 177
Chapter 14 Time 191
Chapter 16 Linear Relationships 213

Chapter 17 Measurement 229
Glossary 283
Answers 293
Index 311
Chapter 1 Index Laws 1 Chapter 3 Algebra 33
A Task 1 A Task 33
History 1 History 33
Warmup 2 Warm Up 34
Indices 3 Substitution 35
Index Law 1 4
Index Law 2 5 Algebraic Multiplication 37
Summary 6 Algebraic Division 38
Index Law 3 7 Distributive Law 39
Zero Index 8 Mixed Problems 40
Mental Computation 9 Factorising 41
NAPLAN Questions 10 Mental Computation 43
Competition Questions 11 NAPLAN Questions 44
Investigations 12 Competition Questions 45
A Couple of Puzzles 13 Investigations 46
A Game 13 Technology 47
A Sweet Trick 13 A Couple of Puzzles 48
Technology 14 A Game 48
Chapter Review 1 15 A Sweet Trick 48
Chapter Review 2 16 Chapter Review 1 49
Chapter Review 2 50
A Task 17
A Task 51
History 17
History 51
Integers 18
Probability 52
Ordering Integers 19
Theoretical Probability 54
Adding Integers 20
The Complement 55
Subtracting Integers 21
Mental Computation 57
Multiplying Integers 22
NAPLAN Questions 58
Dividing Integers 23
Competition Questions 59
All Together 24
Investigations 60
Mental Computation 25
Technology 61
NAPLAN Questions 26
A Couple of Puzzles 62
Competition Questions 27
A Game 62
Investigations 28
Chapter Review 1 63
A Couple of Puzzles 29
Chapter Review 2 64
A Game 29
A Sweet Trick 29
Technology 30
Review 1 66
Chapter Review 1 31
Review 2 69
Chapter Review 2 32
Make the Calculator Talk 72
Chapter 6 Real Numbers 73 Chapter 8 Data 105
A Task 73 A Task 105
Our Number System 74 Collecting Data 106
Rational Numbers: Integers 75 Organising Data 107
Rational Numbers: Fractions 76 Frequency column graph 108
Rational Numbers: Decimals 77 Descriptive Statistics 109
Decimals, Percentages, Fractions 78 Analysing Data 111
Irrational Numbers 80 Mental Computation 113
Mental Computation 81 NAPLAN Questions 114
NAPLAN Questions 82 Competition Questions 115
Competition Questions 83 Investigations 116
Investigations 84 Technology 117
A Couple of Puzzles 85 A Couple of Puzzles 118
A Game 85 A Game 118
A Sweet Trick 85 A Sweet Trick 118
Technology 86 Chapter Review 1 119
Chapter Review 2 88

Chapter 7 Congruence 89 A Task 121
A Task 89 History 121
History 89 The Circle 122
Congruence 90 Circumference 122
Congruent Triangles 92 Circumference 124
Tests for Congruent Triangles 93 Perimeter 125
Tests for Congruent Triangles 94 Area of a Circle 126
Transformations 96 Mental Computation 129
Technology 100 Technology 133
Investigations 101 A Couple of Puzzles 134
A Couple of Puzzles 102 A Game 134
A Game 102 A Sweet Trick 134
A Sweet Trick 102 Chapter Review 1 135
Chapter Review 2 104
Review 1 138
Review 2 141
Isometric Drawing 144
Chapter 11 Ratio & Rate 145 Chapter 13 Data 177
History 145 Sample Data 178
Ratio Warm Up 146 Describing Sample Data 179
Ratio 147 Sample Size 180
Percentages 148 Sample Bias 181
Rates 151 Population Estimation 182
Unitary Method 152 Mental Computation 183
Investigations 156 Technology 187
Technology 158 Chapter Review 1 189
Chapter 12 Linear Equations 161 Chapter 14 Time 191

Linear Patterns 162 12-hour time 192
Solving Linear Equations 164 24-hour time 193
Linear Functions 166 Time Zones 194
Solving Linear Functions 167 International Time Zones 196
Solving Word Problems 168 Mental Computation 197
Competition Questions 171 Technology 200
Technology 172 Investigations 201
Investigations 174 Chapter Review 1 203
Review 1 206
Review 2 209
Chapter 16 Linear Relationships 213 Chapter 18 Probability 245
Ordered Pairs 214 Warm Up 246
The Four Quadrants 215 Venn Diagrams 247
Linear Models 216 Venn Diagrams 248
Model Your World 217 Two-Way Tables 249
Linear Functions 218 Mental Computation 251
Non-Linear Functions 219 NAPLAN Questions 252
Non-Linear Functions 220 Competition Questions 253
Mental Computation 221 Investigations 254
NAPLAN Questions 222 A Couple of Puzzles 255
Competition Questions 223 A Game 256
Investigations 224 A Sweet Trick 256
A Game 225 Chapter Review 1 257
A Sweet Trick 225 Chapter Review 2 258
Technology 226

A Task 259
History 259
Constructing Triangles 260
Chapter 17 Measurement 229 Congruent Reasoning and Proof 263
A Task 229 Parallelogram 264
History 229 Rectangle 265
Perimeter 230 Kite 266
Area 231 Mental Computation 267
Composite Shapes 232 NAPLAN Questions 268
Parallelograms 233 Competition Questions 269
Special Quadrilaterals 234 Investigations 270
Rectangular Prisms 235 Technology 271
Triangular Prism 236 A Couple of Puzzles 272
Mental Computation 237 A Game 272
NAPLAN Questions 238 A Sweet Trick 272
Competition Questions 239 Chapter Review 1 273
Investigations 240 Chapter Review 2 274
Technology 241
A Couple of Puzzles 242 Chapter 20 Review 4 275
A Game 242 Review 1 276
A Sweet Trick 242 Review 2 279
Chapter Review 2 244 Glossary 283
Answers 293
Index 311
Preface
This text has been written for Year 8 students. The aim of the text is to assist students in
investigating and understanding the exciting and very important world of Mathematics
and to implement the intent of the Australian Mathematics Curriculum.
A literature review of learning from school textbooks was used to enhance the format of
this textbook.
Each chapter, apart from Review, contains:

Numerous worked examples
Numerous sets of graded exercises
An open-ended rich task
Mental computation
Technology in mathematics
Investigations
Puzzles
NAPLAN questions
Maths competition preparation
A mathematics game
A mathematics trick
A bit of mathematics history
Careers using mathematics
Chapter review
Acknowledgments
A heart-felt thank you to my wife Karen for your encouragement, advice, text
design, images, illustrations, and above all, your loving support.
Public Domain Images, pp. 121, 191, 196, 198, 213, 229, 259.
Resources
Use index notation with numbers to establish the index laws with positive
integral indices and the zero index.
Evaluate numbers expressed as powers of positive integers.
A TASK
Napier's bones are multiplication tables written on
strips of bones (or paper).
Logarithms are indices
with base 10.
Make a set of Napier's bones (There is
plenty of information on the Internet).
Learn how to use Napier's bones to multiply
numbers such as 463×8.
Choose an audience and demonstrate your
Napier's bones.
A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY

Logarithms are useful because they are a
convenient way of handling large numbers. Logarithms and Multiplication
Before calculators, large
chemistry, agriculture, geology and many
and logarithms were used.
1614 Napier invented a form of logarithm,
Example:
based on algebra, to simplify mathematical
calculations. 6×2 = 100.778×100.301
1620 Burgi used a form of logarithms, = 100.778+0.301
based on geometry, to simplify mathematical = 101.079
calculations. = 11.995
1624 Napier and Biggs invent the modern
form of logarithms. Can you show that 6 = 100.778?
1
Warmup
Exercise 1.1
Calculate each of the following:
1 1×1 2 2×2 3 3×3 4 4×4
5 5×5 6 1×1×1 7 2×2×2 8 3×3×3
9 4×4×4 10 5×5×5 11 1×1×1×1 12 2×2×2×2
13 3×3×3×3 14 4×4×4×4 15 5×5×5×5
16 Copy and complete the following table:

Squares are often used. Cubes happen now and then.
(Area square = side2) (Volume cube = side3)
Square Cube Fourth Fifth

1
2
3
4
5
17 10×10 18 10×10×10
19 10×10×10×10 20 10×10×10×10×10
21 10×10×10×10×10×10 22 10×10×10×10×10×10×10
The larger the power, the more

4×4×4×4×4×4×4 useful a calculator will become.
On a calculator: 4 ^ 7 = 16384
23 2×2×2×2×2×2 24 5×5×5×5×5×5×5
25 1×1×1×1×1×1×1×1 26 2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2
27 How many 10s are multiplied together to equal 1 million?
28 Calculate 109 (109 is generally known as 1 billion).
29 1 googol is known as 10100. Can your calculator handle a number this large?
30 Write a terabyte in full (A terabyte drive (HDD) will hold 1012 bytes.).
31 Write 500 gigabytes in full (A 500 gigabyte drive will hold 500×109 bytes).
2
Indices
A convenient way of writing 2×2×2 is
2 3 Index
Base
Exercise 1.2
Write the following in index form:
2×2×2×2×2 a×a×a×a
= 25 = a4
1 4×4×4 2 2×2×2×2 3 a×a×a

4 10×10×10 5 b×b×b×b×b 6 h×h×h
7 m×m×m×m×m 8 9×9×9×9 9 3×3×3×3×3×3
Exercise 1.3
Write the following in factor form:
34 b3
= 3×3×3×3 = b×b×b
1 43 2 b4 3 52
4 27 5 62 6 m5
7 x4 8 p5 9 14
Exercise 1.4
Write the following in index form:
2×2×2×4×4 abbaaab
= 23×42 = a4×b3
1 aabbbaa 2 3×3×3×2×2 3 abaaababb

4 2×3×2×3×2×3×2 5 bggggbbbg 6 zzzzzzzzzzz
7 ppqrppqqrrrp 8 2×2×2×3×4×4×4×3 9 4gg4g4g4gg
Accountants
of clients. Accountancy normally involves a lot of public contact.
Relevant school subjects are English, Mathematics, IT.
Courses normally involve a Degree with a major in accounting.
Chapter 1 Index laws 3

Index Law 1
Multiplying Indices: Multiplying Indices:
24×22 = 2×2×2×2 × 2×2 a3×a2 = a×a×a × a×a

= 26 = a5
Is the same as Is the same as
Multiplying Indices: Multiplying Indices:
24×22 = 24+2 a3×a2 = a3+2

= 26 = a5
Index Law 1
am×an = am+n
Exercise 1.5 This only works if the

Simplify and write the following in index form: bases are the same.
23×22 a2×a5
= 2×2×2 × 2×2 = a×a × a×a×a×a×a

= 25 = a7
or 23×22 = 23+2 = 25 or a2×a5 = a2+5 = a7
1 22×23 2 33×32 3 24×22 4 44×43

5 a2×a2 6 b3×b2 7 z5×z3 8 w4×w3
9 23×21 10 t2×t5 11 52×53 12 104×105
13 32×34 14 73×72 15 d2×d3 16 m3×m3
17 c4×c3 18 102×104 19 a2×a3 20 b5×b
21 h5×h2 22 z3×z2 23 n5×n4 24 105×102
This only works if the

32×33×32 = 32+3+2 a2×a5×a = a2+5+1 bases are the same.
= 37 = a8
25 22×23×22 26 34×33×32 27 a2×a3×a3 28 u2×u2×u3

29 2×23×23 30 p3×p3×p 31 d2×d3×d4 32 m3×m3×m3
33 c4×c3×c 34 y2×y4×y2 35 a2×a3×a2 36 b5×b×b2
37 h5×h2 38 z3×z2×z4 39 b5×b2×b 40 z3×z2×z4
4
Index Law 2
Dividing Indices: Dividing Indices:
2× 2× 2× 2 a ×a ×a
24÷22 = = 2×2 a3÷a2 =
2× 2 a ×a
= 22 =a
Dividing Indices: Dividing Indices:
24÷22 =2 a3÷a2 =a
= 22 =a
Index Law 2
am÷an = a
Exercise 1.6
Simplify and write the following in index form: This only works if the
2× 2× 2 a ×a ×a ×a ×a ×a bases are the same.
23÷22 = 2× 2
a6÷a2 = a ×a
=2 = a×a×a×a
= a4
or 23÷22 = 2 =2
or a6÷a2 =a = a4
1 25÷23 2 33÷32 3 24÷22 4 44÷43

5 a6÷a2 6 b7÷b2 7 105÷103 8 w4÷w3
9 23÷21 10 t7÷t4 11 56÷54 12 105÷102
13 36÷34 14 73÷72 15 108÷105 16 34÷33
17 a4÷a3 18 u4÷u2 19 29÷23 20 p3÷p3
m4 e5 m4
21 2 22 2 m4÷m2 =
m e m2
c7 104 They are the same thing.

23 4 24 2
c 10
a6 37
25 26
a5 34

Summary
Index
d3
Exercise 1.7
Write each of the following in index form:
Base
3×3×3×3 = 34 d×d×d = d3
1 1×1×1 2 2×2×2×2 3 3×3×3×3

4 4×4×4×4×4 5 5×5 6 1×1×1×1×1
7 2×2×2 8 3×3×3 9 10×10
10 10×10×10 11 10×10×10×10 12 b×b×b×b×b×b
13 n×n×n×n×n×n×n 14 p×p×p×p×p 15 a×a×a×a×a×a
Exercise 1.8
Write each of the following in factor form:
43 = 4×4×4 w4 = w×w×w×w
1 23 2 d4 3 62
4 25 5 g4 6 13
7 28 8 h7 9 14
Exercise 1.9
Simplify and write the following in index form: Index Law 1
22×24 = 22+4 = 26 y2×y3 = y2+3 = y5 am×an = am+n
1 22×23 2 32×32 3 54×52 4 24×23

5 a3×a2 6 b3×b1 7 k5×k3 8 p4×p2
9 103×101 10 104×10 11 12×13 12 h4×h5
Exercise 1.10
Simplify and write the following in index form: Index Law 2
34÷32 = 3 = 32 m6÷m3 = m = m3 am÷an = a
1 24÷23 2 35÷32 3 54÷52 4 45÷43

5 c6÷c2 6 b8÷b2 7 105÷103 8 w5÷w3
25 109 f6 z6
9 10 11 12
23 103 f4 z5
6
Index Law 3
Power Indices: Power Indices:
(23)2 = (2×2×2)2 (a2)3 = (a×a)3

= (2×2×2)×(2×2×2) = (a×a)×(a×a) ×(a×a)
= 26 = a6
Power Indices: Power Indices:
(23)2 = 23×2 (a2)3 = a2×3

= 26 = a6
Index Law 3
(am)n = am×n
Exercise 1.11
Simplify and write the following in index form:
(32)3 = (3×3)3 (b4)2 = (b×b×b×b)2

= (3×3)×(3×3)×(3×3) = (b×b×b×b)×(b×b×b×b)
= 36 = b8
or (32)3 = 32×3 = 36 or (b4)2 = b4×2 = b8
1 (22)3 2 (23)3 3 (32)3 4 (42)3

5 (d2)2 6 (b3)4 7 (t2)4 8 (n2)5
9 (52)2 10 (s2)5 11 (m2)3 12 (34)2
13 (53)3 14 (102)3 15 (10)3 16 (g2)5
17 (103)2 18 (h4)3 19 (d2)4 20 (25)3
34×(32)3 = 34×36 = 310 (b4)2b3 = b8×b3 = b11
21 22×(22)3 22 22×(23)3 23 (32)3×33 24 44×(42)3

25 d3(d2)2 26 b4(b3)4 27 (t2)4t5 28 n3(n2)5
29 (52)2×5 30 s2(s2)5 31 m(m2)3 32 3×(34)2

Zero Index
Zero Index: Zero Index:

24÷24 = 1 p3÷p3 = 1
or 24÷24 = 2 or p3÷p3 = p
= 20 = p0
Which must be = 1 Which must be = 1
Zero Index: Zero Index:
20= 1 p0 = 1
Zero Index
Try 20 on your calculator.
a0 = 1 Does it work?
Exercise 1.12
Simplify each of the following:
Anything to the
30 =1 h0 =1 power of 0 is 1.
1 20 2 50 3 b0 4 k0
5 a0 6 30 7 100 8 d0
9 10 10 w0 11 x0 12 a0
Anything to the
3×50 = 3×1 = 3 5b0 = 5×1 = 5
power of 0 is 1.
13 5×20 14 3a0 15 6×40 16 2×10

17 7w0 18 3e0 19 9×30 20 8×20
21 4g0 22 5n0 23 2×20 24 5×50
25 d0(d2)2 26 b0(b3)2 27 (t2)4t0 28 5×50

29 (50)2×5 30 s2(s0)5 31 m(m2)0 32 3×(30)2
8
Mental Computation
Exercise 1.13
1 Spell index.
2 Write in index form: 3×3×3×3×3
3 Write in factor form: 23
Employers expect employees to
4 Simplify: m3×m2
be good at mental computation.
5 Simplify: 28÷25
6 Simplify: 50
1
7 Change 2 to a decimal.
8 Change 0.25 to a fraction.
3
9 Change 2 to a vulgar fraction.
5
10 I buy a $6.40 magazine with $10. How much change?
Exercise 1.14
1 Spell indices (Plural of index).
2 Write in index form: 2×2×2×2
3 Write in factor form: 43 Which day is the strongest
4 Simplify: d3×d2 day of the week?
5 Simplify: 35÷32 Sunday. The rest of the
days are weekdays.
6 Simplify: a0
1
2
3
Exercise 1.15
1 Spell multiplication.
3 Write in factor form: 34
4 Simplify: a2×a4
5 Simplify: 54÷52
6 Simplify: 40
3
1
4
The average distance to the Sun is 1.5×1011 m.

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 1.16
1 Calculate each of the following:
a) 4.27×103 b) 4.27×106 c) 4.27×109
2 5.163+2.734 is closest to:

a) 3 000 b) 30 000 c) 300 000
3 Which card below has the same value as:

25
a) b) c)
33 2×42 4×32
4 Solve for b in:

a) 2b = 16 b) 2b=64 c) 3b = 81
The Earth has a diameter of 1.3×107 m.
5 What is the value of: 3×104+6×103+2×102+4×101?
6 152 is between:
a) 150 and 200 b) 200 and 250 c) 250 and 300

a) 23 2 b) 33 2 c) 23+24
8 Which is the same as 32×32

a) 3×3×3 b) 3×3×3×3 c) 3×3×3×3×3
9 The area of a square is 64 cm2. What is the length of each side?
10 The area of a cube is 64 cm3. What is the length of each side?
11 Which is the same as 24×42

a) 26 b) 28 c) 210

25 34 104
a) b) c)
23 33 102
d) ( 4 )3 e) ( 16 )3 f) ( 3 8 )3
13 35 000 000 is the same as:

a) 3.5×106 b) 3.5×107 c) 3.5×108
10
Competition Questions Prepare for mathematics
competitions and build maths
muscle at the same time.
Exercise 1.17
1 Find the value of each of the following:
a) (0.2)2 b) (0.03)2 c) (0.2)3
d) 10 + 102 +103 e) 2 + 22 + 23 + 24 f) 10×102×103
g) 2 2 2 h) 32 2 i) 42 2
3 Find the value of x in each of the following:

1 2 11 2 1 1 1 1 1
a) + = b) − = c) + =
4 x 12 x 3 15 4 x 3
4 A square of area 25 cm2 is cut from the corner

of a square of area 625 cm2. What is now
the perimeter of the shape?

26 × 23 34 ×33 45 × 43
a) b) c)
2 2 × 27 32 ×34 43 × 44
What is the last digit in 415?
41 = 4
42 = 16 Last digit pattern is: 4, 6, 4, 6, 4, .....
43 = 64
44 = 256 The index, 15, is odd
45 = 1024 The last digit in 415 is 4
6 What is the last digit in 432? How many beans can you put into
7 What is the last digit in 427? an empty bag?
8 What is the last digit in 5415?
9 What is the last digit in 36473? One. After that the bag isn't empty.
What is the highest power of 2 that divides exactly into 100?
100÷2 = 50, 50÷2 = 25. 2 will divide into 100 twice.

The highest power of 2 that divides exactly into 100 is 22
10 What is the highest power of 2 that divides exactly into 1000?

Investigations
Investigation 1.1 Powers
What is the last digit in 323, 368?
1 Write down the powers of 3 from 31 to 310 (or use a spreadsheet).

2 Look for a pattern in the last digit of each number.
3 Can you now see the answer (The example in the
Competition questions may be useful)?
Investigation 1.2 A million steps?
How long will it take you to

How far will a million steps take you? walk a million steps?
More than 10 kilometres?
Investigation 1.3 A shortcut for squaring numbers?
Complete the pattern:

22 = 3×1 + 1 62 =
2
3 = 4×2 + 1 72 =
2
4 = 5×3 + 1 82 =
52 = 6×4 + 1 92 =
What larger numbers would be easy to square using this method?
Investigation 1.4 Computer numbers?
A byte in computer memory holds one character. This introduces special names for
large units of memory. For example, a gigabyte is 1 000 000 000 bytes in decimal
and 230 = 1 073 741 824 bytes in binary.
Research and complete the following:
Term Decimal Binary

Kilobyte 1 000 1 024
Megabyte
Gigabyte
Terabyte
Petabyte
Exabyte
Zettabyte
Yottabyte
12
A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 1.18
Complete each of the following magic squares so that the sum of any row,
column, or diagonal is 15 (Also use each of the numbers from 1 to 9).
a) b) c)
1 4 2
5 5 3
4 9 8 1 6 8
d) e) f)
7 3 3
8 6 2
A Game
Twenty. Make twenty strokes on a piece of paper.

Each of two players take turns to mark off one, two, or three of the
strokes.
The winner is the person who crosses off the last stroke.
Play a couple of games

and try to determine a
A Sweet Trick winning strategy.
1 Ask your audience to choose

a number from 1 to 9. 6
2 Add 29. 6 + 29 = 34
3 Cross out the last digit. =3
4 Multiply by 10. 3 x 10 = 30
5 Add 4. 30 + 4 = 34
6 Multiply by 3. 34 x 3 = 102
7 Subtract 2. 102 – 2 = 100
The answer is always 100.
You could embellish this trick by

having the audience turning to the
page of the answer etc.

Technology
Technology 1.1
Use a spreadsheet to calculate powers of the numbers 1 to 10.
Also create a graph of each of the powers.
= a2^5
The ^ is the power
1 1 1 1 1
2 4 8 16 32
3 9 27 81 243
4 16 64 256
5 25 125
6
7
8
9
10
120
100
A graph of 2x 80
60
{x=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Technology 1.2
2.5 m, then 1.25 m. Florence is jumping half the remaining distance each time.
How many jumps will it take for Florence to cover the 10 m?
Jump Jump Distance
1 Set up a spreadsheet similar to this one.
Distance left
2 Extend the spreadsheet until the distance left is 0.
1 5 5
2 2.5 2.5 10 m
3 1.25 1.25
4
5
14
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 1.19 Index
d3
1 Write each of the following in index form:
3×3×3×3 = 34 d×d×d = d3 Base
a) 1×1×1×1 b) 4×4×4×4 c) 3×3×3×3×3×3

d) g×g×g×g×g×g×g e) a×a×a×a×a f) 10×10×10×10×10×10
2 Simplify and write the following in index form:

Index Law 1
22×24 = 22+4 = 26 y2×y3 = y2+3 = y5 am×an = am+n
a) 42×43 b) 22×22 c) 104×102 d) 54×53

e) a5×a2 f) b3×b1 g) p7×p3 h) w4×w2
i) 105×101 j) 10×105 k) 15×13 l) h5×h5

Index Law 2
34÷32 = 3 = 32 m6÷m3 = m = m3 am÷an = a
a) 104÷103 b) 45÷42 c) 37÷32 d) 25÷23

e) a6÷a2 f) n7÷n2 g) 107÷103 h) 15÷13
45 t7 103 u7
i) j) k) l)
43 t5 101 u2
Index Law 3
(32)3 = 32×3 = 36 (b4)2 = b4×2 = b8 (am)n = am×n
a) (32)3 b) (23)3 c) (52)3 d) (102)3

e) (103)2 f) (b4)3 g) (u2)5 h) (15)3
i) (72)3 j) (33)3 k) (22)3×23 l) 45×(42)3
5 Simplify each of the following:

Zero Index
30 = 1 h0 = 1 a0 = 1
a) 30 b) 100 c) c0 d) 5n0
The Earth's atmosphere extends out for 1×107 m.

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 1.20 Index
d3
3×3×3×3 = 34 d×d×d = d3 Base
a) 2×2×2 b) 3×3×3×3×3 c) d×d×d×d×d×d

d) 10×10×10×10×10 e) z×z×z×z×z×z f) 1×1×1×1×1×1×1

Index Law 1
22×24 = 22+4 = 26 y2×y3 = y2+3 = y5 am×an = am+n
a) 32×34 b) 12×12 c) 103×105 d) t2×t3

e) m5×m3 f) 33×31 g) p6×p3 h) 54×55
i) 101×103 j) 10×106 k) 14×13 l) j2×j5

Index Law 2
34÷32 = 3 = 32 m6÷m3 = m = m3 am÷an = a
a) 34÷33 b) e4÷e2 c) 27÷22 d) 15÷13

e) g5÷g2 f) m6÷m3 g) 109÷103 h) q5÷q3
h3 46 106 v8
i) j) k) l)
h2 42 103 v5
Index Law 3
(32)3 = 32×3 = 36 (b4)2 = b4×2 = b8 (am)n = am×n
a) (42)3 b) (34)3 c) (73)2 d) (b2)3

e) (102)2 f) (e4)2 g) (h2)4 h) (12)3
i) (52)3 j) (83)2 k) (22)3×24 l) 35×(32)3

Zero Index
30 = 1 h0 = 1 a0 = 1
a) 20 b) y0 c) 90 d) 3s0
There were 7×109 people on Earth in 2010.
16
Carry out the four operations with integers.
Use appropriate digital technologies.
There is 1 BC.
There is 1 AD. A TASK
There is no year 0?
Step backward 2 steps.

What is the answer?
By pasting a series of digital photos, make a slide
show showing how to add and subtract integers.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Zero = nothing, empty. 'How can nothing
0 = the symbol for empty, nothing. be something?' -
Zero = 0 = nought = naught = nil = null. Ancient Greeks.
100 AD Subtract a negative number from zero a×0=0

to make it positive. 0×a=0
525 AD Nulla, a Roman word meaning nothing. 0÷a=0
628 AD Rules for the use of zero: a ÷ 0 = ?? No answer.
Example: 0 + 0 = 0
17
Integers
Integers are:
Positive whole numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...
and Zero: 0
and
8 and +8 are
Exercise 2.1 the same thing.
Change the following words to an integer:
A loss of 3kg. A rate drop of 25 points.
8
1 A drop of 3°C. 2 A increase of 12%.

3 I lost 12 marbles. 4 A reduction of 15%
5 6 A gain of 30 cm.
7 A loss of $2 million. 8 No movement.
9 15 m under the sea. 10 A rise of 4 m.
11 12 $3000 decrease.
13 $80 over the value. 14 $31 under value.
15 16 Zero change.
Assume that up is positive and down is negative:

17 50 m down. 18 20 units down.
19 Move 4 places down. 20 Up 3 levels.
21 Down 2 amps. 22 Up 50 basis points.
23 Neither up nor down. 24 48 steps down.
Assume that to the right is positive and that to the left is negative:
25 Move 8 places to the right. 26 Don't move.
27 6 clicks to the left. 28 9 clicks to the right.
29 Move the biro 5 to the left. 30 Move 3 places to the left.
Z is the set of Integers. Z
Z comes from the German

Zahl, meaning number.
18
Ordering Integers
Integers can be placed

Integers on the right are larger
on a number line.
than integers on the left.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
'less than' 'greater than'
Exercise 2.2
Copy each pair of numbers and place the correct < or > between them.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 2 6 8 9
10 11 2 0 12
13 14 15
16 13 5 17 18
Exercise 2.3
Arrange the integers in ascending order (smallest to largest):
From left to right on the number line.
1 3, 0, 1, 5 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
13 14 15
Adding Integers
+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Exercise 2.4
Add the following integers:
5+3
Put your biro on 0. Put your biro on 0.
Move biro 3 to right. Move biro 5 to left.
Move biro 4 to the left. Move biro 3 to the right.
1 4+3 2 3
4 5 7+6 6
7 8 9 12 + 13
10 11 12
13 7 + 8 14 15
16 13 + 8 17 18
19 20 13 + 17 21
Exercise 2.5
Copy and complete the following addition tables:
1 + 0 1 2 + 0 5
0 0
1 5
0+1=1
20
Subtracting Integers
+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Exercise 2.6
Calculate the following:

Move biro 4 to the left. Move biro 2 to the left.
1 5–3 2 3 4
5 6–5 6 7 8
9 4–1 10 2 – 6 11 12
13 14 6 – 9 15 16
17 9 – 15 18 19 10 – 9 20

Move biro 2 to the right. Move biro 1 to the right.

Your biro is at 5.
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40
Multiplying Integers Integers are used in millions
of everyday situations.
Exercise 2.7
Calculate each of the following:
3 × 4 = 3 lots of 4
=4+4+4
= 12
1 5×2 2 3 4
5 3×4 6 7 8
9 4×2 10 11 12
13 7×0 14 0 × 7 15 16
17 1 × 15 18 19 20
21 22 1×0=0
× 0 1 × 0 1
1 2
2 1
3 0
4
= 12 = 10
+×+=+
23 24 25
26 27 28 ×
29 3 × 6 30 31
+×
32 33 7 × 2 34
35
38
36
39
37 5 × 7
40
×
22
Dividing Integers
Exercise 2.8
Calculate each of the following: +÷+=+
8÷4 =2 ÷
+÷
÷
1 6÷2 2 3
4 5 8÷4 6
7 8 9 12 ÷ 2 10
11 12 13 7÷1 14
15 16 17 15 ÷ 3 18
19 20 21 16 ÷ 4 22
23 24
÷ 2 4 ÷ 5 10
0 0
4 20
Order of Operations:
1 ( ) brackets first.
2 × and ÷ from left to right.
3 + and from left to right.
=4+6
= 10
25 26
27 28
29 30
31 32
33 34
All Together
+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Exercise 2.9
Calculate the following:
5+2
Move biro 5 to the left. Move biro 3 to the left.
Move biro 2 to the right.
Move biro 2 to the right.
1 5+3 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 + 15 10 11 12
13 19 – 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
× and ÷ +
+ +
+
21 5×6 22 23 24
25 8÷2 26 27 28
29 12 ÷ 4 30 31 32
33
34 Mia owes each of six friends $45. What is Mia's balance?
35 Lauren borrowed $35, repaid $17, and borrowed another $18.
What is Lauren's balance?
36 Jack is driving at 100 km/h. Jack slows down by 20 km/h and then
a further 30 km/h. What is Jack's speed?
24
Mental Computation You need to be a good mental
athlete because many everyday
Exercise 2.10 problems are solved mentally.
1 Spell integer.
2
3
4
5 24 × 5
7 Simplify: m3×m2
8 Simplify: 50 10% of 36 = 3.6
9 10% of 36
10 If I paid $10 deposit and 10 payments of $10. How much did I pay?
Exercise 2.11
1 Spell multiplication.
2 To multiply by 5:
Multiply by 10 then divide by 2.
3
4 48×5 =48×10÷2 = 480÷2 = 240.
5 48 × 5
6 Write in index form: 2×2×2×2×2×2
7 Simplify: d4 ÷ d2
8 Simplify: 80
9 10% of 43
Exercise 2.12
1 Spell division.
2
3 I wondered why the cricketball
4 kept getting bigger.
5 68 × 5
6 Write in index form: 5×5×5×5 Then it hit me.
7 Simplify: x3 × x4
8 Simplify: g0
9 10% of 41
Sports Psychologist assist sportspeople in maximising performance

through managing their mental wellbeing.
School subjects normally involve English and Mathematics.
Courses usually involve a University degree with a major in psychology.
NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 2.13
1 Calculate:
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
g) 22 2 i)
A B
2 Estimate the value of A and B:
4 Find the value of: x2
Mathematics is useful in
almost every career that
one can think of.
5 Arrange the following integers in ascending order:

a) b)
6 What are the coordinates of: y

a) A?
b) B? A
3
c) C? B 2
d) D?
1
-3 -2 -1 00 1 2 3 x
-1
y coordinate second. D
-2
C -3
+×+=+
7 What is the value of a3 3
×
8 Find the value of 5b2
+×
9
×
10 x + y = 1
What are the values of x and y that satisfy both equations?
26
Build maths muscle and
Competition Questions prepare for mathematics
competitions at the same
time.
Exercise 2.14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
following instructions:
Move 3 units forward.
Move 4 units backward.
Move 7 units forward.
Where is Kade now standing? Our mobile phone would
not have been possible
without mathematics.
2 Calculate:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
a) m? b) n? c)
4 Solve each of the following equations:

3x + 4 = 1
3x 3x
3x 3x
x x
x x
a) 2x + 4 = 2 b) 3x + 7 = 4 c)
d) e) f)
Investigations
Investigation 2.1 Integer Nomogram

A nomogram is a diagram used for calculations.
A nomogram normally has three scales.
1 Make the following Nomogram for adding integers.
This example shows: The answers are on This example shows:

the middle scale.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 Use the Nomogram to answer the following:

a) b) c)
3 Can you make a Nomogram for multiplying integers?

Use your Nomogram to answer the following:
a) b) c)
Investigation 2.2 Integer Collage

A collage is an art form that may include cuttings from
newspapers, brochures, magazines, coloured papers,
photographs and other objects, glued to a board of paper
or other material.
Make a collage of practical integers.
Finance
Temperatures
Problem solving Elevations
Melting Points
Programming
Game scores Millions of engineering problems
28
A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 2.15
1 Complete each grid based on the following rules:
The numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 each can only be used once per row.
The numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 each can only be used once per column.
The numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 each can only be used once per 2×2 box.
a) b)
1 2 1
2
3
3 4 4
A Game
Two players take it in turns to play nine holes Die Score
of Integer Golf. 6 2 2 over par
1 A player tosses a die and subtracts 4 from 5 1 bogey
the number showing. 4 0 par
3 birdie
2 The player records the result on their card.
2 eagle
3 The player with the lowest score after 1 albatross
nine holes wins.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Joel 0/0 1/0 2/2 1/3 0/3
Ella
Ella wins with a

score of 5 under.
A Sweet Trick
1
consecutive numbers between ten and one hundred. 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69
2 Ask them for their middle number. 66
66 × 10 ÷ 2 = 660 ÷ 2 = 330
Technology
Technology 2.1 Calculators and Integers
Practice the following on your calculator:
a) 5 – 3 Enter: 5 3 = to give the answer 2
b) 3 4 = to give the answer
or is normally on the bottom row of your calculator.
c) 3 + 2 = to give the answer
d) 4 2 = to give the answer
e) 3 + 2 = to give the answer
g) 3 2 = to give the answer
Now use your calculator on Exercise 2.16 Question 5.
Technology 2.2 Integer WebQuests

WebQuests are learning activities based on information on the Web.
A WebQuest can provide an opportunity to experience aspects of Integers that would
not normally be available in a classroom.
Can you complete

1 Search the Internet for 'Integer WebQuest'.
a WebQuest from
2 Select and complete one of the WebQuests.
Technology 2.3 Integer Games and Applets

Integer games provide some fun while building and strengthening your Integer
skills.
Search the internet for some of the many interactive Integer games and applets.
What is the difference between a Java applet and a Flash applet?
30
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 2.16
1 Change the following words to an integer:
a) A drop of 2°C. b) A increase of 15%.
c) d) Shortened by 12 cm.
2 Copy each pair of numbers and place the correct < or > between them.
a) b) c)
3 Arrange the integers in ascending order (smallest to largest):

a) b) c)
4 Calculate the following:

a) b) c)
d) e) f) 2 × 2
g) h) i) +×+=+
j) 9 ÷ 3 k) l)
m) n) o) ×
p) q) r)
+×
Order of Operations: ×

a) b) c)
d) e) f) 1 × 2 +÷+=+
g) h) i)
j) 6 ÷ 2 k) l) ÷
m) n) o)
p) q) r)
+÷
÷
6 Joseph owes each of six friends $40.
What is Joseph's balance.
7 The temperature at midnight was 4 °C. If the temperature dropped a
further 9 °C, what is then the temperature?
8 Ashley borrowed $150, repaid $70, and borrowed another $20.
What is Ashley's balance?
9 Abhaya is driving at 110 km/h. Abhaya slows down by 30 km/h and then
a further 30 km/h. What is Abhaya's speed?
10
How long did the Roman civilisation last?
Chapter Review 2
Exercise 2.17
a) A loss of $250 million. b) A rise of 15 m.
c) $500 under value. d) No change.
a) b) c)

a) b) c)

a) b) c)
d) e) f) 7 × 3
g) h) i) +×+=+
j) 12 ÷ 6 k) l)
m) n) o) ×
p) q) r)
+×
Order of Operations: ×

a) b) c)
d) e) f) 4 × 3 +÷+=+
g) h) i)
j) 3 ÷ 3 k) l) ÷
m) n) o)
p) q) r)
+÷
÷
6 Andre owes each of four friends $70.
What is Andre's balance.
7
further 3°C, what is then the temperature?
8 Ming borrowed $350, repaid $220, and borrowed another $60.
What is Ming's balance?
9 A submarine at 120 m below sea level rose 50 m. What is the position
of the submarine relative to sea level?
10
Mercury's temperature range from melting point to boiling point?
32
Extend and apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic
expressions.
Factorise algebraic expressions by identifying (highest common factor) of
numeric and algebraic expressions.
Simplify algebraic expressions involving the four operations.
1+2+3+ ........ +98+99+100 = ???
Sum 1 to 10 A TASK
Supposedly, Gauss's teacher asked the class to sum the
is 55.
integers from 1 to 100 while the teacher talked to a parent.
As the teacher walked out of the room to see the parent,
Gauss called out the answer.
What is the shortcut that Gauss probably used?

Can the shortcut be used for other problems?
Brainstorm a number of real life applications.

Karl Friederick Gauss (1777-1855) was one of the
greatest mathematicians of all time.
Before Gauss entered the Göttingen University in

1795, he had independently discovered Bode's law,
the binomial theorem, the arithmetic and geometric
mean, the law of quadratic reciprocity, and the prime
number theorem. Gauss was so proud that he
wanted a heptakaidecagon on
In his early twenties, Gauss constructed a his tombstone. The stonemason
heptakaidecagon, a regular polygon with 17 sides, said it would be too difficult and
using only a straight edge and a compass. A would look like a circe.
construction that had puzzled mathematicians for
hundreds of years.
33
2x and 2×x are the same thing.
Warm Up x
x÷3 and are the same thing.
3
Exercise 3.1
Let x represent the total number of students in a maths class. Write an algebraic
expression for the number of students in the classroom if:
a)
b) 2 new students entered the room. x+2
c) y students from another class entered the room. x+y
d) the number of students in the room doubled. 2x
x
e)
3
1 Let x represent the total number of students in a maths class. Write an algebraic
expression for the number of students in the classroom if:
a) 3 students were absent.
b) 5 new students entered the room.
c) b students from another class entered the room.
d) the number of students in the room tripled.
e) half of the students left the room.
2 Let a represent the amount of money ($) in the cookie jar. Write an algebraic
expression for the amount of money in the cookie jar for each of the following:
a) $1.50 is added to the jar.
b) $5.25 is taken out of the jar. Algebra
c) $b is added to the jar. millions and millions of problems.
d) $t is taken out of the jar.
e) the amount of money in the jar is doubled.
3 The cupboard contains x dinner plates, y soup plates, and z cups.

Write algebraic expressions for each following situation:
a) the total number of dinner plates, soup plates, and cups.
b) the total number of plates (no cups).
c) the number of cups in the cupboard after 3 cups are taken.
d) the number of cups in the cupboard after 5 cups are added.
4 Write algebraic expressions for each of the following:

a) the sum of x and y.
b) add a and 7. "I was x years old in the year x2."
c) twice b plus 10. Augustus De Morgan (when asked
d) the difference between m and n. about his age).
e) the product of a and g.
f) b cubed.
g)
h) square x and subtract double x then add 7.
i) the product of m and the square of c.
34
When using substitution in
Substitution algebra, a variable such as x
or y is replaced with its value.
Exercise 3.2
2
if a = 2, b = 3
4a - b2 2
=5
1 Find the value of each of the following algebraic expressions

given that x = 4 and y = 2.
a) 3x b) 2y c) x + 5
y
d) e) x÷6 f)
3
g) x + y h) i)
j) 3x2 k) l) 2
+ 10
3x
2 If x = 4, what is the value of ?
2x − 2
3
4 B = 3h2 What is the value of B when h = 25?
5 What is the value of 2x2
The area A, of a rectangle of length l, and width w,

is given by the algebraic formula: A = lw.
Find the area of the rectangle if length = 12.2 m and width = 4.6 m
A = lw
= 12.2 m × 4.6 m
= 56.12 m2
6 The area, A, of a rectangle of length, l, and width, w, is given by the algebraic

formula: A = lw. Find the area of each of the following rectangles:
a) length = 6 cm and width = 5 cm.
b) length = 12.2 m and width = 4.6 m.
7 The perimeter, P, of a rectangle of length, l, and breadth, b, can be calculated
using either the algebraic formula: P = 2(l + b) or the formula: P = 2l + 2b.
Calculate the perimeter of each of the following rectangles using both formulas:
a) length 5 cm and breadth 2 cm.
b) length 16.5 cm and breadth 9.7 cm.
8 The area of a triangle, A, with base b, and height h, is given by the algebraic
formula: A = 0.5bh. Calculate the area of each of the following triangles:
a) base of 6 mm and height of 2 mm.
b) base of 8.2 cm and height of 5.8 cm.
Algebra is fundamental to higher level
mathematics. Algebraic addition and
subtraction are very essential parts of algebra.
No big deal. Looks
pretty simple to me.
Exercise 3.3
Simplify the following expressions:
4x + 3x = 7x 2y
1 2x + 6x 2 3 3c + 6c
4 5 12c + 7c 6
7 9h + 6h 8 9 5d + 7d
10 11 16o + 2o 12
13 17y + 4y 14 15 3a + 7a
16 6s + 3s + 5s 17 18
19 7x + 2x + x 20 21
22 23
The key is to only join together
24 25 6y + y + 2y + 7y the terms that are alike.
5y2 2
= 3y2 + 5y
26 8x + 5x + 2a 27
28 29
30 31
32 3b2 2
33 7a3 3
+ 2b
34 35 3as2 + 5d5 2
+ 2d5
36 37 a + 5x2y3 y
2 3
38 39
Exercise 3.4
Use substitution to check if the following expressions are equivalent:
Using a = 2
Use any value you
wish for the variables
LHS = 5a + 2a – 8 + 6a + 4 RHS = 12a – 4 other than 0.
= 5×2 + 2×2 – 8 + 6×2 + 4 = 12×2 – 4
= 10 + 4 – 8 + 12 + 4 = 24 – 4
= 22 = 20 Not equivalent
1 2x + 3x = 8x 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
36
Algebraic Multiplication
Multiple the numbers.
Exercise 3.5 Multiply the letters.
4 × 3a =4×3×a 3d × 5e = 3 × d × 5 × e 1 1
= 12a = 15de 10b × = 10 × 5 × b
5
= 2b
1 2 × 5a 2 3 × 7a 3 3 × 6c
4 7 × 2e 5 4 × 7n 6 3 × 8m
7 8h × 4 8 5a × 3 9 6 × 2s
10 4 × 3d 11 4 × 9b 12 e×4
13 4w × 2 14 3×p 15 6 × 2v
1 p 1
16 9d × 17 ×6 18 12r ×
3 2 4
19 3a × 4b 20 2f × 2w 21 7s × 2y
22 5c × 2b 23 8t × 3d 24 g × 7k
25 9n × 3p 26 6h × 5e 27 4g × 5f
m p k
28 × 4n 29 10r × 30 8m ×
2 2 4
Multiply the numbers.

Multiply the letters.
4a × 3a = 4 × 3 × a × a 2 2
×n×n
= 12a2 n
3 2
31 4g × 3g 32 3t × 4t m x m2 = m x m x m = m3
33 9h × 3h 34 7d × 5d
35 8s × 2s2 36 4g2 × 5f × 2g 37 3e × e2 × 2d
38 5m × 2n 39 2a × 3a 40 3b × 4b
41 4ab × 3a 42 6p × 2p2 43 9w × 3w2
44 5mn × 3m2n 45 7pn × 4p2n 46 4ab × 6a2b
47 3p2d × 2pd 48 4h2 × 4h 49 4a2b2c × 5a2bc
Electronic Engineers design, develop, test and maintain electronic

parts and systems used in computers, communications, navigation, industry
and entertainment. They may specialise as a biomedical engineer, computer
engineer or mechatronic engineer.
Relevant school subjects are Mathematics, Physics
Courses range from Universtity Bachelor degrees to Graduate diplomas.
Algebraic Division
6d 3d 3
6d ÷ 4d and and and are the same thing.
4d 2d 2
Exercise 3.6
8b 6d 18ay
8b ÷ 2 = 6d ÷ 4d = 18ay ÷ 4a =
2 4d 4a
= 4b 3 9y
= =
2 2
1 8a ÷ 4 2 9y ÷ 3 3 6c ÷ 2
4 12e ÷ 6 5 14n ÷ 7 6 8m ÷ 2
7 20f ÷ 4 8 18n ÷ 9 9 20h ÷ 5
10 5g ÷ 10 11 4a ÷ 12 12 3s ÷ 9
13 7m ÷ 14 14 2d ÷ 10 15 6t ÷ 18
16 20p ÷ 6 17 12b ÷ 8 18 18d ÷ 4
19 16k ÷ 6 20 12d ÷ 10 21 15s ÷ 10
22 20y ÷ 15 23 14f ÷ 4 24 6g ÷ 4
25 6g ÷ 4g 26 24d ÷ 10d 27 24p ÷ 9p
28 4g ÷ 6g 29 12a ÷ 8a 30 8v ÷ 14v
31 12ay ÷ 4a 32 14de ÷ 4e 33 18dg ÷ 4d
34 6tw ÷ 24t 35 5st ÷ 15st 36 12a ÷ 18ab
−6m
6m ÷ 4mn = 4mn Divide the numbers.
Divide the letters
−3
=
2n
37 8d ÷ 4 38 6q ÷ 3 39 12h ÷ 2h
40 4g ÷ 2g 41 12a ÷ 4a 42 4v
43 12ay ÷ 4a 44 14de ÷ 7e 45 18dg ÷ 4d
46 6tw ÷ 24t 47 15st ÷ 5st 48 12a ÷ 18ab
49 9mg ÷ 6mn 50 18mpq ÷ 6mp 51 24st ÷ 9st
52 16bc ÷ 24b 53 28ad ÷ 12d 54 24dwz ÷ 36dw
Calculators are very good

at handling fractions:
See Technology 3.1
38
Distributive Law
Each term inside the brackets: b and c
The distributive law: is multiplied by the term outside the
a(b + c) = ab + ac brackets: a to give: ab + ac
ie., a is distributed through the brackets.
Exercise 3.7
Expand each of the following: Multiply each inside
4(a + 3) = 4a + 12 term by the outside term.
1 4(b + 3) 2 5(c + 2) 3 2(a + 7)

4 3(g + 1) 5 6(h + 5) 6 7(n + 4)
7 5(m + 3) 8 3(y + 2) 9 9(w + 6)
10 3(2c + 4) 11 4(3e + 4) 12 5(4v + 3)
13 7(3y + 1) 14 6(3x + 5) 15 2(12g + 5)
16 2(5a + d) 17 5(w + h) 18 3(9q + 4d)
19 20 21
22 23 24
25 26 27
28 29 30
5w x 3w = 15ww = 15w2
2
– 10wm
31 t(2t + 3) 32 3z(4z + 5) 33 6g(4g + 5)

34 35 36
37 y(3y + 2r) 38 39
Exercise 3.8
Using x = 3 Use any value you
wish for the variables
other than 0.
LHS = 8(2x – 4) RHS = 16x – 32
= 8(2×3 – 4) = 16×3 – 32
= 16 = 16 thus equivalent
1 2(x + 3) = 2x + 6 2
3 4
5 6 2
+ 4a
7 8 6y(8y + 1) = 48y2 + 6y
9 t(2t + 3) = 2t2 + 3t 10 3z(4z + 5) = 12z2 +5z
11 6g(4g + 5) = 24g2 + 30 12 2
13 14 2
15 y(3y + 2r) = 3y2 + 2r 16

17 18 5(6b + 3u) = 30b + 15u
Distributive Law
Exercise 3.9 + times + = +

Expand each of the following:
4(a + 3) = – – –
= –4a – 12 = –6b + 15
1 2(a + 3) 2 5(r + 2) 3 2(c + 4)

4 4(2d + 5) 5 6(3h + 1) 6 7(4x + 7)
7 8 3(y + 2) 9 9(w + 6)
10 11 12 5(4v + 3)
13 t(2t + 3) 14 15 6g(4g + 5)
16 17 18
19 p(3 + 2p) 20 21
22 23 24
25 z(3z + 2r) 26 27
Mixed Problems
The Distributive Law: a(b + c) = ab + ac
Exercise 3.10
Expand and simplify if necessary:
–
4 × 37 = 4(30 + 7)
= a2 – ab = –6b + 8 = 120 + 28
= 148
1 a(b + c) 2 5(a + 3) 3 26×101 = 26(100 + 1)

4 x(b + c) 5 6 4×53 = 4(50 + 3)
7 a(a + d) 8 2(x + 2) 9 5×42 = 5(40 + 2)
10 x(2x + 3) 11 6(3x + 5) 12 3×63 = 3(60 + 3)
13 14 5(w + h) 15 7×45 = 7(40 + 5)
16 17 18
19 20 21
22 23 24
25 26 27 15×102 = 15(100 + 2)
Distribute - to spread out,

to cover everything.
40
Factorising
Factorising is the opposite of distributing.
Factorising: ab + ac = a(b + c)
Exercise 3.11
Factorise the following algebraic expressions:
2x + 4 = 2(x + 2) 4p2
1 2x + 6 2 3a + 6 3 2c + 4
4 5 6 5g + 10
7 5a + 15b 8 2m + 8n 9 2a2 + 3a
10 5x2 + 3x 11 7t2 12 3s2
13 2x2 + 6x 14 3y2 + 6y 15 2r2
16 4a + 8d 17 18 5b + 10
Exercise 3.12
Find the highest common factor of each of the following pairs of terms:
3a and 6a 4ef and 8fg
The factors of 3a are: 3, a The factors of 4ef are: 2, 4, e, f
The factors of 6a are: 2, 3, 6, a The factors of 6a are: 2, 4, 8, f, g
The highest common factor = 3a The highest common factor = 4f

1 3x and 6x 2 4a and 8ab 3 6ab and 10a
4 4b and 6ab 5 3xy and 9y 6 5s + 10d
7 3g and 12 8 12e and 4 9 8ab and 12abc
10 6p and 14pq 11 4p and 16 12 8a and 2b
13 6 and 12y 14 5xy and 15yz 15 15ef and 27fg
16 16g and 8 17 16h and 64hij 18 14rt and 35t
Exercise 3.13
Factorise the following algebraic expressions:
2 + 4x = 2×1 + 2×2x 4m + 12mn = 4m×1 + 4m×3n
= 2(1 + 2x) = 4m(1 + 3n) = 2b(3 – 5a)
Check: Check: Check:

2(1 + 2x) = 2 + 4x 4m(1 + 3n) = 4m + 12mn
1 3 + 6x 2 4a + 8ab 3
4 4b + 6ab 5 6 5s + 10d
7 8 12e + 4 9 8ab + 12abc
10 6p + 14pq 11 12 8a + 2b
13 6 + 12y 14 15 15ef + 27fg
16 17 16h + 64hij 18 14rt + 35t
Factorising
Exercise 3.14
Find the highest common factor of each of the following pairs of terms:
4v and 6v 4ef and 8fg
The factors of 4v are: 2, 4, v The factors of 4ef are: 2, 4, e, f
The factors of 6a are: 2, 3, 6, v The factors of 8fg are: 2, 4, 8, f, g
The negative sign is common
The highest common factor = 2v
The highest common factor = –4f
1 4x and 6x 2 4a and 10ab 3 2xy and 10y

4 4b and 8ab 5 3ay and 9y 6 5s + 10d
7 6g and 10 8 15e and 3 9 8df and 12adf
10 6p and 14pq 11 3m and 18 12 4a and 2b
13 8 and 12u 14 5mn and 15no 15 12ef and 27fg
16 14g and 8 17 24j and 64hij 18 10bn and 35n
ab ac = a(b c)
ab + ac = a( b + c)
ab ac = a(b + c)
Exercise 3.15
Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions:
Check: Check: Check:

2(x – 2) = 2x – 4
1 6 2 4a + 10ab 3
4 4b + 8ab 5 6 5s + 10d
7 8 15e + 3e 9 8df + 12adf
10 11 3m + 18 12
13 8 + 12u 14 5mn + 15no 15
16 17 18
See Exercise 3.8
for an example.
Exercise 3.16
1 2x + 6 = 2(x + 3) 2
3 7(a + 4) 4
5 6 5a(1 + 4)
7 8 48y2 + 6y = 6y(8y + 1)
42
Mental Computation
You need to be a good mental
Exercise 3.17 athlete because many everyday
1 Spell distributive problems are solved mentally.
2
3
4
5
6 Simplify: 2g × 3g
7 Distribute: 5(2a + 3)
8
9 Write in index form: 3×3×3×3×3×3×3
10 10% of 72
10% of 72 = 7.2
Exercise 3.18 They that would perfect their

1 Spell substitution
tools - Confucius.
2 What is the value of 2x + 1, if x = 2?
3
4
5 Simplify: 4m + 2m
6 Simplify: 8b ÷ 4
7
8
10 10% of 38
Exercise 3.19
1 Spell factorise
2
3
4 How do you expand 3(x +2)?
5
6 Simplify: 5 × 3c 3 ( x + 2 )
7
8 Factorise: 5x + 15
10 10% of 47
NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 3.20
1 If a = 3, what is the value of 6a?
3x
2 If x = 4, what is the value of 2 x − 2 ?
3
4 2
+ 75 when x = 1?
5 B = 3h2 What is the value of B when h = 25?
6 Given that T = 6n + 7500, what is n when T = 7650? One method is to
4q substitute values for x
7 P= , what is the value of r when P = 0.2 and q = 9?
15r until both expressions
8 are the same.
9 y = 2x + 5
10
11
12
pattern?
13 What is the value of a2 + b2 when a = 2 and b = 3?

14 What is the value of 4t2 when t = 3? 15 Expand: 3(4a + 1)
Left Hand Side = 3(2x – 1) + 3 + ?

= 6x – 3 + 3 + ?
= 6x + ? Thus need 2x + 5 to be equal to 8x + 5
16
for all values of x?
17 A number is multiplied by itself and then 5 is added. The answer is 14.
What is the number?
18 Two numbers added together equal 7. The two numbers multiplied together
equal 12. What are the two numbers?
19 Two numbers added together equal 3. The two numbers multiplied together
equal 10. What are the two numbers?
44
Competition Questions Build maths muscle and
prepare for mathematics
competitions at the same
time.
Exercise 3.21
++ = +
=a+1 {4a – 3a = a and –2+3 = 1 }
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
g) h)
i) j)
k) l)
If x = 4, find the value of 20 + x 2

20 − x 2
20 + 42
= {Substitute 4 for x }
20 − 42
36
= =6 =3
4 2
2 x 2 − 42
3 x2 − 2 x +1
b
4
a −b
bc
5
a
6 When one-sixth of a number is subtracted from itself, the result is 45.
What is the number?
7 For each of the following, write an equation and then solve the equation:
a) b) c)
4x
5x 4x 5x 6x x+25°
Investigations
Investigation 3.1 The Distributive law: a(b + c) = ab + ac

b c
1 Write an algebraic expression
for the area of the rectangle a
shown on the right.
b c
2 Write an algebraic expression
for each of the two rectangles a a
shown on the right and
sum them together.
3 What do you notice?
Investigation 3.2 The Distributive law: a(b + c) = ab + ac

Use centicubes or counters to prove the distributive law for each of the following
instances:
1 2(3 + 1) = 2x3 + 2x1
2 lots of (3 + 1) is the same as 2 lots of 3 and 2 lots of 1
2 3(2 + 1)= 3x2 + 3x1
3 2(4 + 2) = 2x4 + 2x2
4 4(3 + 2) = 4x3 + 4x2
Investigation 3.3
The Distributive Law helps with mental math.
For example 4 × 53
= 4 × 50 + 4 × 3
= 200 + 12
= 212
Brainstorm a number of mental math problems that would be made easier

with the use of the distributive law.
46
Technology
Technology 3.1 Simplifying fractions
15 a bc 3
1 Simplify 15 35 = 3r7 meaning
35 7
18
2 Simplify 18 a bc 4 = 4r1r2 meaning 4 12
4
9
To change to a vulgar fraction: 2ndF a bc to give 9r2 ie
2
3
a) 3 : 9 b) 9 : 12 c) 16 : 24
d) 2.1 : 3.5 e) 14.4 : 12.6 f) 256 : 1024
Technology 3.2 Substitution

Use a spreadsheet to check that the following expressions are equivalent:
Use any substituting

value other than 0
A B
1 Substituting value 3
=2*B1 + 6
2 2x + 6 12
3 2(x + 3) 12 Enter the second expression
=2*(B1 + 3)
Thus the expressions 2x + 6 and 2(x + 3) are equivalent.

Are the following statements correct?
1 2x + 6 = 2(x + 3) 2
3 7(a + 4) 4
5 6 5a2 2a(5a +2)
7 8 48y2 + 6y = 6y(8y + 1)
Technology 3.3 Expanding and factorising

Graphics calculators are capable of expanding and factorising:
1 Choose expand from the algebra menu.
2
1 Choose factor from the algebra menu.

2
A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 3.22
1 Place each of the numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 in each circle
so that the sum along each side is 17.
Then see if you can arrange each of
the numbers so that the sum is 20
2 Maddie makes Easter cards at a cost of $0.90 each and sells them for $2.50
A Game
X
Go is an ancient oriental game,
O O O O
similar to naughts and crosses,
played on a square grid by two players. X O X
O O X O X
1 Each player takes turns to X X O X O
place X and O on the grid. O X X X
2 The winner is the player with O
A Sweet Trick
1 Ask your audience to roll a pair of dice
while you are not looking.
2 Ask them to multiply the number
3 Add 3 10+3 = 13
4 Double the answer 13×2 = 26
5 Add the number on the second die 26+4 = 30
6 Add 5 30+5 = 35
If you subtract 11 from their

answer (35 - 11 =24), you have the
number on the first die (2), and the
number on the second die (4).
48
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 3.23
1 Let x represent the amount of money ($) in the cookie jar. Write an algebraic
expression for the amount of money in the cookie jar for each of the following:
a) $5.50 is added to the jar. b) $3.25 is taken out of the jar.
c) $b is added to the jar. d) $t is taken out of the jar.
e) the amount of money in the jar is doubled.
2 Simplify the following expressions:

a) 2x + 5x b) c) 8c ÷ 4
d) 2 × 3a e) f) 15s ÷ 10
g) h) 9n × 3p i) 6t ÷ 18
j) 6d + 4d + 5d k) 2a × 3a l) 18dg ÷ 4d
m) 3m3×2m n) 4a4×3a o) 2d3×2d2
p) 3b 2 2
q) 5mn × 3m2n r) 8a ÷ 6ab
s) 6d3÷2d t) 10u2÷5u2 u) 18p3÷6p2
3 Expand each of the following expressions:

a) 2(t + 5) b) c)
d) g(2g + 3) e) f) 5(w + h)
g) h) i) 14(10x + 2)
j) k) l)
4 Factorise each of the following expressions

a) 3x + 12 b) c) 6c + 8
d) 5t + 15 e) f)
g) 3 + 6h h) 4de + 8e i)
j) 4p + 10pq k) 4b + 12ab l)
m) 3k + 18 n) 2
o)
5 Use substitution to check that the following expressions are equivalent:

a) 2x + 4 = 2(x + 2) b)
c) d)
e) f) 6c2 2c(3c +2)
g) 14y(y 2 3
h) 48y2 + 6y = 6y(8y + 1)
3x Q Why is April 1st so tired?

6 If b = 5, what is the value of 2 x − 2 ?
7 2
+ 10 when x = 1? A You'd be tired too, after 31
days of March.
8 A = 5c3 What is the value of A when c = 5?
9 Simplify each of the following expressions:

a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
Chapter Review 2
Exercise 3.24
1 Write an algebraic expression for each of the following:
a) the sum of x and y b) 5 plus double b
c) triple d minus 45 d) add 9 to h
e) twice the sum of double h and 3

a) 3d + 4d b) c) 8f ÷ 2
d) 3 × 5v e) f) 16n ÷ 12
g) h) 6b × 2b i) 8t ÷ 18
j) 6a + 3a + a k) 4w × 3w l) 18tu ÷ 10u
m) 2c ×3c
3
n) 5a4×3a o) 6s3×2s2
p) 4b 2 2
q) 8bc × 3b2c r) 8a ÷ 12ab
s) 24d ÷14d
3
t) 4h2÷12h2 u) 18p3÷21p2

a) 3(r + 5) b) c)
d) z(2z + 7) e) f) 3(u + v)
g) h) i) 15(100y + 3)
j) k) l)

a) 3x + 9 b) c) 6z + 8
d) 5a + 20 e) f)
g) 3 + 15h h) 4ab + 16b i)
j) 4d + 10cd k) 5j + 30jk l)
m) 3p + 18 n) 2
o)

a) 3d + 12 = 3(d + 4) b)
c) 12(2b + 4) d)
e) f) 2c2 2c(c +3)
g) 15s(s 2 3
h) 32y2 + 12y = 4y(8y + 2)
3x
6 If b = 6, what is the value of 2 x − 2 ? Why didn’t the Romans find
algebra challenging?
7 What is the value of x2 2? Because X was always equal to 10.
8 B = 6d4 What is the value of A when c = 2?

a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
50
Understand that probabilities range between 0 to 1.
Identify complementary events.
Identify the complement of familiar events.
Use the sum of probabilities to solve problems.
A TASK
Given the following on course odds, it is possible to place
entrant wins.
And how often If $10 is placed on Belittle
does this happen? Askance 3:1
and Belittle wins, then $30
Belittle 3:1 is returned plus the $10 bet,
Candid 8:1 making a total of $40.
Devolve 10 : 1
a) Given a purse of $100, how much should be placed on
b) How can you identify situations where it is possible to
A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY It isn't good value.

In 1654, a french nobleman thought that gambling even
Why not?
money on at least one double six appearing in 24 throws
of two dice might be good value.
The nobleman asked two famous French mathematicians,

Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat, to decide if betting
even money on double six was as good as it appeared.
In solving the problem, Pascal and Fermat began the
development of the mathematical theory of probability.
51
Probability
Probability is the chance of The chance can be expressed as a decimal,

something happening. fraction, pecentage, ratio, or as words.
0 0.5 1
Exercise 4.1
1 Copy the above probability scale and add each of the following to the scale.
a) The day after Thursday will be Friday.
b) You will watch TV tonight.
c) You will eat bread today.
d) It will rain tomorrow.
e) You will have your driver's licence before you are 20.
f) Throw a coin and it will land tails up.
g) You will send a text message today.
h) A snowball will keep cool in hell. Next time you get a
i) The new baby will be a girl.
Buckley's chance.
2 Brainstorm each of the following:
a) We have Buckley's chance of winning the match.
b)
If a coin is tossed 100 times, will the number of heads be 50?
c) Almost every gambling game involving money is unfair.
d) The probability of rolling a die and getting a 4 is one-sixth, or 0.17, or 1/6.
If a die is rolled 60 times, will the number of 4s be 10?
1
e) or 0.000001.
1000000
This is so close to 0 that we have Buckley's chance of winning the lottery.
1
f) or 0.000001.
1000000
winning the lottery?
3 Investigate the experimental probability of tossing a coin.

Toss a coin 50 times. Copy and complete the following summary:
No of Heads = No of Tails =
Probability of heads = Probability of tails =

50 50
= 0. = 0.
52
4 When tossing a coin the theoretical probabilities are:
a) If a coin is tossed 40 times, how many heads would be expected?

b) If a coin is tossed 40 times, how many tails would be expected?
c) If a coin is tossed 400 times, how many heads would be expected?
5 Investigate the experimental probability of tossing a die.

Toss a die 60 times. Copy and complete the following summary:
Number of 1s = Probability of 1 = = 0.
60
60
60
60
Number of 5s = Probability of 5= 0.
60
Number of 6s = Probability of 6= = 0.
60
6 When tossing a die the theoretical probabilities are:

1 1
Probability of 1= =0.167 Probability of 2= =0.167
6 6
1 1
6 6
1 1
6 6
a) If a die is tossed 30 times, how many 1s would be expected?

b) If a die is tossed 30 times, how many 2s would be expected?
c) If a die is tossed 30 times, how many 6s would be expected?
d) If a die is tossed 300 times, how many 6s would be expected?
Theoretical Probability
Number of favourable outcomes

Theoretical probability = The sample space is a list
Total number of outcomes
of all possible outcomes.
A standard 6-sided die is thrown. Eight balls are numbered 1 to 8. What

What is the probability of each of the is the probability of selecting a ball that
following happening: shows:
a) 3? b) odd? c) >4? a) 2? b) even? c) >6?
Sample space = {1,2,3,4,5,6} Sample space = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}

1 1
a) P(3) = {there is one 3} a) P(2) = {there is one 2}
6 6
3 1 4 1
b) P(odd) = = {1,3,5 are odd} b) P(even) = = {2,4,6,8 are even}
6 2 8 2
3 1 2 1
c) P(<4) = = {1,2,3 are <4} c) P(>6) = = 4 {7,8 are >6}
6 2 8
Exercise 4.2
1 A six-sided die is thrown. What is the probability of each of the following:
a) 3? b) even? c) odd?
d) 5? e) <3? f) >4?
g) >6? h) a number divisible by 3?
2 An eight-sided die is thrown. What is the probability of each of the following:

d) 7? e) <5? f) >7?
3
of taking a marble from the bag that is:
a) red? b) blue? c) not red?
d) not blue? e) blue or red? f) white?
4 A bag contains six white marbles and four yellow marbles. What is the
probability of taking a marble from the bag that is:
a) white? b) yellow? c) not white?
d) not yellow? e) white or yellow? f) red?
Statisticians put mathematics to scientific use to design, collect, and interpret

data experiments in many fields such as economics, medicine, psychology,
marketing, public health, biology, sports, and others.
Relevant school subjects are mathematics.
Courses range from Bachelor degrees to Masters degrees and PhD.
54
The Complement
Complementary:
Two parts that make a
If the probability of an event is P(A), then the whole, one being the
probability that the event would not occur is 1 – P(A). negation of the other.
Write the complement of each of the Ten balls are numbered 1 to 10.
following: What is the probability of selecting a
a) The ball is red. ball that shows:
b) An even will show. a) a multiple of 3?
c) William will fall ill. b) not a multiple of 3?
a) The ball is not red 3

b) An odd will show. a) = 10
c) William will not fall ill 3 7
b) = 1 − 10 = 10
Exercise 4.3
1 Write the complement of each of the following:
a) The ball is white. Complement:
b) An odd number will show.
c) Mia will win the prize.
d) The coin will show a tail.
e) It will rain today.
2 Six balls are numbered 1 to 6. What is the probability of selecting a ball
that shows:
a) 1? b) not 1? c) odd?
d) even? e) <3? f) not <3?
3 Sixteen balls are numbered 1 to 16. What is the probability of selecting a
ball that shows:
a) 10? b) not 10? c) odd?
d) even? e) >14? f) not >14?
g) a multiple of 3? h) not a multiple of 3?
i) a number divisible by 4?
4
that the winning ticket is:
a) 13? b) not 13? c) odd?
d) even? e) <11? f) not < 11?
g) a multiple of 13? h) not a multiple of 13?
5
a)
b)
6 If a letter is chosen at random from the word EXPERIMENTAL, what is the
probability that the letter is (vowels are a,e,i,o,u):
a) a vowel? b) the letter A? c) a consonant?
d) the letter E? e) the letter R? f) the letter A or E?
g) the letter O? h) not the letter M? i) not the letter E?
7 If a letter is chosen at random from the word THEORETICAL, what is the

probability that the letter is:
a) a vowel? b) the letter A? c) a consonant?
d) the letter E? e) the letter T? f) the letter T or E?
g) the letter M? h) not the letter T? i) not the letter E?
8 A bag contains ten red marbles, six blue marbles, four green, and four orange
a) red? b) blue? c) green?

d) orange? e) not red? f) not green?
g) not orange? h) blue or green? i) yellow?
j) not blue? k) not green? l) not yellow?
9 Using the occupation table and the average weekly earnings graph below, what
is the probability that a person chosen at random will:
$2500
Managers 1 500 000
Professionals 2 300 000 $2000
Trades 1 600 000
Personal service 1 000 000
$1500
Clerical 1 600 000
Sales 1 000 000
Machinery 700 000 $1000
Labourers 1 200 000

$500
TOTAL 10 900 000

$0
Manager Professional Trade Personal service Clerical Sales Machinery Labourer
a) be a manager?
b) be a professional?
c) be in sales?
d) earn more than $2000 per week on average?
e) earn less than $1000 per week on average?
"What are you doing?" asks the teacher. "Checking my answers."

replied the student.
56
Mental Computation
1 Spell probability.
2
3 Simplify: m3×m2
4
5
6 A 6-sided die is tossed, what is P(>4)?
7 Distribute: 5(2a + 3).
8 Factorise: 5x + 15.
9 P(winning) = 0.05, what is P(not winning)?
10
The 50-50-90 rule: Anytime you

have a 50-50 chance of getting
Exercise 4.5 something right, there's a 90%
1 Spell complement. chance you'll get it wrong.
2
3 Simplify: n2×n5
4 Simplify: 2a + 5a.
5 A coin is tossed 30 times, how many tails expected?
6 An 8-sided die is tossed, what is P(divisible by 3)?
7 Distribute: 3(2x + 4).
8 Factorise: 4c + 12.
10
The latest survey shows that 3 out

Exercise 4.6
of 4 people make up 75% of the
1 Spell theoretical. World's population.
2
3 Simplify: x3×x5
4 Simplify: 2b + 3b.
5 A coin is tossed 40 times, how many heads expected?
6 A 10-sided die is tossed, what is P(divisible by 5)?
7
8 Factorise: 3h + 9.
9 P(losing) = 0.75, what is P(not losing)?
10
NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 4.7
1 What is the probability of rolling a 4 on a six-sided die?
2 A jar of jelly beans contains jelly beans with the following colours: 30 black,
25 white, 25 red and 20 green.
What is the chance of picking a white jelly bean?
3 A bowl contains 25 red apples and 15 green apples. What is the chance of
choosing a green apple?
4 A bag contains 50 marbles of which 20 are red, the others are yellow. What is
the chance of picking a red marble from the bag?
6 There are 30 Australian stamps and 20 New Zealand stamps. What is the
probability of choosing an Australian stamp?
7 The following numbers are to be put into the stem-and-leaf plot below
45, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 67, 69, 70, 73, 73, 75. Which score is missing?
4 5
5 789
6 279
7 0335
8 Sienna spins the arrow 100 times. Which is the most likely table of results?
a) b)
Shape Number Shape Number
25 25
30 35
25 15
20 25
9 A coin is tossed twice. There are 4 possible outcomes. What is the probability
of getting 1 head and 1 tail in any order?
10 A coin is tossed 3 times. There are 8 possible outcomes. What is the

probability of getting 2 heads and 1 tail in any order?
11 Two dice are thrown. There are 36 possible outcomes. What is the probability
of getting two sixes?
58
Competition Questions
Exercise 4.8
In a class of 25 students, 16 students play soccer, 13 students play tennis, and 7
students play both soccer and tennis. Find the probability that
a) a student plays tennis only.
b) a student plays neither tennis nor soccer.
Step 1: Draw a Venn diagram Step 2: Calculate the probabilities

6
P(tennis only) = 25
9 7 6 3
Soccer Tennis P(neither tennis nor soccer) = 25
3
1 In a class of 27 students, 11 students play an instrument, 14 students have a job,

and 8 students play an instrument and have a job. Find the probability that:
a) a student has a job but doesn't play an instrument.
b) a student doesn't have a job and doesn't play an instrument.
2 In a sports club of 150 members, 88 play golf, 63 play bowls, and 45 play golf
and bowls. Find the probability that:
a) a member plays golf only.
b) a member doesn't play golf or bowls.
Three books, A, B, and C, are randomly placed on a shelf. What is the probability
that A and B will be next to each other?
List all possible arrangements of the three books:

ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA AB C
4 2
P(AB next to each other)= = 3
6
3 Three books, A, B, and C are randomly placed on a shelf. What is the probability
that B and C will be next to each other?
4 Three digits, 1, 2, and 3, are randomly arranged to form a three-digit number.
What is the probability that number is greater than 200?
5 Three digits, 1, 2, and 7 are randomly arranged to form a three-digit number.
Find the probability that:
a) the number is even.
b) the number is odd.
c)
d) the number is greater than 100.
6 Two girls and one boy are randomly arranged in a row. Find the probability that:
a) the two girls are together.
b) the boy is on one end.
c) a girl is on one end.
Investigations
Investigation 4.1
A weekend street festival, including
a parade with marching bands, is
being planned.
Such street festivals are devastated

by wet weather. Undertake some
research to recommend a weekend
in the year that has the least chance
of rain.
Investigation 4.2
Make a spinner similar to the one shown.
The covers 90° and the covers 270°.
a) What is the probability of a ?
b) What is the probability of a ?
c) Spin the spinner 80 times and record the results.
Does the experimental probability agree with the theoretical probability?
d) Can you simulate the spinner on a spreadsheet (See Technology 4.3)?
Investigation 4.3
Play the following game with a die:
You score 2 points if you throw a number greater than 4.
Your partner scores 1 point if they throw an even number.
The person with the highest score, after 30 throws, wins.
Comment on the fairness of the game.
Use theoretical probability to support your point of view.
Investigation 4.4
tickets at $1 each with a $25 voucher as the one and only prize. A staff member
Investigation 4.5 The value of pi?

a) Accurately measure the length of a match. Rule long parallel lines on a large
sheet of paper so that the distance between the lines is exactly double the
length of a match.
b) From a height of about a metre, drop all the matches in a box
onto the sheet of paper.
Total number of matches
c) =
Number of matches touching a line
60
Technology
Technology 4.1
Use the Rand (random) on a calculator to simulate the throwing of a die.
A throw = 2ndF Rand x 6 + 0.5 = {Round the answer}
The random function gives a number between 0 and 1.

This is scaled to give a number from 1 to 6.
Technology 4.2
Use a spreadsheet to simulate the tossing of a coin. This is a great way to estimate
Round function and the Rand function.

Enter the formula
1
=Randbetween(1,2)
1
Press F9 to get a new
set of random numbers. 2
2
1
1
1
2
2 If tails=1, heads=2
To count heads enter:
1
=Countif(b1:b10,2)
No of heads 6
Technology 4.3
Use a spreadsheet to simulate the throwing of a die. This is a great way to estimate
the experimental probability of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
5
Enter the formula
=Randbetween(1,6) 4
If using 500 rows enter:
5 No 1s 86 =CountIF(a1:a500,1)
6 No 2s 89
1 No 3s 73
3 No 4s 77
3 No 5s 91 If using 500 rows enter:
5 No 6s 84 =CountIF(a1:a500,6)
2
1
A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 4.9
1
seventeen. What is the number?
2
If the radius of the circle is 12 cm,
what is the perimeter of the square?
3 Heron took three hours and twenty minutes to make the trip to meet Kara. If
Heron left at 7:35 am, when did he meet Kara?
4 In the previous year, 45 of the 60 lambs were male. If 100 lambs are born this
year, how many are expected to be male?
5 Place each of the numbers: –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

in the square so that the sum of
each row, column, and diagonal is 0.
A Game
Two-up is considered a traditional true-blue Australian gambling game. The game
is illegal unless played on ANZAC day or in a casino. The game is played with just
two coins and a ring of smooth area of ground.
Kip. A piece of wood on which the coins are placed for spinning.
Ringer. The person in charge of the game.
Spinner. Player spinning the coins.
The Ringer yells ‘Come in Spinner’ and a Spinner enters the ring. Bets are made
between a pair of people. One person may bet $5 on heads and the other person will
bet $5 on tails. The winner takes the $10.
The Spinner uses the kip to throw the two pennies into the air. If two heads show
then the Ringer yells ‘heads’. If two tails show then the Ringer yells ‘tails’. If a
head and a tail show then the Ringer yells ‘odds’ and the pennies are thrown until
either heads or tails is yelled. The Spinner remains in the ring while heads are being
thrown and is replaced when tails is thrown.
Play the game with centicubes?
Is the game fair?
62
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 4.10
1
0 0.5 1
2 Determine the probability of each of the following events and mark the result
on the above probability scale.
a) Roll a 2 with a six-sided die.
b) I will watch TV today.
c)
in the lottery).

d) 2? e) <2? f) >2?
a) The ball is red.
b) An odd number will show.
c) Riley will win the lottery.
d) The coin will show a tail.
e) It will be fine today.
6
a)
b)
7 A bag contains six red marbles, ten blue marbles, and four green marbles.
a) red? b) blue? c) green?

d) orange? e) not red? f) not green?
g) not blue? h) blue or green?
8 The letters of the word DUD are randomly arranged in a row.
a) the two Ds are together.
b) the letter D is either at the beginning or at the end.
c)
Chapter Review 2
Exercise 4.11
1
0 0.5 1
a) The letter A will be randomly selected from the letters of the word
PROBABILITY
b) I will send a text message today.
c) I will spend more than $10 today.
d) I will lose a biro today.

d) 4? e) <4? f) >4?
g) <1? h) a number divisible by 3?
a) The ball is blue.
b) An even number will show.
c) Ella will win the lottery.
d) The coin will show a head.
e) It will rain today.
6
netball club. If you bought ten tickets, what are your chances of:
a)
b)
7
a) red? b) blue? c) green:

d) orange? e) not red? f) not green:
g) not blue? h) blue or green?
8 Four books, A, B, and C are randomly placed on a shelf.
Find the probability that
a) A and B are together.
b) A and B are at each end.
64
Index
2
Chapter 11 Index Laws 3
A convenient way of writing 2×2×2 is
Base
Index Law 1 Index Law 2 Index Law 3 Zero Index

am×an = am+n am÷an = a (am)n = am×n a0 = 1
Chapter 2 Integers
Integers are:
and Zero: 0 Integers can be placed
and on a number line.
Integers on the right are larger

than integers on the left.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Chapter 3 Algebra
2b, 3c × 2c2 = 6c3, 18ad ÷ 3a = 6d
Distributive law: a(b+c) = ab + ac
Chapter 4 Probability
Probability is the chance of something happening. The chance can be expressed
as a decimal, fraction, pecentage, ratio, or as words.
Number of favourable outcomes
Theoretical probability = Total number of outcomes
The complement of A is not A. P(not A) = 1 – P(A)
65
Review 1
Exercise 5.1 Mental computation
1 Spell factorise.
2
3
4
5
6 A 6-sided die is tossed, what is P(>4)?
7 Distribute: 3(2b + 4).
8 Factorise: 5a + 20.
Index
Exercise 5.2
3×3×3×3 = 34 d×d×d = d3
d3 Base
a) 2×2×2 b) 3×3×3×3×3 c) d×d×d×d×d×d

d) 10×10×10×10×10 e) z×z×z×z×z×z f) 1×1×1×1×1×1×1
2 Simplify and write the following in index form: Index Law 1

2 ×24 = 22+4 = 26
2
y3×y3 = y2+3 = y5
am×an = am+n
a) 32×34 b) 12×12 c) 103×105 d) t2×t3

e) m5×m3 f) 33×31 g) p6×p3 h) 54×55
i) 101×103 j) 10×106 k) 14×13 l) j2×j5

3 ÷32 = 3 = 32
4
m6÷m3 = m = m3 am÷an = a
a) 34÷33 b) e4÷e2 c) 27÷22 d) 15÷13

e) g5÷g2 f) m6÷m3 g) 109÷103 h) q5÷q3
h3 46 106 v8
i) j) k) l)
h2 42 103 v5
(32)3 = 32x3 = 36 (b4)2 = b4x2 = b8
(am)n = am×n
a) (42)3 b) (34)3 c) (73)2 d) (b2)3

e) (52)3 f) (83)2 g) (22)3×24 h) 35×(32)3

a) 20 b) y0 c) 90 d) 3s0
66
a) A loss of $250 million. b) A rise of 15 m.
c) $500 under value. d) No change.
a) b) c)

a) b) c)

a) b) c)
d) e) f) 7 × 3
g) h) i)
j) 12 ÷ 6 k) l)
m) n) o)
p) q) r) +×+=+
1 ( ) brackets first. ×
3 + and from left to right. +×
10 Andre owes each of four friends $70. ×

What is Andre's balance?
11
12 Ming borrowed $350, repaid $220, and borrowed another $60.
What is Ming's balance?
14
Mercury's temperature range from melting point to boiling point?

a) the sum of a and b. b) the product of x and y.
c) c is increased by 5. d) h is decreased by 2x.
e) the product of x and triple y.

a) 2a + 7a b) c) 6c ÷ 3
d) 3 × 3d e) 15f ÷ 10 f)
g) 4e × 3g h) 3i + 5i + 5i i) 3j× 3j
j) 12mn ÷ 8n k) 4g3×2g l) 4a2 2
m) 3xy × 3x y 2
n) 12v2 ÷ 3v2 o) 12p3÷10p2
a) 3(b + 5) b) c)
d) e) f)
18 Factorise each of the following expressions:
a) 3d + 6 b) c) 6f + 9
d) 4d + 18de e) 2b + 10ab f)
g) 6t + 14 h) 2
i)
a) 3x + 9 = 3(x + 3) b) 7(s + 3) =
c) d) 45v2 + 15v = 15v(3v + 1)
a) b)
c) d)
21
0 0.5 1
on a copy of the above probability scale:
a) The letter A will be randomly selected from the letters of the word
ALGEBRA.
b) I will watch more than 2 hours of TV today.

24 A six-sided die is thrown. What is the probability of each of the following?
d) 3? e) <3? f) a number divisible by 2?
a) The number is 3. b) An odd number will show.
26
club. If you bought ten tickets, what are your chances of:
a) b)
27
a) red? b) not red? c) not green?

28 Three books, A, B, and C are randomly placed on a shelf.
a) A and B are together. b) A and B are at each end.
68
Review 2

1 Spell probability.
2
3
4
5
6 A 6-sided die is tossed, what is P(<4)?
7 Distribute: 3(3d + 2).
8 Factorise: 6h + 10.
Index
d3
Exercise 5.4
3×3×3×3 = 34 d×d×d = d3 Base
a) 5×5×5×5 b) 2×2×2×2×2 c) w×w×w×w×w×w

d) 10×10×10 e) y×y×y×y×y×y f) 1×1×1×1×1×1

2 ×24 = 22+4 = 26
2
y3×y3 = y2+3 = y5 am×an = am+n
a) 42×45 b) 12×15 c) 102×105 d) t6×t3

e) n6×n3 f) 53×51 g) h6×h4 h) 74×77
i) 101×105 j) 10×104 k) 12×13 l) z3×z5
3 ÷32 = 3 = 32
4
m6÷m3 = m = m3 am÷an = a
a) 37÷33 b) d6÷d2 c) 38÷33 d) 17÷12

e) m6÷m3 f) d7÷d5 g) 108÷102 h) s5÷s
a5 26 106 x7
i) j) k) l)
a2 23 104 x4
(32)3 = 32x3 = 36 (b4)2 = b4x2 = b8
(am)n = am×n
a) (23)3 b) (34)2 c) (43)2 d) (x2)4

e) (y3)3 f) (53)4 g) (23)2×25 h) 34×(32)4

a) 50 b) 10 c) 30 d) 2y0
a) A drop of 5°C. b) A increase of 25%.
c) d) Shortened by 5 cm.
a) b) c)

a) b) c)

a) b) c)
d) e) f) 6 × 2
g) h) i)
j) 10 ÷ 5 k) l)
m) n) o)
p) q) r) +×+=+
1 ( ) brackets first. ×
3 + and from left to right. +×
10
×
What is Ethan's balance.
11
12 Yin borrowed $230, repaid $90, and borrowed another $40.
What is Yin's balance?
14
How long did the Egyptian civilisation last?

a) the sum of c and d. b) the product of x and y.
c) b minus 5. d) r divided by a.
e) double x plus x cubed.

a) 3y + 2y b) c) 12c ÷ 8
d) 6 × 5a e) 15a ÷ 5 f)
g) 3n × 4p h) 9e + 2e + 5e i) 4g × 3g
j) 21dg ÷ 14d k) 4h3×2h l) 2a2 2
m) 2ab × 3a b 2
n) 15d3÷3d2 o) 18p3÷12p2
70
a) 2(n + 3) b) c)
d) e) f)
a) 6x + 12 b) c) 10c + 8
d) 4j + 14jk e) 4e + 12ef f)
g) 3v + 18 h) 2
i)
a) 2x + 6 = 2(x + 3) b)
c) d) 48s2 + 6s = 6s(8s + 1)
a) b)
c) d)
22
0 0.5 1
a) The letter I will be randomly selected from the letters of the word
DISTRIBUTIVE
b) I will be in bed before 9:30 tonight.

a) 1 b) even c) odd
d) 5 e) <5 f) a number divisible by 3
a) I will pass the test. b) An even number will show.
27
club. If you bought ten tickets, what are your chances of:
a) b)
28
a) red b) not red c) not green

29 Three books, A, B, and C are randomly placed on a shelf.
Find the probability that
a) A and C are together. b) A and C are not together.
Make the Calculator Talk
When the following numbers are entered into a calculator and the calculator is
turned upside down, the numbers become the letters:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0
I Z E h S g L B 0
Who can get:

the most words?
1 Use a brainstorming method to form the longest word?
words with these letters:
Examples: hello, booze, eels, globe.
2 Choose a word and work out the associated number.

Check by entering the number and turn the calculator upside.
Example: hello = 0.7734 use the decimal point to get the 0 in front).
3 Invent a calculation that gives the number as the answer.
4 Make up a story that has the word as the answer.
Q: How do you keep a blonde in suspense?
A: Present her with a mirror and tell her to wait for the
other person to say " "
What should you say when What occurs in two days of

you meet a monster with two the week, in six months of the
heads? year, and once in a year?
6×(0.1289÷100000+0.1289)
72
Recognise terminating, recurring and non-terminating decimals and
choose their appropriate representations.
Understand that the real number system includes irrational numbers and
that certain subsets of the real number system have particular properties.
A TASK
The
Another 2 and
I’ll be a square. enduring of calculating devices. The Abacus can
add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root, and
cube root with blinding speed and accuracy.
Experiment with an Internet 'Abacus applet'.
Abacus.
Make an Abacus.
Choose an audience and demonstrate your
Abacus.
A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY The modern controversy:

Our modern society owes much to our Hindu-Arabic
number system. Calculators and computers
The Hindu-Arabic number system is simpler and dealing with numbers. Why
are we still using pen and
the Roman number system and the Egyptian number paper?
system because it:
uses the digit 0.

uses only 10 digits to represent all numbers.
has a place value system.
The Hindu-Arabic system eventually dominated

because it was better at multiplication.
73
Our Number System
Babylonian Number
System
A number system is a set
of numbers used to count,
Roman Number
compare, calculate, etc.
System
Mayan Number
System
Our Hindu-Arabic number
system is simpler and more Egyptian Number
System
systems.
Many other Number
System
Real Complex
Numbers Numbers
Rational Irrational
Numbers Numbers
Can be expressed as Cannot be expressed
a ratio a/b where a as a ratio a/b
and b are integers. (a and b are integers).
Integers. Surds. a + bi
a and b are real numbers.
i is the imaginary part.
Fractions. Special numbers.

1/2, 3/4, 5/3, 6/7
e = 2.7182818...
Decimals.
(Either terminate
or recurr.)
74
Rational Numbers: Integers
A rational number is a
number that can be written Integers are rational numbers
as a ratio a/b where a and b because they can be written as
are integers. a ratio a/b where a and b are
integers.
a
The denominator cannot be 0
b
Integers are:
and Zero: 0
and
Integers can be placed Integers on the right are larger

on a number line. than integers on the left.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Exercise 6.1
Show that each of the following integers are Rational numbers.
8 Because the integer can
−5 8 be written as a ratio
= 1 = 1 of two integers, it is a
Rational number.
1 5 2 3
4 5 15 6 0
Exercise 6.2
Arrange the integers in ascending order (smallest to largest):
From left to right on the number line.
1 2, 0, 3, 1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9

Rational Numbers: Fractions
A rational number is a
a Numerator number that can be written
as a ratio a/b where a and b
b
are integers.
Denominator
3 15 165
Proper fraction a<b Examples: , ,
5 17 219
3 9 518
Improper fraction a > b Examples: , ,
2 2 37
3 2 19
Mixed number whole number and fraction. Examples: 2 , 3 , 1
4 5 24
Exercise 6.3
1 Change each of the following mixed numbers to an improper fraction:
3 3 This might be easier:
2 =2+
5 5
10 3 2 × 5 + 3 = 13
= + 13
5 5 Thus:
5
13
=
5
1 3 2 2
a) 2 b) 1 c) 1 d) 2
2 5 5 3
1 3 1 7
e) 1 f) 3 g) 2 h) 3
8 4 4 10
2 Change each of the following improper fractions to a mixed number:

13
13 ÷ 5 = 2 remainder 3 Q Who invented fractions?
5 A Henry the 1/8th.
3
=2
5
5 7 9 9
a) b) c) d)
2 3 4 5
8 10 19 37
e) f) g) h)
5 3 7 11
Library Technicians assist librarians and other information managers to
Relevant school subjects are English, Mathematics, IT.

Courses normally involve a Diploma of library and information services.
76
Rational Numbers: Decimals
3 Change the following decimals to mixed numbers:

4 92 718
2.4 = 2 3.92 = 3 15.718 = 15
10 100 1000
a) 5.7 b) 4.9 c) 8.58 d) 9.27

e) 3.333 f) 15.417 g) 4.01 h) 0.0004
4 Change the following mixed numbers to a decimal:

8 7 35
5 = 5.8 2 = 2.07 40 = 40.035
10 100 1000
4 13 7 97
a) 3 b) 4 c) 12 d) 5
10 100 10 100
1 56 3 196
e) 6 f) 72 g) 5 h) 7
10 100 100 1000
a If b is not a prime number (other than 2 or 5) then a Terminating decimal
b If b has a prime factor (other than 2 or 5) then a Recurring decimal
Exercise 6.4
Change the following fractions to a decimal:
3
= 0.6 Terminating decimal
5
Recurring decimals repeat the same sequence
2
= 0.22222222.. without stopping.
9 It is sometimes useful to write a line over the
= 0.2
repeated sequence.
9 Some decimals take a long time to recur:
= 0.8181818181... 5
11 = 0.714285714285714285714285...
= 0.81 7
1 1 3 2
1 2 3 4
10 3 4 3
4 2 1 4
5 6 7 8
5 9 2 11

Decimals, Percentages, Fractions
Fractions, decimals and percentages are used hundreds of thousands of times every
day for comparison and analysis. Fractions, decimals and percentages are different
representations of the same number.
Exercise 6.5
1 Write each of the following decimals as a percentage and as a fraction:
0.3 = 0.3 × 100
× 100
= 30%
To change a decimal to a percent.
30
= ÷ 100
100
3 To change a percent to a fraction.
=
10
a) 0.1 b) 0.2 c) 0.3 d) 0.4

e) 0.5 f) 0.6 g) 0.7 h) 0.8
i) 0.9 j) 1 k) 0.25 l) 0.75
0.0675 = 0.0675 × 100

= 6.75% Use a calculator to simplify
complicated fractions.
6.75 See Technology 6.2
=
100
27
=
400
m) 0.05 n) 3 o) 1.1 p) 1.5

q) 2 r) 4 s) 1.4 t) 6.25
u) 0.15 v) 0.08 w) 0.0625 x) 3.75
2 Write each of the following percentages as a fraction and as a decimal:

30 3 112 28 4.25 17
30% = = 112% = 100 = 25 4.25% = 100 = 400
100 10
= 0.3 = 1.12 = 0.0425
a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40%

e) 50% f) 60% g) 70% h) 80%
i) 90% j) 100% k) 1% l) 5%
m) 7% n) 12% o) 120% p) 150%
q) 200% r) 500% s) 156% t) 217%
u) 6.2% v) 8.7% w) 12.25% x) 5.75%
78
56.231694 27.01769 1.07276 4.79634216
less than 5 thus 56.23 5 or more thus 27.02 less than 5 thus 1.07 5 or more thus 4.80
3 Write each of the following fractions as a decimal and as a percentage

(if necessary round to 2 decimal places):
3 Learn these fractions and their

= 0.6 decimals by heart - these fractions
5
are very common.
= 60%
1 2 3 4
a) b) c) d)
10 10 10 10
5 6 7 8
e) f) g) h)
10 10 10 10
9 10 1 1
i) j) k) l)
10 10 2 3
2 1 2 3
m) n) o) p)
3 4 4 4
1 2 3 4
q) r) s) t)
5 5 5 5
5 1 3 5
u) v) w) x)
5 8 8 8
4 Write each of the following as a fraction, as a decimal, and as a percentage:

a) One-quarter of the students were absent on the last day of school.
b)
c) The trust fund reported a 15% return on investment.
d) Water makes up approximately 75% of a person’s body.
e) Peron pays a marginal tax of 37%.
f) The dodgy loan rate was set at 26%.
g) GST is a tax of 10c in the dollar.
h) The poll showed that around 7 in 10 politicians favoured a policy change.
i) There are 581 boys in the school of 1 000 students.
j) Lara scored 9 out of 10 for the test.
k) Sunny scored 21 out of 50 for the test.
l) Viroy scored 46 out of 50 for the test.
m) Wal scored 64 out of 100 for the test.
n) Gani scored 63 out of 100 for the test.
o) 99.95% of the students passed the Mathematics test.

Irrational Numbers
An Irrational number is a
number that cannot be written Rational number - the decimal
as a ratio of two integers. either terminates (ends), or
recurrs (repeats).
Irrational number - the decimal

The test: doesn't terminate (end) or
Does the decimal recurr (repeat).
terminate or recurr?
Exercise 6.6
Are the following numbers rational or irrational?
5
7 = 0.71428571428571428571428571428571
The numbers 714285 recurr (repeat) thus the number is a rational number.
9
1 Is 0.818181818181818181818181818181818181 (= 11 ) a rational number
or an irrational number?
8
6 Is e (Euler's Number) a rational number or an irrational number?

e = 2.7182818284590452353602874713527
11
8 Is 0.57894736842105263157894736842105263157894 (= 19 )
a rational number or an irrational number?
80
Mental Computation
Exercise 6.7 You need to be a good mental
1 Spell terminating. athlete because many everyday
2 Change 0.3 to a fraction. problems are solved mentally.
3
3 Change to a decimal.
5
4
5
3
6 Change 2 to an improper fraction.
4
7
8
9 Round 5.2641 to 2 decimal places.
Exercise 6.8
1 Spell recurring.
2 Change 30% to a fraction.
2 1 What is 3Q + 7Q?
3 Change to a decimal. 2 10Q.
5
4 1 You're welcome.
5
2
5
7
8
Why are the following fractions not Australian?
a b c
Exercise 6.9
c, c, c
1 Spell improper.
2 Change 0.4 to a fraction. Their numerators are all over Cs.
3
3 Change to a percentage.
4
4
5
1
3
7
8

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 6.10
1 1
1 What is exactly halfway between 1 and 2 ?
2 2
1 1
2 2
3 1
4 4
4 How much time between 5:30 am and 2:15 pm?
6 The bucket of potting mix contained three-quarters of a bucket of compost.
How much compost is needed to make 3 buckets of potting mix?
7 Find the value of:

a) 4.8 ÷ 0.4 b) c)
2
8 Write 3 as a vulgar fraction.
3
15
9 Write as a mixed numeral.
4
3
10 Write 5 as a decimal fraction.
4
3
11 Write as a percentage.
4
12 Estimate: 27 × 12 + 39 × 23
13 Estimate: 500
14 A bag has 15 red marbles and 20 blue marbles. What fraction

of the marbles are blue?
15 The pizza is cut into 12 equal slices. How many slices are left after two-thirds
of the pizza is eaten?
16 The painting contract returned $20 000. Labour and materials cost 50% and
30% of the remainder was paid in tax. How much was left?
17
on the second day. What percentage of the whole task did Chloe complete on
the second day?
18 Which number has the largest value?
a) 1/5 b) 0.21 c) (0.4)2 d) 0.04
82
s
m atic maths
e
ath ild
f o r m nd bu ime.
e a t
par ons me
Pre petiti the sa
com cle at
s
mu
Exercise 6.11
1 What is the sum of the greatest number and the least number of:
0.67, 0.7, 0.76, 0.77, 0.6, 0.66 ?
2 Which of the following fractions is the largest?
111 222 333 444

a) b) c) d)
222 333 444 555
0.25
3 Find the value of
5
4
3 4
5 What is the value of 2 + + ?
100 1000
6 Find the value of each of the following:
1 1 1 1 2 3
a) + b) − c) x
2 3 2 4 3 2
7 Find the value of x in each of the following:
1 2 2 1 1 1 1
a) = b) = c) + =
4 x x 3 4 x 3
8 How many minutes in three-quarters of an hour?
9 A bus journey takes two and one-quarter hours. If the bus leaves at 9:10 am,
when would the bus be expected to arrive?
10 Two-thirds of a number is twelve. What is the number?
11 The recipe for potting mix suggested that 8 buckets of compost be mixed with
3 buckets of soil. Sienna decided to use 3/4 of the amount of compost and the
same amount of soil. What fraction of the potting mix will be compost?
12
was $300 000 left, what was the value of the inheritance?
13 Riley is about to travel on a bus and knows that the fare is greater than $1.00
and less than $2.00. What is the minimum number of coins he must carry to be
sure of being able to give the exact fare (Assume that the available coins are 5c,
10c, 20c, 50c, $1, and $2)?

Investigations
Investigation 6.1 Pen/Paper or Calculator/Computer

The reason the Hindu-Arabic number system has dominated other number
the pen/paper?
Investigate why the pen/paper method still has a place in our modern society.
Can your group brainstorm 5 advantages/disadvantages of each method?
Pen/Paper Calculator/Computer
1. 1. Can't think.
2. 2.
numbers. number crunching.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
Investigation 6.2 Changing recurring decimals to fractions

There are some great tricks for changing a recurring decimal into a fraction.
5
Can you change 0.45454545.. into a fraction (the answer is )?
11
Can you change: 3.2323232323.. into a fraction?
Investigation 6.3 Practical fractions

The Egyptians used unit fractions (the numerator = 1). For example:
Egyptian method: Each person gets 1/3 and 1/5 and 1/15 of a loaf of bread.
Our method: Each person gets 3/5 of a loaf of bread.
a) Use the Egyptian method to divide 3 pizzas among 5 people.

b) Use our method to divide 3 pizzas among 5 people.
c) Which method is easiest?
d) Which method is fairest?
e) What is the Egyptian method of dividing 3 pizzas among 4 people?
84
A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 6.12
* 1 3 5 * 3 4 2 8 1 3 5
1 + = 2 − = 3 × = 4 ÷ =
5 5 5 7 7 7 3 * 15 2 * 6
5 *2.*7 6 *4.9* 7 *.7 8 *.4÷2 = 3.*

+1*.08 x4
35.7* 54.59 22.8
1 1 1
9 What is of of of a pie?
3 3 3
1
10 It is suggested that one cigarette reduces a person's life by 5 minutes.
2
If a person smokes a packet of 25 cigarettes every day for 15 years,
how many days have been lost?
A Game
Nines. Make nine marks on a piece of paper. Each of two players take turns to
mark off one or two of the marks. The loser is the person who crosses
off the last mark.
A Sweet Trick
1 Ask your audience to write a 4 digit number. 8372

2 They rearrange the numbers in any order. 3278
3
4 They circle any number except zero. 5094
5 They read out the numbers not circled, in any order. 9 0 5
6 You tell them which number they circled. 4
Sum the digits repeatedly to a single digit

and take from 9.
4.

Technology
Technology 6.1 Calculators and fractions

b
Calculators, with a c , are very good at handling fractions.
Experiment with the fraction button to learn how to do each of the following:
7 6 7
1 Show that × = = 0.7
12 5 10
3 5 4 9
2 Show that ÷ =1 = = 1.8
4 12 5 5
3 1 3 18
3 Show that 1 ×2 =3 = = 3.6
5 4 5 5
Use the fraction button on your calculator to check your answers to the previous
exercises.
Technology 6.2 Calculators and fractions

6.75
Use a calculator to simplify An optimist says the glass is half empty.
100 A pessimist says the glass is half full.
An engineer says the glass is twice as big
as it needs to be.
3
6.75 6
Change 100 to 4 and enter this in your calculator.
100
27
Enter will then give Or try 675/10000 on your calculator.
400
Use your calculator to simplify the following fractions:

8.75 4.2 5.6 2.25
a) b) c) d)
100 100 10 10
6.4 9.8 12.75 2.25
e) f) g) h)
25 8 24 5
Technology 6.3 Fraction games and applets
Search the internet for some of the many fraction games and applets.
Give special attention to games and applets that demonstrate mixed numbers,
multiplying fractions and dividing fractions.
What is the difference between a Java applet and a Flash applet?
86
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 6.13
1 Show that each of the following integers are Rational numbers.
a) 3 b) c) 6
d) e) 1 f) 0
a) 5, 2, 0, 1 b) c)
d) e) f)
g) h) i)
a) 0.1 b) 0.5 c) 1.3 d) 6.25
e) 0.15 f) 0.06 g) 0.75 h) 0.8
4 Write each of the following percentages as a decimal and as a fraction:
a) 10% b) 70% c) 25% d) 1%
e) 200% f) 12% g) 12.75% h) 6.25%
5 Write each of the following fractions as a decimal and as a percentage (if
necessary round to 2 decimal places):
1 1 3 2
a) b) c) d)
10 4 10 5
3 1 2 8
e) f) g) h)
4 3 3 10
a)
b) Water makes up approximately 75% of a person’s body.
c) The dodgy loan rate was set at 24%.
d) The loan rate was set at 6.8%.
1 3 2 2
a) 2 b) 1 c) 1 d) 2
2 5 5 3
1 3 1 7
e) 1 f) 3 g) 2 h) 3
8 4 4 10
5 7 9 9
a) b) c) d)
2 3 4 5
8 10 19 37
e) f) g) h)
5 3 7 11
4
9 Is 0.3076923076923076923076923076923076 (= 13 )
10

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 6.14
a) 2 b) c)
d) e) 10 f) 0
a) 5, 0, 3, 2 b) c)
d) e) f)
g) h) i)
a) 0.2 b) 0.6 c) 2.4 d) 1.75
e) 0.35 f) 0.05 g) 0.25 h) 0.4
a) 10% b) 50% c) 75% d) 2%
e) 400% f) 15% g) 10.6% h) 7.25%
1 4 1 3
a) b) c) d)
10 10 2 5
5 1 3 8
e) f) g) h)
10 4 4 10
a) Three-quarters of the pumpkins were diseased.
b) Jody achieved eighteen out of twenty for the test.
d) The loan rate was set at 6.25%.
1 3 7 4
a) 2 b) 3 c) 3 d) 5
4 4 10 5
3 3 1 2
e) 3 f) 1 g) 2 h) 1
8 5 2 5
3 9 9 6
a) b) c) d)
2 2 5 5
7 17 33 37
e) f) g) h)
4 4 8 13
7
10
88
Two figures are congruent if one shape lies exactly on top of the other after
one or more transformations (translation, reflection, rotation).
Solve problems using properties of congruent figures, justifying reasoning
and making generalisations.
The minimal conditions for congruence (SSS, SAS, ASA and RHS) and the
conditions that do not prescribe congruence (ASS, AAA).
Plot the vertices of two-dimensional shapes on the Cartesian plane,
translating, rotating or reflecting the shape and using coordinates to
describe the transformation.
I was born
A TASK
The entrance to the libray is to be tiled. Design a
to tessellate
entrance.
Research tessellations using basic shapes such as
squares, equilateral triangles and even circles.
Research how MC Escher made tessellations.
Create your own design.
Present your design.
Tessellations (to pave) are

A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY everywhere in our society from
ancient mosaics and architecture
4000 BC Sumerian tesselations.
3000 BC Tessellations in the form of mosaics
quiltmaking. Tessellations also
are used in Mesopotamia.
occur in nature from beehives to
1619 Kepler wrote about regular and
rock structures.
semiregular tessellation.
1891 Fedorov proved that tiling of the plane
See Investigation 7.1 to make
is based on 17 different groups of
your own tessellation.
isometries.
1936 MC Escher begins to create hundreds
of amazing tessellations.
2008 Tessellation software allows for
realistic visualisation in movies and
games (eg. large armies etc).
89
Congruence
Congruent shapes have the same shape and size.
The following pairs of shapes are congruent:
1 and 2 and
The second shape has been reflected The second shape has been translated
and rotated
A translation slides a shape across a page.

A translation produces a congruent shape.
The triangle has been translated

4 units to the right
and 2 units down
A is a mirror image.
the mirror line

Mirror line
A rotation turns a shape about a point.

A rotation produces a congruent shape.
o The triangle has been rotated 45º

around the point O
90
Exercise 7.1
exactly on top of each other)?
1 2 3
4 5 6
Exercise 7.2
congruent shape from the original:

1 2
3 4
5 6
Congruent Triangles
Congruent triangles have exactly the same shape and size.
The symbol for congruence is or
C D
B F
A E
Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle EFD or EFD
The angles must be named in matching order: A= E

B= F
C= D
The sides must be named in matching order: side AB = side EF
side BC = side FD
side CA = side DE
Exercise 7.3
Correctly name the congruent pair of triangles (angles and sides must match):
D
A= F
A E B= D
C= E If the angles are in matching
F order then the sides will be in
matching order.
FDE And vice versa.
C
B
C F A F
1 2
E
B C
A B D E D
3 C 4 A F
A
F E
B
D C D
E
B
5 C 6 B E
D F
B D
E C
A A F
92
Tests for Congruent Triangles
Activity: The SSS test - If the three sides match are they congruent?
1. Draw a triangle with sides of 5 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm.
2. Match your triangle with other people in the classroom who have also drawn a
triangle with sides of 5 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm.
3. Are the triangles congruent? 10 cm
5 cm
8 cm
Activity: The AAA test - If the three angles match are they congruent?
1. Draw a triangle with angles of 60º, 20º, and 100º.
triangle with angles of 60º, 20º, and 100º.
3. Are the triangles congruent?
Activity: The SAS test - If two sides and the angle in between the two sides
match are they congruent?
1. Draw a triangle with sides of 5 cm and 9 cm with the angle in between 45º.
triangle with sides of 5 cm and 9 cm with the angle in between 45º.
3. Are the triangles congruent? 9 cm
45º
5 cm
Activity: The ASA test - If two angles and a side match are they congruent?
1. Draw a triangle with angles of 30º and 45º and a side of 8 cm.
triangle with angles of 30º and 45º and a side of 8 cm.
3. Are the triangles congruent?
Activity: The RHS test - If a right-angle, the hypotenuse and another side
match are they congruent?
1. Draw a triangle with a right-angle (90º), a hypotenuse of 10 cm, and another
side of 6 cm.
2. Match your triangle with others who have also drawn a triangle with a right-
angle (90º) a hypotenuse of 10 cm, and another side of 6 cm.
3. Are the triangles congruent? The hypotenuse is opposite
the 90º right-angle.
10 cm
90º
6 cm
Tests for Congruent Triangles
The activities on the previous page lead to four conditions that each provide a test of
whether two triangles are congruent:
SSS (side, side, side). Two triangles are congruent if the three sides
in one triangle are the same length as the
matching sides on the other triangle.
SAS (side, angle, side). Two triangles are congruent if two sides
and the included angle in one triangle are
the same size as the matching sides and
included angle on the other triangle.
ASA (angle, side, angle). Two triangles are congruent if two angles
and a side in one triangle are the same size
as the matching two angles and side on the
other triangle.
RHS (right-angle, hypotenuse, side) Two triangles are congruent if the hypot-
enuse and another side in one right-angled
triangle are the same size as the matching
hypotenuse and another side on the other
right-angled triangle.
94
Exercise 7.4 Use the tests for congruence to test whether the following pairs of
triangles are congruent:
A
W
16 cm 16 cm side AC = side WP
P C = P {angle inbetween}
C side CB = side PT
28 cm WPT {SAS}
28 cm
B T
1 C 2 O
B
26 cm F 10 m
12 m
26 cm M 14 m
A 10 m
19 cm N 14 m M
19 cm D
B A 12 m C
3 A 4 L
P A
19 m 19 m 5m 5m
4m 4m
R
C B Q C B K H
5 9 cm 6 K
C T S C H
7m
9 cm 9 cm
12 cm 9 cm 7m
B A A
12 cm V B
J
7 K 8 3m T
B 13 m B Y
G
13 m 13 m 5m 5m
13 m
A C
A C Z
I 3m
9 10 F
C P A 13 m
D
R
7 mm 21 m
18 m 21 m 18 m
7 mm
B A C
O G
13 m B
Transformations
Exercise 7.5
What are the new coordinates of P(2,3) after P
is translated 3 units right and 2 units down?
= P(2+3,3–2) P(2,3)
= P(5,1)
P(5,1)
1 What are the new coordinates of P(1,4) after P is

translated 2 units right and 2 units down?
translated 4 units right and 1 unit down?
translated 3 units left and 2 units up? A
What are the new coordinates of P(1,3) after
= P(1+2x3,3) P(1,3) P(7,3)

= P(7,3)
4 What are the new coordinates of P(1,4)

B
P(4,6)
What are the new coordinates of P(1,3) after
P is rotated 90° clockwise about the point O?
P(1,3)
= P(4,6)
O
{Plot the points to work out what the
new coordinates will be.}
7 What are the new coordinates of P(2,3) after

P is rotated 90° anti-clockwise about the point O?
96
Mental Computation
Exercise 7.6 You need to be a good mental
1 Spell transformation. athlete because many everyday
2 Change 0.3 to a fraction. problems are solved mentally.
2
5
4 Translate P(2,3) 2 units to the right and 4 units up.
5
8
6 Change to a mixed numeral.
5
7
8 What are the four tests for congruent triangles?
Exercise 7.7
In just two days from now,
1 Spell congruent. tomorrow will be yesterday.
1
4
4 Translate P(1,3) 3 units to the right and 2 units down.
5
2
3
7 Simplify: 3x + 2x.
Exercise 7.8 Tomorrow is often the busiest day

1 of the week - Spanish Proverb.
3
4
4 Translate P(5,3) 3 units to the left and 1 unit down.
5
7
6 Change to an improper fraction.
3
7
NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 7.9
1 Which pair of the following shapes are congruent?
a)
A B C D
b)
A B C
2 The point P(2,5) is translated 3 units down P

and 4 units to the right. What are the new
coordinates of point P?
3
(the red line). What are the new P
4 The point P(1,3) is rotated 90 clockwise

P
about O. What are the new
O
5 SSS, SAS, AAS, and RHS are tests for congruent triangles.
What would be the test for congruent circles?
98
Prepare for mathematics
Competition Questions competitions and build maths
Exercise 7.10
1 Divide the regular hexagon, all sides equal, into:
2 congruent shapes
3 congruent shapes
4 congruent shapes
6 congruent shapes
2 Can you use a single straight line to divide each of the following letters
into two congruent shapes?
A B CDE F
3 Does the diagonal divide the rectangle, the parallelogram, the rhombus,
and the kite into two congruent shapes?
5 Name three pairs of congruent triangles in the regular pentagon below:

B
The statement below is true.
C A The statement above is false.
D E
6m 2m
6 What is the area of the intersection of the
two congruent rectangles?
4m
7 Rearrange the four congruent triangles to form a square with a hollow

square in the middle. What is the area of the middle square?
12 cm 13 cm 13 cm 13 cm 13 cm 13 cm 13 cm 13 cm
5 cm 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm
Technology
Technology 7.1 Tessellations

There are numerous tessellation activities and games on the Internet. Experiment
with some of these activities.
Technology 7.2 Tessellations with LOGO

LOGO is a computer programming language created in 1967 for educational use.
LOGO is essentially a turtle with a pen on the monitor.
The turtle will draw geometric shapes when given movement commands.
The LOGO programming language is a powerful programming language.
LOGO is considered an ideal introduction to computer programming.
To draw a square: To draw a regular hexagon

PENDOWN REPEAT 6 [FD 100 LEFT 60]
FORWARD 100
LEFT 90
FORWARD 100
LEFT 90
FORWARD 100
LEFT 90
FORWARD 100
LEFT 90
PENUP
There are a number of free LOGO applications on the Internet and many tutorials,
even including tutorials on LOGO and tessellations.
After just a short time learning the language you will be able to start making
tessellations with LOGO.
Technology 7.3 Tessellation with other software
a) 'Kali' allows you to draw some wonderful tessellations.
b) 'Tess' also allows you to draw some wonderful tessellations as

demonstrated on their website.
c) 'Tessellation Exploration' all kinds of transformations of basic shapes.
d) 'Tessellate' an online Javascript tessellation activity.
Graphic Designers or Commercial Artists design and produce art

and layouts for advertising, magazines, newspapers, books, websites etc.
Relevant school subjects are English and Mathematics.
Courses range from Diploma, to Advanced Diplomas, and University Degrees.
100
Investigations
Investigation 7.1 Make your own tessellation
rotated congruent shapes.
The square is a basic shape that will tessellate:
1 Select a shape that will tessellate.

A square is a good shape to start with.
2 Cut a piece from the bottom and add it to the top.
3 Cut a piece from the left and add it to the right.
4 This shape, based on a square, should now tessellate.

Decorate the piece.
5 Make multiple copies and tessellate - use a photocopier or tessellation software.
Investigation 7.2 Regular polygon tessellation

Experiment with tessellations of combinations of polygons. Try combinations of
shapes such as triangles, squares, parallelograms, pentagons, hexagons etc:
Squares and Octagons Squares and Parallelograms

A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 7.11
1 What percentage of the rug is blue?
What percentage of the rug is yellow?
2 Hume exercises 30 mins each day.

How many hours does Hume exercise
in a 30 day month?
I am a nobody.
3 I have four daughters.
Nobody is perfect.
Every daughter has a brother. Therefore I am perfect.
How many children?
4 A is three times the age of B. In ten years time, A will be twice the age of B.
How old are A and B?
5
This is a well known puzzle.
Join all 9 dots using only 4 straight lines.
Do not lift your pencil from the page.
A Game
Odds and Evens is naughts and crosses played with the numbers.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
1 One player uses the odd numbers,
the other player uses the even numbers.
2 When you use a number cross it off

6 4 7
because it can’t be used more than once.
10 5
3
either horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. 3
A Sweet Trick
are in the seeds of yesterday.
1 Ask your audience to choose their
favourite number from 1 to 9. 7
2 Write the number three times. 777
3 Sum the digits of the number. 7+7+7 = 21
4 Multiply the answer by 37 21 x 37 = 777
102
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 7.12
1
a) b) c)
2 Use the tests for congruence to test whether the following pairs of
C O
a) b) B
13 cm F 10 m
12 m
13 cm M 14 m
A 10 m
10 cm N 14 m M
10 cm D
B A 12 m C
A L
c) P d) A
40 m 40 m 10 m 10 m
8m 8m
R
C B Q C B K H
A
P is translated 3 units left and 3 units up?
P(1,4)
B
P(1,4)
I told you to be home by a quarter of twelve.

O A quarter of twelve is 3.

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 7.13
1
a) b) c)
C T 7 cm S H K
a) b) C
5m
7 cm 7 cm
10 cm 7 cm 5m
B A A
10 cm V B
J
K
6m T
c) B 64 m d) B Y
G
64 m 64 m 9m 9m
64 m
A C
A C Z
I 6m

P is translated 4 units right and 5 units down?
P(2,5)

A B
P(2,4)
O My short-term memory is not as sharp as it used to be.
Also, my short-term memory is not as sharp as it used to be.
104
Use sample properties to predict characteristics of the population.
Use displays of data to explore and investigate effects.
Explore the practicalities and implications of obtaining
representative data.
Understand that making decisions and drawing conclusions based
on data may differ from those based on preferences and beliefs.
Investigate the effect of individual data values, including outliers,
on the mean and median.
See Investigation A TASK

8.1 for the steps in Conduct research on the playground rubbish.
conducting research. Plan the research (Collect data how many times
per day, where, what, why rubbish dropped?)
Collect data (Volume of rubbish in bin, volume
20% Paper Plastic 35%
of rubbish around bin, attitudes to rubbish).
Data representation.
10% Glass
Analyse the data and make a conclusion.
la
et
Present your research.

M
Other 25%
%
10

In Roman times a census involved the registration of
citizens and their property for taxation purposes.
of people, and their age,
gender, health, income, etc.
1901 Section 51 (xi) of the Constitution contains

powers to make laws about the "census and
statistics".
1905 Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statis-
tics formed: The Census shall be taken in the
year 1911, and in every tenth year thereafter.
105
Collecting Data
Census Sample
A collection of data from A collection of data from
the whole population. part of the population.
Example
What percentage of people with lung cancer are smokers?
Assume 9000 new cases of lung cancer each year.
A census would collect data from each of the 9000 people.
A sample would collect data from a part of the 9000 people.
A Census reflects the opinions of the whole population

Advantages of samples Disadvantages of samples
A sample is more economical. Tricky to get a good sample.
Information can be gathered more The sample must be small but large
quickly. enough to reflect the opinion of the
A sample uses less resources. population.
Exercise 8.1 The Internet has sample

What is wrong with each of the following: size calculators.
100 randomly selected Year 8 students were asked if
they had a part time job. 47 students replied yes. The The smaller the sample,
conclusion was that 47% of the school's population had a the larger the error.
part time job.
While the sample size seems large enought, the

Maths
sample isn't representative. The other Year levels Rocks
weren't sampled.
A stratified sample, with samples taken from each
Year level, would be better.
1 5 friends were asked if they liked maths. 4 said yes. The conclusion was that
80% of the school's population like maths.
2 150 randomly selected Year 12 students were asked about their exercise habits.
The conclusion was that 87% of the school's population exercised less than 30
minutes per day.
3 5 Year 7s, 5 Year 8s, 5 Year 9s, 5 Year 10s, 5 Year 11s and 5 Year 12s were
asked about their study habits. The conclusion was that between 30% and 80%
of students study for less that 2 hours per night.
4 Survey forms, asking what music should be played at the upcoming school
dance, were placed in the Administration block along with the response box.
106
Organising Data
Exercise 8.2
Complete a frequency table for each of the following data:
Eye colour Tally Frequency
Amber 1 The 1st column lists all possible
Blue 7 outcomes.
Brown 11
Gray 2 The tally is used during the survey.
Green 1
The frequency is the number of times
Hazel 2 each outcome occurs..
Total = 24
1 A classroom survey of eye colour:

Brown Blue Blue Brown
Brown Blue Hazel Brown There is a lot of
Green Brown Blue Amber information about "eye
Blue Brown Green Hazel colours" on the Internet.
Brown Blue Green
2 How people in the class travelled to school today:
Walk Bus Bus Walk Bus Bus
Bicycle Car Car Train Car Walk
Train Walk Car Train Train Car
Car Car Bus Bus Train Walk
Bus Car Car Bus
3 The number of TVs at each class person's home:
1 2 2 2 3 1
2 2 4 1 2 2
1 2 2 3 2 3
1 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
4 A survey on whether there is too much violence on TV:
Agree Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree
Strongly disagree Agree Agree Disagree Disagree
Disagree Strongly agree Agree Disagree Disagree
Disagree Agree Disagree Disagree Disagree
Agree Disagree Disagree Strongle Agree
5 A dice was rolled 65 times:
6 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 6 1 1 3 5
5 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 1 4 4 5 2
2 5 6 4 6 6 5 1 5 3 2 5 3
2 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 3 5 2 6 5
6 2 5 3 2 1 3 4 2 4 2 1 2
Chapter 8 Data 107

Frequency column graph
A frequency column graph or histogram allows a visual assesment of the data
Classroom eye colour survey

Each axis is labelled. 12 The title.
10
Each column is centred.

6
The first column

is not next to the 2
vertical axis.
0
Amber Blue Brown Gray Green Hazel
Eye colour
Each axis is labelled.
Exercise 8.3
constructing a frequency table:

1
No No No Yes No No
No No Yes No No Yes
No No Yes No No No
No Yes Yes No No No
No Yes Yes
2 The Netball team's season results:
Loss Win Loss Loss Loss Loss Win
Loss Win Win Win Win Win Loss
Loss Win Loss Win Win Win Loss
3 A survey on the need to wear hats in the schoolgrounds:
Agree Disagree Agree Agree Agree
Disagree Agree Agree Disagree Disagree
Agree Strongly agree Agree Strongly agree Disagree
Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree Disagree
Disagree Agree Strongly agree Strongly Agree Agree
4 The age of each person in the classroom:
14 14 15 14 14 15
14 13 15 14 14 13
14 14 15 16 14 14
14 13 13 14 14 15
13 14 15 14 14
108
Descriptive Statistics
The Range
describes the spread of the data.
The range is the difference between the smallest and the largest data values. The
range is the simplest description of the spread of the data.
Exercise 8.4
Find the range of each of the following set of scores:
1, 2, 3, 4, 4
Range = largest smallest

Range = 4 – 1 1 2 3 4
Range = 3 Range = 3
1 4, 7, 15, 23, 31, 43 2 4, 15, 32, 83, 112, 145, 231

3 2, 7, 2, 6, 3, 2, 6, 7 4 1, 3, 3, 5, 1, 2, 7, 4
5 232, 235, 236, 232, 231 6 425, 424, 421, 423, 424, 427
7 25.2, 26.1, 25.8, 23.2, 24.6 8 -2, -3, -5, -4, -1, -2, -6
The Mode
describes the middle of the data.
The mode is the score that occurs most often. There are several problems with the
mode as a central measure.
Exercise 8.5
Find the mode of each of the following set of scores:
5, 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3 2, 5, 8, 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
Mode = 3 {Occurs 4 times} Mode = 2 and 5 {Twice each}
This set of scores is bimodal
1 4, 6, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6 2 4, 5, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 5
3 2, 5, 2, 1, 6, 1, 1, 5 4 1, 4, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 2
5 5, 5, 5, 3, 4, 3, 3, 5 6 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 4, 1
7 32, 35, 36, 32, 31, 33 8 7.1, 7.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.1
9 -1, -3, -4, -2, -1, -2, -1 10 a, b, a, c, b, a, d, b, a
Chapter 8 Data 109

Descriptive Statistics
The Median
The median is the middle of a set of scores. The median is a central measure that
ignores extreme high scores and extreme low scores.
Exercise 8.6
Find the median of each of the following set of scores:
5, 7, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3 2, 5, 7, 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
Put the scores in ascending order Put the scores in ascending order
3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7
Median = 4 {4 is in the middle } Median = 3.5 {Average of 3 & 4}
1 4, 6, 6, 3, 2, 3, 6 2 4, 5, 2, 3, 4, 2, 4, 5
3 2, 5, 2, 1, 6, 1, 1, 5 4 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 4, 3
5 32, 98, 36, 32, 31, 33 6 21, 24, 23, 23, 24, 56
7 5.2, 6.1, 5.8, 3.2, 4.6 8 -1, -3, -4, -2, -1, -2, -1
The Mean
The mean is the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is
also called the average. The mean is heavily affected by extreme scores.
Exercise 8.7
Find the mean of each of the following set of scores:
1, 2, 3, 4, 4
1 2 3 4
Sum of scores
mean =
No of scores
1+2 +3 +4 +4
mean =
5 Balance point is 2.8
mean = 2.8
Notice how the 80

1 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 80 affects the mean.
3 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 4 1, 6, 6, 2, 2, 3
5 31, 36, 36, 32, 32, 33 6 81, 86, 86, 82, 82, 83
7 101,106,106,102,102,103 8 721,726,726,722,722,723
9 5.1, 5.6, 5.6, 5.2, 5.2, 5.3 10
110
Analysing Data
8A believe they are a better mathematics class than 8B. Analyse the following
data, taken from a recent mathematics competition, and make a comment about 8As
assumed mathematical superiority (Coding: High Distinction = 4, Distinction = 3,
Credit = 2, Participation = 1).
8A 8B
4 3 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2
2 1 2 4 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 3
First, complete a frequency table for each class:

8A Tally Frequency 8B Tally Frequency
1 //// / 6 1 / 1
2 //// //// //// 15 2 //// //// //// //// 20
3 /// 3 3 //// / 6
4 //// 4 4 0
28 27
Second, complete a frequency column for each class:

8A Maths competition results 8B Maths competition results
15 20
12
15
10
5
3
0 0
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Competition scores Competition scores
Third, calculate the descriptive statistics for each class:

Technology such as graphic
8A 8B calculators, spreadsheets,
Mode 2 2 computer software are very
Median 2 2 good at this.
Mean 2.18 2.19 See Technology 8.1,8.2,8.2
Range 3 2
Fourth, make a comment (refer to the original question).

The frequency table shows 8A has 4 High Distinction students and 6 Participation
students compared to 8B with no High Distinction students and 1 Participation
student. The 8A histogram shows a skew to the left while 8B has a slight skew
to the right. Because there are no extreme scores, the mean is probably the best
measure and shows a slight advantage to 8B despite 8A having a larger number of
High Distinctions.
Chapter 8 Data 111

Analysing Data
Exercise 8.8
1 Did the Year 8s appreciate the concert more than the Year 9s (The concert was
rated on a scale from 1 to 5 with 1=bad, 2=poor, 3=fair, 4=good, 5=excellent)?
Year 8 Year 9
4 2 5 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 4 3
5 4 3 4 3 2 4 1 5 2 4 3
1 5 3 3 4 2 2 4 1 3 2 4
4 3 3 4 2 5 3 2 1 5 2 4
3 5 4 3 4 1 2 4 3 5 5 1
2 4 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 4 2
4 2 4 3 5 4 3 1 5
2 Are the above concert data sets symmetrical?
A frequency column graph is symmetrical if a vertical

line can divide the graph into roughly two equal halves.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
In a perfectly symmetrical data set, A symmetrical data set.

the mean, the median, and the mode are the same.
3 In deciding whether to continue with an advertising campaign, data about the

number of customers per day just before the campaign started and the number
of customers per day after the campaign started was collected. Analyse the data
and suggest whether the advertising campaign is making a difference.
Before After
18 19 17 22 20 21 18 19 19 20 19 23
20 19 19 22 19 21 20 21 20 22 22 21
18 19 20 34 18 22 22 19 19 22 20 21
20 20 18 22 20 19 21 21 21 20 19 21
21 18 21 20 19 20 Outliers are unusual values.
Are they a mistake?
4 Referring to the data in Question 3 above: Should you delete them?
a) Are the above data sets symmetrical or skew?
b) Are there any outliers?
c) Would you prefer to use mean or median as a central measure?
The mean is normally used.
The median is used when Well.
there are extreme values. Don't take my word
for it. Find the mean and
The median is used for house prices: median of these house
$590 000, $750 000, $600 000, $945 000, $4 500 000 prices.
The $4 500 000 doesn't affect the median as much as the mean.
112
Mental Computation
Exercise 8.9
1 Spell median.
Given the data set: 2,2,3,4,5 Mental computation helps
2 What is the range? you learn how to think.
3 What is the mode?
4 What is the median?
5 What is the mean?
3
5
9
5
Exercise 8.10
1 Spell range.
Given the data set: 2,3,3,3,5
2 What is the range? not seek - English Proverb.
3 What is the mode?
5 What is the mean?
1
4
7
4
Exercise 8.11
1 Spell average.
2 What is the range? One shoots 10 cm to the left of the bulls eye.
3 What is the mode? The other shoots 10 cm to the right.
4 What is the median? Both are happy because on average they got a bulls eye.
5 What is the mean?
4
5
7 Translate P(5,4) 2 units to the left and 4 units down.
8
3
Chapter 8 Data 113

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 8.12
1 Find the mean (average) exercise time:
Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
30 minutes 45 minutes 20 minutes 35 minutes 1 hour 10
minutes
2 Given the scores: 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 8, 10, 90
a) What is the mean, median, and mode?
b) What is the mean, median, and mode after 90 is removed?
c) Which is affected the most by removing 90, the mean, median, or mode?
3 a) Find the mean, median, and mode of the following: 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4
b) Is Mean > Median = Mode true?
4
his relative's place to the city will cost $7.50 each day and a weekly ticket will
cost $25. What is Jack's daily saving if he uses a weekly ticket?
After 10 innings, the average number of runs per innings was 13.
After 15 innings the average number of runs per innings was 16.
How many runs were scored in the last 5 innings?
After 10 innings: After 15 innings:
total total
average = average =
no innings no innings
total total
13 = 16 =
10 15
total for 10 innings = 13×10 total for 15 innings = 16×15
= 130 = 240
No runs last 5 innings = 240 - 130
= 110
5 After 10 innings, the average number of runs was 16.
After 15 innings the average number of runs was 13.
How many runs were scored in the last 5 innings?
6 This frequency column graph was constructed

from 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4. Where is the mistake
in the frequency column graph?
7 Consider the faulty frequency column graph:
a)
b) compare this with the original data set: 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4. What has
happened to the mean, the median, and the mode?
8 Given the scores: 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 50. Which central measure is affected the
most by removing 50: the mean, median, or mode?
114
Prepare
f
compe or mathemati
titions cs
muscle and
at the s build maths
ame tim
e.
Exercise 8.13
1 What is the average of the numbers 0.3, 0.33, 0.333?
2 What is the average of the numbers 3.0, 0.3, 0.033?
3 What is the average of the numbers 33, 3.3, 0.33?
4 If 50 million people have total savings of $10 billion, what is the average
savings per person?
5 If 5 million people have total savings of $4 billion, what is the average savings
per person?
6 If 45 million people inhabit 45 000 km2, what is the average number of people
per km2?
A person has an average of 48 after three tests. What mark must the person get
on the fourth test so that the average of the four tests is 50?
total total
48 = 50 =
3 4
Total after 3 tests = 144 Total after 4 tests = 200
Thus need 200– 144 = 56 on the 4th test.
7 A person has an average of 81 after three tests. What mark must the person get
on the fourth test so that the average of the four tests is 85?
8 A person has an average of 65 after four tests. What mark must the person get
9
is 5. What is the sixth number?
10
the fourth innings if the average for all four innings was 12?
11
produced scores of 24 and 6. If after the sixth innings the average was 14, what
was the score for the sixth innings?
A cricketer scored 84 and this raised the cricketer’s average from 36 to 39. What
must the cricketer score in the next innings to raise the average to 40?
Assuming n innings: Assume next score is x:
36 n + 84 39 × 16 + x
= 39 = 40
n +1 17
36n + 84 = 39n + 39 624+x = 680
n = 15 (15 innings) x = 56
12 A cricketer scored 90 and this raised the cricketer’s average from 26 to 28.
What must the cricketer score in the next innings to raise the average to 30?
What must the cricketer score in the next innings to raise the average to 35?
What did the cricketer score in the next innings to raise the average to 40?
Chapter 8 Data 115

Investigations
Investigation 8.1 Undertake real-life research.

1 Form a team and brainstorm an appropriate problem or issue.
2 Plan the research
Decide how to obtain data to answer the research questions.

Consider ways of ensuring that the data collection is unbiased.
Consider the equipment needed for the research.
3 Conduct the research If it's zero degrees outside

Rehearse the data collection method. today and it will be twice as cold
Collect the data. tomorrow, how cold will it be?
4 Analyse the data

Look for errors/outliers and decide what to do with the errors/outliers.
Calculate the appropriate descriptive statistics.
Choose an appropriate method of presentation (Histograms etc).
5 Report the conclusions

Match the analysis with the research questions.
Do the answers to the research questions indicate further research questions?
Investigation 8.2
Collect the heights of a Year 12 or Year 10 form class or maths class and the heights
of your own form class or maths class. Construct frequency column graphs.
a) While it is expected that Year 12s are taller than Year 8s, does the Year 8
frequency column graph have a similar shape to the Year 12 frequency
column graph?
b) Is the data symmetrical?
Does the mean of your class have a value close to the mean of
the Year 12 class?
Does the median of your class have a value close to the median of
the Year 12 class?
Investigation 8.3 Online statistical activities

There are a large number of national and international online statistical activities for
Year 8 students. These activities generally involve the collection of data from your
class to form a large national data set or international data set. This then forms the
basis of infomed research on many relevant topics.
Become involved in one of these activities.
Statisticians design, collect, and analyse data using a variety of statistical
techniques to provide information for a large range of clients.
Relevant school subjects are Mathematics.
Courses range from Bachelor degrees to Master degrees.
116
Technology
Technology 8.1 The Calculator
1 Change the calculator mode to Stat or SD

2 Clear the calculator. Check your calculator's
manual for Statistical
2 Enter a number then press M+
calculations
3 Repeat entering a number and then pressing M+
4 Find the x button, this is the mean.
5 Find the button, this is the sum of the numbers.
Technology 8.2 The Spreadsheet

Most spreadsheets will calculate a massive number of descriptive statistics and draw
a frequency polygon:
1 Enter a set of data into the spreadsheet.
2 Enter formulas for the mean, median, and mode.
A B C
=mean(A1:A5)
1 2 mean = 2.6
2 2 median = 2 =median(A1:A5)
3 2 mode = 2
=mode(A1:A5)
4 3
5 4
Technology 8.3 The Graphics calculator

A graphics calculator will automatically calculate a large number of descriptive
statistics and draw a frequency column graph:
1 Select the STAT menu, EDIT, L1 L2 L3 1_Stats

and enter data into one of the lists. 2 x = 2.6
2 Return to the main screen. 2 median = 2
3 Select the STAT menu, 2 n =5
Calc, 1_Stats and enter L1. 3
4 + heaps more.
To draw a frequency column graph:

1 Enter the numbers in L1
and the frequency in L2. L1 L2 L3
2 Use STATPLOT to set up the graph 2 3
Xlist= L1 and Frequency = L2. 3 1
3 4 1
graph if necessary.
4 TRACE.
Chapter 8 Data 117

A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 8.14
1 Join these four triangles together
to make one large triangle.
2 How many integers between 1 and 100
have the sum of their digits equal to 10 (82 is one such integer)?
3 The numbers from 1 to 20 are put in a box. What is the probability of selecting
a prime number from the box?
4 What are the next three numbers in the sequence: 1, 3, 6, 10, …
5 Five positive integers have their mode,
median, and mean all exactly equal to 2.
6 By moving just three coins, turn

the triangle of coins upside down.
A Game
Can you do it in 7 moves?
Do you want to try 4 disks?
You will hear more about
this well-known puzzle.
The Tower of Hanoi is a game played by one person. The aim of the game is to
move the three disks from the left peg to the right peg. The game can be played with
different sized coins.
1 Only one disk can be moved at a time. There are many Tower
2 A larger disk must never be above a smaller disk of Hanoi Applets on the
Internet. Try one of them.
A Sweet Trick
Ask for a number
1 Double the number =3
2 Add 6 No matter what
3 Divide by 2 number you give me,
4 Subtract the original number the answer will be 3.
The answer is 3
What about this trick?

1 Double the number
2 Add 10
3 Divide by 2
4 Subtract the original number
118
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 8.15
1 What is wrong with each of the following:
a) 15 classmates were asked if they intended going to the social. 9 said yes.
The conclusion was that 60% of the school's population would go
to the social.
b) Survey forms, asking about what music should be played at the upcoming
school dance, were placed in the library along with the response box.
2 Find the range, mean, median, and mode of each of the following data sets:
a) 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4 b) 6.5, 6.5, 6.5, 6.6, 6.8, 6.7, 6.5
3 Which central measure, mean, mode, or median would be most useful in each of
the following cases?
a) The average height of Year 8 students
b) The average number of animals in each family
c) The average wage
4
a) A coin was thrown 38 times:
H H T T H T H T T T H
H T H T H T H H T T T
T H H T T H H T T H H
T T H T H
b) A survey on whether mobile phones are a classroom distraction:
Disagree Agree Agree Disagree Disagree
Disagree Agree Agree Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree
Agree Disagree Disagree Disagree Strongly disagree
5 Suspecting that there were different distributions of students in form groups,

year level data was taken from two form groups. Analyse the data and make a
comment.
Red form Blue form
7 8 8 12 9 9 8 7 10 8 10 10
10 12 11 7 8 10 9 11 10 10 12 11
11 8 12 11 12 7 11 9 7 7 8 7
7 7 8 7 12 8 11 12 10 12 11 12
9 8 10 11 7 10 10 12 8 10
Chapter 8 Data 119

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 8.15
1 What is wrong with each of the following:
a) 5 Year 7s, 5 Year 8s, 5 Year 9s, 5 Year 10s, were asked about their study
habits. The conclusion was that between 30% and 80% of students study
for less that 2 hours per night.
b) Survey forms, asking about what music should be played at the upcoming
a) 3, 4, 3, 2, 5, 2, 3, 5 b) 1.2, 1.4, 1.1, 1.3, 1.3, 1.2, 1.2
a) The average weight of Year 8 students.
b) The most popular shoe size.
c) The average house price.
4
a) A die was thrown 36 times:
5 2 1 5 6 5 1 3 4 1
6 2 6 6 5 3 2 6 5 4
4 1 6 1 3 3 3 1 6 3
2 4 3 2 1 4
b) A survey on whether rubbish in the schoolgrounds is a problem:
Strongly disagree Agree Disagree Disagree Disagree
Agree Disagree Disagree Agree Agree
Agree Disagree Strongly agree
5 Suspecting that drivers were more careless with their car speed on public
holidays, radar gun readings rounded to the nearest 5 km/h, were taken in a 50
km/h zone were taken on a normal workday and the public holiday the next day.
Analyse the data and make a comment.
Workday Public holiday
50 40 50 45 45 50 50 55 50 50 50 65
50 40 40 35 45 40 50 55 60 50 40 50
50 50 55 60 70 55 55 50 40 65 70 50
50 40 40 55 45 45 55 50 60 50 55 50
50 60 70 55 50 50 50 55 45 50 55 50
120
Investigate the relationship between features of circles such as
circumference, area, radius and diameter.
Use formulas to solve problems involving circumference and area.
Investigate the circumference and area of circles with materials or by
measuring, to establish an understanding of formulas.
Investigate the area of circles using a square grid or by rearranging a
circle divided into sectors.
Hi I'm Pi.
A TASK
is a very important mathematical and physical
My name rhymes
constant and is often used in engineering,
with hi and bye.
science and mathematics.

The Ahmes Papyrus is about 6 m long and 35 cm
wide. It was a copy, made around 1650 BC, of a
200 year old version.
The Papyrus contains 87 mathematical problems.
The Papyrus has a formula 64d 2

for the area of a circle: Area =
81
256r 2
This is the same as: Area =
81
121
The Circle
The radius is the distance
from the centre to any
point on the circle.
The diameter is equal to

The circumference is the two radii. The diameter
perimeter of the circle. passes through the centre.
Circumference
What is the relationship between the circumference and the diameter?
Exercise 9.1
1 Get some circles
(e.g., drink cans, coins, toilet rolls, pipe).
2 Measure the diameter.
3 Measure the circumference.
Can you think of a

better way to measure
the circumference?
4 Calculate the ratio
Object Diameter (d) Circumference (C) C÷d
Jar of curry paste 6.5 cm 21.2 cm 21.2 ÷ 6.5 = 3.26
Drink can
122
It has been known for is always between
hundreds of years
That C÷d 3.14 and 3.15
Will using larger circles give a better result?
Exercise 9.2
1 Use a piece of chalk and a measuring tape to draw a circle with a radius of 2 m.
2 Carefully use the tape measure to measure the circumference.
3 Draw larger and larger circles.
4 Calculate the ratio of the circumference to the diameter for each circle:
Circle Diameter (d) Circumference (C) C÷d
Radius = 2 m 4m
Radius = 3 m 6m
Q. Divide the Sun's

circumference by its
le
Whi tant, diameter and what do
cons you get?
I'm called an't
also ey c
I'm al - Th of
ion tio A. Pi in the sky.
irrat me a ra .
ma k e ers
w o integ
t
3.14159265....

Circumference
Thus, for a circle: Circumference ÷ diameter=

or Circumference = ×diameter {multiply both sides by diameter}
or Circumference = 2 radius {because diameter = 2 × radius}
C= d or C=2 r
Exercise 9.3
Calculate the circumference of each of the following circles
(Answer correct to 2 decimal places):
5.4 cm 1.5 m
= 16.96 cm = 9.42 m
Rounding to two decimal places:

56.231694 27.01769 1.07276 4.79634216
less than 5 thus 56.23 5 or more thus 27.02 less than 5 thus 1.07 5 or more thus 4.80
1 2 3 4
8.3
cm 9 cm mm
17 m
7
5 6 7 8
2 cm 3.2
5 mm m
cm
1
6.
9 10 11 12
6.7
8c
94 cm
m
mm
15
m
13 14 15 16
cm
m
2.3 m 55 cm
6.5
1m
124
Perimeter The perimeter is the
distance around the
Exercise 9.4 outside of the shape.
Find the perimeter of each of the following shapes:
= 18.85 cm
12 cm
Perimeter = 12 + 18.85
= 30.85 cm
1 15 cm 2 3
1.2 m
2.2 mm
4 7m 5 6
7m 7.6 cm
91 mm
7.6 cm
34 cm
= 53.41 cm 20 cm
Perimeter = 53.41+ 20 + 20+ 34

= 127.41 cm
7 46 cm 8 8 cm
30 cm
20 cm
9
the bed?
10 If the moon is assumed to be spherical with a radius of 1720 km, what is the
circumference of the moon?
11 To make a trundle wheel with a circumference of 1 m, what would be the radius
of the wheel?

Area of a Circle
What is the relationship between the area and the square of the radius?
Exercise 9.5
1 Get some circles
(e.g., drink cans, coins, toilet rolls, pipe).
2 Outline the circle on paper with 1 cm grid.
3 Measure the radius (halve the diameter?).
4 Estimate the area by counting the squares
5 Calculate the ratio of the area and the square of the radius. Is this about 12
squares?
Object Radius (r) Area (A) A ÷ r2

Perfume bottle 4 ÷ 2 = 2 cm 12 cm2 12 ÷ 22 = 3.0
Drink can
It has been known for is always between

hundreds of years
That A ÷ r2 3.14 and 3.15
Thus A ÷ r2= or A = r2
Exercise 9.6
1 Draw a circle with a radius of 10 cm.
2 Divide the circle into 12 sectors.
3 Cut out seach sector.
4 Arrange the sectors into a rectangle.
5 What is the area of the rectangle (length × breadth)?
r
2
126
Exercise 9.7
Calculate the area of each of the following circles (Correct to 2 decimal places):
2 2
2 2
5.4 cm 1.5 m
= 22.90 cm 2
= 7.07 m 2
× ( 5.4 ÷ 2 ) x2 =
1 2 3 4
8.3
cm 9 cm mm
17 m
7
5 6 7 8
2 cm 3.2
5 mm m
cm
1
6.
9 10 11 12
6.7
8c
94 cm
m
mm
15
m
13 14 15 16
cm
m
2.3 m 55 cm
6.5
1m
Broadcasting Technicians install, start up, maintain and repair equipment

used for the transmission and reception of television and radio broadcast signals.
They may specialise as a wireless communications technician.
Relevant school subjects are Mathematics, Science.

Exercise 9.8
Find the area of each of the following shapes:
÷2
2
2
÷2 12 cm
= 56.55 cm2
1 15 cm 2 3
1.2 m 2.2 mm
4 7m 5 6
7.6 cm
7m
91 mm
7.6 cm
34 cm
Area = Area halfcircle + Area rectangle
20 cm
2
÷2 + lxb
2
÷2 + 34 × 20
= 453.96 + 680
= 1133.96 cm2
7 46 cm 8 5.2 mm
30 cm 3.7 mm
9 8 cm 10
20 cm 20 mm
128
Mental Computation
Exercise 9.9
1 Spell perimeter.
2 What is the formula for the perimeter of a circle?
3 What is the formula for the area of a circle?
4 What is the symbol for pi?
5 Why is pi irrational?
Given the data set: 2,2,3,4,5 problems are solved mentally.
7 What is the mean?
1
3
Exercise 9.10
1 Spell circumference.
2 What is the formula for the circumference of a circle?
3 What is the formula for the area of a circle? ....56295141.3

The blast radius of a grenade is
Given the data set: 1,2,3,3,6 always greater than the distance you
6 What is the median? can jump - Murphy's laws of combat.
7 What is the mean?
8 Translate P(5,2) 3 units to the left and 3 units down.
1
2
Exercise 9.11
1 Spell diameter.
2 What is the formula for the circumference of a circle?
Given the data set: 1,1,2,3,3 The real secret of success is enthusiasm
6 What is the median? - Walter Chrysler, entrepreneur.
7 What is the mean?
2
3

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 9.12
1 The diameter of a circular table top is 1.7 metres. What is the circumference to
the nearest metre?
2 The circumference of a wheel is 2.3 metres. What is the radius of the wheel to
the nearest centimetre?
3 2
, where r is the radius.
When r = 4.6 cm, what is the area of the circle?
4 2
, where r is the radius.
When A = 90 cm , what is the radius to the nearest centimetre?
2
5 2
h, where r is
the radius of the base of the cone and h is the height of the cone. What is the
volume of a cylinder with base radius of 5 cm and height of 7 cm?
The quarter circle shown has a radius of 40 cm.

a) What is the curved distance?
b) What is the perimeter?
40cm
= 62.83 cm
Perimeter = 40 + 40 + 62.83
= 142.83 cm
6 The quarter circle shown has a radius of 60 cm.

60cm
a) What is the curved distance?
b) What is the perimeter?
7 The tape was placed around the horse, exactly behind the front legs as required.
What is the weight of the horse?
8 The diameter of Jupiter is approximately 3 times the diameter of Neptune and

12 times the diameter of Venus. How many times larger is the diameter of
Neptune than the diameter of Venus?
9 The diameter of Jupiter is approximately 12 times the diameter of Venus and 21
times the diameter of Mars. How many times larger is the diameter of Venus
than the diameter of Mars?
130
3.14159265....

Make sure the units
are the same.
Exercise 9.13
1 How many times will a 700 mm diameter bicycle wheel turn in covering 5 km?
2 The radius of a circle has been doubled. What has happened to the
circumference of the circle?
3 The radius of a circle has been tripled. What has happened to the circumference
of the circle?
The radius of a circle has been doubled. What has happened to the area of the
circle?
Circle of radius r: Circle of radius 2r:
2 2
The area is 4 times the size
4 The radius of a circle has been tripled. What has happened to the area of the
circle?
5 The radius of a circle has quadrupled. What has happened to the area of the
circle?
6 A rectangle is drawn around two circles.
Each circle has a radius of 3 cm.
What is the area of the rectangle?
7 Assuming that the Earth's radius is 6400 km, at what average speed would you
have to travel to get around the world in 80 days.
8 A belt is placed around the Earth's equator.
a) What would be the length of the belt assuming a diameter of 12800 km?
b) If 10 m was added to the length of the belt, what would be the distance
between the belt and the Earth's surface?
9 Find the shaded area of each of the following shapes:
a) b) 30 m
20 m
20 m
30 m
This is an annulus - the area

between two circles

Investigations
Investigation 9.1 Flags and circles
1
a)
b) What do the circles and colours mean?
2
a)
b) What do the circles mean?
3
a)
b) What is the meaning?
Investigation 9.2 Calculating Pi
to get the accuracy that you want:
There is probably an easier series for many of their

way - Can you think of one? functions - they are much
faster than we are.
Investigation 9.3 Pi in Pizza

1 Calculate the area of each of the following Pizzas and use your answer
to decide which pizza offers the best value:
Q What did the farmer use
Size Diameter Price to make crop circles?
Small 18 cm $12 A A protractor.
Medium 25 cm $15
Large 30 cm $18
Monster 45 cm $40
2 Investigate the pricing at your local Pizza.

Are there large differences in value
for various sizes?
132
Technology
Technology 9.1 Circumference of planets

Use a spreadsheet to calculate the circumference of the planets:
Enter the formula: Enter the formula:

=pi()*B1 =Round(C1,0)
Planet Diameter Circumference Rounded 0 places

Mercury 4842 km 15211.59163 15212
Venus 12232 km
Earth 13462 km
Mars 6754 km
Jupiter 137614 km
Saturn 114678 km
Uranus 52242 km
Neptune 49056 km
Technology 9.2 Calculating Area

the variable button to
enter x.
Press Y= 2
Press Calc and enter the radius. The area will then be given.
Technology 9.3 Circle Applets

There are many Internet applets showing all kinds of activities involving circles.
Use a search phrase such as "circle applet" and investigate the many applets.
Technology 9.4 Calculating Pi
Enter the formula

Term
=(-1)^(A2-1)*4/(2*A2-1)
1 4
2 -1.333333333 Do you know how this works?
3 0.8
Sum =

A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 9.14
1 This a well known puzzle.
Move just 2 matches so that
the coin is no longer inside
the wine glass.
2 Fred is 30 years older than Ted.

Their total age is 31 years.
How old is Ted? (The answer is not 1).
3 The chance of tossing a coin and getting a tail is 0.5.

What is the chance of two people tossing a coin and both getting a tail?
A Game
Bingo.
1 25 problems are made so that each answer is equal to each of the numbers from
1 to 25. Eg. 3x4+1=13, 26-12=14, half of 30 = 15, etc.
2 Each member of the class makes a 3x3 square and writes a number from 1 to 25
in each of the nine squares
3 Each of the 25 problems are randomly called out and each time the answer
occurs on a class member’s 3x3 square, the square is marked.
4 The winner calls BINGO when any three in a row, column, diagonal is marked
on their square.
5 Many extensions to this game are possible.
A Sweet Trick
1 Ask your audience to write down any set of
ascending numbers without showing you 14689
2 Ask them to multiply by 10 14689x10 = 146890
3
from the second number
4 Add 9 132201+9 = 132210
5 Ask them to cross out any number
except 0, and ask them to tell you remaining are 1,3,2,1,0
the remaining numbers.
6 You tell them they crossed out a 2.
1+3+2+1=7
Subtract 7 from 9 to give
the crossed out number.
134
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 9.15
1 Calculate the circumference of each of the following circles (2 decimal places):
a) b) c) d)
cm
m
6.9 m 43 cm
4.5
2m
2 Find the perimeter of each of the following shapes (2 decimal places):

a) b) c)
18 cm 4m
4m
71 mm
d) 47 cm e) 10 cm
32 cm
22 cm
3 Calculate the area of each of the following circles (2 decimal places):

a) b) c) d)
6.3
7c
84 cm
m
mm
17
m
4 Find the area of each of the following shapes (2 decimal places):

a) b) c)
7.6 cm
2.6 m 5.5 mm
7.6 cm
d) e)
56 cm
40 cm 50 mm

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 9.16
1 Calculate the circumference of each of the following circles (2 decimal places):
a) b) c) d)
cm
m
3.9 m 57 cm
6.3
3m
2 Find the perimeter of each of the following shapes (2 decimal places):

a) b) c)
29 cm 2m
2m
12 mm
d) 28 cm e) 12 cm
18 cm
20 cm
3 Calculate the area of each of the following circles (2 decimal places):

a) b) c) d)
1.1
8c
90 cm
m
mm
10
m
4 Find the area of each of the following shapes (2 decimal places):

a) b) c)
7.2 cm
1.5 m 6.7 mm
7.2 cm
d) e)
48 cm
34 cm
60 mm
136
Chapter 6 Real Numbers Integers.
Decimals.
Can be expressed as (Either terminate
Rational
a ratio a/b where a Fractions. or recurr.)
Numbers and b are integers. 1/2, 3/4, 5/3, 6/7
Cannot be expressed Surds. Special numbers.

Irrational
as a ratio a/b where
Numbers a and b are integers. e = 2.7182818...
Chapter 7 Congruence
Congruent shapes have the same shape and size.
Tests of congruent triangles: A translation slides a shape across a page.
SSS (side, side, side). A is a mirror image.
SAS (side, angle, side). A rotation turns a shape about a point.
ASA (angle, side, angle).
RHS (right-angle, hypotenuse, side).
Chapter 8 Data Investigation

Census Sample
A collection of data from A collection of data from
the whole population. part of the population.
The range is the difference between the smallest and largest value.
The mode is the score that occurs most often.
The median is the middle of a set of scores (Not affected by extreme values).
The mean is the sum divided by the number of values (affected by extreme values.
Chapter 9 Circles
Circumference of a circle The perimeter is the
distance around the
C= d outside of the shape.
Area of a circle
is irrational because it cannot
A = r2 be expressed as a ratio
137
Review 1
1 Spell circumference.
7 What is the mean?
1
2
10 Round 6.7284 to two decimal places.
Exercise 10.2
a) 5 b) c) 13
a) b) c)
a) 0.1 b) 0.15 c) 2.25 d) 0.05
a) 10% b) 70% c) 25% d) 2.25%
1 2 7 3
a) b) c) d)
10 5 10 4
a)
b) Water makes up approximately 75% of a person’s body.
1 3 3 1
a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) 5
4 5 4 3
5 10 11 17
a) b) c) d)
3 3 4 5
7
9 Is 0.63636363636363636363636363636363636363636 (= 11 )
10
138
11
a) b) c)
a) C T 5 cm S
b) I K
C
5m
5 cm 5 cm
7 cm 5 cm 5m
B A A
7 cm R B
J
N
c) d) 5m T
B 21 m B U
P
21 m 21 m 9m 9m
21 m
A C
A C V
L 5m
13 What are the new coordinates of P(3,2) after P is translated 4 units right
and 6 units down?
14 What is wrong with the following:

3 Year 7s, 3 Year 8s, 3 Year 9s, 3 Year 10s, were asked about their study
habits. The conclusion was that between 50% and 80% of students study
for less that 2 hours per night.
a) 3, 4, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 5 b) 2.2, 2.4, 2.1, 2.3, 2.3, 2.2, 2.2
b) The most popular dress size.
c) The average house price.

17 Draw a frequency column graph for the survey on the appropriateness of the
Agree Strongly agree Agree Disagree Disagree

Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree Disagree Agree Agree
Agree Strongly agree Agree Disagree Disagree
Agree Disagree Strongly agree
18 Surveys of the playground rubbish were conducted both before and after a
campaign raising awareness of littering (4-excellent, 3-good, 2-fair, 1-poor).
Before After
3 2 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 4
3 2 2 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 3
3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 4 4 3
3 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 4 3 4 3
3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 3 4 3
19
on the sixth test so that the average of the six tests is 50?
20 Calculate the circumference and the area of each of the following circles
(2 decimal places):
a) b) c) d)
cm
m
2.7 m 37 cm
4.3
2m
21 Find the perimeter and the area of each of the following shapes
(2 decimal places):
a) b) c)
22 cm 3m
3m
15 mm
d) e)
18 cm 15 cm
8 cm
35 cm
140
Review 2
1 Spell congruence.
7 What is the mean?
2
9 Change 2 3 to a vulgar fraction.
10 Round 43.918362 to two decimal places.
Exercise 10.4
a) 2 b) c)
a) b) c)
a) 0.2 b) 0.25 c) 3.5 d) 0.05
a) 10% b) 40% c) 25% d) 275%
1 1 3 1
a) b) c) d)
10 5 10 4
a) About 30% of the World's surface is land..
b) The dodgy loan rate was set at 18%.
3 1 2 3
a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 5
4 5 3 5
5 8 15 23
a) b) c) d)
2 3 4 6
53
9 Is 3.1176470588235294 1176470588235294 1176470588 (= 17 )
10

11
a) b) c)
a) C R 4 cm S
b) N M
C
9m
4 cm 3 cm
7 cm 3 cm 9m
B A A
7 cm V B
O
W
c) d) 6m H
B 54 m B F
Y
54 m 54 m 8m 8m
54 m
A C
A C G
X 6m
13 What are the new coordinates of P(5,7) after P is translated 4 units right
and 9 units down?
14 What is wrong with the following:

Survey forms, asking about what music should be played at the upcoming
a) 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 5 b) 6.2, 6.4, 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.2, 6.4
b) The most popular shoe size.
c) The average wage.
142
15
1 2 1 5 6 5 6 3 4 1
6 2 6 6 5 3 2 6 5 4
5 1 6 1 3 3 3 2 6 3
2 4 3 2 6 4 1 6 4 4
16 Curious about the reaction times of younger students, the following samples
of reaction 'distance' were obtained (The distance a ruler falls between fingers
before it is caught: 5-very quick, 4-quick, 3-average, 2-slow, 1-very slow).
Year 6 Year 8
3 1 3 4 3 5 4 3 4 5 3 3
3 5 4 3 4 1 2 5 3 5 3 5
3 4 1 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 3
3 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 5 2 3
18 Calculate the circumference and the area of each of the following circles
(2 decimal places):
a) b) c) d)
2.1
7c
80 cm
m
mm
20
m
19 Find the perimeter and the area of each of the shaded shapes (2 decimal places):
a) b) c)
4.2 cm
1.2 m 9.7 mm
4.2 cm
d) e)
36 cm
14 cm
80 mm

Isometric Drawing
Isometric grids can be
Example: found on the Internet.
Make an isometric drawing of the following:
Top
Side
Front
Make an isometric drawing of each of the following:
Top Side Front
a)
b)
c)
d)
144
Use percentages to solve problems, including those involving mark-ups,
discounts, profit and loss and GST.
Express profit and loss as a percentage of cost or selling price, compare
the difference.
Investigate the methods used in retail stores to express discounts.
Solve a range of problems involving rates and ratios, with and without
digital technologies
Understand that rate and ratio problems can be solved using fractions or
percentages and choosing the most efficient form to solve a particular
problem.
Calculate population rates in Australia and Asia and explain their
difference.
A TASK
“A dripping tap can waste 5000 litres of water a year”.
How big a Is this possible?
drip am I? Estimate the litres of water lost by a dripping tap in
a year.
Estimate the number of dripping taps in the local
council area.
How much water is wasted each year by dripping
taps in the local council area?
Write a report about dripping taps.

Can you get it published in the local paper?

Our number system is based on a very old number
system known as the Hindu-Arabic system
(around 500 AD).
While our numbers and the Arabic numbers have

evolved to now look quite different, base 10 was very
important in developing our mathematical knowledge.
* #
145
Ratio Warm Up
A Ratio is a comparison of
two quantities of the same 3
type in the same units. A ratio can be written as 3: 10, a fraction ,
10
a decimal 0.3, a percentage 30%
Exercise 11.1
Write the following comparisons as ratios: The mathematical
symbol for ratio is
18 people passed the test and 5 failed.
a) What is the ratio of pass to fail? 18 : 5
b) What is the ratio of fail to pass? 5 : 18
c) What is the ratio of pass to the total? 18 : 23
d) What is the ratio of fail to the total 5 : 23
1 The Maths class has 9 girls and 14 boys.

a) What is the ratio of girls to boys?
b) What is the ratio of boys to girls?
c) What is the ratio of girls to the total number in the class?
d) What is the ratio of boys to the total number in the class?
2 Last month there were 24 sunny days and 7 cloudy days.

a) What is the ratio of sunny to cloudy days?
b) What is the ratio of cloudy to sunny days?
c) What is the ratio of sunny to the total number of days in the month?
d) What is the ratio of cloudy to the total number of days in the month?
3 Write each of the following ratios as a fraction, a decimal and a percentage:

fraction decimal percentage Make a percentage by
1 multiplying by 100.
1:4 4 0.25 25%
5
5:2 2 2.5 250%
a) 1:2 b) 1 : 10 c) 1:4 d) 3 : 4
e) 1:5 f) 2:5 g) 2 : 10 h) 4 : 5
i) 3 : 10 j) 4 : 10 k) 6 : 10 l) 7 : 10
m) 8 : 10 n) 3:5 o) 9 : 10
4 Write each of the following fractions as a ratio, a decimal and a percentage:

1 3 4 1
a) 2
b) 10 c) 5
d) 4
3
e) 4
f) 2 12 g) 3 101 h) 6 53
146
Ratio When ratios are large or
awkward it sometimes helps
to simplify them.
3.6:1.8 42:21
2a:a
8:4
1h:30min
2:1
Exercise 11.2
Simplify the following ratios:
15 : 9 4.5 : 5.5 8b : 4b
15 4.5 x 10 8b
= 9 = 5.5 x 10 = 4b
3x 5 45 8
= 3x 3 = 55 = 4
5x 9
5 = 5 x 11 2
= 3 =5:3 = =2:1
1
9
= = 9 : 11
11 A calculator is good at
simplifying ratios (see
1 8:4 2 3 : 12 3 12 : 16 Technology 11.1).
4 3:9 5 6:9 6 15 : 5
7 2.5 : 1.5 8 2.4 : 1.8 9 5 : 1.5
10 2.8 : 2.1 11 4.0 : 1.2 12 8a : 12a
13 2c : 8c 14 9x : 15x 15 1.44y : 7.2y
Exercise 11.3
The rose food is mixed with water in the ratio Rose food is 1/5 of the mixture
of 1 : 4. How much rose food is needed to = 1/5×4 L
make a total mixture of 4 L? = 0.8 L or 800 mL
1 The rose food is mixed with water in the ratio of 1 : 4. How much rose food is
needed to make a mixture of 2 L?
2 The fruit juice is made by mixing juice concentrate and water in the ratio of
1 : 3. How much juice concentrate is needed to make 2 L of fruit juice?
3 The lunch bill for the 7 guests came to $154. If Amelia paid for 3 of the guests
and Jack paid for the other 4 guests, how much did each pay?
4 Sophie paid $7 towards the Lottery ticket and Noah paid $3. If the Lottery
ticket returned $30, how much should each receive?
5 The concrete is to be made of cement, sand, and gravel in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3.
If the mixer takes 30 shovelfulls, how many shovelfulls of cement is needed?
6 A line 20 cm long is to be divided in the ratio of 1.2 : 1.8, where should the line
be divided?
7 The chainsaw petrol is made by mixing two-stroke oil and unleaded petrol in
the ratio of 1 : 25. How much two-stroke oil is needed to make 2 L of chainsaw
petrol?

Percentages
Percentages are used hundreds of

thousands of times every day for
comparison and analysis.
a percentage of an amount.
Exercise 11.4
1 Write each of the following percentages as a fraction and as a decimal:
30 3 112 4.25
30% = 100 = 10 112% =
100
4.25% =
100
= 0.3 = 1.12 = 0.0425
a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40%

e) 50% f) 60% g) 70% h) 80%
i) 90% j) 100% k) 3% l) 5%
m) 8% n) 1% o) 110% p) 150%
q) 200% r) 500% s) 143% t) 417%
u) 6.2% v) 8.7% w) 12.25% x) 5.75%

Find 20% of 80 Find 37% of 176 Find 13 51 % of 65
= 0.2 x 80 = 0.37 x 176
= 16 = 65.12 = 0.132 x 65
= 8.58
a) 25% of 60 b) 10% of 65 c) 75% of 24 d) 30% of 70

e) 50% of 80 f) 40% of 30 g) 60% of 250 h) 80% of 25
1
i) 12 12 % of 80 j) 37 12 % of 80 k) 62 % of 80 l) 21 53 % of 80
2
m) About 70% of a 60 kg person’s weight is water. How much of the 60 kg is
water ?
n) 40% of a $560 wage is spent on rent. How much is the rent?
o)
p) Lenny pays 37% tax on an income of $68 500 pa. How much tax does
Lenny pay?
q) The management fund returned 11.5% on an investment of $74 500.
How much was returned?
r) Approximately 3.5% of the World’s population of 7 billion people are
Indonesians. Roughly how many people are Indonesian?
s) How many people in Oceania/Australia
given that they make up I was given a 70% rise.
approximately 0.5% of the 5% pay rise and 65%
work increase.
World’s population?
148
Percentages
Exercise 11.5
Add GST (10%) to an item priced at $37 A discount of 15% is offered on a sub-woofer
priced at $230. What is the new price?
= 37 + 10% of 37
= 37 + 0.1 × 37
= $40.70 = $195.50
1 Add GST (10%) to the price of each of the following items:

a) A sandwich @ $2.40 b) Cable subscription @ $55
c) A watch @ $48.50 d)
e) A hotel room @ $145 f) Haircut @ $33
g) A telephone bill @ $125.60 h) Electricity account @ $171.60
The GST is a tax of 10%

on most supplies of goods
and services in Australia 25%
from 1 July 2000.
off
2 Discount each of the following prices by 25%

a) A DVD player @ $224 b) A coffee table @ $119
c) A running shoe @ $105 d) An MP3 player @ $275
e) A bedside clock @ $23.50 f) A ball gown @ $859
g) A calculator @ $18.50 h) A DVD @ $27.99
3 An insurance premium of $455.50 is given a 10% discount. What is then the
new cost of the premium?
4 A health insurance fee of $164.10 per month is supported by a Federal
Government rebate of 30%. What is the fee after the 30% rebate?
5 A car insurance discount of 7.5% is given to drivers 55 and over. What would a
56 year-old actually pay for a car insurance premium of $368.50?
6 A wage increase of 3.5% has just been granted. Adjust the following wages:
a) $975 b) $534.50 c) $308.20 d) $2560.35
7 A fortnightly wage of $970 is increased by 3.8%. What is the new wage?
8
9 If Indonesia’s growth rate is 1.16% per year, and their population is 245 million,
what will be their population next year?
10 If Australia’s growth rate is 1.2% per year, and their population is 23 million,
what will be their population next year?
11 A house insurance premium of $340 attracts a stamp duty of 5.5%, and a GST
of 10% of the premium. What is the total insurance premium?

Percentages
Express
as a percentage of cost
price or selling price.
Exercise 11.6
the block of land for $100 000.

Find the loss Find the loss as a percent- Find the loss as a percentage
= 120 000 - 100 000 age of the buying price. of the selling price.
= $20 000 20000x 100 20000x 100
= 120000 = 100000
= 16.67% = 20%
1 Ethan bought a Year 7 maths textbook for $65 and a year later sold it on ebay
for $23 (after deducting ebay commission and postage costs).
a) Find the loss.
b) Find the loss as a percentage of the buying price.
c) Find the loss as a percentage of the selling price.
d) Which percentage loss sounds better as far as Ethan is concerned?
2 Ella bought a 2 bedroom unit 12 years ago for $95 000 and recently sold it for
$280 000 (after deducting selling costs).
a)
b)
c)
d)
3 A cattle buyer bought a pen of steers from a farmer for $12 500 and sold them
to a feedlot for $15 000.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
4 A phone has a retail price of $85 and a recommended retail price of $105.
a) What is the new price after a discount of 20% off $85?
b) What is the new price after a discount of 30% off $105?
c) Which sounds more impressive? Which is the better deal?
5 Find the discounted price of a CD:
a) A discount of 20% on the marked price of $26.
b) A discount of 30% on the recommended retail price of $32.
6 Find the discounted price of a phone:
150
Rates
A rate is a comparison
of quantities of different Example: Rent of $380 per
kinds. week compares the quantity $
with the quantity week.
Exercise 11.7
A house is let for $245 per week. What is If the price of diesel is $1.65 per litre, what
the rent for 4 weeks? is the cost of 32.6 L of diesel?
245 x 4 1.65 x 32.6
= 1 = 1
= $980 = $53.79
1 A two bedroom unit is being let for $465 pw (per week). What is the rent for:
a) 4 weeks? b) 6 months (26 weeks)? c) 1 year (52 weeks)?
2 Aamina earns a salary of $2254.30 per fortnight, how much is earned in:
a) a month (4 weeks)?
b) 6 months (26 weeks)?
c) 1 year (52 weeks)? 1 2abc 3def
4ghi 5jkl 6mno
d) 1 decade (10 years)? 7pqrs 8tuv 9wxyz
“Merry Christmas” was
*+ 0---- # ^
sent from a computer to a
phone in 1992.
3 A prepaid mobile phone deal offers 28c per text message, what would be the
charge for 80 text messages?
4 The prepaid company offers one rate of 49 cents per 30 secs to any mobile or
landline within the country. What would it cost for a 8 min 30 sec call?
5 It has been reported that the average mobile phone subscriber in the Phillipines
sends 27 text messages per day. How many text messages would be sent in a 31
day month?
6 It was necessary to buy timber at $9.85 per metre. How much did it cost for:
a) 2 m? b) 4 m? c) 3.2 m?
d) 850 mm? e) 1 630 mm? f) 27 900 m?
7 The Internet connection costs $37.50 per month, how much for a year?
8 The price of the material is $17.40 per metre. What would be the cost of 7 m?
9 If the price of unleaded petrol is $1.86 per litre, what is the cost of 40 L of
petrol?
10 If I travel at an average speed of 90 km/h, how far will I travel in 5 hours?
11 If the plane is descending at a rate of 500 m per minute, how far will the plane
descend in 5 mins?
12 If I travel at an average speed of 80 km/h, how far will I travel in 2 hours?
13 If I ride my pushbike at an average speed of 25 km/h, how far will I travel in 12
mins?
14 The instructions on the lawn fertiliser bag suggests that a rate of 2.5 kg per
100 m2 be used for the couch lawn. How much fertiliser is needed for a 800 m2
lawn?

Unitary Method
The unitary method

is a useful method for
comparing one rate with for one quantity (usually 100 if the
another rate. second quantity is larger than 100).
Exercise 11.8
1 Find the rate per one or 100 in each of the following:
247 runs in 50 overs $4.15 for 220 g
247 50 4.15 220
= 50 runs in 50 overs =$ for g
2.2 2.2
= 4.94 runs in 1 over = $1.89 for 100 g
a) 220 runs in 50 overs b) 196 runs in 45 overs

c) Walk 5000 m in 40 mins d) Walk 15 km in 2 hours
e) $5 for 2 kg f) $3 for 1.5 kg
g) $3.99 for 220 g h) $4.25 for 250 g
i) 42 L used to go 600 km j) 54 L used to go 650 km
k) Walk 42 m in 60 secs l) Run 520 m in 80 secs
m) $8.16 for 850 g n) $6.90 for 750 g
2 Which is the best buy?

$4.15 for 750 mL of vegetable oil or $10.15 for 2 L?
4.15 750 10.15 2000
= 7.5 for 7.5 = for 20
20
= $0.55 for 100 mL = $0.50 for 100 mL
The 2 L is the best buy.
a) $3.49 for 750 mL of vegetable oil or $10.35 for 2 L?

b) $5.07 for 500 g of breakfast cereal or $4.05 for 420 g?
c) $3.27 for 200 g of white chocolate biscuits or $4.37 for 300 g?
d) $3.99 for 205 g macaroni cheese or $8.15 for 500 g?
e) $5.74 for 500 mL of body wash or $2.69 for 240 mL of body wash?
f) $8.33 for 90 mL of roll on deodorant or $4.99 for 70 mL?
Suppose you spend 10 Earth years on a
Albert Einstein proposed the theory of machine travelling at 270 000 km/s and
relativity in 1905. As your speed comes time slowed by 50%. You would be 18
close to 299 792 km/s, the speed of light, while your friends would be 23?
time slows down.
152
Mental Computation
Exercise 11.9 problems are solved mentally
1 Spell percentage.
2 Divide $50 in the ratio of 7 : 3
3 Rent is $350 per week. What is the rent for 4 weeks?
4 What is 10% of 23?
6 An $80 item has a discount of 10%. What is the new price?
7 Add GST (10%) to $60.
8 Simplify the ratio 12 : 8
9 Which is the best buy: 200 g for $5 or 500 g for $10?
10 If the price of unleaded petrol was $1.50 per litre, what would it cost to
Why is 0.4047 hectares

like a bad tooth?
Exercise 11.10
Because it is an acre.
1 Spell unitary.
7 Add GST (10%) to $50.
9 Which is the best buy: 100 g for $10 or 300 g for $25:
If you’re not lighting any

Exercise 11.11 candles, don’t complain
1 Spell discount. about being in the dark.
7 Add GST (10%) to $90.
9 Which is the best buy: 200 g for $3 or 50 g for $1?

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 11.12
1 William worked for 6 hours and was paid $22 per hour. How much did William
earn?
2 Isabella bought a box of 100 stamps for $65. What is the cost of 1 stamp?
3 The ratio of cattle to sheep is 1 : 4. If there are 20 sheep, how many cattle?
4 There is 45 kg of mortar. The ratio of cement to sand in the mortar mix is 1 to
4. How many kg of cement is in the mortar?
5 Cooper needs to travel by bus for 21 days in June. A daily ticket will cost him
$5.80 and a monthly ticket will cost him $109.20. What is his average daily
saving if Cooper buys a monthly ticket?
6 A bike priced at $220 was discounted by 20%.
What is the discounted price? Marbles Number
7 In 2010 there were 120 Year 12 Students. Red 4
48 of them were offered a place at a University. Orange 2
What percentage of students weren’t Green 3
offered a University place? Blue 8
8 What percentage of the marbles are white? White ?
TOTAL 20
Mixed fraction Vulgar fraction

9 Change 3 23 to a vulgar fraction. 2 23 8
3
111
10 Change 5 to a mixed fraction.
11 A cake has 3 blue candles and 9 white candles. What fraction of the candles are
blue?
12 A shortcut for adding GST (10%) is to multiply by 1.1. What would be the
shortcut for adding 20%? Use the shortcut to increase $4 by 20%
13 On Wednesday Chloe completed 70% of the project. On Thursday she
completed 50% of the remainder of the project. What percentage of the whole
project did she complete on Thursday (Assume 100 at the start of the project)?
14 The paddock grew 800 pumpkins. One-quarter of them were unsuitable for
market. 20% of the marketable pumpkins were exported. How many pumpkins
were exported?
15 If 1 Australian dollar buys 0.90 US dollars, how many US dollars could be
bought with 20 Australian dollars using this exchange rate?
16 The car uses 5 L of petrol per 100 km. How far would the car travel on $30 of
petrol at $1.50 per litre?
17 The distance from A to B is four times the distance from B to C. The distance
from A to C is 150 metres. What is the distance from A to B?
154
Build maths muscle and prepare

for mathematics competitions at
Exercise 11.13 the same time.
On a farm with 50 horses and 70 cattle, 30% of the horses are lame and 10% of the cattle
are lame. What percentage of the animals are lame?
Lame horses = 0.3 x 50 Lame cattle = 0.1 x 70
= 15 =7
( 15 + 7 )x 100
% lame =
( 50 + 70 )
% lame = 18.33
1 On a farm with 10 horses and 40 cattle, 10% of the horses are lame and 20% of
the cattle are lame. What percentage of the animals are lame?
2 The junior orchestra consists of 20 Year 9 students and 30 Year 8 students. If
15% of the Year 9s play the trumpet and 20% of the Year 8s play the trumpet,
what percentage of the orchestra play the trumpet?
price before GST was added:

divide by 1.1 Why?
When GST (10%) is added to an item, the When an item is discounted by 15%, the
price is $66. What was the price of the item price is $34. What was the price of the
before GST was added? Let p be initial price. item before it was discounted?
66 = p + 0.1p
66 = p(1 + 0.1)
66 = p × 1.1 34 = p × 0.85
66 ÷ 1.1 =p 34 ÷ 0.85 =p
$60 = Price before GST $40 = Price before discount
3 When GST (10%) is added to an item, the price is $88. What was the price of
the item before GST was added?
5 When an item is discounted by 15%, the price is $68. What was the price of the
item before it was discounted?
6 When an item is discounted by 25%, the price is $45. What was the price of the
item before it was discounted?
7 Simplify the ratio 24 : 36 : 15 : 27
8 A, B, C, D share $500 in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. How much does B get?
9 A, B, C, D share in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. If B gets $500, what was the original
total?
10 Neba bought some cushions. If GST (10%) hadn’t been added to the cost, Neba
would have been able to buy an extra cushion. How many cushions did Neba
buy?

Investigations
Investigation 11.1 Gear Ratios

Bring a bike into the classroom, and when in lowest gear, turn it upside down.
1 Turn the pedals through 10 revolutions.
2 Count the number of times
the rear wheel turns.
3 Determine the gear ratio
(the ratio of pedal turns to
rear wheel turns).
4 Repeat for the top gear.
Why use gears?

Why the difference in gear ratios between the lowest gear and the highest gear?
Can you name 10 other machines that use gears?
Investigation 11.2 Population Comparison

Use the Internet to investigate Australia’s population change:
current population.
current birth rate.
current death rate.
current immigration rate.
Can you predict Australia’s population in ten years time?
Compare this with an investigation of Indonesia’s population change.
Compare this with an investigation of other Asian countries.
Investigation 11.3 Real Life

Applications of percentages and rates are everywhere.
1 Can you make a list of 20 applications of percentages?
2 Can you make a list of 20 applications of rates?
Investigation 11.4 Triangular Numbers

The numbers 1, 3, 6, 10, …. are Triangular numbers because they form triangles.
1 What are the next four Triangular numbers?
2 What do you notice about the sum of any
two consecutive Triangular numbers?
1 3 6
Astronomers study the movement, origins, and properties of the
stars, planets, and galaxies.
Relevant school subjects are Mathematics and Physics.
Courses range from Universtity Bachelor degrees to Master degrees.
156
A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 11.14
1 The digits of 122 are 1, 2, and 2, and 1 + 2 + 2 = 5. Find
ten other numbers whose digits add to give 5.
2 Write 15 as the sum of three consecutive numbers.
Mum Dad
3
4 How many great-great-great-grandparents did you have? Me
5 How long would it take to count to one million
if you counted once every second?
6 Score a century. Use +, –, x, ÷, and brackets between the numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to make exactly100.
7
How many blocks will be needed to build 10 steps?
A Game
Elevens Make eleven marks on a piece of paper.
Each of two players take turns to mark off one or two of the marks.
The loser is the person who crosses off the last mark.
A Sweet Trick
1 Put 20 objects in a container (eg. centicubes, coins).
2 Turn your back and ask someone to take from
1 to 9 objects and put them in their pocket. They take 6
3 Ask them to count the number left. 14 are left
4 Ask them to total the digits of the number left. 1+4=5
5 Ask them to take that many from the container
and to add them to their pocket. They take 5
6 Ask them to take as many as they like from those
left in the container and to keep these in their hand. They take 3
7 You tell them how many they have in their hand.
Count the number left in the container, Practice the trick

ie 6, and subtract from 9. a couple of times
9 - 6 = 3. They have 3 in their hand. before you use it.

Technology
Technology 11.1 Simplifying ratios
15 3
1 Simplify 15 a bc 35 = 3r7 meaning
35 7
18 a bc
2 Simplify 18 4 = 4r1r2 meaning 4 12
4
9
To change to a vulgar fraction: 2ndF a bc to give 9r2 ie
2
3
a) 3 : 9 b) 9 : 12 c) 16 : 24
d) 2.1 : 3.5 e) 14.4 : 12.6 f) 256 : 1024
5 out of 4 people
can’t do fractions.
Technology 11.2 Paying off a loan
Jade has taken out a $5 500 loan to pay for a home entertainment system. Jade is
paying off the loan at $280 a month. Jade would really appreciate it if you could
produce a graph showing what is going on. The interest rate is 10.5% pa paid
monthly (ie. the interest rate is 10.5÷12= 0.875% per month).
1 Set up a spreadsheet similar to the one below.
a b c d Enter:
=0.00875*b2
Enter: 1 Month Balance Repayment Interest
=b2-c2+d2 2 0 5500 280 48
3 1 5268 280 46
4 2 5034 280 44
5 3 4798 280 42
6 4 4560 280 40
7 5 4320 280 38
2 Use Chart Wizard to produce the graph (Month and balance only).
3 If Jade were to increase repayments to $300 a month, what difference would it

make?
4 If the interest rate were to increase to 15.5%, what difference would it make?
158
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 11.15
a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 5 c) 3 : 4
d) 3 : 10 e) 2 : 3 f) 7 : 10
2 Simplify the following ratios:
a) 8 : 4 b) 9 : 12 c) 12 : 16
d) 2.5 : 1.5 e) 2.4 : 1.8 f) 3.5c : 2.1c
If the mixer takes 30 shovelfulls, how many shovelfulls of sand is needed?
a) 25% of 60 b) 30% of 70 c) 12 12 % of 80
d) About 70% of a 60 kg person’s weight is water. How much of the 60 kg is
water ?
7 Find the discounted price of a phone:?
8 A car insurance discount of 7.5% is given to drivers 55 and over. What would a
56 year-old actually pay for a car insurance premium of $475.50?
In what month do people eat the least? I tell jokes like

February – it’s the shortest month. this because 40% of
people will laugh at a
bad joke.
11 The instructions on the lawn fertiliser bag suggests that a rate of
3.5 kg per 100 m2 be used for the couch lawn.
How much fertiliser is needed for a 600 m2 lawn?
a) 210 runs in 50 overs. b) 48 L used to go 600 km .
a) $5.27 for 500 g of breakfast cereal or $4.95 for 450 g?
b) $8.53 for 90 mL of roll on deodorant or $6.99 for 70 mL?
c) $3.37 for 150 g of white chocolate biscuits or $4.05 for 200 g?

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 11.16
a) 1 : 2 b) 3 : 5 c) 1 : 4
d) 5 : 10 e) 1 : 3 f) 2 : 5
a) 5 : 10 b) 6 : 15 c) 15 : 25
d) 1.5 : 2.5 e) 1.8 : 2.4 f) 3.6a : 2.4a
If the mixer takes 30 shovelfulls, how many shovelfulls of gravel is needed?
a) 15% of 50 b) 30% of 80 c) 37 12 % of 40
d) About 70% of a person’s weight is water. How much of a 60 kg person
is water?
7 A monthly rent return of $1650 is reduced by a 7% management fee. How
much is paid to the landlord?
Why are birds poor?

Money doesn’t grow on trees.
a) 240 runs in 50 overs. b) 54 L used to go 600 km.
a) $6.36 for 500 g of chips or $5.85 for 440 g?
b) $1.49 for 750 mL of softdrink or $3.15 for 2 L?
c) $3.74 for 70 mL of insect spray or $4.19 for 105 mL of insect spray?
160
Solve linear equations using algebraic and graphical techniques.
Use variables to symbolise simple linear equations and use a variety of
strategies to solve them.
Solve equations using concrete materials, such as the balance model, and
explain the need to do the same thing to each side of the equation.
A lot of things have A TASK

been named after
Pascal's Triangle:
Blaise Pascal. Research Pascal's Triangle.
Find out about the Triangular Numbers and where
they may be found in Pascal's Triangle.
Find another famous number pattern in Pascal's
Triangle.
Describe another pattern that you have noticed.

1
Pascal's Triangle was named after the French 1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
Pascal's triangle contains many patterns. The 1 4 6 4 1
following is just one of thousands of patterns: 1 5 10 10 5 1
The sum of each row is a power of 2
1 =1 = 20 Can you work out the
1+1 =2 = 21 next couple of lines in
1+2+1 =4 = 22 Pascal's Triangle?
1+3+3+1 =8 = 23
1+4+6+4+1 = 16 = 24
161
Linear Patterns
Exercise 12.1
For each of the following patterns:
a) Count the number of matches needed for each step, extend the pattern and
summarise the pattern in a table.
b) Write a function for the pattern.
c) Check that the function is correct:
Extra 3 matches for each step

Step 1 2 3 4 5
Table 3×step
Matches 4 7 10 13 16
First step is 3+1 (= 4 matches).
Function = 3×step + 1
Function = 3×step+1
Check. When step = 5, Function = 3×5+1 = 16
162
Linear Patterns
Exercise 12.2
Write a function for the pattern in each of the following tables:
x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 A linear pattern
increases by the same
y 3 5 7 9 11 21 41
amount each step.
2x
Check your answer:
y = 2x + 1
y = 2x + 1 y = 2×5 +1 {Checking for x=5}
y = 11 {correct}
1 x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 4 6 8 10 12 22 42
2 x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 4 7 10 13 16 31 61
3 x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 1 3 5 7 9 19 39
4 x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 6 8 10 12 14 24 44
Exercise 12.3 This is a linear pattern

For each of the following: because ....
a) Use the function to complete the table.
b) Graph the function:
20
y = 2x–1
x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 15
1 3 5 7 9 19
10
y
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
x
1 x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y = 3x + 1 4 7
2
x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y = 2x + 2 4 6

Solving Linear Equations The formal way to solve an
equation is to choose to do
the same thing to each side
unknown number (the variable) in the equation. of the equation until only the
unknown number remains on
one side of the equation.
Exercise 12.4
Solve each of the following equations:
x+5 =9 5a =15
5a ÷ 5 =15 ÷ 5
x =4 a =3
The inverse of × is ÷
c–4 =7 d÷3 =5 The inverse of ÷ is ×
c–4+4 =7+4 d÷3×3=5×3
c = 11 d = 15
1 x+5=9 2 b – 7 = 11 3 5y = 25
4 t÷4=3 5 7x = 28 6 x + 7 = 16
7 x – 8 = 17 8 6x = 36 9 x÷5=7
10 j–8=3 11 a + 11 = 43 12 21m = 105
13 z ÷ 7 = 11 14 2w = 48 15 x – 29 = 41
4(d + 3) = 28
4d + 12 = 28 {Distributive law}
4d = 16
d = 16 ÷ 4 {inverse of × is ÷ }
d =4
16 3(x + 4) = 18 17 18 2(a + 3) = 14
19 20 5(b + 4) = 15 21
22 23 4(x + 2) = 16 24 2(f + 5) = 10
25 26 5(a + 6) = 25 27
5(2x + 3) = 25
10x + 15 = 25 {Distributive law}
10x = 10
x = 10 ÷ 10 {inverse of × is ÷ }
x =1
28 29 30 3(x + 5) = 18
31 32 5(2d + 7) = 65 33
34 35 7(3x + 2) = 35 36
164
Solving Linear Equations
Exercise 12.5
Solve each of the following equations:
If the unknown occurs
more than once, put
the unknowns together
2x =8
x =8÷2 {inverse of × is ÷ }
x =4
1 3a + 2a = 15 2 4x + 5 + 2x = 23
3 4
5 6
2x = 26
x = 26 ÷ 2 {inverse of × is ÷ }
x = 13
7 2(x – 3) + 3x = 9 8 5(x – 3) – 2x = 9
9 3(x + 2) + 2x = 11 10 3(2x – 2) + 4x = 14
11 3x + 2(x + 2) = 14 12 x + 3(x – 1) = 5
13 2x + 3(x – 1) + 3x = 13 14 5x +2(2x + 3) – x + 5 = 35
If the unknown is on
both sides of the =,
put the unknowns
together .
3x = 12
x = 12 ÷ 3 {inverse of × is ÷ }
x =4
15 16
17 6d + 3 = 2d + 27 18 5g + 15 = 3g + 19
19 20 5h + 4 = 4h + 7
21 5h + 15 = 3h + 19 22 3n + 22 = 2n + 34
23 24 6y + 3 = y +28
25 26
27 28
29 30

Linear Functions
Exercise 12.6 The function is linear because

it increases by the same
For each of the following functions:
amount of $1.20 each step.
a) Evaluate the function for values of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
b) Draw a graph of the function.
The taxi charge, in $, is given by the function
C = 1.2k + 2, where k is kilometres travelled.
7
When k=1, C = 1.2×1+2 = $3.20

k=2, C = 1.2×2+2 = $4.40 6
$
k=3, C = 1.2×3+2 = $5.60 5
k=4, C = 1.2×4+2 = $6.80

k=5, C = 1.2×5+2 = $8.00 4
k 1 2 3 4 5 3
1 2 3
Km 4 5
C = 1.2x + 2 3.20 4.40 5.60 6.80 8.00
1 The taxi charge, in $, is given by the function C = 1.3k + 2,

where k is the number of kilometres travelled.
2
charge function is C = 2.5k + 4.
3 The assistant real estate agent's weekly pay, in $, is calculated by the function
P = 50h + 200, where h is the number of houses sold.
4 The assistant real estate agent is paid $250 per week and then $100 for every
house sold. Thus the assistant real estate agent's weekly pay function is given
by: P = 100h + 250.
5 The plumber's charge, in $, is given by the function: C = 40h + 60,
where h is the number of hours of work.
6 The plumber charges $60 for the call-out fee and then $80 per hour. Thus the
plumber's charge function is: C = 80t + 60.
7 When travelling at an average speed of 80 km per hour, the distance travelled is
given by the function D = 80t, where t is the number of hours of travel.
9
the number of people attending.
10 People attending the social will pay $25 each and it will cost $250 to hire the
11 The weekly pay, in $, is given by W = 30n + 100, where n is the number of

wicker chairs made.
12 Jon is paid a retainer of $150 per week and also receives $2 for each bag he
makes. Thus the function for his weekly pay is given by: W = 2b + 150.
166
Solving Linear Functions
Exercise 12.7
The taxi charge, in $, is given by the function C = 1.3k + 2,
a) What is the charge to travel 4 km?
b) If the charge was $11.10, how far did the taxi travel?
a) k = 4, C = 1.3×4+2 = $7.20
b) 1.3k + 2 = 11.1
Solve equations means
1.3k = 9.1
changing things until the
k = 9.1÷1.3 {The inverse of × is ÷}
unknown is on its own.
k =7
The taxi travelled 7 km for a charge of $11.10
1 The taxi charge, in $, is given by the function C = 2.2k + 3,

a) What is the charge to travel 8 km?
b) Find the distance travelled if the taxi charge was $27.20.
2 The assistant real estate agent's weekly pay, in $, is calculated by the function
P = 50h + 200, where h is the number of houses sold.
a) What is the weekly pay if 15 houses were sold?
b) If the pay for the week was $1 100, how many houses were sold?
3 The plumber's charge, in $, is given by the function C = 70h + 80, where h is
the number of hours of work.
a) What is the charge for 5 hours work?
b) How many hours did the plumber work if the charge was $570?
a) What distance will be covered in 5 hours?
b) How many hours of travel did it take to cover a distance of 260 km?
5 The time, in seconds, for reheating donuts in a microwave is given by
T = 15n + 10, where n is the number of donuts.
a) How long will it take to reheat 6 donuts.
b) How many donuts will be reheated in a time of 145 seconds?
6 The total mass of a truck, in tonnes, is given by the function
M = 0.08c + 2, where c is the number of cartons.
a) What is the mass of the truck if there are 50 cartons on the truck?
b) If the total mass is 6.88 tonnes, how many cartons are on the truck?
7 The time, in minutes, for medium roasting of beef in a conventional oven at
in kilograms.
a) How long will it take to cook a 2.5 kg roast?
b) If the timer is set for 187.5 minutes, what is the mass of the roast?

Solving Word Problems
Exercise 12.8
a) What is the fare to travel 8 km?

b) If the fare was $19.25, how far did the taxi travel?
a) k = 8, C = 2.5×8+3 = $23.00 These equations can also be

solved with technology. See
b) 2.5k + 3 = 19.25 Technology 12.1 and 12.2.
2.5k = 16.25
k = 16.25÷2.5 {The inverse of × is ÷}
k = 6.5
The taxi travelled 6.5 km for a charge of $19.25
1
a) What is the fare to travel 12 km?
b) If the fare was $33.25, how far did the taxi travel?
2 The plumber charges $50 to be called out and then $75 per hour?
a) What will the plumber charge for a 3 hour job?
b) If the plumber charged $237.50, how long did the plumber work?
3 For the social it will cost $325 to hire the room and each ticket will cost $35.
a)
b)
4 The truck has a weight of 4.5 tonnes and each pallet weighs 0.75 tonnes.
a) What is the total weight if the truck carries 3 pallets?
b) If the total weight is 8.25 tonnes, how many pallets were put on the truck?
5
a)
b)
6 Ella has $135 in the bank and plans to add $25 every week.
a) How much will Ella have after 14 weeks?
b) How many weeks will Ella need to save to have $810 in the bank?
7
a) How much for an Internet call that lasts 4 minutes?
b) If an Internet call costs 33.43 cents, how long was the call?
8 Riley works in a design studio and is paid a weekly retainer of $350
together with a piece rate of $55 per completed image.
a) What is Riley's weekly pay in which he completes 11 images?
b) If Riley's weekly pay is $1615, how many images did he complete?
9 The cyclist travels at an average speed of 25 km/h.
a) How far will the cyclist travel in 5 hours?
b) How long will it take the cyclist to travel 300 km?
168
Mental Computation
Mental computation can make
Exercise 12.9 problems easier and quicker.
1 Spell linear.
2 Solve: 5x = 15
4 Solve: 3x + 2 = 11
5 Simplify: m2×m3
6 Add GST (10%) to $50.
7 Simplify: 50
8
1
2
10 Simplify: 28÷26 What are the warmest months
of the year?
Exercise 12.10
1 Spell equation. September, November, and
December, because they have
2 Solve: x÷4 = 3
embers in them
4
5 Simplify: b2×b4
6 Add GST (10%) to $60.
7 Simplify: 40
8
2
3
10 Simplify: 55÷53
Exercise 12.11
1 Spell function. The secret of getting
2 ahead is getting started.
4
5 Simplify: d2×d3
6 Add GST (10%) to $70.
7 Simplify: 70
8 The plumber charges $70 callout and $80 per hour. What is the function?
3
4
10 Simplify: 36÷33
help scientists by preparing samples, carrying
out experiments, measuring and recording and presenting results.

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 12.12
1
2 What is the function for each of the following?
a) b)
x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5
y 3 5 7 9 11 y 0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5 8.5
3
4 What is the next number in the following pattern?
2, 8, 14, ?
5 The time, in minutes, for medium roasting of beef in a conventional oven at
in kilograms. What is the mass of a roast that needs 187.5 minutes to cook?
Q If you were running a race, and you passed the person

in 2nd place, what place would you be in now?
A You would be in 2nd place.
6 What is the next number in each of the following patterns?

a) b)
x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 4 9 16 ? y 2 5 10 17 ?
7 Expand each of the following:
a) b) 3(2x + 1) c)
8 Solve each of the following:
a) When a number is doubled and then 13 is added the answer is 21.
b) When a number is tripled and 7 subtracted, the answer is 17.
a) b) 5n + 5 = 2n + 26
c) d)
10 Write a function for each of the following patterns:
a)
b)
170
Prepare fo
Competition Questions r mathem
competiti ati
ons and b cs
muscle at u ild maths
the same
Exercise 12.13 time.
What would be the third 1 2 3 4 5
number from the left of the 6 7 8 9 10
40th row of the pattern? 11 12 13 14 15
In the third column, the pattern is 3, 8, 13, …..

Each row increases by 5 thus: Row x 5
The first row is 3 = 5 – 2.
The function
= 198
1 a) What would be the second number from 1 2 3 4

the left of the 10th row of the pattern? 5 6 7 8
b) What would be the third number from the 9 10 11 12
left of the 20th row of the pattern?
2 a)
b) What would be the second number from 18 20 22 24
the left of the 30th row of the pattern?
3 For each of the following, write an equation and then solve the equation:
The perimeter of a triangle is 50 m. If each side
is 2x, 3x, and 5x, what is the value of x?
2x + 3x + 5x = 50
10x = 50
x = 50 ÷ 10
x =5m
a) b) c)
x 84º
48º x x
x
61º x
d) e) f)
58º
3x 2x x+20º
x x
4 The perimeter of a triangle is 30 m. If each side is 2x, 3x, and 5x,

what is the value of x?
5
What is the value of x and y
6

Technology
Technology 12.1 Linear equations and the spreadsheet
The mass of an envelope is 12 g and

the mass of a sheet of paper is 5 g. M = 5p + 12
Pages Mass
Enter the formula:
1 17 =5*a2+12
2 22
3 27 M=5p+12
4 52 70
5 57 60
50
6 42 40
7 47 30
20
8 52 10
9 57 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10 62
a) What is the mass of an envelope and 5 sheets of paper?

b) If the mass is 52 g, how many sheets of paper?
Technology 12.2 Linear equations and the Graphics Calculator
The mass of an envelope is 12 g and

the mass of a sheet of paper is 5 g. M = 5p + 12
Set the window to:

Press Y= and enter the function 5x + 12. Xmin = 0
Xmax = 10
Ymin = 0
Ymax = 100
Press GRAPH to see a plot of the function.
Press TABLE to see a table of the values.
Use CALC to answer the questions.
172
A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 12.14
1 This clown must be coloured:
with only three colours and,
no two adjacent areas can be coloured the same.
2 Who am I?
If you multiply me by 5 and then add 105,
the answer is 225.
3 What day of the week is 185 days after Friday?
4 What is the sum of the number of:

faces + edges + vertices of a cube?
5 x is the units digit in the number 573 79x.

If the number is divisible by 11, what is x?
A Game
Hex.
Two players take turns in
marking a hex cell.
The winner is the player with
a continuous line from one
side to the other.
Hex grids can be found
on the Internet. You
can also play the game
on the Internet.
A Sweet Trick
The answer is always 7.
1 Ask your audience to choose
any number (other than 0) 143
2 Double the number 143 × 2 = 286
3 Add 12 286 + 12 = 287
4 Multiply by 5 287 × 5 = 1435
5 Keep only the last digit 5
6 Square the number 5×5 = 25
7 Total the digits 2+5 =7

Investigations
1 Step with one foot onto a 40 cm chair,

bench, or box and then again step with
the other foot onto the chair, bench, or box.
2 Repeat this for 3 minutes

with about 25 steps every minute.
3 Wait for 20 seconds and then count

your pulse, p, for 15 seconds. Excellent >55
Good 50-55
4 For females: Fitness = 110 – 1.68p Average 45-50
Poor <45
For males: Fitness = 66 – 0.74p
p is the number of
heartbeats in 15s.
Use either Technology 12.1 or Technology 12.2
a) Are the formulas linear?

b)
c) How would you improve the formulas?
You will need your weight, w, in kilograms and

your age, a, in years.
1 Walk, without running, as fast as you can

for 1600 m. Measure the time, t, in
decimal minutes (eg 13 mins 42 s = 13 mins 42/60 s = 13.7).
3 For males: Fitness = 140 - 0.2w - 0.4a -3.3t - 0.6p

For females: Fitness = 130 - 0.2w - 0.4a - 3.3t - 0.6p
'It does not matter how slowly you go so

long as you do not stop.' Confucius
174
Chapter Review 1
"Who laughs last, thinks slowest."
Exercise 12.15 - a sort of Murphy's law.
1 For each of the following tables,
write a function for the pattern in the table.
a) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 4 7 10 13 16 31 61
b) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 2 7 15 20 25 47 97
2 For each of the following, use the function to complete the table and,
graph the function.
a) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y = 2x + 1 3 5
b)
x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
1 3

a) x + 4 = 9 b) a – 7 = 12 c) 6y = 24
d) e) 2(h + 3) = 12 f) 2(a + 3) = 14
g) 3a + 4a = 35 h) 6x + 5 + 2x = 29 i) 2(x – 2) + 3x = 6
j) 5(x – 2) – 2x = 2 k) l)
4
a) Write a function for the taxi charge.
b) What is the fare to travel 10 km?
c) If the fare was $57.25, how far did the taxi travel?
a)
b)
c)
6 a) What would be the second number from 1 3 6 9

b) What would be the third number from 24 27 30 33
Every day, innumeracy affects 8 out of 5 people.

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 12.16
1 For each of the following tables,
write a function for the pattern in the table:
a) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 3 5 7 9 11 21 41
b) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 5 7 9 11 13 23 43
2 For each of the following The latest survey shows

use the function to complete the table and, that 3 out of 4 people
graph the function: make up 75% of the
world's population.
a) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y = 3x + 1 4 7
b)
x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
2 5

a) b + 7 = 8 b) d – 7 = 8 c) 4x = 24
d) e) 3(h + 5) = 27 f) 2(n + 1) = 16
g) 2g + 6g = 32 h) 2x + 1 + 3x = 31 i) 2(x – 4) + 3x = 7
j) 5(c – 3) – 2c = 6 k) l)
a) Write a function for the total weight of the truck.
b) What is the total weight if the truck carries 7 pallets?
c) If the total weight is 12.45 tonnes, how many pallets were put on the truck?
5 Ella has $165 in the bank and plans to add $35 every week.
a) Write a function for Ella's total savings.
b) How much will Ella have after 15 weeks?
c) How many weeks will Ella need to save to have $970 in the bank?
6 a) What would be the third number from 1 5 9 13

b) What would be the fourth number from 33 37 41 45
Why are waiters good at sums?
Because they know their tables.
176
Explore the practicalities and implications of obtaining
representative data.
Understand that making decisions and drawing conclusions based
on data may differ from those based on preferences and beliefs.
Explore the variation of means and proportions in representative
data.
Investigate an international issue where media reporting and the use
Use sample properties to predict characteristics of the population.
A TASK
Brainstorm an opinion poll question (canteen
food, induction day, suggestion box, global
warming, etc).
Design your sample (size?, how to avoid bias).
Collect data. Wow.
Plot data. How expensive
is a census.
Estimate the population opinion.
Present your opinion poll .

500 BC First recorded census in Rome.
Penalty for not participating was the people, and their age, gender,
loss of property and enslavement. health, income, etc.
1086 AD William the Conquerer took a
census of anything that could be Population data, such as a census,
taxed: families, servants, land, and is expensive. The 2006 Australian
livestock.
1790 US began a census every 10 years. US census in 1790 cost
$44 000. The 2010 US census cost
1881 $15 billion.
years from 1961.
177
Sample Data Collecting data is the foundation
of an intelligent world. The better
the data the better our decisions.
Sample Bias:
The sample doesn't represent
Sample the population.
A collection of data from
part of the population.
Sample Size:
Must be small enough to be
economical but large enough
Data may be collected from existing
to represent the population.
records, surveys, observations, and
interviews. The objective is to collect
quality data with a minimum of effort.
Exercise 13.1
Comment on each of the following sampling techniques?
The school canteen asked 50 Year 10 students if they
The Internet has sample
would buy soup during winter. 20 said yes. The
size calculators.
20
conclusion was that 40% ( ×100 )of the school's
50 The smaller the sample,
population would buy soup in winter.
the larger the error.
The size seems large enough.
There appears to be bias because the other Year
levels weren't sampled, and it doesn't appear that the
students were randomly sampled.
Because of the bias there is likely to be a large error.
1 10 friends were asked if they had a part time job. 6 said yes. The conclusion
was that 60% of the school's population had a part time job.
2 150 randomly selected Year 12 students were asked about their exercise habits.
The conclusion was that 87% of the school's population exercised less than 30
minutes per day.
3 20 randomly selected students were asked about their TV viewing. 13 indicated
that they watched more than 2 hours of TV each night. The conclusion was that
13
65% ( ×100 )of the school's population watches more than 2 hours of TV each
20
night.
4 Survey forms, asking about what music should be played at the upcoming
school dance, were placed in the Administration block along with the response
box.
5 A count of cars passing the school during lunch hour showed that one-half of
the cars were white. The conclusion was that 50% of the cars in the town are
white.
6 5 Year 7s, 5 Year 8s, 5 Year 9s, 5 Year 10s, 5 Year 11s and 5 Year 12s were
asked about their opinion of school bus travel. Only 15% of respondents were
unhappy with travelling on the school bus.
178
Describing Sample Data
Mean, median and spread are
usually used to summarise the
sample data.
Exercise 13.2
The Mean is the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The mean is
also called the average. The mean is heavily affected by extreme scores
1 Find the mean of each of the following set of scores:

1, 2, 3, 4, 4
Sum of scores
mean = 1 2 3 4
No of scores
1+2 +3 +4 +4 Range = 3
mean =
5
mean = 2.8
a) 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 b) 35, 32, 31, 36, 36, 39

c) 21, 76, 63, 73, 88 d) 3.1, 7.6, 9.6, 5.2, 4.2, 7.3, 5.8
The Median is the middle of a set of scores. The median is a central measure that
ignores extreme high scores and extreme low scores.
2 Find the median of each of the following set of scores:
5, 7, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3 2, 5, 7, 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
Put the scores in ascending order Put the scores in ascending order
3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7
Median = 4 {4 is in the middle } Median = 3.5 {Average of 3 & 4}
a) 4, 7, 8, 3, 1, 3, 5 b) 42, 77, 35, 31, 55

c) 31, 34, 33, 33, 34, 36 d) 2.2, 5.1, 5.7, 4.2, 6.6
The Range is the simplest description of the spread of the data. The range is the dif-
ference between the smallest and the largest data values.
3 Find the range of each of the following set of scores:
1, 2, 3, 4, 4
Range = largest – smallest

=4–1
=3
a) 2, 5, 13, 27, 42, 45 b) 46, 54, 61, 69, 73, 85

c) 620, 638, 659, 683, 712, 737 c) 3.2, 4.1, 4.8, 5.2, 5.6
Chapter 13 Data 179

Sample Size
The larger the sample size The larger the sample size
the better the population the more resources used
estimation. (in time, money etc).
1 100 random numbers from 1 to 10 are written on pieces of paper and put in a
bucket.
2 5 numbers are randomly selected and their mean, median, and range found.
3 The numbers are put back in the bucket and then 10 numbers are randomly
selected and their mean, median, and range found.
4 The following table was completed:
Sample Size Mean Median Range
5 4.6 4 7
10 5.7 6 8
15 5.5 6 9
20 4.9 4.5 9
25 4.92 5 9
The population
100 5.04 5 9
A sample size of 20 has mean, median,

range close to the population.
Is a sample size of 20 from 100 a

good balance of error and resources?
Exercise 13.3
1 Write 100 random numbers from 1 to 10 on pieces of paper and put them in a
bucket.
2
3
4
5 Complete the following table:
Sample Size Mean Median Range
From a
5
population of 100 what
10 is the best sample size?
15
20
25
100
6 Which sample size gives the best balance between population estimation and
least effort?
180
Sample Bias
A sample with bias

is a waste of time.
Exercise 13.4
1
Research and make a list of 20 biases.
Ethnic Bias in the form of racism or regionalism.
Gender Bias, either for or against, a gender.
Media Bias of journalists in covering and reporting events.
Personal Bias for personal gain.
Political Bias, either for or against, a political party or philosophy.
Religious Bias, either for or against, religion, faith or beliefs.
2 A random sample helps avoids bias because each member of the population
has an equal chance of being selected in the sample.
Select a random sample of 5 students from your class
a) Number each member of your class from 1 to 25 (or 28 if there
are 28 people in your class).
b) Generate 5 random numbers (See Technology 13.1).
1 Oliver 5 Random numbers:

2 Amelia
3 Charlotte 6 Thus Jack
4 Noah 21
5 Chloe 13
6 Jack 3 Thus Charlotte
7 Isabella 17
8 Ethan
9 .........
10 .........
3
population has an equal chance of being selected in the sample.
How many students from each Year level of the following school should be
randomly selected in a sample size of 60 students?
Total = 600
Year Number
7 200 Year 8 fraction = 200/600=0.33
8 200
Number to select = 0.33 × 60 = 20
9 150
10 50
Chapter 13 Data 181

Population Estimation
Exercise 13.5
35 students in a random sample of 50 students have brown eyes. Estimate the
number of students in a school of 400 with brown eyes.
35 A really rough error?
% brown eyes = × 100
50 p( 1 − p )
= 70% =
n
No students = 70% of 400 70( 1 − 70 )
= 50
= 70 × 400
100 = 7% error
= 280
= 7% of 280
Conclusion: 280 students have brown eyes.
No students = 280 ± 20
Number of brown eyed students
between 300 and 240.
1 30 students in a random sample of 50 students have brown eyes. Estimate the

number of students in the school of 600 with brown eyes.
2 15 students in a random sample of 25 students work part time. Estimate the

number of students in the school of 700 students who work part time.
3 12 students in a random sample of 60 students indicated that they would buy

soup from the canteen in Winter. Estimate the number of students in the school
of 240 students who would buy soup from the canteen in Winter.
4 A randomly selected sample of 500 households suggests that 150 of the

households regularly watch a TV news segment. Estimate the number of
households, from the population of 12 million households, that regularly watch
a TV news segment.
5 34 rose cuttings were treated with root hormone and planted in early March.
18 of the rose cuttings were successful.. Estimate the number of successful rose
plants that would take from 4000 rose cuttings.
6 A randomly selected sample of 80 respondents suggests that 22 of the

respondents favour the policies of the Prime Minister. Estimate the number of
people, from a population of 23 million people, who favour the policies of the
Prime Minister.
7 75% of the people who had answered the online question "Do you favour an
increase in the GST rate?" had responded with a no.
a) Estimate the number of people from a population of 245 million people that
do not favour an increase in the GST rate.
b) Indicate two possible sources of bias in the online survey.
182
Mental Computation
Exercise 13.6 Mental computation helps
1 Spell random. you learn how to think.
2 Give an example of sampling bias.
4 Solve: 2x + 5 = 11
5 Simplify: n2×n3
6 What is the mean of: 1,3,3,3?
7 Add GST (10%) to $40.
8
2
3
10 Simplify: 35÷32
Statisticians put their head in the oven
and their feet in the refrigerator:
Exercise 13.7
1 Spell bias.
4 Solve: 5x + 2 = 17
5 Simplify: a2×a5
6 What is the median of: 1,2,4,5,6?
7 Add GST (10%) to $90.
8 A plumber charges $60 callout and $50 per hour. What is the function?
1
2
10 Simplify: 64÷62
"Fall seven times, stand up eight."

- Japanese proverb
Exercise 13.8
1 Spell population.
4 Solve: 3x + 7 = 13
5 Simplify: b2×b4
7 Add GST (10%) to $30.
8
3
4
10 Simplify: 63÷62
Chapter 13 Data 183

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 13.9
1 Find the mean (average) travelling time:
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
20 mins 25 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 1 hour
10 minutes
2 Given the scores: 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 50

a) What is the mean, median, and mode?
b) What is the mean, median, and mode after 50 is removed?
c) Which is affected the most by removing 50, the mean, median, or mode?
3 a) Find the mean, median, and mode of the following: 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4
b) Is Mean > Median = Mode true?
4
saving if she uses a weekly ticket instead of a daily return ticket?
Return 1Week
$7.20 $22.00
5
then scored 12 points in the sixth game. After including the sixth game, what
has happened to the:
a) mean? b) median? c) range?
Attack the question:
Skim the question to get an overview.
Reread carefully, underline key words and numbers.
6
a) mean b) mode c) median d) range
7
a) mean b) mode c) median d) range
3
2
1
$500k $600k $700k $800k
8 The graph shows a real estate agent's home sales for April.
a) Find the mean and the median.
b) The $800 000 sale fell through. Find the new mean and median.
184
Prepare for Mathematics
Competition Questions Competitions and build maths
Exercise 13.10
1 What is the average of the numbers: 0.2, 0.22, 0.222?
2 What is the average of the numbers: 2.0, 2.2, 2.22?
3 What is the average of the numbers: 20, 22, 22.2?
The average of four numbers is 10. If 2 is subtracted from each number, what is then the
average of the four numbers?
If 2 is subtracted from each number, then 2 is subtracted from the average.

The new average = 10 - 2 = 8
4 The average of four numbers is 20. If 5 is subtracted from each number, what is
then the average of the four numbers?
5 The average of four numbers is 36. If 6 is subtracted from each number, what is
then the average of the four numbers?
6 The average of eight numbers is 48. If 4 is added to each number, what is then
the average of the eight numbers?
7 If 5 million people have total savings of $4 billion, what is the average savings
per person?
8 If 50 million people have total savings of $10 billion, what is the average
savings per person?
9 If 45 million people inhabit 45 000 km2, what is the average number of people
per km2?
total
8=
2
34
mean =
5
total
6=
3 average = 6.8
Total of last two numbers = 18
10
11
average of the last three numbers is 9. What is the average of the ten numbers?
"A journey of a thousand miles begins

with a single step." - Confucius
Chapter 13 Data 185

Investigations
Investigation 13.1 How many centicubes in the bag?

1 Have someone put a large number of centicubes in a bucket and ask them to
cover the bucket with a cloth so that you can’t see into the bucket and you
don’t know how many centicubes are in the bucket.
2 Reach into the covered bucket and get 30 centicubes from the bucket.
Put a small mark on the centicubes and put them back into the bucket.
Shake the bucket.
3 Remove a sample of 40 centicubes from the bucket and count

the number of marked centicubes.
40
4 The number of centicubes in the bucket = No of marked centicubes ×30
5 Repeat the sampling with what you think may be a better number
of marked centicubes and a better sample size.
How can tagging a few fish How would I use this method
in a dam help work out how to estimate how many people
many fish are in the dam? live in a town?
Investigation 13.2 TV Ratings

How are TV ratings made?
Comment on the sample size.
How is sampling bias avoided?
Conduct your own TV Rating.
Investigation 13.3 Opinion Polls

How are Opinion polls made?
Comment on the sample size.
How is sampling bias avoided?
Find examples of Opinion polls that have been very wrong.
Conduct your own Opinion poll.
Investigation 13.4 Media Bias

If you want three opinions,
Internet search "media bias examples". just ask two statisticians.
Find media articles that involve sampling.
Is the sample biased?
186
Technology
Technology 13.1 Methods of randomly selecting 5 class members
Assuming 26 people in the class.

a) Pen and Paper Method:
Give each member of your class a number from 1 to 26.
Write each number from 1 to 26 on a piece of paper (same sized pieces?).
Put the numbers in a container and randomly select 5 pieces of paper.
b) Calculator Method:
Give each member of your class a number from 1 to 26).
Find the random (Rand) button.
Repeat 5 times:
Rand × 26 + 1 =
c) Spreadsheet Method:
Use the RandBetween to give random numbers from 1 to 26.
17 2 24 5 13
Enter the formula:

=RandBetween(1,26)
d) Graphics Calculator Method

Enter: randInt(1,26,5)
This will give 5 random numbers from 1 to 26.
d) Internet Method
Find a "random number generator" on the Internet.
Follow the instructions.
Biostatisticians work in hospitals and with health authorities

to study the link between diseases and their causes.
Courses usually involve a university degree.
Chapter 13 Data 187

A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 13.11
1 Which is the missing square?
a) b)
c) d)
A Game Technology 13.1 shows how to use

the calculator random button.
Calculator Cricket
1 Repeat
Use the tenths digit?

Until the number is zero.
If the random number is
0.2834 then the score is 2
2 Repeat
If the random number is
0.0218 then the player is out.
Until the number is zero.
3 The winner is the player with the highest score.
A Sweet Trick
Make sure that the pieces of paper with
2 torn edges go to the even people.
Make sure that the pieces of paper with

3 torn edges go to the odd people.
1 Tear a sheet of paper into eight roughly equal sized pieces of paper.
2 Give each piece to a person and ask four people to write any even number on
their piece and ask the other four people to write any odd number on their piece
of paper.
3 Ask them to put the eight pieces face down on a table and to mix them up.
4 You, with appropriate theatre, indicate which pieces have an odd number and
which have an even number (jewelry on a string swinging in a circle over odd
and in a straight line over even?).
188
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 13.12
1 Comment on the following sampling technique:
10 friends were asked if they had a school locker. 7 said yes. The conclusion
was that 70% of the school's population had a school locker.
2 An opinion poll concludes that: "48% favour the Government and 52% favour
the opposition." Why should the opinion poll also report the sample size and
the method of sampling?
3 Find the mean, median, and range of each of the following sets of data:
a) 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 7, 9 b) 22, 23, 25, 25, 25, 27, 29
c) 540, 542, 553, 568 d) 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 2.8, 2.9
35 students in a random sample of 50 students have brown eyes. Estimate the number of
students in a school of 400 with brown eyes.
A really rough error?
% brown eyes = 35 × 100
50 p( 1 − p )
=
= 70% n
No students = 70% of 400 70( 1 − 70 )
= 50
= 70
× 400
100 = 7% error
= 280
= 7% of 280
4 22 students in a random sample of 50 students have blue eyes. Estimate the

number of students in the school of 450 with blue eyes.

households regularly watch a TV local news segment. Estimate the number of
a TV local news segment.
6
Year Number
Did you know that the great majority
7 100 of people have more than the average
8 100 number of toes?
9 100
10 50
Chapter 13 Data 189

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 13.13
15 friends were asked if there were enough rubbish bins in the school grounds.
12 said yes. The conclusion was that 80% of the school's population were
2 An opinion poll concludes that: "74% favour an increase in taxes to pay for
better educational facilities and 26% oppose the increase in taxes." Why should
the opinion poll also report the sample size and the method of sampling?
a) 1, 4, 4, 4, 6, 7, 8 b) 51, 54, 54, 54, 56, 57, 58
c) 1540, 1542, 1553, 1568 d) 6.4, 6.5, 6.8, 6.8, 6.9
35 students in a random sample of 50 students have brown eyes. Estimate the number of
students in a school of 400 with brown eyes.
A really rough error?
% brown eyes = 35 × 100
50 p( 1 − p )
=
= 70% n
No students = 70% of 400 70( 1 − 70 )
= 50
= 70 × 400
100 = 7% error
= 280
= 7% of 280
4 35 students in a random sample of 50 students have dark hair. Estimate the

number of students in the school of 1450 with dark hair.

households regularly watch a TV sports segment. Estimate the number of
households, from the population of 8 million households, that regularly watch a
TV sports segment.
6
Year Number
7 250 Q: How many statisticians does it take
8 250 to change a light bulb?
A: One - plus or minus three.
9 300
10 250
190
Solve problems involving duration, including using 12-hour and 24-hour
time within a single time zone.
Calculate travel times given the start and finish time in 12-hour and 24-
hour time including where the start and end time are in different time zones.
Identify regions in Australia and countries in Asia that are in the same time
zone.
A TASK
Calculate the circumference of the
Earth by using Eratosthenes' method.
Research Eratosthenes' method.
Conduct your experiment.
Calculate Earth's circumference.
newspaper.
The sun circles the Earth

in 24 hours. The Sun thus
moves 360° in 24 hours or A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY
15° in one hour.
Eratosthenes taught at the University of
Alexandria around 240 BC.
Eratosthenes estimated the circumference of

the Earth to be about 38 500 km.
His estimation was made by noting that

when a vertical stick had no shadow at
Cyrene, now Libya, at the same time a
vertical stick at Alexandria 770 km away
casts a shadow of 1/50 th of a circle.
191
12-hour time
24 hours in a day and
all I got is 12 hours.
1 day = 24 hours
1 hour = 60 mins
am = morning
pm = afternoon
Exercise 14.1
What is the time 3 hours after 6:15 am? What is the time 45 mins before 9:20 pm?
= 6 hours 15 mins + 3 hours

= 9 hours 15 mins
= 9:15 am = 8 hours + 35 mins
= 8:35 pm Change 1 hour
to 60 mins.
1 What is the time:

a) 4 hours after 7:30 am?
b) 5 hours before 10:20 am
c) 2 hours 15 minutes after 9:15 am?
d) 7 hours 20 minutes before 3:10 pm?
e) 6 hours 33 minutes after 3:37 pm?
How much time between 9:15 pm and 3:20 am?

Use a calculator?
From 9:15 pm to 10 pm = 0 hours 45 mins
See Technology 14.1
From 10 pm to midnight = 2 hours
From midnight to 3:20 am = 3 hours 20 mins
Total = 5 hours + 65 mins 65 mins = 1 hr 5 mins.
= 6 hours 5 mins
2 How much time between:

a) 3:10 pm and 8:30 pm b) 6:45 am and 8:30 am
c) 1:53 am and 10:19 am d) 11:51 pm and 4:37 am
e) 11:15 am and 2:20 pm f) 8:55 am and 3:10 pm
3 John leaves home at 7:15 am and takes 10 mins to walk to the bus station.
He waits 5 mins for the bus and the bus takes 25 mins to travel to his
workplace. At what time does John get to work?
4 The plane leaves Sydney at 8:45 am and arrives in Melbourne at 11:10 am.
5 The train leaves Brisbane at 10:25 pm on Tuesday and arrives in Melbourne

at 8:15 am Wednesday. How long is the train trip?
192
24-hour time I've got the full 24 hours.
I go from 0000 to 2400.
0200 = 2 am
1120 = 11:20 am
1350 = 1:50 pm
1801 = 6:01 pm
Exercise 14.2
1 Convert the following 12-hour times to 24-hour time:
6:20 am = 0620
a) 10:15 am b) 7:12 am c) 9:05 am
d) 3:10 pm e) 6:30 pm f) 11:45 pm 5:20 pm = 1200 + 0520
g) 1:20 am h) 8:42 pm i) 10:00 am = 1720

a) 0230 b) 0645 c) 0817 0715 = 7:15 am
d) 1156 e) 1320 f) 1515 1630 = 1200 + 0430
g) 1810 h) 2040 i) 2325 = 4:30 pm
How much time between 0530 and 1240? How much time between 1350 and 1810?
12 40 18 10 = 17 70
07 10 = 7 hours 10 minutes 04 20
= 4 hours 20 minutes
3 How much time between (24-hour times):

a) 1115 and 1420 b) 0805 and 1510
c) 1010 and 1540 d) 0645 and 0830
e) 0153 and 1019 f) 0437 and 2351
4 The plane leaves Hobart at 0640 and arrives in Sydney at 0950
5 The plane leaves Hobart at 0905 and arrives in Canberra at 1235
6 The ferry leaves Melbourne at 0625 and arrives in Hobart at 1315

How long is the trip?
7 The train leaves Melbourne at 0725 pm on Saturday and arrives in Brisbane
at 0910 am Sunday. How long is the train trip?
Time n. 1. a method
of measuring the
passage of time.
Chapter 14 Time 193

Time Zones Australia has 3 time zones.
Darwin
Western Central Eastern
EST
Perth Darwin Brisbane
Adelaide Sydney
Western
Central
Standard
Camberra
Standard
Time
Time
Brisbane
Melbourne
Eastern Hobart
Standard
Perth
Time 7:00 am 8:30 am 9:00 am
Adelaide
Sydney
Canberra
Melbourne
Hobart
What is always behind the times?
The back of the clock.
Exercise 14.3
Use the above information to answer the following questions:
If the time in Sydney is 10 am, what is If the time in Darwin is 4 pm, what is
the time in Perth? the time in Hobart.
8 am {Perth is 2 hours earlier} 4:30 pm {Hobart is 30 mins later}
1 If the time in Adelaide is 8:30 pm, what is the time in

a) Brisbane b) Canberra c) Darwin d) Hobart
e) Melbourne f) Perth g) Sydney?
2 If the time in Brisbane is 10 am, what is the time in

a) Adelaide b) Canberra c) Darwin d) Hobart
3 If the time in Canberra is 3 pm, what is the time in

a) Adelaide b) Brisbane c) Darwin d) Hobart
4 If the time in Darwin is 11 pm, what is the time in

a) Adelaide b) Brisbane c) Canberra d) Hobart
5 If the time in Hobart is 6 am, what is the time in

a) Adelaide b) Brisbane c) Canberra d) Darwin
6 A person in Perth wishes to phone a business in Sydney before the business in

Sydney closes at 5pm. Before what time in Perth should the person phone?
194
Time Zones
Exercise 14.4
The plane leaves Brisbane at 7:55 pm and arrives in Adelaide at 9:50 pm.
Brisbane time 7:55 pm = Adelaide time 7:25 pm {30 min difference}
9 hours 50 mins We are not considering daylight

saving times at this stage.
Trip time 2 hours 25 mins
1 The plane leaves Brisbane at 8:25 pm and arrives in Adelaide at 11:35 pm.
2
a)
DEPARTING ARRIVING FLIGHT BAGGAGE
Brisbane Adelaide KP 416 20 kg
3:55 PM 7:05 PM Economy
b)
Sydney Adelaide RT 551 23 kg
1920 2140 Economy
c)
Melbourne Darwin DM 105 20 kg
1405 1650 Economy
d)
Perth Hobart DM 675 20 kg
10:40 PM 5:10 am Economy
3
Connections Day Depart Time Depart Day Arrive Time Arrive
a) Sydney-Perth Saturday 2:55 pm Tuesday 9:10 am
b) Melbourne-Perth Saturday 7:35 am Tuesday 9:10 am
c) Adelaide-Perth Sunday 6:40 pm Tuesday 9:10 am
d) Perth-Adelaide Sunday 11:55 am Tuesday 7:20 am
e) Perth-Melbourne Sunday 11:55 am Wednesday 6:40 pm
f) Perth-Sydney Sunday 11:55 am Wednesday 10:15 am
Chapter 14 Time 195

International Time Zones
Beijing
The sun circles the Earth
Seoul
in 24 hours. The Sun thus
Tokyo
moves 360° in 24 hours or
International Date Line

Shanghai
15° in one hour.

Hong Kong
Bangkok The Earth is divided into 24 time

zones (lines of meridian).
Singapore
Each zone is 1 hour apart (15°).
Jakarta
Darwin
Brisbane
We are not considering daylight
Perth
Adelaide
Sydney
Canberra Auckland saving times at this stage.
Melbourne
Hobart
Christchurch
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Sydney is in 22 hr time zone.

Bangkok is in 19 hr time zone.
Sydney is 3 hrs ahead of Bangkok.
Exercise 14.5
The plane leaves Sydney at 1805 and arrives in Bangkok at 2310.
Sydney time 1805 pm = Bangkok time 1505 {3 hrs difference}
23hours 10 mins
Trip time 8 hours 5 mins
1
a)
Sydney Hong Kong ST 46 18 kg
1155 1750 Economy
b)
Melbourne Auckland BZ 1 20 kg
1805 2340 Economy
c)
Christchurch Tokyo BZ 51 20 kg
5:40 am 4:25 pm Economy
196
Mental Computation
Employees are expected to be
competent at mental computation.
Exercise 14.6
1 Spell time zone.
2 How many hours in 2 days?
4
5 Convert 24-hour time 1935 to 12-hour time.
7 Add GST (10%) to $80.
8
9 If the Sun covers 360° in 24 hours, how many degrees in 1 hour?
10 Simplify: 45÷43
Stretch your arm out and

spread your hand. Your
spread hand covers about 1
Exercise 14.7
hour of the sky. ie., 15°.
1 Spell twenty-four.
4 Solve: 2x + 9 = 3
5 Convert 12-hour time 3:20pm to 24-hour time.
7 Add GST (10%) to $23.
8 A plumber charges $50 callout and $70 per hour. What is the function?
9 If the Sun covers 360° in 24 hours, how many degrees in 2 hours?
10 Simplify: 25×23
It is not enough to stare up

the steps, we must step up
Exercise 14.8 the stairs - Vaclav Havel.
1 Spell International.
3 Write in index form: a×a×a×a×a×a
4 Solve: 4x + 15 = 7
7 Add GST (10%) to $34.
8 The wage involves a retainer of $450 and $50 per sale. What is the function?
10 Simplify: x5÷x2
Chapter 14 Time 197

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 14.9
Data Recording
1 Eun walked at a speed of 8 km per hour
for 30 minutes. How far did she walk? Monday 4 hours
Tuesday 2 hours
Wednesday 5 hours
2 The table shows the time that Cooper spent
Thursday 2 hours
on data recording last week. Friday 6 hours
What is the average of these times?

a) 6:25am and 9:40 am?
b) 9:05am and 3:15 pm?
c) 4:52am and 6:15pm?
d) 1410 and 1855 (24-hour time)?
e) 0850 and 1510 (24-hour time)?
4 John leaves Sydney at 1320 and arrives in

Singapore at 1840 (Singapore time).
If Sydney time is 2 hours ahead of Singapore
time, how long did the journey take?
5 The distance on the map from Kuala Lumpur

to Singapore is 1.6 cm. How long will it take
to travel from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore
at a speed of 100 km per hour?
Scale: 1cm = 200km
6 Jack worked for 6 hours at $25 per hour. How much did Jack earn?
7 Riley drove for 6 hours at 80 km per hour. What distance did Riley travel?
8 Li drove 450 km in 6 hours. What was Li's average speed?
9
was 90 km per hour, how long did it take to travel the last 200 km?
10
was 60 km per hour, how long did it take to travel the rest of the journey?
11 Sophie is 5 years older than her brother Liam and one-quarter her mother's age.
If Sophie's mother is 52 years old, how old is Liam?
198
Exercise 14.10
If a 1¾ hour training session starts at 11:20 am, when should it finish?
11 hrs 20 mins
1 hr 45 mins +
12 hrs 65 mins
13 hrs 5 mins = 1:05pm
1
2 A movie lasts 1 hour 35minutes. If the movie starts at 8:45 pm,
3 Jay catches the train at 6:10 am and knows that the train will take
1 hour 20 minutes minutes to get to Dutton Park.
When will Jay arrive at Dutton Park?
A train left Alpha at 11:43 am and arrived in Emerald at 3:30 pm on the same day.
How long did the journey take?
3:30 pm = 15 hours 30 minutes = 14 hours 90 minutes

11:43 am = 11 hours 43 minutes = 11 hours 43 minutes –
3 hours 47 minutes
4 A train left Ingham at 10:51 am and arrived in Innisfail at 1:59 pm.

5 A train left Benalla at 9:25 am and arrived in Wagga Wagga at 2:03 pm.
6 A train left Port Agusta at 10:25 am and arrived in Ceduna at 2:10 pm.
7 How many hours from 8 am Monday until 5 pm Friday
of the same week?
8
and a lunch break of 50 minutes. How much time is spent in class?

9 To the nearest year, how long is 1 million minutes?
10 Kayla completed her Masters degree in March 2011. If the Masters
took Kayla 3 years and 5 months, when did Kayla start?
11 Jay can run three times as fast as she can walk. If Jay runs half the
distance and walks the rest of the way to work, it takes her 32 mins.
How long would it take Jay to walk to work?
12 How many times a day do the hands of a clock form a right angle (90°)?
Chapter 14 Time 199

Technology
Technology 14.1
Use the degree, minute, second button on your calculator to add and subtract times.
The button looks something like: or
11 13 10 23 = 50 minutes
2 Use a calculator to redo the time problems in Exercise 14.1 and 14.2.
Technology 14.2
Use the degree, minute, second button on your calculator to change normal time to
decimal time, and change decimal time to normal time.
1 Change 2 hours 24 minutes to decimal time.
2 24 = 2nd F to give 2.4 hours.
2 Change 2.15 hours to normal time.
2.15 2nd F = to give 2 hours 9 minutes
Technology 14.3
Use a spreadsheet to calculate standard times Handling time in a
in each Australian city relative to spreadsheet is a bit
Eastern Standard Time (EST).
To enter a time based on the 12-hour clock,

type a space and then a or p
for example, 3:00 p.
To do calculations, enter the time in quotes eg A2 – “1:30”.
EST Perth Adelaide Darwin Brisbane Canberra Hobart Melbourne Sydney

3:00pm 1:00pm 2:30pm 2:30pm 3:00pm 3:00pm 3:00pm 3:00pm 3:00pm
Enter 3:00p Enter the formula: Format the cells by:

<format>,<cells>,<time>
Technology 14.4
Design a spreadsheet to show times in each Australian city
during daylight saving time.
200
Investigations
Investigation 14.1 The Moon

1 Lunar month?
a) What are the phases of the moon?
b) How long does it take the moon to complete a full cycle of phases?
c)
d) Some gardeners use the phases of the moon for planting. Why?
e) How does the phase of the moon affect Easter?
2 Blue Moon
a) What is a blue moon?
b) How often does a Blue Moon occur?
3 The moon and the tides.

Make diagrams to explain each of the following:
a) How does the moon affect the tides?
b) What are lunar tides?
c) What are spring tides?
d) What are neap tides?
Investigation 14.2 Sundials

1
2 Make a sundial.
The shadow stick was the

earliest form of sundial.
People judged the time of day
Gnomon is the name for
by the length and position of
the shadow stick (Greek
the stick's shadow.
for 'the one that knows'.)
Investigation 14.3 Australia and Asia

1 Find a time zone map of Asia on the Internet.
2 Identify regions in Australia and countries in Asia that are in the
same time zone.
3 Name a city in Asia that has the same time as Perth.
4 Name a city in Asia that has the same time as Melbourne and Sydney.
Petroleum Engineers use an understanding of of the behaviour of oil, water

and gas under high pressure in rock to recover hydrocarbons (oil and gas).
Courses normally involve a University Degree with a lot of mathematics.
Chapter 14 Time 201

A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 14.11
1 Put a number in each corner so
that the differences are as shown. 2 3
2 Two mothers and two daughters
each ate a whole boiled egg for
breakfast. How is this possible 5
if there were only three eggs?
3 Do you know the answer to the sum without adding each number?
10000
111000
1111100
11111110
+ 111111111
A Game
WIN START WIN
Tug of War Player 1 Player 2
1 Each of two players starts with 50.

2 Each player writes down, in secret, how many to reach their WIN.
points they are going to use in this move.
3 The player with the highest points moves their
marker one place from the START to the WIN.
4 Each player subtracts their points from the total.
A Sweet Trick
This is an impressive
Multiply up to 20×20 in your head. trick that doesn't take
too much practice.
Example: 16 × 17
1
2 Multiply by 10. 23×10 = 230
3 Multiply the units digits of each number. 6×7 = 42
4 Sum the two answers. 230 + 42 = 272
Then practice mentally.
202
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 14.12
1 What is the time:
a) 5 hours after 6:10 am?
b) 3 hours 15 minutes after 8:15 am?
c) 4 hours 30 minutes before 3:10 pm?

a) 3:20 pm and 9:30 pm? b) 7:50 am and 9:30 am?
c) 11:15 am and 2:20 pm? d) 8:55 am and 3:10 pm?
3 Kon leaves home at 7:05 am and takes 15 mins to walk to the bus station.
workplace. At what time does Kon get to work?

a) 9:05 am b) 7:42 am c) 3:10 pm

a) 0150 b) 0915 c) 1835

a) 1015 and 1435? b) 0645 and 1310 ?
7 The plane leaves Sydney at 1640 and arrives in Hobart at 1950.

EST
Q Why is a clock like a river? Perth Darwin Brisbane
A Because it won't run for Adelaide Sydney
long without winding. Camberra
Melbourne
Hobart
7:00 am 8:30 am 9:00 am
8 If the time in Brisbane is 9 am, what is the time in

a) Adelaide? b) Canberra? c) Darwin? d) Hobart?
e) Melbourne? f) Perth? g) Sydney?
9 The plane leaves Adelaide at 7:20 am and arrives in Melbourne at 9:15 am.
10

Brisbane Adelaide KP 416 20 kg
Chapter 14 Time 203

Chapter Review 2
Whether you think you can or
Exercise 14.13 whether you think you can't,
1 What is the time: you're right! - Henry Ford
a) 3 hours after 4:50 pm?
b) 5 hours 25 minutes after 10:15 am?
c) 4 hours 20 minutes before 2:10 pm?

a) 5:20 am and 8:50 am? b) 2:50 pm and 6:10 pm?
c) 10:35 am and 3:10 pm? d) 9:50 am and 4:05 pm?
3 Kerry leaves home at 8:15 am and takes 5 mins to walk to the bus station.
She waits 5 mins for the bus and the bus takes 25 mins to travel to her
workplace. At what time does Kerry get to work?

a) 8:45 am b) 11:17 am c) 6:18 pm

a) 0305 b) 1055 c) 2105

a) 0615 and 1035? b) 0935 and 1520?
7 The plane leaves Canberra at 1010 and arrives in Melbourne at 1150

There is an ancient invention EST
still used in some parts of the Perth Darwin Brisbane
world today that allows people Adelaide Sydney
Camberra
to see through walls. What is it? Melbourne
Hobart
A Window 7:00 am 8:30 am 9:00 am
8 If the time in Sydney is 5 pm, what is the time in

a) Adelaide? b) Canberra? c) Darwin? d) Hobart?
e) Melbourne? f) Perth? g) Brisbane?
9 The plane leaves Perth at 5:55 am and arrives in Canberra at 11:05 am.
10

Darwin Brisbane KP 411 20 kg
10:05 AM 2:55 PM Economy
204
Chapter 11 Ratio and Rate
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities of the same type in the same units.
3
A ratio can be written as 3: 10, a fraction , a decimal 0.3, a percentage 30%
10
A rate is a comparison of quantities of different kinds (Rent of $380 per week).
The unitary method is a useful method for comparing one rate with another rate.
Chapter 12 Linear Equations

Extra 3 matches for each step 3×step
Identify patterns: First step is 3+1 matches.
Function = 3×step+1
Solve equations:
Evaluate, graph and solve linear functions
Chapter 13 Statistical Measures

Sample Size:
Sample Must be small enough to be
Sample Bias:
A collection of data from economical but large enough
The sample doesn't
part of the population. to represent the population.
represent the population.
12
Given: 1, 2, 2, 3, 4 Mean = = 2.4, Median = 2, Range = 4 – 1 =3
5
Chapter 14 Time
12-hour time Australia has 3 time zones.
1 day = 24 hours
1 hour = 60 mins Western Central Eastern
am = morning EST
pm = afternoon
24-hour time Adelaide Sydney
0200 = 2 am Camberra
1120 = 11:20 am Melbourne
1350 = 1:50 pm Hobart
2001 = 10:01 pm 7:00 am 8:30 am 9:00 am
205
Review 1
Exercise 15.1 Mental Computation

1 Spell percentage.
4
7 Add GST (10%) to $30.
8
9 If the Sun covers 360° in 24 hours, how many degrees in 1 hour?
10 Simplify: 35÷33
Exercise 15.2
a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 5 c) 1 : 4
d) 2 : 4 e) 3 : 10 f) 3 : 5
a) 2 : 6 b) 3 : 15 c) 12 : 20
d) 1.6 : 2.4 e) 1.5 : 2.5 f) 1.2b : 2.4b
If the mixer takes 30 shovelfulls, how many shovelfulls of sand is needed?
a) 20% of 40. b) 25% of 80. c) 37 12 % of 64.
a) A haircut @ $105. b) A chocolate @ $5.65.
a) 220 runs in 50 overs. b) 54 L used to go 600 km.
a) $5.36 for 400 g of candy or $5.95 for 440 g?
b) $2.45 for 750 mL of fruit juice or $4.85 for 2 L?
c) $4.74 for 750 mL of olive oil or $6.14 for 1 L of olive oil?
206
13 Write a function for the pattern in each of the following tables:
a) x 1 2 3 4 5
y 5 8 11 14 17
b) x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 7 12 17 22
14 For each of the following, use the function to complete the table,
and then graph the function.
a) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y = 2x + 1 3 5
b) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
1 4

a) a + 3 = 8 b) b – 4 = 9 c) 5c = 15
d) e) 4(x + 5) = 28 f) 2(x + 6) = 8
g) 2d + 5d = 28 h) 4x + 1 + 2x = 25 i) 2(x – 3) + 4x = 30
j) 4(c – 1) – 2c = 6 k) l)
a) Write a function for the total weight of the truck.
b) What is the total weight if the truck carries 8 pallets?
c) If the total weight is 5.75 tonnes, how many pallets were put on the truck?
17 Ethan has $145 in the bank and plans to add $45 every week.
a) Write a function for Ethan's total savings.
b) How much will Ethan have after 12 weeks?
c) How many weeks will Ethan need to save to have $640 in the bank?

10 friends were asked if there was enough seating in the school grounds.
7 said yes. The conclusion was that 70% of the school's population were
19 An opinion poll concludes that: "54% supported the Government's approach

to education and 46% opposed the Government's approach." Why should the
opinion poll also report the sample size and the method of sampling?

a) 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4 b) 71, 71, 72, 72, 72, 73, 74
c) 640, 652, 663, 668 d) 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 2.8, 2.9
35 students in a random sample of 50 students have brown eyes.

Estimate the number of students in a school of 400 with brown eyes.
35
% brown eyes = × 100
50
= 70%
If you were in a dark room
No students = 70% of 400 with a candle, a woodstove, a
= 70 × 400 match and a gas lamp which
100
= 280
Conclusion: 280 students have brown eyes. The match.
21 32 students in a random sample of 50 students have brown eyes. Estimate the

number of students in the school of 1030 with brown eyes.

households regularly watch a cooking segment. Estimate the number of
the cooking segment.
23 Year Number
member of a section of the population has an equal 7 150
chance of being selected in the sample. How many
8 150
students from each Year level of the following school
should be randomly selected in a sample size 9 100
of 60 students? 10 100
24 What is the time 2 hours 30 minutes after 8:15 am?
26 Konrad leaves home at 6:45 am and takes 15 mins to walk to the bus station.
workplace. At what time does Konrad get to work?

a) 4:35 am b) 11:46 am c) 9:13 pm

a) 0530 b) 1010 c) 2332
208
Australia has 3 time zones. EST
Adelaide Sydney
Camberra
Melbourne
Hobart
7:00 am 8:30 am 9:00 am
29 If the time in Hobart is 5 pm, what is the time in

a) Adelaide? b) Canberra? c) Darwin? d) Brisbane?
30

Perth Canberra DF 16 20 kg
Review 2

1 Spell equation.
4
6 What is the mean of: 1,3,5?
7 Add GST (10%) to $40.
8
10 Simplify: x5÷x2
Exercise 15.4
a) 1 : 2 b) 3 : 10 c) 1 : 4
d) 3 : 6 e) 2 : 3 f) 2 : 5
a) 5 : 15 b) 6 : 12 c) 8 : 6
d) 1.2 : 1.8 e) 1.4 : 2.1 f) 2.4s : 3.2s
3 The rose food is mixed with water in the ratio of 1 : 3. How much rose food
is needed to make a mixture of 2 L?
If the mixer takes 30 shovelfulls, how many shovelfulls of cement is needed?

a) 15% of 40 b) 40% of 60 c) 37 12 % of 80
a) A phone @ $125 b) A magazine @ $8.45
a) 265 runs in 50 overs b) 66 L used to go 600 km
12 Which is the best buy:
a) $12.45 for 500 g of chocolate or $15.05 for 750 g?
b) $4.52 for 2 L of fruit juice or $5.19 for 3 L?
13 Write a function for the pattern in each of the following tables:
a) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 4 7 10 13 16 31 61
b) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y 2 8 14 20 26 56 116
14 For each of the following, use the function to complete the table,
and then graph the function.
a) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
y = 2x + 3 5 7
b) x 1 2 3 4 5 10 20
1 4
a) a + 5 = 7 b) b – 3 = 9 c) 5x = 15
d) e) 3(y + 3) = 30 f) 2(u + 4) = 18
g) 3k + 4k = 21 h) 2x + 3 + 5x = 24 i) 2(x – 3) + 4x = 18
j) 4(d – 3) – 2d = 4 k) l)
16
a) Write a function for the taxi charge.
b) What is the fare to travel 10 km?
c) If the fare was $45, how far did the taxi travel?
210
a)
b)
c)

5 friends were asked about the music at the school social 2 said they were
with the music at the school social.
19 An opinion poll concludes that: "52% supported the Government's position on

environmental protection and 48% opposed the Government's position." Why
should the opinion poll also report the sample size and the method of sampling?
a) 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 b) 33, 33, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39
c) 70, 72, 73, 75 d) 1.4, 1.5, 1.5, 1.6, 1.9
35 students in a random sample of 50 students have brown eyes.

Estimate the number of students in a school of 400 with brown eyes.
35
% brown eyes = × 100 I start with the letter e.
50
I end with the letter e.
= 70% I contain only one letter.
No students = 70% of 400 Yet I am not the letter e!
= 70 × 400 What am I?
100
= 280 An Envelope.
21 46 students in a random sample of 75 students have a part-time job. Estimate

the number of students in the school of 1730 with a part-time job.

households regularly watch a sporting segment. Estimate the number of
the sporting segment.
23 Year Number
member of a section of the population has an equal 7 120
chance of being selected in the sample. How many 8 120
students from each Year level of the following school 9 110
should be randomly selected in a sample size
10 100
of 90 students?

24 What is the time 1 hours 35 minutes after 9:20 am?
26 Kale leaves home at 7:15 am and takes 10 mins to walk to the bus station.
workplace. At what time does Kale get to work?

a) 3:19 am b) 10:23 am c) 11:18 pm

a) 0812 b) 1146 c) 2238
Australia has 3 time zones. EST
Adelaide Sydney
Camberra
Melbourne
Hobart
7:00 am 8:30 am 9:00 am
29 If the time in Darwin is 9 pm, what is the time in

a) Adelaide? b) Canberra? c) Hobart? d) Brisbane?
30

Brisbane Adelaide AL 4 20 kg
8:35 AM 1:05 PM Economy
4 1
2 3 Fill in the blanks

Use only 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Each number once only per row.
Each number once only per column.
212
Plot linear relationships on the Cartesian plane.
Plot points for tables of values from non-rule-based data.
Solve linear equations using algebraic and graphical techniques.
Use variables to symbolise simple linear equations.
A TASK
How far does a stone fall in one second?
Brainstorm ideas about how to answer the

question.
Experiment with falling stones.
Find the formula (Physics students study the
formula).
Brainstorm practical uses for the formula.
Present your results.
A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY The story is that Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was one of the
greatest mathematicians of all time. developed algebraic formulas
for falling objects after an
In 1687, Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis apple fell on his head.
Principia Mathematic. The book introduced
Newton's three laws of motion (inertia, action/
reaction, and acceleration proportional to force), and
the application of his laws of motion to the tides, the
moon, and the planets.
Newton also invented calculus, formulated classical
optics (Newton's rings, the colours of white light)

and chemistry.
213
Ordered Pairs
The position of the point is referenced by x on the x-axis and y on the y-axis.
To plot points
Put your biro on the Origin (0,0).
Move your biro horizontally, the x value.
Move your biro vertically, the y value.
y
8 A (4,7) 4 along the x-axis.
A
7 7 along the y-axis.
6
5
4
B B(6,3) 6 along the x-axis.
3 3 along the y-axis.
2
1
0 x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Exercise 16.1
1 Write the coordinates of each of the points in the graph below.
y
G
8
K The x first, then the y.
7
6
A
5
F M
4
B
3 D I
2 C L
1 E H O
0 J N x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 Plot the following points on a set of Cartesian axes:

a) A(1,5) b) B(5,5) c) C(3,0)
d) D(1,6) e) E(0,7) f) F(5,3)
g) G(0,0) h) H(7,1) i) I(1,1)
3 What is it? Plot the following points on a sheet of grid paper, joining
each point to the previous point with a continuous line.
(3,2) (4,0) (5,2) (7,3) (5,4) (4,6) (3,4) (1,3) (3,2)
4 Make your own "What is it?"
214
The Four Quadrants
negative numbers as well as positive numbers. The cartesian space is then divided
into four quadrants. The origin (0,0) is at the centre.
The x first, then the y.
7 D (4,6)
6 D
5
A (-4,3) 4
A 3
2
1
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
-3
-4
B (-3,-5) B -5
-6 C (6,-7)
-7
C
Exercise 16.2
1 Write the coordinates of each of the points in the graph below:
O
A 7
D K The x distance first.
6
5 H The y distance second.
4
F 3
2 L
1
I
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
E -2 M
B -3
-4
G -5 J
-6
C N
-7

a) b) c) d)
e) f) g) G(0,0) h)
i) j) k) l)

Linear Models
A hint to the enormous value of mathematics begins to appear when we are able to
translate a problem into a mathematical model and use the model to solve problems.
Exercise 16.3
For each of the following data, plot the points and write a mathematical model:
Car hire rate $C
No of days (d): 1 2 3 4
Charge ($C): 70 120 170 220
Each step increases by 50: Thus $C = 50d 300

250
Car hire charge
200
150
100
A linear model increases by 50
the same amount each step. 0 d
0 1 2 3 4
1 The car hire rate:

No of days (d) 1 2 3 4
Hire charge ($C) 70 110 150 190

Hire charge ($C) 100 160 220 280

Hire charge ($C) 100 155 210 265

Hire charge ($C) 80 140 200 260
Use of mathematical models
5 The taxi charge: to solve problems is the
basis of many many careers:
No of km (k) 1 2 3 4 Finance, biology, geology,
Taxi charge ($C) 4 6 8 10 meteorology, engineering,
economics, research,
6 The taxi charge: statistics, etc, etc, etc, etc.
No of km (k) 1 2 3 4
Taxi charge ($C) 4.00 5.50 7.00 8.50
7 The beaker temperature:

No of minutes (t) 1 2 3 4
TemperatureºC (T) 25 32 39 46
216
Model Your World
Age of car in years (a) 1 2 3 4

Yearly repair cost ($C) 320 600 880 1160
a) Plot the points and write a mathematical $C
model.
Each step increases by 280: $C = 280a
1200
b) What would be the expected yearly repair 1000
cost of a 5 year-old car.?a = 5, 800
$C = 280×5 + 40 600
$C = 1440 400
200
c) If the yearly repair bill is $1000, what is the 0 years
expected age of the car? 0 1 2 3 4
$C = 1000, 1000 = 280a + 40
Can you use the above graph
960 = 280a to solve these problems?
960÷280 = a
3.4 = a
The car is about 3.5 years old
A massive number of real-
world problems are solved by
creating mathematical models.
Exercise 16.4
1
Age of car in years (a) 1 2 3 4
Yearly repair cost ($C) 180 320 460 600
a) Plot the points and write a mathematical model.
b) What would be the expected yearly repair cost of a 6 year-old car?
c) If the yearly repair bill is $390, what is the expected age of the car?
2
Weeks (w) 1 2 3 4
Bank balance ($S) 250 275 300 325
b) How much in the bank after 5 weeks?
c) How long will it take to have a balance of $750?
3
Share dividend ($d) 1 2 3 4
Share price ($S) 22 29 36 43
b) What is the expected share price for a dividend of $2.50
c) If the share price is $26.20, what is the expected dividend?

Linear Functions
Exercise 16.5 A linear function increases by

Given the function, y = 2x + 1 the same amount each step.
a) Copy and complete the following table.
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 1 y
2× 2 = two lots of 2 5
2, y = 2× 2 + 1 = 3
= 2 2 4
1, y = 2× 1 + 1 = 1 = 4
When x = 0, y = 2×0 + 1 = 1 3
When x = 1, y = 2×1 + 1 = 3 2
When x = 2, y = 2×2 + 1 = 5 1
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
y = 2x + 1 -3 -1 1 3 5
-2
b) Draw a graph of the function. -3
c) From the graph, when y = 4, what is x? x = 1.5
For each of the following:

c) From the graph, when y = 4, what is x?
1 2
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 2 y = 2x + 3
3 4
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 5
5 6
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 3x + 1
7 8
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 3x + 2 y = 3x + 4
9 10
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
218
Non-Linear Functions
A non-linear function does not increase
Exercise 16.6 by the same amount each step.
Given the function, y = x2
x 0 1 2
y = x2 y
5
2, y = 2× 2 = 4
4
1, y = × 1 = 1
3
When x = 0, y = 0×0 = 0
When x = 1, y = 1×1 = 1 2
When x = 2, y = 2×2 = 4 1
x
x 0 1 2 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
y = x2 4 1 0 1 4 -2
-3
c) From the graph, when y = 3, what is x? x = 1.7
For each of the following:

1 2
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = x2 y = x2 + 1
3 4
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = x2 + 2 y = x2 + 3
5 6
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = x2 y = x2
7 8
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = x(x + 1)
9 10
x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = x3 y = 1/x

Non-Linear Functions A non-linear function does not increase
by the same amount each step.
Exercise 16.7
The following table shows 10 consecutive days of the Australian
All Ordinaries, All Ords, share price index.
There are enormous sums of
a) Plot the points. money invested in share markets.
b) Can you detect a pattern?
c) Can you guess what the share price index for the next day?
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
All Ords 4824 4810 4816 4822 4843 4896 4910 4872 4914 4933
All Ords
4950
There doesn't appear to be a

4900
pattern apart from an upward
movement.
4850
It was 4886 the next day.
4800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Day
1 The following table shows 10 consecutive days of China's Shanghai Composite,

SSEC, share price index.
Australia's economic health is said to
a) Plot the points. be tied to China's economic health.
c) Can you guess what the next All Ords share price index will be?
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SSEC 2821 2833 2783 2812 2831 2817 2772 2696 2708 2753
2 The following table shows 10 consecutive days of the American

David Jones, DJ, share price index.
It has been said that if America sneezed
a) Plot the points. then Australia would catch a cold.
c) Can you guess what the next All Ords share price index will be?
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DJ 11717 11697 11672 11639 11674 11754 11732 11784 11834 11824
3 The following table shows 10 consecutive days of the Indonesian

Jakarta, JKSE, share price index.
Indonesia, 250 million people, is one of
a) Plot the points. Australia's neighbours in Southeast Asia.
c) Can you guess what the share price index for the next day?
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
JKSE 3734 3631 3478 3455 3555 3565 3569 3536 3549 3534
220
Mental Computation
4 = 2×2
Exercise 16.8 To multiply by 4, double twice.
1 Spell Equation.
2 16 × 4 16×4 = 32×2 = 64
3 y = 2x + 3. Find y when x = -1
4 y = 2x + 3. Find x when y = 7
5 What is the function for the sequence: 3, 5, 7, 9, ...?
7
10 Simplify: b4×b2 Many everyday problems
are solved mentally.
Exercise 16.9
1 Spell Linear.
2 17 × 4
3 y = 3x + 2. Find y when x = -1
4 y = 3x + 3. Find x when y = 12
6 Convert 12-hour time 4:50pm to 12-hour time.
7 Solve: 2x + 5 = 2
10 Simplify: b5÷b2
Nothing is all wrong. Even a busted
clock is right twice a day.
Exercise 16.10
1 Spell Coordinates.
2 25 × 4
3 y = 2x + 5. Find y when x = -1
4 y = 2x + 5. Find x when y = 15
7
9 Write in index form: a×a×a×a
10 Simplify: (x5)2
Get a degree majoring in maths and biology and become a Data Analyst
for the Department of Primary Industries. You could, among many things, use
satellite technology to model the population of pests and their eradication.

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 16.11
1 What is the missing number? 4 × ? + 12 = 72
2 What is the next number in the following pattern?
3, 8, 13, ?
3 How many matches in the 12th shape?
1 2 3
4 Write a linear model of the following plumber's fee:

Hours (h) 1 2 3 4
Fee ($F) 90 140 190 240
y
5 Write the linear model represented 5
by this graph. 4
3
2
1
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3

a) When a number is doubled and then 15 is added the answer is 23.
b) When a number is tripled and 9 subtracted, the answer is 24.
c) A number is squared and then added to 11 to give the answer 20.
What is the number?
7 What are the coordinates of B (AB = 5, BC = 4, CA = 3)?

y B
C A(4,3)
222
Exercise 16.12
1 An approximate formula for converting kilometres, k, to miles, m,
5k
is m = . How many miles in 32 kilometres?
8
2 Does the point (2,2) lie on the line: y = 2x + 5?
3 The point (100, 8) lies on the line 20x + y = 2008.

Find another point that lies on this line?
4 What is the equation of each of the following lines?

a) Each step increases by 2 and it cuts the y-axis at (0,1).
b)
Write a mathematical model

No. books Cost
of the following printing costs:
2 000 $7 000
Let b=no. of thousands 3 000 $8 500
Each step increases by $1500: Thus C = 1500b 5 000 $11 500
When b = 1 (ie 1000), cost=$5 500 10 000 $19 000
Thus C = 1500b + 4000
5 Write a mathematical model of the following printing costs:

No. books Cost
3 000 $12 000
5 000 $15 000
7 000 $18 000
10 000 $22 500
6 What is the equation of each of the following lines?

a) b)
y y
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3

Investigations
Investigation 16.1 A linear relationship?

1 Turn on a tap and let the water You need:
run at a constant rate. a bucket
a ruler
2 Ready the bucket by putting a ruler a stopwatch
inside the bucket.
3 Put the bucket under the tap and record the height
of water every 10 seconds (You may wish to record
every 30 s or so dependent upon how much water
Water Tap Flow

4 Draw a graph. 14
12
10
Height (cm)
8
6
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80
Time (s)
5 a) How will the graph change if the water runs faster?

b) How will the graph change if the water runs slower?
c) Is the graph linear if the sides of the bucket are vertical?
d) Is the graph linear if the sides of the bucket are not vertical?
Investigation 16.2 What is it?

Plot the following points on a sheet of grid paper.
Choose a scale that will include all points in a set.
Do the same for each set. Eventualy a shape will appear.
1 a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
2 Make your own What is it?

a) Draw or copy an image on a Cartesian plane.
b) Write the ordered pairs of key points.
c) Test your "What is it?" on a classmate.
224
A Game
Battleships.
Each of two players set their navy on a Cartesian plane (Aircraft carrier - 5
spots, Battleship - 4 spots, 3 Destroyers -2 spots each).
The aim of the game is to destroy the opponent's navy.
7
6
5
Destroyer Battleship
4
3
Carrier 2
1
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
-1
-2
-3
-4
Destroyer
-5
-6 Destroyer
-7
A Sweet Trick
side. The 6 on the back of the 1, the 7 on the back of the 2, the 8 on the back of the
3 etc.
1 2 3 4 5
1
2 Ask them to tell you how many red cards are facing up.
3
4 You call out the answer before they can add them up.
For every red card add 5 to 15.
If there are 3 red cards, add 3x5 to 15.
The total facing is 30.

Technology
Technology 16.1
Use a Graphics Calculator to plot the equations in Exercise 16.5
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 1
Press Y= and enter the equation eg., 2x + 1
Press Graph to see a plot of the equation
Press Table to see a table of the values
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 1 -3 -1 1 3 5
Technology 16.2
Use a Graphics Calculator, as above, to experiment with non-linear tables of data
(See Exercise 16.7).
Technology 16.3
Use a Spreadsheet to plot the equations in Exercise 16.5 and 16.6.
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 1 -3 -1 1 3 5
Enter the formula:

= 2*B1+1
6
5
4
3
2
Use the Chart (Scatter) to plot the equation:

1
0
-3 -2 -1 -1 0 1 2 3
-2
-3
-4
Technology 16.4 Applets

There are a very large number of "graph, function, plotter" applets on the Internet.
There are also applets that let you experiment with "parallel lines".
226
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 16.13
The x distance first.

H The y distance second.
7
6 C
5
4
I 3
A
2
B
J 1
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2 G
K -3
D
-4 How many times can you subtract 7
L -5 E from 83, and what is left afterwards?
-6 I can subtract it as many times as I
F want, and it leaves 76 every time.
-7

a) A(2,4) b) B(5,1) c) d)
e) f) F(0,0) g) G(0,3) h)
3
Hire charge ($C) 100 145 190 235
a) Plot the points.
b) Write a mathematical model for the car hire rate.
4
Weeks (w) 1 2 3 4
Bank balance ($S) 250 350 450 550
5
x -2 -1 0 1 2
Money is an article which may
y = 2x + 2
be used as a universal passport
to everywhere except heaven,
and as a universal provider for
everything except happiness. --
c) From the graph, when y = 4, what is x? Wall Street Journal

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 16.13
The x distance first.

7 The y distance second.
6 B
H 5
4 C
3
I 2
1 A
J
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
K -2 D
-3
-4 G
-5 E
L -6
-7
F

a) A(4,6) b) B(2,7) c) d)
e) f) F(0,0) g) h)
3
No of days (d) 1 2 3 4 A circle is a round straight
Hire charge ($C) 80 120 160 200 line with a hole in the middle.
a) Plot the points.
b) Write a mathematical model for the car hire rate.
4
Weeks (w) 1 2 3 4
Bank balance ($S) 120 170 220 270
5
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 3
Don't worry about moving slowly,
worry about standing still.
-- Chinese proverb
228
Find perimeters and areas of parallelograms, rhombuses and kites.
Explore the use of parallelograms, rhombuses and kites in art and
architecture.
Develop the formulas for volumes of rectangular and triangular prisms and
prisms in general.
Use formulas to solve problems involving volume.
Investigate the relationship between volumes of rectangular and triangular
prisms.
A TASK
It is all about Who can make the largest possible container, rectangular
the square. prism, from an A4 sheet of paper?
Get an A4 sheet of paper.
How big a square will you cut from each corner?
Cut the square from each of the four corners.
Fold up the sides of the container.
Measure the length, width, height.
Calculate volume = length×breadth×height
Who has the largest volume?

King Henry I ruled that a standard yard was the distance from the
tip of his nose to the tip of his outstretched arm. Henry was the
King of England from 1100 - 1135 AD and his yard is still in use
How do you compare in size to King Henry I?

How far is it from the tip of your nose to the tip of your
outstretched arm?
229
Perimeter
Perimeter: the distance around
the outside of a shape.
Exercise 17.1
Find the perimeter of each of the following shapes:
3m 6m
Perimeter = 3m + 6m + 9m + 4m
Perimeter = 22 m 4m 9m
7m 4m
1 2 3
4m 4m 4m 4m
7m 7m
5m 4m
4 5 6
9cm 9cm 5m 5m
3cm 3cm 3cm 3cm
8m 8m
9cm 9cm
8 A paddock in the shape of a rectangle 145 m by 226 m is to have a fence

with 4 strands of barbed wire.
a) How much barbed wire is needed?
b) If a 400 m roll of barbed wire costs $95, what would be the cost of the
wire?
Perimeter formulas
Square s Rectangle b
s s l l
s b
Perimeter = 4×side Perimeter = 2×length + 2×breadth
= 4s or = 2(l + b)
Exercise 17.2
Calculate the perimeter of each of the following shapes: Perimeter:
around the rim
1 2
peri = around
5.8m 2.3cm meter = a measure
5.8m
2.3cm
3 4
12m 2.2km
36m 3.7km
230
Area
Square s Rectangle b Triangle
s s l l h
s b
Area = s2 Area = l×b b
Exercise 17.3
Calculate the area of each of the following shapes:
5.8m 6.2cm
2.3cm
5.8m 4.7cm
3.7cm
Area =s 2
= (5.8m)2
= 33.64 m2 Area = l×b = 0.5×4.7cm×6.2cm
= 3.7cm × 2.3cm = 14.57 cm2
= 8.51 cm2
1 2 3
3.7m 2.3cm 6m
3.7m 9m
2.3cm
4 5 6
12m 2.2km
5.3cm
36m 3.7km 2.9cm
7 A kitchen bench top is 1.4 m by 2.9 m. How many square metres of laminate is
needed to cover the top of the bench?
8 A rectangular paddock is 124 m by 111 m. What is the area of the paddock in
square metres and hectares (1 hectare = 10 000m2)? A hectare is the area of a
square 100 m by 100 m.
9 A triangular road sign has a base of 20 cm and a perpendicular height of 32 cm.

What is the area of the road sign?
10 A bedroom is 3.3 m by 2.8 m. How many square metres of carpet is needed to
11 A paddock, in the shape of a triangle, has a base of 648 m and a perpendicular

height of 457 m. What is the area of the paddock in square metres and hectares?
12 The builder wants to put a 2 m wide concrete path around the outside of a 12 m
square building. What is the area of the path?

Composite Shapes
Composite shapes can be squares,
rectangles, triangles etc composed
together.
Exercise 17.4
Calculate the area of each of the following composite shapes:
4m 9m
7m 7m
4m
13m
10m
Area = rectangle+square Area = rectangle+triangle
= lb + s2
= 7m×6m + 4m×4m = 0.5×13m×2m + 13m×7m
= 42m2 + 16m2 = 13m2 + 91 m2
= 58 m2 = 104 m2
23cm
1 2 3 9cm
12cm
5m
8m 11cm
5m 27cm 6cm
12m 22cm
14cm
4 5 29cm 6 42cm
9m 8cm
6m 68cm
21cm
14m
63cm
7 8 19m 9 9cm
16m 11cm
55cm 6cm
36cm
13m 22cm
47cm
Optometrists use a variety of instruments and tests to detect eye conditions.

They manage eye problems and refer severe cases to opthalmologists.
Relevant school subjects are Mathematics, Physics, Biology, Chemistry.
Courses range from Universtity Bachelor degrees to Graduate diplomas.
232
Parallelograms
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral
with opposite sides parallel. h
b
Area of a parallelogram = bh
Why is the area = bh?
See Investigation 17.1
Exercise 17.5
Area = bh
9.2 cm
= 4.6cm × 9.2cm
= 42.32 cm2
4.6 cm
1 2 3
18 m 8 cm
12 cm
14 cm
5 cm 9m
4 5 6
5m 7.1 m
7.6 cm
29.3 m
5m 1.2 cm
20 cm
7 8
10 cm
14.5 cm
10 cm
4.2 cm
Parallelograms get a bit beyond
themselves - they are just two
triangles really.

Special Quadrilaterals Why is the area = bh?
See Investigation 17.2
A rhombus is a quadrilateral
with all four sides equal. h
Area of a Rhombus = bh
b
x and y are the lengths

A kite is a quadrilateral with of the diagonals.
two pairs of adjacent sides equal.
x See Investigation 17.3
Area of a kite = ½xy y
Exercise 17.6
2m
12m
16m
2.3 m
Area = bh = 0.5 × 12m × 16m
= 2.3m × 2m = 96 m2
= 4.6 m2
1 2
6 cm 8.4 m
7 cm 9.5 m
3 4
7m 6.3 m
9m
11.1 m
5 6
8m
11 m 6.2 cm
7 cm
234
Rectangular Prisms
The volume is the space
occupied by the prism.
A rectangular prism is a column
with a rectangular base.
Volume = 60?
Count them.
Height = 4
No units in base =5x3
Volume of prism = Area of base x Height

=15 × 4 = 60
Exercise 17.7
Find the volume of each of the following prisms:
8m
Volume = Area of base x Height
= 5cm × 4cm × 8cm
= 160 cm3
4m
5m
1 2
14 m 2.3 cm
5m 1.2 cm
7m 0.8 cm
3 4 26.5 cm
8.3 cm
31.2 cm
10.5 cm 9.6 cm
48.7 cm
5 A milk carton has a base of 10 cm by 10 cm and a height of 20 cm. How many

litres of milk will the carton hold (1000 cm3 = 1 L)?
6 A bin has a base of 22 cm by 22 cm and height 64 cm. How many litres of
water would the bin hold (1000 cm3 = 1 L)?
7
wide, and 1.6 m deep (1 m3 = 1000 L)?

Triangular Prism
A triangular prism is a column

with a triangular base.
Height
The volume is the space

occupied by the prism.
Volume of prism = Area of base × Height

= Area of triangle × Height
height
base
Exercise 17.8
Find the volume of each of the following prisms:
3.4 cm
Volume = Area of base x Height

8.6 cm
= 74.56 cm3
5.1 cm
12 cm
1 2
19 cm
7m 12 cm
11 m
8m
3 These triangular prisms 4

have their base at the side
2.7 m 6.7 m
4.5 m
0.6 m 7.9 m
1.4 m
5 A triangular prism of length 30 cm has a triangular base with a perpendicular

height of 5 cm and a base of 6 cm. How many grams of chocolate will the prism
hold (1 cm3 of chocolate = 1.5 g)?
This growth appeared
when I was in prism.
236
Mental Computation
1 Spell parallelogram.
4 What is the formula for the area of a triangle?
5 What is the formula for the area of a parallelogram?
6 What is the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism?
7 What is the perimeter of a rectangle 4 m by 8 m?
8 What is the area of a rectangle 4 m by 8 m?
9 What is the volume of a rectangular prism with
height 6 cm and base area 15 cm2?
10 How many m2 in a hectare?
Why did Chloe put a clock

under her desk?
Exercise 17.10 She wanted to work overtime.
1 Spell rhombus.
4 What is the formula for the area of a rectangle?
5 What is the formula for the area of a rhombus?
6 What is the formula for the volume of a triangular prism?
8 What is the area of a triangle base 3 cm and perpendicular height 8 cm?
9 Volume of a rectangular prism: height 6 cm, base 4 cm x 5 cm?
10 How many m2 in a hectare?
Exercise 17.11 It's always too soon to quit.

- Norman Vincent Peale
1 Spell triangular prism.
5 What is the formula for the area of a kite
6 What is the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism?
8 What is the area of a rectangle 6 m by 4 m?
9 Volume of a triangular prism: height 8 m, base area 25 m2?
10 How hectares in a paddock 100 m by 200 m?

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 17.12
1 The total area of the blue rectangles
in the middle is 24 m2. What is the
total area of the rust rectangles?
2 Which of the following has the largest area?

a) b) c)
5m 5.3 m
7.2 m
6m 4.3 m
5.3 m
3 Either make or draw a diagram of what each of the following nets will make.
a) b) c)
4 A photocopier is used to enlarge a 4 cm by 5 cm photo. The photocopy is twice

as long and twice as wide. How many times larger is the area of the photocopy
compared to the area of the original photo?
5 Find the volume of a cone with radius 5 cm and height 7 cm.
πr 2 h
The volume of a cone is: V =
3
6 The area of a rectangle is 96 cm2 and the width is 8 cm.

What is the length of the rectangle?
7 What is the ratio of the area of the inner

blue square to the area of the larger rust square?
8 9 What is the area of the trapezium?
3a
4a 10
a
a
a 10 10 5
3a
238
Build maths muscle and prepare
for mathematics competitions at
the same time.
Exercise 17.13
1 Find the area of each of the following shapes:
6cm
a) b)
2cm
3cm
6cm
4cm
c) d) 28cm
6cm
8cm 7cm
15cm 21cm
The area of a square is 64 cm2.

What is the perimeter of the square? into the tank. If all of the rain on the roof goes into
the tank, what is the area of the roof?
Area of square = side2 Volume = 2500 L
64 = side2 Area of roof x depth = 2500x1000 cm2
64 = side Area of roof x 2.5 cm = 2500000 cm2
Area of roof = 2500000 ÷ 2.5
Perimeter = 4 x side = 1000000 cm2
Perimeter =4 x 8 = 32 cm Area of roof = 100 m2
2 A box measures 20 cm by 30 cm by 40 cm. What is the volume, in litres, of the

box? 1000 cm3 = 1 L
3 A box of baking soda measures 3 cm by 5 cm by 7 cm. How many teaspoons of
baking soda are expected to be in the box (1 teaspoon = 5 cm3)?
4 A shape is made by putting these three squares together.
If the perimeter is 32 cm, what is the area of the shape?
5 The area of a square is 36 cm2. What is the perimeter of the square?
6 60 centicubes are glued together to form a rectangular based prism. If the area
of the base is 20 cm2, what is the height of the prism?
7
on the roof goes into the tank, what is the area of the roof?
8
on the roof goes into the tank, what is the area of the roof?

Investigations
Investigation 17.1 The area of a parallelogram

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel
(and with equal length).
h
b
1 Make a copy of the above parallelogram - include the letters.

2 Cut along the dotted line and rearrange the pieces to make a rectangle?
3 What is the area of the rectangle? Check that this is the formula for the area of
a parallelogram.
4 Paste your results into your maths pad.
Investigation 17.2 The area of a rhombus

A rhombus is a quadrilateral with all four sides equal in length.
A rhombus is a special parallelogram.
h
b
1 Make a copy of the above rhombus - include the letters.

2 Cut along the dotted line and rearrange the pieces to make a rectangle?
3 What is the area of the rectangle? Check that this is the formula for the area of
a rhombus.
Investigation 17.3 The area of a kite

A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal
x
y
1 Make a copy of the above trapezium - include the lettering.

2
3
area of a kite.
240
Investigations
Investigation 17.4 Parallelogram, rhombus, and kite in structures?

a)
b) As an architect you are to design a dome:
The dome is to be interesting and attractive.
The dome is to be strong and safe.
The dome is to be based on the use of parallelograms, rhombuses, or kites.
Make a model of your dome using straws.
Investigation 17.5 How big is 1 cubic centimetre (cm3)?

To become familiar with the volume of a cubic centimetre, make a 1 cm by 1 cm
by 1 cm box or use centicubes.
Use the cubic centimetre to estimate volumes in your classroom:
The volume of a calculator.
the volume of a pencil case, etc. 1000 cm3 = 1 L
How close were your estimates to the actual areas?
Investigation 17.6 How big is 1 cubic metre (m3)?

To become familiar with the space of a cubic metre, make a 1 m by 1 m by 1 m
frame
Use the cubic metre to estimate volumes in your classroom:
The volume of a desk.
The volume of the classroom.
How close were your estimates to the actual volumes?
Technology
Use a spreadsheet to help with the task at the beginning of the chapter.
Cutting square corners

Change the corner size from an A4 sheet of paper to
until you have the largest make the largest volume.
volume.
Or is there a better way?
Corner Length Breadth Depth Volume

2 25.6 17 2 870.4

=29.6-2*a2 =b2*c2*d2
=21-2*a2 =a2

A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 17.14
1 How many acute angles?
An acute angle is an angle less than 90°
2 Who am I? If you multiply me by 16 and then add 45, the answer is 285.
3 A train is 1 km long. If the train is travelling 1 km every 5 minutes, how long
does the train take to pass through a 2 km tunnel (the answer is not 10 mins)?
4 A 1 metre square sheet of cardboard is cut into 1 millimetre squares. If these
squares are placed side by side, how long would they be?
A Game
Tens is naughts and crosses played with numbers.

The winner is the person who gets a total of 10
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
1 Take it in turns to use one of the numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
9 7 2
2 When you use a number, cross it off,
because it can’t be used more than once. 1 5
3 3
either horizontally, vertically, or diagonally
A Sweet Trick
1 You write down the numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 {No 8}

2 Ask your audience to circle
their favourite number. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
3 Ask your audience to multiply
by 36. 12345679 x 36
4 Hey Presto! The answer is 444444444

nine of their favourite number.
Multiply the circled number by 9

(4 x 9 = 36).
Remember - there is no 8
242
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 17.15
1 Calculate the perimeter of each of the following shapes:
a) b) c)
8cm
3m 3m 6.6km
5cm 5cm
5m 8cm 9.7km
2 Calculate the area of each of the following shapes:

a) b) c)
4.9m 3.8km
6.3cm
4.9m 7.5km 3.1cm
d) 8cm
e) f)
11cm 9cm 10 cm
7cm
37cm 22 cm
18cm
g) h) i) 6 cm
5.3 m
8.5m 11 cm
14.2 m 7.1 m
6 cm
3 Find the volume of each of the following prisms:

a) b) 10 cm
18 cm
15 cm
7.7 cm
2.6 cm
3.4 cm
What grows When is it correct to say "I is"?

larger the more I is the letter before J.
you take away?
A hole.

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 17.16
a) b) c)
5cm
4m 4m 4.7km
3cm 3cm
5m 5cm 8.6km

a) b) c)
7.4m 2.8km
8.7cm
7.4m 5.1km 6.1cm
d) 15cm
e) f)
16cm 13 cm
9cm 19cm
25 cm
28cm 57cm
g) h) i) 8cm
3.2 m
5.6m 13cm
6cm
8.2 m 4.1 m
15cm

a) b) 12 cm
19 cm
8 cm
9.1 cm
3.2 cm
4.1 cm
Our greatest glory

is not in never falling,
but in rising every time
we fall - Confucius.
244
Understand that representing data in Venn diagrams or two-way tables
facilitates the calculation of probabilities.
Use Venn diagrams and two-way tables to calculate probabilities for
events satisfying ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘given’ and ‘not’ conditions.
Pose ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘not’ and ‘given’ probability questions about objects or
people.
Collect data to answer the questions using Venn diagrams or two-way
tables.
A TASK
Conduct research on a gambling game.
Choose a 2 dice game.
Simulate the game a large number of times.
Investigate the theoretical probabilities.
Is the game fair?
A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY So many things involve

probability. Insurance is
Leonhard Euler (1707 - 1783), a Swiss about probability. Weather
mathematician, used "Eulerian Circles" to prediction is about probability.
represent problems. Atomic theory is about
probability. Etc, etc, etc.
John Venn (1834 - 1923) expanded the use of
Eulerian Circles and they are now known as
"Venn Diagrams."
Music PE
Venn Diagrams are used to represent and solve 3

9 13
problems in probability, logic, statistics, computer
science, and linguistics.
245
Warm Up Probability is the chance
of something happening.
0 0.5 1
Exercise 18.1
1 Copy the above probability scale and add each of the following to the scale.
a) The day after Monday will be Tuesday.
b) We have Buckley's chance of winning the match.
c) Throw a coin and it will show a head.
d) There is a 25% chance that it will rain today.
e) We have a 3 in 4 chance of picking the winner.
1
f) or 0.000001.
1000000
Number of possible outcomes

Pr obability =
Total number of outcomes
A standard 6-sided die is thrown. Eight balls are numbered 1 to 8. What

What is the probability of each of the is the probability of selecting a ball that
following happening? shows:
a) 3 b) odd c) <4 a) 2? b) even? c) >6?
Sample space = {1,2,3,4,5,6} Sample space = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
1 1
a) P(3) = {there is one 3} a) P(2) = 8 {there is one 2}
6
3 1 4 1
b) P(odd) = = {1,3,5 are odd} b) P(even) = = {2,4,6,8 are even}
6 2 8 2
3 1 2 1
c) P(<4) = 6 = 2 {1,2,3 are <4} c) P(>6) = = {7,8 are >6}
8 4

a) 3 b) even c) odd
d) 4 e) <3 f) >3
g) >6 h) a number divisible by 3
3
of taking a marble from the bag that is:
a) red? b) blue? c) not red?
d) not blue? e) blue or red? f) white?
246
Venn Diagrams Venn diagrams are a good way
of representing probability.
Exercise 18.2
In a class of 25 students, 12 students study music, and 16 students study PE.
a) Draw a Venn Diagram
12 + 16 = 28 which is 3 more than 25
Thus 3 study music and PE Music PE
12 - 3 = 9. 3
Thus 9 study music only 9 13
16 - 3 = 13
Thus 13 study PE only
b) Find the probability that a student studies:

Music and PE Music or PE not music
Music PE PE
3
3
9 13 13
3 25 13
= = 0.12 = =1 = = 0.52
25 25 25
1 In a class of 25 students, 13 students study music, and 17 students study PE.
a) studies music and PE.

b) studies music or PE.
c) does not study music.
d) does not study PE.
2 In a class of 21 students, 12 students play cricket, and 16 students play netball.
a) plays cricket and netball.

b) plays cricket or netball.
c) does not play cricket.
d) does not play netball.
3 In a class of 28 students, 27 students passed Maths, and 26 students passed
a) passed maths and English.

b) passed maths or English.
c) did not pass Maths.
d) did not pass English.

Venn Diagrams
A B
A and B
A or B
not A not B
Exercise 18.3
1 In a class of 25 students, 13 students play football, 9 students play tennis,
and 7 students play both football and tennis. Draw a Venn Diagram and
a) plays football and tennis. Football Tennis

b) plays football or tennis.
c) does not play football. 7
6 2
d) does not play tennis.
e) does not play football or tennis. 10
2 In a class of 27 students, 11 students play an instrument, 14 students have a job,

and 8 students play an instrument and have a job. Draw a Venn Diagram and
a) plays an instrument and has a job.

b) plays an instrument or has a job.
c) does not play an instrument.
d) does not have a job.
e) does not play an instrument or has a job.
3 In a sports club of 150 members, 88 play golf, 63 play bowls,

and 45 play golf and bowls. Draw a Venn Diagram and
a) plays golf and plays bowls.

b) plays golf or plays bowls.
c) does not play golf.
d) does not play bowls.
e) does not play golf or bowls.
248
Two-Way Tables
Two-way tables are useful when calculating the theoretical probability of two events.
Exercise 18.4
1 Investigate the experimental probability when tossing two coins.
Toss two coins 50 times. Use a tally similar to below
2 Combine your results with the results of other members in the class.
50 throws 400 throws
HH H and T TT P(HH) 14
= 0.28
50
P(HandT) 23
= 0.46
50
14 23 13
P(TT) 13
= 0.26
50
3 Calculate the theoretical probability by using a Two-Way Table.
Coin 1 1
P(HH) = 4
= 0.25
H T 2
P(HandT) = 4
= 0.5
H HH HT
Coin 2
1
T TH TT P(TT) = 4
= 0.25
4 Did your experimental probabilities approach the theoretical probabilities?
5 Assuming that the chances of a girl or boy being born is equal,

use a Two-Way Table to determine the theoretical probabilities
for a family of two children:
a) P(2 girls).
b) P(1 girl and1 boy).
c) P(2 boys). Child 1
G B
In a Two-Way Table.
Child 2
One event on one side. G

Another event on the other side. B

Exercise 18.5
1 Bag A contains 1 blue and 1 red marble. Bag B contains 1 blue and
1 green marble. One marble is randomly chosen from Bag A and
one marble is chosen from Bag B. Use a Two-Way Table to calculate the
theoretical probabilities of getting: Bag A Bag B
a) a blue and a green marble.
b) two blue marbles.
c) a red and a green marble.
Coin
H T
2 A coin is tossed and a die is rolled. 1
Use a Two-Way Table to calculate
2
the probability of obtaining:
3
a) a tail and a 6.
Die
b) a head and a 1. 4
c) a head and an even number. 5
6
3 Two dice are thrown and the

two numbers are added together. Second Die
Use a Two-Way Table to 1 2 3 4 5 6
calculate the probability 1
of obtaining:
2
a) a total of 12.
First Die
3
b) a total of 2.
c) a total of 10. 4
d) a total of 3. 5
e) a total of 7. 6
Spinner A Spinner B
4 Spinner A and Spinner B are spun to
produce a two digit number. 1 2 2 3
The spinners are showing the
two digit number 15. 5 3 5 4
the probabilities of obtaining:
a) a two-digit number less than 20.
Spinner B
b) a two-digit number greater than 40.
c) a two-digit number divisible by 5. 2 3 4 5
d) a two-digit number divisible by 3. 1 15
Spinner A
2
3
5
250
Mental Computation
Exercise 18.6 Mental computation helps
1 Spell Venn Diagram. people prepare for problems
in everyday life.
2 Convert 3000 cm to m
3
4 A die is thrown. What is P(even)?
5
7 Two coins are tossed. What is P(HH)?
8 In a class of 25 students. 15 play tennis and 13 play football.
How many play tennis and football?
10 Simplify: a6 × a2
Anything you do can get you
shot, including nothing
- Murphy's Laws of Combat.
Exercise 18.7
1 Spell Probability.
2 Convert 5000 m to km
3
4 A die is thrown. What is P(odd)?
5
7 Two coins are tossed. What is P(H and T)?
8 In a class of 23 students. 13 play netball and 17 play football.
How many play netball and football?
9 What is the formula for the area of a parallelogram?
Exercise 18.8
1 Spell Theoretical. Its not whether you tried and failed
2 Convert 6000 cm to m but whether you failed to try.
3
4 A die is thrown. What is P(<3)?
5
7 Two coins are tossed. What is P(TT)?
8 In a class of 27 students. 12 play softball and 19 play football.
How many play softball and football?
10 Simplify: c6 ÷ c2

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 18.9
1 What is the probability of rolling a 5 on a six-sided die?
O F 2 O is the set of odd numbers less than 15.

F is the set of multiples of 5 less than 15.
What is the largest number that
belongs to O and F.
3 A jar of jelly beans contains 3 black, 2 white, and 4 green jelly beans.
What is the chance of picking a black jelly bean?
4
Second Coin
5 A coin is tossed twice. There are 4 possible H T
outcomes. What is the probability of getting First H H,H H,T
1 head and 1 tail in any order? Coin T T,H T,T
Second Die
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
6 Two dice are thrown.
2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
What is the probability of
First Die
3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

getting two sixes?
4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
7 When the class of 27 students went to PE,

18 students wore a hat and 15 students wore Hat Gym
gym shoes. How many students wore
a hat and gym shoes?
8 A survey of the class produced the following table.

What is the probability that a classmate with black hair has blue eyes?
Eye Colour
Brown Blue Other
Hair Black 7 4 3
Colour Blond 2 3 3
Other 2 3 1
252
Competition Questions Prepare for mathematics
Exercise 18.10
1 A bag contains two blue marbles, one red marble, and three green marbles.
If a marble is randomly selected from the bag, what is the
most likely colour of the marble?
2 A survey of the class produced the following table. What is the probability
that a classmate has neither brown hair nor blue eyes?
Eye Colour
Brown Blue Other
Hair Black 7 4 3
Colour Blond 2 3 3
Other 2 3 1
3 How many numbers between 101 and 200 are divisible by both 3 and 5?
The two spinners show a total of 8.

a) How many different ways can a 2 2 2 4
total of 6 be obtained?
b) If the spinners are spun again, what
6 4 6
is the probability of a total of 10? 8
First draw up a two-way table
Spinner 2
2 4 6 8
2 4 6 8 10
Spinner 1 2 4 6 8 10 a) A total of 6 in 3 ways.
4 6 8 10 12
6 8 10 12 14 b) P(total=10) = 4/16 = 0.25
4 The two spinners show a total of 5. 2 2

a) How many different ways can a 1 2
total of 5 be obtained? 4 3
b) If the spinners are spun again, what 5 3
is the probability of a total of 4?
5 Using the cards below:
a) How many two digit numbers, divisible by 5, can be made?
b) How many three digit numbers, divisible by 2, can be made?
Hint: Draw up a
3 4 5 6 7 sample space.

Investigations
Investigation 18.1 Throwing two dice

1 Obtain 2 dice.
2 Draw up a chart similar to below. 2 3 4 5
3 Throw the two dice and cross a square above the total.
Can you predict what

the bar chart will look
like after about 100
throws of the two dice?
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Investigation 18.2 The value of pi?

1 Accurately measure the length of a match.
Rule two long parallel lines on a large sheet of paper
so that the distance between the lines is exactly
double the length of a match.
2 From a height of about a metre, drop all
the matches in a box onto the sheet of paper.
Total number of matches

=
3 Number of matches touching a line
Enironmental Engineers are concerned with the assessment of environmental

impact, pollution control, and management of natural resources.
Relevant school subjects are Mathematics, Chemistry, and Biology.
Environmental engineer courses range from Bachelor degrees, Graduate Diplomas
to Masters degrees.
254
A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 18.11
1 For each of the following, count the number of squares in each diagram
and complete the calculation:
a) 12 + 22 =
And the connection
between the number
of squares and the
calculation is?
b) 12 + 22 + 32 =
c) 12 + 22+ 32+ 42 =
d) 12 + 22+ 32+ 42+ 52 =
4 4 4 4 = 16
a)
4 4 4 4 = 6
b)
c)
4 4 4 4 = 7
A Game
Coin in the square is a popular fairground game and is played by throwing a coin,
say 20c, onto a table marked with squares. If the coin lands inside a square without
touching a line then a prize is given, say double your money.
1 Make a large grid of 5cm squares.

2 Place the grid on a table.
3 Make a foot line to keep an
outstretched hand about 50cm
from the nearest edge of the grid.
4 Throw a 20c coin onto the table.
Did the coin fall within a square?
5 What do you think your chances are of throwing a 20c coin onto the table
and doubling your money? What would be fairer odds?
Estimate the odds of coin in the square:

Experimental probability (100 throws) Theoretical probability?
No. in square P(coin in square) = ????

P(coin in square) = =
100
A Sweet Trick
1 Place 30 items in front of your audience.

There will always
2 Turn around and ask your audience to be 9 left.
roughly select half of them and to count
the number of items in their half. 14
3 Ask them to sum the digits. 1+4=5
4
5 Ask them to take some of the items
and tell you how many are left. They take 5 leaving 4
6 You tell them how many they have.
They have 5.
256
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 18.12
1 In a class of 23 students, 15 students study music, 11 students study PE,
and 3 students study music and PE.

2 In a class of 26 students, 11 students play an instrument, 13 students

have a job, and 4 students play an instrument and have a job. Draw a Venn


for a family of two children: Coin
a) P(2 girls). H T
b) P(1 girl and1 boy). 1
c) P(2 boys).
2
3
4 A coin is tossed and a die is rolled.
Die
4
the probability of obtaining: 5
a) a tail and a 3. 6
b) a head and a 1.
c) a head and an even number.
Spinner A Spinner B
5 Spinner A and Spinner B are spun to 1 3 2 3

produce a two digit number.
The spinners are showing the 3 4
5 4
two digit number 14.
Use a Two-Way Table to calculate Spinner B
the probabilities of obtaining: 2 3 4 4
a) a two-digit number less than 20. 1 14
b) a two-digit number greater than 40.
Spinner A
3
c) a two-digit number divisible by 3.
d) a two-digit number divisible by 3. 3
5

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 18.13
and 7 students study music and PE.




for a family of two children: Coin
a) P(2 girls). H T
b) P(1 girl and1 boy). 1
c) P(2 boys).
2
3
Die
4
b) a head and a 6.
c) a tail and an odd number.
Spinner A Spinner B
5 Spinner A and Spinner B are spun to

1 2 1 2
The spinners are showing the 4 3 3 3
two digit number 23. Spinner B
1 2 3 3
the probabilities of obtaining:
1
a) a two-digit number less than 20.
Spinner A
b) a two-digit number greater than 40. 2 23

c) a two-digit number divisible by 11. 3
d) a two-digit number divisible by 3. 4
258
Develop the conditions for congruence of triangles.
Construct triangles using the conditions for congruence.
Establish of the conditions for congruence (SSS, SAS, ASA and

RHS) to solve problems.
Establish the properties of squares, rectangles, parallelograms,
rhombuses, trapeziums and kites.
A division by zero fallacy:

0x1 = 0
A TASK
0x2 = 0 False proof:
Thus: 0x1 = 0x2 Investigate division by zero.
0 x1 = 0 x 2 Find a division by zero fallacy.
The fallacy here is the
0 0
assumption that it is Present the fallacy, or your own
1= 2 possible to divide by 0. version, to your audience.
It is claimed that Thales measured

A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY the height of the Pyramids by
noting the length of the shadow
Thales (624 BC - 547 BC) appears to have when the length of his own shadow
was the same as his height.
by logical reasoning.
Vertically opposite angles are equal a = c
Thales' general proof:

b b + a = 180°
a c b + c = 180°
a=c
259
Constructing Triangles
Congruent triangles have exactly the same shape and size.
C D
B F
A E
Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle EFD EFD
The angles must be named in matching order: A= E

B= F
C= D
The sides must be named in matching order: side AB = side EF
side BC = side FD
side CA = side DE
SSS (side, side, side). Two triangles are congruent if the three sides
in one triangle are the same length as the
matching sides on the other triangle.
Exercise 19.1 SSS Given 3 sides, construct a triangle

Draw a triangle with sides of 8 cm, 10 cm, and 5 cm.
a) Use a ruler and draw an 8 cm line. A B
b) Set your compass to 10 cm and draw a circle with centre A.

c) Set your compass to 5 cm and draw a circle with centre B.
d) Use a ruler to complete the triangle.
Your triangle should exactly

match the other triangles in
the classroom? A B
They should be congruent.
260
SAS (side, angle, side). Two triangles are congruent if two sides
and the included angle in one triangle are
the same size as the matching sides and
included angle on the other triangle.
Exercise 19.2 SAS Given 2 sides and the angle in between the two sides,
construct a triangle.
Draw a triangle with sides of 9 cm and 11 cm

and the angle in between 45º
a) Use a ruler and draw an 9 cm line.
b) Set your protractor on AB with A B
the centre on A and mark 45º
c) Set your compass to 11 cm and
draw a circle with centre A.
ASA (angle, side, angle). Two triangles are congruent if two angles
and a side in one triangle are the same size
as the matching two angles and side on the
other triangle.
Your triangle should exactly

match the other triangles in
the classroom?
They should be congruent.
Exercise 19.3 ASA Given two angles and a side construct a triangle
Draw a triangle with angles of 30º and 45º and a side of 8 cm.
a) Use a ruler and draw an 8 cm line.

b) Set your protractor on AB with
c) Set your protractor on AB with A B
the centre on B and mark 45º

RHS (right-angle, hypotenuse, side) Two triangles are congruent if the
hypotenuse and another side in one right-
angled triangle are the same size as the
matching hypotenuse and another side on
the other right-angled triangle.
Exercise 19.4 RHS Given the hypotenuse, a right-angle and another side,
construct a triangle.
Draw a triangle with a right-angle (90º), a hypotenuse of 10 cm, and

another side of 6 cm.
a) Use a ruler and draw an 6 cm line. The hypotenuse is opposite
b) Set your protractor on AB with the 90º right-angle.
c) Set your compass to 10 cm and 10 cm
draw a circle with centre B. 90º
6 cm
Exercise 19.5 Use the tests for congruence to test whether the following pairs of
A
W side CB = side PT
16 cm 16 cm
C = P {angle inbetween}
P
side AC = side WP
C
28 cm WPT {SAS}
28 cm
B T
1 C T 9 cm S 2 H K
C
7m
9 cm 9 cm
12 cm 9 cm 7m
B A A
12 cm V B
J
K
3m T
3 B 13 m 4 B Y
G
13 m 13 m 5m 5m
13 m
A C
A C Z
I 3m
262
Congruent Reasoning and Proof
Exercise 19.6
Find the unknowns (each pair of triangles are congruent):
A
W
16 cm x cm
WPT P
C
AC = WP {matching sides} 28 cm
16 cm = x 28 cm
ACB = WPT {matching angles} B T

y = 95º
This proof shows that y= 95º.

This proof is based on congruent triangle reasoning.
1 A 2 D
P
ym
19 m y cm 26 cm
R
C B Q
45º xº
A C
B
3 4
C 19 cm B C 73 cm B
xº xº
18º
63º
D y cm A D y cm A
C E
5 6
9m
y cm
45º 12 cm D
D B
yº 54º
B xº
A
x cm
A C

Parallelogram
Parallelogram
A quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel.
Opposite sides are equal.

Opposite angles are equal.
The diagonals bisect each other.
Exercise 19.7
Prove that the diagonal AC cuts the
parallelogram into two congruent triangles. D C
DCA = BAC {DC AB}

CA = AC {same side}
CAD = ACB {AD BC}
A B
ADC CBA {ASA}
1 Prove that the diagonal DB D C

cuts the parallelogram into
two congruent triangles.
A B
Prove that the opposite angles,

ADC and CBA, are equal. D C
CBA {ASA}
ADC = CBA {matching angles}
A B
2 Prove that the opposite sides, AD and CB are equal.

3 Prove that the opposite sides, DC and BA are equal.
4 Prove that the diagonals bisect each other. D C
Hint: O
First prove AO = OC.
Then prove DO = OB.
The diagonals must then bisect each other.
A B
264
Rectangle
Rectangle
A parallelogram with a right-angle.

All angles are right-angles.
The diagonals are equal.
Exercise 19.8
Prove that the diagonal BD cuts the
A B
rectangle into two congruent triangles.
ABD = CDB {AB CD}

BD = DB {same side}
BDA = DBC {AD CB}
D C
ABD CDB {ASA}
A B
1 Prove that the diagonal AC
cuts the rectangle into
D C
Prove that BCD is a right-angle.

A B
BCD {ASA}
90° = BCD {matching angles}
D C
2 Prove that the opposite sides, DA and BC are equal.

3 Prove that the opposite sides, AB and CD are equal.
4 Prove that the diagonals bisect each other. A B
D C
Kite
Kite
A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides
equal.

The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal.
Diagonals intersect at right-angles.
Exercise 19.9
Prove that the diagonal DB cuts the D
kite into two congruent triangles.
AD = CD {property of kite} A C
BA = BC {property of kite}
DB = DB {same side}
BAD BCD {SSS}
1 Prove that BAD = BCD. D
2 Prove that the longer diagonal bisects

the shorter diagonal. A C
O
a) Prove that COD.
b) Prove that AO = CO.
3 Prove that the diagonals intersect at right angles.

a) Prove that COD. B
b) Prove that AOD = COD.
c) AOD + COD = 180° ?
Building Surveyors assess building plans and interpret building

laws to enforce building construction and safety regulations.
Relevant school subjects are Mathematics and English.
Courses range from Diplomas to University Degrees.
266
Mental Computation
Exercise 19.10
1 Spell Congruent.
2 What does SSS mean? You need to be a good mental
3 What is the symbol for congruent? athlete because many everyday
4 Add 10% to $40. problems are solved mentally
5 Convert 4 000 cm to m
6
9
Exercise 19.11
1 Spell Parallelogram.
2 What does ASA mean? A proof is evidence for
3 What is the symbol for congruent? the truth of a statement.
4 Add 10% to $50.
5 Convert 5 000 m to km
6
7 Two coins are tossed. What is P(TT)?
9 Solve: 2x + 5 = 8
10 Simplify: b5 ÷ b2
All humans are mortal.
Socrates is a human.
Socrates is mortal.
Exercise 19.12
1 Spell Rectangle. Thus deductive reasoning has
2 What does SAS mean? advanced mathematics and
3 What is the symbol for congruent? consequently our human society.
4 Add 10% to $60.
6
7 Two coins are tossed. What is P(TandH)?
9
10 Simplify: (a4 )2

NAPLAN Questions
Exercise 19.13
1 Which pair of the following shapes are congruent?

a)
A B C D
b)
A B C
2 Which statements are true?

a) The diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
b) The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
c) A kite has two pairs of equal sides.
3 A quadrilateral has one pair of parallel sides.

What is the name of the quadrilateral?
4 What fraction of the square is shaded blue?

The blue shape is a square.
5 What fraction of the trapezium has

been shaded blue?
The blue shape is a rectangle.
6 What fraction of the following rectangle

has been shaded blue?
The blue triangle is a right-angled triangle.
7 SSS, SAS, AAS, and RHS are tests for congruent triangles.
What would be the test for congruent circles?
268
Exercise 19.14 100°

x° Prepare for mathematics
1 What is the value of x?
60°
2 What is the value of x? x+10°

x° Quadrilateral
Sum of internal angles = 360°
70°
3 Does the diagonal divide the rectangle, the parallelogram, the rhombus,
and the kite into two congruent shapes?
4 Which of the following triangles are congruent?

a) b) c)
60°
5 cm 5 cm
58° 62° 60° 62° 60°

5 cm
5
What are the coordinates of the fourth vertex?
6
Name three possible coordinates of the fourth vertex.
9m 2m
7 What is the area of the intersection of the
two congruent rectangles? 5m
8 Rearrange the four congruent triangles to form a square with a hollow

square in the middle. What is the area of the middle square?
12 cm 13 cm 12 cm 13 cm 12 cm 13 cm 12 cm 13 cm
5 cm 5 cm 5 cm 5 cm

Investigations
Investigation 19.1 How many diagonals?

How many diagonals
A quadrilateral has in a pentagon?
two diagonals.
How many diagonals
in a hexagon?
No of sides 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 100
No of diagonals 2
Investigation 19.2 Golden Rectangle

Any rectangle which has
It is believed that the Golden the ratio 1 : 1.618 is called a
Ratio produces the most Golden Rectangle.
pleasing shape.
This rectangle is a Golden

Rectangle. Does it look good? Have a go.
Start with a Golden Rectangle.

Repeat
Take a square and you
still have a Golden Rectangle
Until nothing left?
Investigation 19.3 Rectangle Reduction
a) Draw a rectangle.
b) Place a point, P, outside the rectangle.
Investigate:
c) Draw lines from the vertices to P. The size of the new rectangle?
d) Join the midpoints of the lines. P in different places?
0.25 length of lines?
Start with a parallelogram?
270
Technology
Technology 19.1 Geometry Software

There are a considerable number of Geometry Software applications
available through the Internet.
1 Conduct a search for Geometry Software
2 Write a brief review of a selected three applications:
a) Price.
b) Suitability for the work in this chapter.
c) Ease of use.
3 Which appears to be the better Geometry application.
4 Test it.
5 Present the software to an audience and lead them through some exercises.
Technology 19.2 Shape Applets

1 Search the Internet for "drawing math shapes". Trapezium Applet
2 Experiment with the variety of applets that let
you explore triangles, parallelograms, 52° 128°
rectangles, trapeziums, kites etc.
109°
3 Note if they also allow you to experiment
with congruent shapes. 71°
4 If you are impressed with one of the sites,
present the site to an audience
and lead them through some exercises.
Technology 19.3 Geometric Patterns

Use Geometry Software to draw a spectacular geometric pattern.
Search the Internet for ideas.
Don't overlook the use of standard drawing software.

A Couple of Puzzles
Exercise 19.15
1 A builder has an exterior wall 9 m by 2 m that needs to be covered with
a 6 m by 3 m wall cladding panel. What is the best way to cut the panel?
Cover this
The wall with this. The panel
2 Fred is 30 years older than Ted. Their total age is 31 years.

How old is Ted (The answer is not 1)?
A Game
Combination.
1 Copy the table.

2 When it is your turn, throw a dice four times. 4, 1, 5, 1
3 Then try to use (), +, –, x, ÷, or ^ to equal (4x5)^(1+1) = 400
one of the uncrossed numbers in the table.
4 If successful, cross out the number
Which numbers will be
and add it to your total.
the hardest to get?
5 It is then the next person’s turn.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 400
A Sweet Trick
Show your audience copies of the following sums and
ask them to decide which sum is the bigger?
987654321 123456789
087654321 123456780
007654321 123456700
000654321 123456000 Incredibly, the two totals are
000054321 123450000 the same.
000004321 123400000
Sum = 1 083 676 269
000000321 123000000
000000021 120000000
+ 000000001 + 100000000
272
Chapter Review 1
Exercise 19.16
1 Using a ruler, a protractor, and a pair of compasses, construct the
following triangles (leave all construction marks):
a)
b)
c)
d)
2 Find the unknowns (each pair of triangles are congruent):

a) b)
C
C 35 cm B 12 cm
xº
42º
D B
yº
61º
D y cm A x cm
A
3 For the given parallelogram ABCD: D C

a) Prove that the diagonal DB cuts
the parallelogram into
b) Prove that the opposite sides,
AD and CB are equal. A B
D
4 For the given kite ABCD:
a) Prove that the diagonal DB cuts the
b) Prove that the longer diagonal A C
O
bisects the shorter diagonal.
c) Prove that the diagonals intersect
at right angles.
Why did
Jill rip th B
e calend
ar?
She wa
nted to
off. take a m
on th

Chapter Review 2
Exercise 19.17
a)
b)
c)
d)

a) b)
C
C B yº
25º x cm
y cm 27 cm D B
xº 7 cm
D A 105º
A
3 For the given parallelogram ABCD: D C

AD and BC are equal. A B
D
4 For the given kite ABCD:
a) Prove that the diagonal DB cuts the
b) Prove that the longer diagonal A C
O
bisects the shorter diagonal.
c) Prove that the diagonals intersect
at right angles.
Confuc B
ius
I hear, I :
know.
I see, I
rememb
I do, I u er.
ndersta
nd.
274
Chapter 16 Linear Relationships
A linear function increases by
Age of car in years (x) 1 2 3 4 the same amount each step.
Yearly repair cost ($Y) 320 600 880 1160
Each step increases by 280: $Y = 280x A non-linear function does not
increase by the same amount
each step.
Chapter 17 Measurement
Perimeter is the distance around the outside of a shape.
Volume of prism = Area of base × Height. x
y
Area of square = s 2
Area of parallelogram = bh
Area of rectangle = lxb Area of rhombus = bh
h
h h
b b b
Chapter 18 Probability PE
Music
In a class of 25 students, 12 students study
3
music, and 16 students study PE. 9 13
12 + 16 = 28 which is 3 more than 25
Thus 3 study music and PE
In a Two-Way Table.
One event on one side.
Chapter 19 Congruence Another event on the other side.
Parallelogram
A quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel.
Kite
Rectangle A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent
A parallelogram with a right-angle. sides equal.
Opposite sides are equal. Opposite angles are equal.
All angles are right-angles. The longer diagonal bisects the shorter
The diagonals are equal. diagonal.
The diagonals bisect each other. Diagonals intersect at right-angles.
275
Review 1
4 = 2×2
To multiply by 4, double twice.
1 Spell Congruent. 15×4 = 30×2 = 60
2 What does SSS mean?
3 What is the symbol for congruent?
4 15x4.
6
9
10 Simplify: a6 x a2
Exercise 20.2
a) b) c) d) D(0, 0)
2 Weeks (w) 1 2 3 4
Bank balance ($S) 200 250 300 350

3
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 2x + 1 What do all ships weigh
regardless of size?
a) Copy and complete the above table.
b) Draw a graph of the function. Anchor.
4 Convert:
a) 7.2 metres to centimetres. b) 14.2 kilometres to metres.
c) 650 metres to kilometres. d) 981 centimetres to metres.
e) 7 000 000 centimetres to kilometres.
f) 20 000 centimetres to kilometres.

a) b) c)
9cm
6m 6m 5cm 5cm 3.4km
9cm
5m 7.2km
276
a) b) c)
8.3m 8.7km
4.7cm
8.3m 12.2km 3.3cm
d) e) f) 3.4 m
89cm
3.6 m
31cm 4.5 m
67 cm 4.2 m
7.6 m

a) b) 14 cm
17 cm
8.3 cm 7 cm
2.7 cm
3.1 cm



a) P(2 girls).
b) P(1 girl and1 boy). Coin
c) P(2 boys).
H T
1
Use a Two-Way Table to calculate 2
Die
c) a head and an even number. 6

Spinner A Spinner B

a) a two-digit number less than 20. 1
Spinner A
d) a two-digit number divisible by 3.
5

a)
b)
c)
d)

a) b)
C
C 35 cm B 12 cm
xº
42º
D B
yº
61º
D y cm A x cm
A
14 For the given parallelogram ABCD:

D C
AD and BC are equal.
c) Prove that the opposite A B
angles are equal.
d) Prove that the diagonals
bisect each other.
278
Review 2
4 = 2×2
To multiply by 4, double twice.
1 Spell Probability. 16×4 = 32×2 = 64
2 What does SAS mean?
3 What is the symbol for congruent?
4 16x4.
5 Convert 7000 cm to m
6
7 Two coins are tossed. What is P(TT)
9 Solve: 2x + 5 = 1
10 Simplify: a6 x a2
Exercise 20.4
a) b) c) d) D(0, 0)
2 Weeks (w) 1 2 3 4
Bank balance ($S) 150 250 350 450

3
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y = 3x + 1 What part of a clock is
always old?
b) Draw a graph of the function. The second hand.
4 Convert:
a) 4.5 metres to centimetres. b) 24.23 kilometres to metres.
c) 7650 metres to kilometres. d) 2340 centimetres to metres.
e) 3 000 000 centimetres to kilometres.
f) 50 000 centimetres to kilometres.

a) b) c)
8cm
8m 8m 5cm 5cm 4.6km
8cm
5m 7.3km

a) b) c)
3.7m 4.9km
9.9cm
3.7m 7.4km 6.2cm
d) e) f)
35cm 7cm
3.1 m
36cm 9cm
19cm 4.7 m 6cm
56cm 12cm

a) b) 17 cm
19 cm
19.2 cm 13 cm
5.2 cm
6.8 cm

and 6 students study music and study PE. Draw a Venn Diagram


a) P(2 girls).
b) P(1 girl and 1 boy). Coin
c) P(2 boys).
H T
1
Use a Two-Way Table to calculate 2
Die
c) a tail and an odd number. 6
280
Spinner A Spinner B

a) a two-digit number less than 30. 1
Spinner A
d) a two-digit number divisible by 3.
4

a)
b)
c)
d)

a) b)
C
C B yº
25º x cm
y cm 27 cm D B
xº 7 cm
D A 105º
A
D C
14 For the given parallelogram ABCD:
AD and BC are equal. A B
c) Prove that the opposite
angles are equal.
c) Prove that the diagonals
bisect each other.

The Golden Rectangle is said to have the proportions,
neither too long nor too square, that are the most pleasing to the eye.
When the length is divided by the width the ratio is about 1.6.
Actually the Golden Ratio is defined as:
width length
=
length (length + width )
width (1 + 5 )
length =
2
The Golden Ratio is 1.618034........

This rectangle is a
Golden Rectangle.
How to construct a Golden Rectangle: D C
1 Make a square: ABCD
2 Find the midpoint E of AB
3 Set the radius of a compass to EC
4 Draw an arc with centre E as shown A B

E
5 Complete the Golden Rectangle.

Check by calculating the ratio of the length to the width.
Golden Rectangle Experiment

Make a variety of rectangles and ask
people to choose which rectangle has
the most pleasing shape.
Rectangle Length Width Length ÷ Width
An A4 sheet of paper
Photograph frame
Picture frame
Other rectangles
282
Acute
Angle
degrees from 0° to 360°, eg. 147°. In later studies other measures such as radians
will be introduced.
Angle sum of a polygon

The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
The sum of the interior angles of a pentagon is 540°.
Ascending order of numbers is an order from smallest to largest.

Example: 2, 3, 5, 10 is in ascending order.
Average
(The mode, and median, although different, are also central measures).
Area
Area of rectangle = length x breadth
Area of triangle = 1/2 x base x height
2 2
Area of parallelogram = base x height
Bearing
The bearing of North is 0°. N 0º
The bearing of East is 90°. NW NE
The bearing of South is 180°. E

W 270º 90º
The bearing of South West is 225°.
The bearing of West is 270°. SW SE
S 180º
Bias
Census
Centimetre
Circumference
283
Complementary angles are angles that sum to 90°.
Example: 40° and 50° are complementary angles.
Complementary events - The complement of any event (A) is the event (not A).
The probabilities of complementary events add to 1.
Composite number has more than two factors.

Example: 8 has factors of 1, 2, 4, 8. 8 is a composite number.
Compound stem-and-leaf plot

stem-and-leaf plots joined together.
Congruent objects have the same shape and the same size.
The tests of congruent triangles are:
SSS (side, side, side).
SAS (side, angle, side).
ASA (angle, side, angle).
RHS (right-angle, hypotenuse, side).
Consecutive numbers are numbers that follow one another.

Example: 3, 4, 5 are consecutive numbers.
Continuous numbers are numbers that can have any value. Weight is continuous
because the weight of an object can be any number on the number line.
Discrete numbers can have only certain values - the number of people in the
class must be a whole number. There can't be 4.62 people in the class.
Compound Interest - Compound interest arises when interest is added to the

principal. The interest that has been added also earns interest. This addition of
interest to the principal is called compounding. Eg A bank account may have its
interest compounded every year: in this case, an account with $1000 initial
principal and 20% interest per year would have a balance of $1200 at the end of
Coordinates
Example: P(2,5). The point P is 2 units to the right and 5 units up from the
origin (0,0).
Corresponding angles
If the lines are parallel, the corresponding angles are equal.
284
Cube
Cubed
Example: Two cubed = 23 = 8.
Cubic centimetre is the amount of space occupied by a cube with each side of
length 1 cm. The unit is 1 cm3 (1 L = 1 000 cm3).
Cubic metre is the amount of space occupied by a cube with each side of
length 1 m. The unit is 1 m3 (1 m3 = 1 000 L).
Data - Information collected for analysis or reference.
Decagon is a polygon with 10 sides and 10 angles.
Decimal place
Example: 5.281 has three decimal places.
Denominator in a fraction is the number at the bottom.
Descending order of numbers is an order from largest to smallest.

Example: 10, 5, 3, 2 is in descending order.
Diameter
on the circle and that passes through the centre of the circle.
Diameter
Die
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 on each of the six faces.
The opposite sides of a die sum to seven.
Die is singular, dice is plural.
Digit
Example: The number 435 has the digits 4, 3, and 5.
Discrete numbers are numbers that can only have certain values,
normally whole numbers.
Example: The number of people in the class is discrete (Can't be 4.62 people).
Distributive law
outside the brackets. Example: 3(a + 5) = 3a + 15
Glossary 285
Dividend
Divisor
Dodecahedron
faces congruent and each face having the shape of a regular pentagon (5 sides
Equation
Example: 2x + 5 = 9 is an equation.
60°
An equilateral triangle is a triangle with three equal sides.
Each of the three angles in an equilateral triangle are 60°.
Estimate 60° 60°

Example: An estimate of 43 x 26 is 40 x 30 = 1200
Evaluate
Even numbers are numbers that are exactly divisible by 2.

Example: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 are even numbers.
Expand
outside the brackets.
Example: 3(a + 5) = 3a + 15
Factors
into the number.
Example: The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6.
Factorise
Example: 3a + 15 = 3(a + 3)
Finite
Example: {2, 3, 1, 6 } has a finite number of elements. It has 4 elements.
The opposite of finite is infinite.
Formula
Frequency
Example: 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2 The frequency of 2 is 4 {2 occurs 4 times}
286
Gram
1 000 g = 1 kg
Gradient
1 2
2
1 2
m=1 1 m=2 m=1
Greater than
Example: 6 is greater than 4, 6 > 4
Heptagon
Hexagon
Highest common factor

Example: The highest common factor of 12 {1,2,3,4,6,12} and 8 {1,2,4,8} is 4.
Hypotenuse - The longest side in a right-angled triangle.

The hypotenuse is opposite the right-angle.
Icosahedron
congruent and each face having the shape of an equilateral triangle.
Improper fraction
the numerator larger than the denominator.
5
Example: is an improper fraction.
3
Index
Example: 9 = 32. The index is 2.
Integers are whole positive numbers and whole negative numbers.
Intersection
a set of two numbers.
Glossary 287
Irrational number
common fraction or as a decimal fraction that terminates or recurs.
Isosceles
The angles opposite the equal sides are equal.
Kite
Kilogram
Kilometre
Latitude
the Equator.
Adelaide's latitude is 34.55°S, Adelaide's longitude is 138.35°E.
Brisbane's latitude is 27.28°S, Brisbane's longitude is 153.01°E.
Canberra's latitude is 35.27°S, Canberra's longitude is 149.12°E.
Darwin's latitude is 12.28°S, Darwin's longitude is 130.50°E.
Hobart's latitude is 42.53°S, Hobart's longitude is 147.19°E.
Melbourne's latitude is 37.82°S, Melbourne's longitude is 144.95°E.
Perth's latitude is 31.95°S, Brisbane's longitude is 115.83°E.
Sydney's latitude is 33.52°S, Sydney's longitude is 151.13°E.
Litre
Longitude
line of meridian through Greenwich. See Latitude for examples.
Mean
number of numbers. The mean of 2, 4, 5, 7 =
Median
have been put in order.
Example: Find the median of: 4, 5, 2, 3, 6, 7, 2
In order: 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
The median is 4
Find the median of: 1, 3, 1, 0, 4, 3
In order: 0, 1, 1, 3, 3, 4
The median is the mean of 1 and 3 = 2.
Metre
288
Millimetre
Mixed number
3
Example: 2
5
Mode
Example: 2, 4, 3, 3, 5, 3. The mode is 3 (3 occurs three times).
1, 5, 4, 1, 5, 3. The mode is 1 and 5 (bimodal).
Net
Numerator
Obtuse angle
Octagon
An octahedron is a three-dimensional object with all eight faces congruent and
platonic solids.
Odd numbers are numbers that are not exactly divisible by 2.

Example: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 are odd numbers.
Obtuse angle
Parallelogram
in which the opposite sides are parallel.
Pentagon
Per annum
43
Percentage
100
Perimeter
Perpendicular lines are lines that are at 90° to each other.
Glossary 289
Pi
Polygons are shapes made up of straight lines. Triangles (3 sides),

quadrilaterals (4 sides), pentagons (5 sides), hexagons (6 sides) etc are polygons.
Polyhedron
Power
multiplied by itself.
Example: 3x3x3x3x3 = 35
Probability The chance of an event happening.

Probability ranges from a low of 0 (no chance) to a high of 1 (certain).
No of favourable outcomes
P(event ) =
Total no of outcomes
Prime number
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 are prime numbers. 1 is not a prime number.
Prism
is repeated from the bottom to the top.
Cylinder.
A circular based prism.
Probability is the chance of an event happening.

If a die is thrown, the chance of a 3 showing is
Quadratic
Example: y = 2x2
Quadrilateral
Quartile
Upper quartile, median, lower quartile.
Quotient
Example: The quotient of 10÷5 is 2.
Radius
on the circle.
Range
290
Ratio
made by mixing one part of two stroke oil to 32 parts of unleaded petrol (1: 32).
Rational number
common fraction or as a decimal fraction that either terminates or recurs.
1 3 −2
Example:
2 4 3
Rectangle
are parallel and the internal angles are 90° (right-angles).
Rectangular prism
is a rectangle.
Right-angle
Rounding - Giving an approximation of a number using the nearest more

convenient number is called rounding. When rounding to the nearest ten, 11, 12,
13 and 14, round to 10, whereas 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 round to 20.
the same size.
Square
Square centimetre, cm2, is the area occupied by a square with each side of
length 1 cm.
Square metre, m2, is the area occupied by a square with each side of
length 1 m (1 m2 = 10 000 cm2).
Symmetry
symmetrical.
Surface area - The surface area of an object is the sum of the area of the various
faces that make up the object.
Glossary 291
Tonne
Transformation -
Trapezium
of opposite sides parallel.
Triangle
Two-way table
Variables are letters used in equations, formulas, and expressions.

Example: x is a variable in the equation: 3x +4 = 12.
Vertex
Vertically opposite angles

when two lines intersect. Vertically opposite angles are equal.
Vinculum
Volume
Example: The volume of a prism = area of base x height
Whole numbers are the positive counting numbers.

Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.
x-intercept
y-intercept
292
Exercise 1.1 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 5 25 6 1 7 8 8 27 9 64 10 125 11 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 16 13 81 14 256 15 625 17 100 18 1000 19 10 000 2 4 8 16 32
20 100 000 21 1 000 000 22 10 000 000 23 64 24 78125 25 1 3 9 27 81 243
26 256 27 6 28 1 000 000 000 29 normally no 4 16 64 256 1024
30 1 000 000 000 000 31 500 000 000 000 5 25 125 625 3125
Exercise 1.2 1 43 2 24 3 a3 4 103 5 b5 6 h3 7 m5 8 94 9 36
Exercise 1.3 1 4×4×4 2 b×b×b×b 3 5×5 4 2×2×2×2×2×2×2 5 6×6 6 m×m×m×m×m 7 x×x×x×x
8 p×p×p×p×p 9 1×1×1×1
Exercise 1.4 1 a4×b3 2 22×33 3 a5×b4 4 24×33 5 b4×g5 6 z11 7 p5×q3×r4 8 23×32×43 9 44×g6
Exercise 1.5 1 25 2 35 3 26 4 47 5 a4 6 b5 7 z8 8 w7 9 24 10 t7 11 55 12 109 13 36 14 75 15 d5 16 m6 17 c7 18 106
19 a5 20 b6 21 h7 22 z5 23 n9 24 107 25 27 26 39 27 a8 28 u7 29 27 30 p7 31 d9 32 m9 33 c8 34 y8 35 a7 36 b8
37 h7 38 z9 39 b8 40 z9
Exercise 1.6 1 22 2 3 3 22 4 4 5 a4 6 b5 7 102 8 w 9 22 10 t3 11 52 12 103 13 32 14 7 15 103 16 3 17 a 18 u2
19 26 20 1 21 m2 22 e3 23 c3 24 102 25 a 26 33
Exercise 1.7 1 13 2 24 3 34 4 45 5 52 6 15 7 23 8 33 9 102 10 103 11 104 12 b6 13 n7 14 p5 15 a6
Exercise 1.8 1 2×2×2 2 d×d×d×d 3 6×6 4 2×2×2×2×2 5 g×g×g×g 6 1×1×1 7 2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2
8 h×h×h×h×h×h×h 9 1×1×1×1
Exercise 1.9 1 25 2 35 3 56 4 27 5 a5 6 b4 7 k8 8 p6 9 104 10 105 11 15 12 h9
Exercise 1.10 1 2 2 33 3 52 4 42 5 c4 6 b6 7 102 8 w2 9 22 10 106 11 f2 12 z
Exercise 1.11 1 26 2 29 3 36 4 46 5 d4 6 b12 7 t8 8 n10 9 54 10 s10 11 m6 12 38 13 59 14 106 15 103 16 g10 17 106
18 h12 19 d8 20 215 21 28 22 211 23 39 24 410 25 d7 26 b16 27 t13 28 n13 29 55 30 s12 31 m7 32 39
Exercise 1.12 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 5 14 3 15 6 16 2 17 7 18 3 19 9 20 8
21 4 22 5 23 2 24 5 25 d4 26 b6 27 t8 28 5 29 5 30 s2 31 m 32 3
Exercise 1.13 2 35 3 2×2×2 4 m5 5 23 6 1 7 0.5 8 1/4 9 13/5 10 $3.60
Exercise 1.14 2 24 3 4×4×4 4 d5 5 33 6 1 7 0.25 8 3/4 9 11/3 10 $2.80
Exercise 1.15 2 55 3 3×3×3×3 4 a6 5 52 6 1 7 0.75 8 1/2 9 17/4 10 $4.40
Exercise 1.16 1a 4270 1b 4 270 000 1c 4 270 000 000 2 2a 3 b 4a b=4 4b b=6 4c b=4 5 36 240 6 b 7a 4
7b 18 7c 24 8 b 9 8cm 10 4cm 11 b 12a 4 12b 3 12c 100 12d 8 12e 64 12f 8 13 b
Exercise 1.17 1a 0.04 1b 0.0009 1c 0.008 1d 1110 1e 30 1f 1 000 000 1g 3 1h 5 1i 7 2 12 3a x=3 3b x=5
3c x=12 4 100cm 5a 1 5b 3 5c 4 6 6 7 4 8 4 9 4 10 23
8 1 6 4 9 2 4 9 2 6 7 2 8 3 4 4 3 8
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 1 5 9 1 5 9 9 5 1
4 9 2 8 1 6 8 1 6 8 3 4 6 7 2 2 7 6
Exercise 1 18 Puzzles
Exercise 1.19 1a 1 1b 4 1c 3 1d g 1e a 1f 10 2a 4 2b 2 2c 10 2d 5 2e a 2f b 2g p 2h w6 2i 106
4 4 6 7 5 6 5 4 6 7 7 4 10
2j 106 2k 18 2l h10 3a 101 3b 43 3c 35 3d 22 3e a4 3f n5 3g 104 3h 12 3i 42 3j t2 3k 102 3l u5 4a 36 4b 29 4c 56

4d 106 4e 106 4f b12 4g u10 4h 115 4i 76 4j 39 4k 29 4l 411 5a 1 5b 1 5c 1 5d 8
Exercise 1.20 1a 23 1b 35 1c d6 1d 105 1e z6 1f 17 2a 36 2b 14 2c 108 2d t5 2e m8 2f 34 2g p9 2h 59 2i 104
2j 107 2k 17 2l j7 3a 3 3b e2 3c 25 3d 12 3e g3 3f m3 3g 106 3h q2 3i h 3j 44 3k 103 2l v3 4a 46 4b 312 4c 76
4d b6 4e 104 4f e8 4g h8 4h 16 4i 56 4j 86 4k 210 4l 311 5a 1 5b 1 5c 1 5d 3
Exercise 2.1 1 2 12 3 4 5 45 6 30 7 8 0 9 10 4 11 450 12 13 80 14 15 16 0

17 18 19 20 3 21 22 50 23 0 24 25 8 26 0 27 28 9 29 30
Exercise 2.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 72<68 9 10
11 2 > 0 12 13 14 15 16 13 > 5 17 18
Exercise 2.3 1 0,1,3,5 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15
Exercise 2.4 1 7 2 2 3 2 4 5 13 6 4 7 8 9 25 10 11 2 12 13 15 14 5 15 3 16 21 17 7 18
19 20 30 21
293
+ 0 1 + 0 5
0 0
0 0 1 0 0 5
1 0 1 2 5 0 5 10
Exercise 2.5 1 2
Exercise 2.6 1 2 2 3 4 5 1 6 7 8 9 3 10 11 2 12 13 5 14 15 16 17 18
19 1 20 21 5 22 6 23 24 2 25 8 26 7 27 6 28 29 4 30 7 31 32 33 8 34 12 35 36 2 37 21
38 9 39 40 9
Exercise 2.7 1 10 2 3 4 5 12 6 7 8 9 8 10 11 12 13 0 14 0 15 0 16 0 17 15
× 0 1 × 0 1
1 0 1 2 0 2
2 0 2 1 0 1
3 0 3 0 0 0 0 3
4 0 4 2 1 0
18 19 20 21 22 23 8 24 6
25 9 26 20 27 2 28 15 29 18 30 31 32 10 33 14 34 35 36 16 37 35 38 39 40 24
Exercise 2.8 1 3 2 3 4 1 5 2 6 7 8 6 9 6 10 11 12 2 13 7 14 15 16 9 17 5 18
÷ 2 4 ÷ 5 10
2 4 4 8
1 2 2 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 2 1 20 4 2
19 20 3 21 4 22 23 24 25 26
27 4 28 29 30 1 31 32 12 33 5 34
Exercise 2.9 1 8 2 3 3 4 5 3 6 7 8 8 9 25 10 11 12 13 6 14 15 11 16 17 9 18
19 20 8 21 30 22 23 24 25 4 26 27 28 5 29 3 30 31 32 5 33 34 35
36 50
Exercise 2.10 2 1 3 4 2 5 120 6 35 7 m5 8 1 9 3.6 10 $110
Exercise 2.11 2 3 6 4 5 240 6 26 7 d2 8 1 9 4.3 10 $70
Exercise 2.12 2 3 4 5 340 6 54 7 x7 8 1 9 4.1 10 $100
Exercise 2.13 1a 1b 1c 6 1d 1e 1f 12 1g 1h 5 1i 2 3 5 4 3 5a
5b 6 7 2 8 20 9 10
Exercise 2.14 1 3 2a 3 2b 3 2c 5 2d 2e 50 2f 3a 3 3b 10 3c 4a 4b 4c 4d x=7
4e 4f
1 2 4 3 2 4 3 1
3 4 2 1 1 3 4 2
4 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 3 4
Exercise 2.15 1a) 1b) 4 2 1 4
Exercise 2.16 1a 1b 15 1c 25 1d 2a 2b 2c 3a 3b
3c 4a 2 4b 4c 4d 9 4e 4f 4 4g 4h 4i 10 4j 3 4k 4l 4m 2 4n 4o 4p
4q 4r 5a 2 5b 5c 5d 5 5e 5f 2 5g 5h 5i 8 5j 3 5k 5l 5m 1 5n 0 5o 5p 5q 9
5r 6 7 8 9 50km/h 10 975 years
Exercise 2.17 1a 1b 15 1c 1d 0 2a 2b 2c 3a 3b
3c 4a 4b 4c 4d 9 4e 3 4f 21 4g 4h 4i 4 4j 2 4k 4l 4m 3 4n 4o 4p 4
4q 4r 5a 3 5b 0 5c 5d 5 5e 5f 12 5g 5h 5i 9 5j 1 5k 5l 5m 6 5n 4 5o 5p 5q 6
5r 6 7 8 9 10 397°C
294
Exercise 3.1 1a 1b x+5 1c x+b 1d 3x 1e 2a a+1.5 2b 2c a+b 2d
2e 2a 3a x+y+z 3b x+y 3c 3d z+5 4a x+y 4b a+7 4c 2b+10 4d 4e ag 4f b3 4g 3x+5p 4h x2
4i mc2
Exercise 3.2 1a 12 1b 4 1c 9 1d 1e 2/3 1f 2/3 1g 6 1h 2 1i 1j 43 1k 16 1l 12 2 2 3 4.25 4 1875
5 25 6a 30cm2 6b 56.12m2 7a 14cm 7b 52.4cm 8a 6mm2 8b 23.78cm2
Exercise 3.3 1 8x 2 2a 3 9c 4 5e 5 19c 6 7 15h 8 3k 9 12d 10 5f 11 18o 12 13 21y 14 15 10a
16 14s 17 5d 18 4a 19 10x 20 21 3d 22 9x 23 2a 24 25 16y 26 13x+2a 27 3a+6b 28 b+4g 29 3y+2p
30 31 6m+n 32 8b2 33 2a3+9b 34 6xy+2 35 as2+7d5 36 5x+7y 37 y 38 14x+4 39
2 3
Exercise 3.4 1 not equivalent 2 equivalent 3 not equivalent 4 equivalent 5 equivalent 6 not equivalent
7 equivalent 8 not equivalent
Exercise 3.5 1 10a 2 21a 3 18c 4 14e 5 28n 6 24m 7 32h 8 15a 9 12s 10 12d 11 36b 12 4e 13 8w 14 3p
15 12v 16 3d 17 3p 18 3r 19 12ab 20 4fw 21 14sy 22 10bc 23 24dt 24 7gk 25 27np 26 30eh 27 20fg 28 2mn
29 5pr 30 2km 31 12g2 32 12t2 33 27h2 34 35d2 35 16s3 36 40fg3 37 6de3 38 39 2
40 2
41 12a b 42
2 3
43 3
44 n 45
3 2
p 46
2 3
b 47 6d p 48 16h 49 20a b c
3 2 2 3 3 4 3 2
Exercise 3.6 1 2a 2 3y 3 3c 4 2e 5 2n 6 4m 7 5f 8 2n 9 4h 10 g/2 11 a/3 12 s/3 13 m/2 14 d/5 15 t/3

16 10p/3 17 3b/2 18 9d/2 19 8k/3 20 6d/5 21 3s/2 22 4y/3 23 7f/2 24 3g/2 25 3/2 26 12/5 27 8/3 28 2/3
29 3/2 30 4/7 31 3y 32 7d/2 33 9g/2 34 w/4 35 1/3 36 2/(3b) 37 38 39 40 2 41 42 2 43 3y
44 2d 45 46 47 48 2/(3b) 49 3g/(2n) 50 51 52 53 7a/3 54
Exercise 3.7 1 4b+12 2 5c+10 3 2a+14 4 3g+3 5 6h+30 6 7n+28 7 5m+15 8 3y+6 9 9w+54 10 6c+12
11 12e+16 12 20v+15 13 21y+7 14 18x+30 15 24g+10 16 10a+2d 17 5w+5h 18 27q+12d 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31 2t2+3t 32 12z2+15z 33 24g2+30g 34 6d2 35 6n2 36 7m2 37 3y2+2ry
38 15b2 39 2
Exercise 3.8 1 equivalent 2 equivalent 3 not equivalent 4 not equivalent 5 equivalent 6 not equivalent
7 not equivalent 8 equivalent 9 equivalent 10 not equivalent 11 not equivalent 12 equivalent
13 not equivalent 14 equivalent 15 not equivalent 16 not equivalent 17 not equivalent 18 equivalent
Exercise 3.9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 2 14 2
+6z 15 2
16 2
+8d 17 2
+32n
18 2
+5m 19 2
20 2
+8ce 21 2
22 2
+8y 23 2
+12s 24 2
+2m
25 2
26 2
+10dq 27 2
+30tu
Exercise 3.10 1 ab+ac 2 5a+15 3 2626 4 bx+cx 5 6 212 7 a2+ad 8 9 210 10 2x2+3x
11 18x+30 12 189 13 5a2 14 15 315 16 17 18 57 19 3n2 20 21 288
22 23 24 335 25 26 27 1530
Exercise 3.11 1 2(x+3) 2 3(a+2) 3 2(c+2) 4 5 6 5(g+2) 7 5(a+3b) 8 2(m+4n) 9 a(2a+3)
10 x(5x+3) 11 12 13 2x(x+3) 14 3y(y+2) 15 16 4(a+2d) 17 18 5(b+2)
Exercise 3.12 1 3x 2 4a 3 2a 4 2b 5 3y 6 5 7 3 8 4 9 4ab 10 2p 11 4 12 2 13 6 14 5y 15 3f 16 8 17 16h
18 7t
Exercise 3.13 1 3(1+2x) 2 4a(1+2b) 3 4 2b(2+3a) 5 6 5(s+2d) 7 8 4(3e+1)
9 4ab(2+3c) 10 2p(3+7q) 11 12 2(4a+b) 13 6(1+2y) 14 15 3f(5e+9g) 16
17 16h(1+4ij) 18 7t(2r+5)
Exercise 3.14 1 2x 2 2a 3 4 4b 5 6 5 7 2 8 3 9 4df 10 2p 11 3 12 2 13 4 14 5n 15 16 2
17 18 5n
Exercise 3.15 1 2 2a(2+5b) 3 4 5 6 5(s+2d) 7 8 3e(5e+1)
9 10 11 12 13 14 5n(m+3o) 15 16
17 18
Exercise 3.16 1 equivalent 2 equivalent 3 equivalent 4 not equivalent 5 equivalent 6 equivalent
7 not equivalent 8 equivalent
Exercise 3.17 2 3 3 4 5 4a 6 6g2 7 10a+15 8 9 37 10 7.2
Exercise 3.18 2 5 3 4 15 5 6m 6 2b 7 8 9 54 10 3.8
Exercise 3.19 2 7 3 1 4 5 3b 6 7 8 5(x+3) 9 26 10 4.7
Exercise 3.20 1 18 2 2 3 1.25 4 67 5 1875 6 25 7 12 8 1.2 9 x=4 10 x=5 11 485 12 969 13 13 14 36
15 12a+3 16 x +3 17 18 4 and 3 19
Exercise 3.21 1a b+2 1b 2n+6 1c 3x+2 1d 2a+b 1e 2w+6 1f 5u +8 1g x +4 1h 1i 1j
1k a+6b 1l g+7h 2 3 3 7 4 5 0.7 6 54 7a x=20° 7b x=12° 7c x=90°
Exercise 3.22 1 3482, 3761, 2591 then 5429, 5861, 9371 2 75
Answers 295
Exercise 3.23 1a x+5.5 1b 1c x+b 1d 1e 2x 2a 7x 2b 4h 2c 2c 2d 6a 2e 2f 3s/2 2g
2h 27np 2i t/3 2j 3d 2k 2
2l 9g/2 2m 6m4 2n 12a5 2o 4d5 2p 9b2 2q n 2r
3 2
2s 3d2 2t 2
2u 3p 3a 2t+10 3b 3c 3d 2g2+3g 3e 15b2 3f 3g 3h
3i 140x+28 3j 3k 3l 4a 3(x+4) 4b 4c 2(3c+4) 4d 5(t+3) 4e
4f 4g 3(1+2h) 4h 4e(d+2) 4i 4j 2p(2+5q) 4k 4l 4m
4n 4o 5a equivalent 5b equivalent 5c not equivalent 5d not equivalent
5e equivalent 5f equivalent 5g not equivalent 5h equivalent 6 15/8 7 2 8 625 9a 4x+8 9b 9c
9d 9e 9f
Exercise 3.24 1a x+y 1b 2b+5 1c 1d h+9 1e 2(2h+3) 2a 7d 2b 5m 2c 4f 2d 15v 2e 2f 4n/3 2g g
2h 12b2 2i 4t/9 2j 2k 2
2l 9t/5 2m 6c4 2n 15a5 2o 12s5 2p 10b2 2q c 2r
3 2
2s 12d2/7
2t 1/3 2u 6p/7 3a 3r+15 3b 3c 3d 2z +7z 3e 5b
2 2
3f 3g 3h
3i 1500y+45 3j 3k 3l 4a 3(x+3) 4b 4c 2(3z+4) 4d 5(a+4) 4e
4f 4g 3(1+5h) 4h 4b(a+4) 4i 4j 2d(2+5c) 4k 4l 4m
4n 4o 5a equivalent 5b not equivalent 5c equivalent 5d equivalent
5e equivalent 5f equivalent 5g not equivalent 5h not equivalent 6 9/5 7 8 96 9a 3x+8 9b 6y+6 9c 5p
9d 8d+3 9e 9f 11f+3
Exercise 4.1 4a 20 4b 20 4c 200 6a 5 6b 5 6c 5 6d 50

Exercise 4.2 1a 1/6 1b 1/2 1c 1/2 1d 1/6 1e 1/3 1f 1/3 1g 0 1h 1/3 2a 1/8 2b 1/2 2c 1/2 2d 1/8 2e 1/2 2f 1/8
2g 3/8 2h 1/4 3a 3/8 3b 5/8 3c 5/8 3d 3/8 3e 1 3f 0 4a 3/5 4b 2/5 4c 2/5 4d 3/5 4e 1 4f 0
Exercise 4.3 1a The ball is not white 1b An even number will show 1c Mia will not win the prize
1d The coin will show a head 1e It will not rain today 2a 1/6 2b 5/6 2c 1/2 2d 1/2 2e 1/3 2f 2/3 3a 1/16
3b 15/16 3c 1/2 3d 1/2 3e 1/8 3f 7/8 3g 5/16 3h 11/16 3i 1/4 4a 1/50 4b 49/50 4c 1/2 4d 1/2 4e 1/5 4f 4/5
4g 3/50 4h 47/50 5a 1/200 5b 199/200
6a 5/12 6b 1/12 6c 7/12 6d 1/4 6e 1/12 6f 1/3 6g 0 6h 11/12 6i 3/4 7a 5/11 7b 1/11 7c 6/11 7d 2/11 7e 2/11
7f 4/11 7g 0 7h 9/11 7i 9/11 8a 5/12 8b 1/4 8c 1/6 8d 1/6 8e 7/12 8f 5/6 8g 5/6 8h 5/12 8i 0 8j 3/4 8k 5/6
8l 1 9a 15/109 9b 23/109 9c 10/109 9d 38/109 9e 22/109
Exercise 4.4 2 7 3 m5 4 5 3b 6 1/3 7 10a+15 8 5(x+3) 9 0.95 10 6
Exercise 4.5 2 3 n7 4 7a 5 15 6 1/4 7 6x+12 8 4(c+3) 9 0.85 10
Exercise 4.6 2 2 3 x8 4 5b 5 20 6 1/5 7 8 3(h+3) 9 0.25 10
Exercise 4.7 1 1/6 2 1/4 3 15/40=3/8 4 2/5 5 25/55=5/11 6 3/5 7 55 8 b) 9 1/2 10 3/8 11 1/36
Exercise 4.8 1a 6/27=2/9 1b 10/27 2a 43/150 2b 44/150=22/75 3 4/6=2/3 4 4/6=2/3 5a 2/6=1/3 5b 4/6=2/3
5c 2/6=1/3 5d 1 6a 2/3 6b 2/3 6c 1
Exercise 4.9 1 6 2 96cm 3 10:55am 4 75 5
Exercise 4.10 1 Probability is the chance of something happening 2a 1/6=0.17 2c 1/1000000=0.0000001
3a 25heads 3b 25tails 3c 250heads 4a 1/6 4b 1/2 4c 1/2 4d 1/6 4e 1/6 4f 2/3 4g 0 4h 1/2
5a The ball is not red 5b An even number will show 5c Riley will not win the lottery
5d The coin will show a head 5e 6a 5/1000=1/200 6b 199/200 7a 3/10 7b 1/2
7c 1/5 7d 0 7e 7/10 7f 4/5 7g 1/2 7h 7/10 8a 2/3 8b 1 8c 1/3
Exercise 4.11 1 Probability is the chance of something happening 2a 1/11=0.09 3a 30heads 3b 30tails
3c 300heads 4a 1/6 4b 1/2 4c 1/2 4d 1/6 4e 1/2 4f 1/3 4g 0 4h 1/3 5a The ball is not blue
5b An odd number will show 5c Ella will not win the lottery 5d The coin will show a tail
5e It will not rain today 6a 1/100 6b 99/100 7a 1/4 7b 1/4 7c 1/2 7d 0 7e 3/4 7f 1/2 7g 3/4 7h 3/4
8a 2/3 8b 1/3
296
Exercise 5.1 2 5 3 4 2 5 4c 6 1/3 7 6b+12 8 5(a+4) 9 0.75 10 x5
Exercise 5.2 1a 23 1b 35 1c d6 1d 105 1e z6 1f 17=1 2a 36 2b 14=1 2c 108 2d t5 2e m8 2f 34 2g p9 2h 59 2i 104
2j 107 2k 17=1 2l j7 3a 3 3b e2 3c 25 3d 12=1 3e g3 3f m3 3g 106 3h q2 3i h 3j 44 3k 103 3l v3 4a 46 4b 312
4c 76 4d b6 4e 56 4f 86 4g 210 4h 311 5a 1 5b 1 5c 1 5d 3 6a 6b 15m 6c 6d 0 7a
7b 7c 8a 8b 8c 9a 9b 9c 9d 9 9e 3 9f 21 9g 9h 9i 4
9j 2 9k 9l 9m 3 9n 9o 9p 4 9q 9r 10 11 12 13 70m 14 397°C
15a a+b 15b xy 15c c+5 15d 15e x3y or 3xy 16a 9a 16b 2b 16c 2c 16d 9d 16e 3f/2 or 1.5f 16f
16g 12eg 16h 7i 16i 2
16j 3m/2 or 1.5m 16k 8g4 16l 10a2 16m y 16n 4 16o 6p/5 or 1.2p
3 2
17a 3b+15 17b 17c 17d 17e 17f 18a 3(d+2) 18b 18c 3(2f+3)
18d 2d(2+9e) 18e 18f 18g 18h 18i 19a equivalent
19b equivalent 19c not equivalent 19d equivalent 20a 2a+1 20b 20c 10k 20d 23n+7
21 Probability is the chance of something happening 22a 2/7=0.29 23a 25 23b 25 23c 250 24a 1/6 24b 1/2
24c 1/2 24d 1/6 24e 1/3 24f 1/2 25a The number is not 3 25b An even number will show 26a 1/50
26b 49/50 27a 2/5 or 0.4 27b 3/5 or 0.6 27c 4/5 or 0.8 28a 2/3 28b 1/3
Exercise 5.3 2 4 3 10 4 5 6m 6 1/2 7 9d+6 8 2(3h+5) 9 0.65 10 x7
Exercise 5.4 1a 54 1b 25 1c w6 1d 103 1e y6 1f 16 =1 2a 47 2b 17 =1 2c 107 2d t9 2e n9 2f 54 2g h10 2h 711
2i 106 2j 105 2k 15 =1 2l z8 3a 34 3b d4 3c 35 3d 15 =1 3e m3 3f d2 3g 106 3h s4 3i a3 3j 23 3k 102 3l x3 4a 29
4b 38 4c 46 4d x8 4e y9 4f 512 4g 211 4h 312 5a 1 5b 1 5c 1 5d 2 6a 6b 25% 6c $150 6d 7a
7b 7c 8a 8b 8c 9a 2 9b 9c 9d 5 9e 5 9f 12 9g 9h 9i 6
9j 2 9k 9l 9m 1 9n 1 9o 9p 9q 9r 10 $300 11 12 13 14 3070years
Exercise 5.4 1a 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1b 3/10, 0.3, 30% 1c 1/4, 0.25, 25% 1d 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1e 2/3, 0.67, 67%
1f 2/5, 0.4, 40% 2a 1:3 2b 1:2 2c 4:3 2d 2:3 2e 2:3 2f 3:4 3 500mL 4 5 shovelfulls 5a 6 5b 24 5c 30
6a $137.50 6b $9.30 7 x1.4, $70 8a $148 8b $143.50 8c The 30% sounds better, 30% is the better deal
9 $24.07 10 $2.15 11a 5.3 runs per over 11b 11L per 100km 12a $15.05 per 750g 12b $5.19 for 3L
13a 21m 13b 26cm 13c 23.8km 14a 13.69m2 14b 36.26km2 14c 30.69cm2 14d 1659cm2 14e 1235cm2
4f 56.94m2 14g 14.57m2 14h 100.5cm2 15a 678.912cm2 15b 2099.5cm3 16a c+d 16b xy 16c 16d r/a
16e 2x+x3 17a 5y 17b 3d 17c 3c/2 17d 30a 17e 3a 17f 17g 12np 17h 17i 2
17j 3g/2 17k 8h4
17l 8a2 17m b 17n 5d 17o 3p/2 18a 2n+6 18b
3 2
18c 18d 18e
18f 19a 6(x+2) 19b 19c 2(5c+4) 19d 2j(2+7k) 19e 19f 19g
19h 19i 20a equivalent 20b not equivalent 20c not equivalent 20d equivalent
21a 4a+8 21b 21c 21d 22 Probability is the chance of something happening 23a 1/4
24a 35 24b 35 24c 350 25a 1/6 25b 1/2 25c 1/2 25d 1/6 25e 2/3 25f 1/3 26a I will not pass the test
26b An odd number will show 27a 1/20 27b 19/20 28a 1/5 28b 4/5 28c 3/5 29a 2/3 29b 1/3
Exercise 6.1 1 5/2 2 3 4 5 15/1 6 0/1

Exercise 6.2 1 0,1,2,3 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9
Exercise 6.3 1a 5/2 1b 8/5 1c 7/5 1d 8/3 1e 9/8 1f 15/4 1g 9/4 1h 37/10 2a 2/1/2 2b 2/1/3 2c 2/1/4 2d 1/4/5
2e 1/3/5 2f 3/1/3 2g 2/5/7 2h 3/4/11 3a 5/7/10 3b 4/9/10 3c 8/58/100 3d 9/27/100 3e 3/333/1000
3f 15/417/1000 3g 4/1/100 3h 4/10000 4a 3.4 4b 4.13 4c 12.7 4d 5.97 4e 6.1 4f 72.56 4g 5.03 4h 7.196
Exercise 6.4 1 0.1 2 0.3 3 0.75 4 0.6 5 0.8 6 0.2 7 0.5 8 0.36
Exercise 6.5 1a 10%, 10/100=1/10 1b 20%, 20/100=1/5 1c 30%, 30/100=3/10 1d 40%, 40/100=2/5
1e 50%, 50/100=1/2 1f 60%, 60/100=3/5 1g 70%, 70/100=7/10 1h 80%, 80/100=4/5 1i 90%, 90/100=9/10
1j 100%, 100/100=1 1k 25%, 25/100=1/4 1l 75%, 75/100=3/4 1m 5%, 5/100=1/20 1n 300%, 300/100=3
1o 110%, 110/100=11/10 1p 150%, 150/100=3/2 1q 200%, 200/100=2 1r 400%, 400/100=4
1s 140%, 140/100=7/5 1t 625%, 625/100=25/4 1u 15%, 15/100=3/20 1v 8%, 8/100=2/25
1w 6.25%, 6.25/100=1/16 1x 375%, 375/100=15/4 2a 10/100=1/10=0.1 2b 20/100=1/5=0.2
2c 30/100=3/10=0.3 2d 40/100=2/5=0.4 2e 50/100=1/2=0.5 2f 60/100=3/5=0.6 2g 70/100=7/10=0.7
2h 80/100=4/5=0.8 2i 90/100=9/10=0.9 2j 100/100=1=1 2k 1/100=0.01 2l 5/100=1/20=0.05 2m 7/100=0.07
2n 12/100=3/25=0.12 2o 120/100=6/5=1.2 2p 150/100=3/2=1.5 2q 200/100=2=2 2r 500/100=5=5
2s 156/100=39/25=1.56 2t 217/100=2.17 2u 6.2/100=31/500=0.062 2v 8.7/100=87/1000=0.087
2w 12.25/100=49/400=0.1225 2x 5.75/100=23/400=0.0575 3a 0.1, 10% 3b 0.2, 20% 3c 0.3, 30%
3d 0.4, 40% 3e 0.5, 50% 3f 0.6, 60% 3g 0.7, 70% 3h 0.8, 80% 3i 0.9, 90% 3j 1, 100% 3k 0.5, 50%
3l 0.33, 33% 3m 0.67, 67% 3o 0.5, 50% 3p 0.75, 75% 3q 0.2, 20% 3r 0.4, 40% 3s 0.6, 60% 3t 0.8, 80%
Answers 297
3u 1, 100% 3v 0.125, 12.5% 3w 0.375, 37.5% 3x 0.625, 62.5% 4a 1/4, 0.25, 25% 4b 1/5, 0.25, 25%
4c 15/100=3/20, 0.15, 15% 4d 75/100=3/4, 0.75, 75% 4e 37/100, 0.37, 37% 4f 26/100=13/50, 0.26, 26%
4g 10/100=1/10, 0.1, 10% 4h 7/10, 0.7, 70% 4i 581/1000, 0.581, 58.1% 4j 9/10, 0.9, 90%
4k 21/50, 0.42, 42% 4l 46/50=23/25, 0.92, 92% 4m 64/100=16/25, 0.64, 64% 4n 63/100, 0.63, 63%
4o 99.95/100=9995/10000=1999/2000, 0.9995, 99.95%
Exercise 6.6 1 rational 2 irrational 3 irrational 4 rational 5 rational 6 irrational 7 irrational 8 rational
Exercise 6.7 2 3/10 3 0.6 4 4 5 5a 6 11/4 7 9 8 9 5.26 10 x6
Exercise 6.8 2 3/10 3 0.4 4 7 5 2b 6 12/5 7 9 8 14 9 2.38 10 x5
Exercise 6.9 2 2/5 3 75% 4 5 5 2d 6 10/3 7 11 8 9 4.22 10 x7
Exercise 6.10 1 2 2 2/1/2 3 2/1/2 4 8hrs 45min 5 8hrs 53min 6 2/1/4 7a 12 7b 776 7c 41 8 11/3 9 3/3/4
10 5.75 11 75% 12 1100 13 22 14 20/35=4/7 15 4 16 $7000 17 24% 18 0.21
Exercise 6.11 1 1.37 2 444/555 3 0.05 4 3 5 2.034 6a 5/6 6b 1/4 6c 1 7a x=8 7b x=6 7c x=12 8 45mins
9 11:25am 10 18 11 2/3 12 $1 800 000 13 7
Exercise 6.12 1 2 2 2 3 5 4 5 5 22.67+13.08=35.75 6 7 5.7×4=22.8
8 6.4÷2=3.2 or 7.4÷2=3.7 9 1/27 10 523days
Exercise 6.13 1a 3/1 1b 1c 6/1 1d 1e 1/1 1f 0/1 2a 0,1,2,5 2b 2c 2d
2e 2f 2g 2h 2i 3a 10%, 1/10 3b 50%, 1/2
3c 130%, 13/10 3d 625%, 625/100=25/4 3e 15%, 15/100=3/20 3f 6%, 6/100=3/50 3g 75%, 3/4
3h 80%, 80/100=4/5 4a 0.1, 10/100=1/10 4b 0.7, 70/100=7/10 4c 0.25, 25/100=1/4 4d 0.01, 1/100
4e 2, 200/100=2 4f 0.12, 12/100=3/25 4g 0.1275, 12.75/100=1275/10000=51/400
4h 0.0625, 6.25/100=625/10000=1/16 5a 0.1, 10% 5b 0.25, 25% 5c 0.3, 30% 5d 0.4, 40% 5e 0.75, 75%
5f 0.33, 33% 5g 0.67, 67% 5h 0.8, 80% 6a 2/5, 0.4, 40% 6b 75/100=3/4, 0.75, 75%
6c 24/100=6/25, 0.24, 24% 6d 6.8/100=68/1000=17/250, 0.068, 6.8% 7a 5/2 7b 8/5 7c 7/5 7d 8/3 7e 9/8
7f 15/4 7g 9/4 7h 37/10 8a 2/1/2 8b 2/1/3 8c 2/1/4 8d 1/4/5 8e 1/3/5 8f 3/1/3 8g 2/5/7 8h 3/4/11 9 rational
10 irrational
Exercise 6.14 1a 2/1 1b 1c 1d 1e 10/1 1f 0/1 2a 0,2,3,5 2b 2c 2d
2e 2f 2g 2h 2i 3a 20%, 2/10=1/5
3b 60%, 6/10=3/5 3c 240%, 24/10=12/5 3d 175%, 175/100=7/4 3e 35%, 35/100=7/20 3f 5%, 5/100=1/20
3g 25%, 25/100=1/4 3h 40%, 4/10=2/5 4a 0.1, 1/10 4b 0.5, 1/2 4c 0.75, 3/4 4d 0.02, 2/100=1/50
4e 4, 400/100=4 4f 0.15, 15/100=3/20 4g 0.11, 510.6/100=106/1000=53/50
4h 0.0725, 7.25/100=725/10000=29/400 5a 0.1, 10% 5b 0.4, 40% 5c 0.5, 50% 5d 0.6, 60% 5e 0.5, 50%
5f 0.25, 25% 5g 0.75, 75% 5h 0.8, 80% 6a 3/4, 0.75, 75% 6b 18/20=9/10, 0.9, 90% 6c 21/100, 0.21, 21%
6d 6.25/100=625/10000=1/16, 0.0625, 6.25% 7a 9/4 7b 15/4 7c 37/10 7d 29/5 7e 27/8 7f 8/5 7g 5/2 7h 7/5
8a 1/1/2 8b 4/1/2 8c 1/4/5 8d 1/1/5 8e 1/3/4 8f 4/1/4 8g 4/1/8 8h 2/11/13 9 rational 10 irrational
Exercise 7.1 1, 2, 3, and 6 are congruent.

Exercise 7.2 1 translation 2 3 rotation 4 5 translation 6 rotation
Exercise 7.3 1 DEF 2 FDE 3 DEF 4 DEF 5 EFD
6 EDF
Exercise 7.4 1 DFM{SAS} 2 ONM{SSS} 3 QPR{ASA}
4 LKH{RHS} 5 VST{SSS} 6 JKH{ASA} 7 KIG{SAS}
8 TYZ{RHS} 9 POR{ASA} 10 GDF{SSS}
Exercise 7.5 1 P(3,2) 2 P(6,2) 3 P(2,6) 4 P(7,4) 5 P(7,2) 6 P(6,4) 7 P(4,5) 8 P(4,7) 9 P(4,0)
Exercise 7.6 2 3/10 3 0.4 4 P(4,7) 5 6 1/3/5 7 2b 8 SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS 9 5.26 10 x7
Exercise 7.7 2 1/2 3 0.25 4 P(4,1) 5 1 6 5/3 7 5x 8 SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS 9 6.35 10 x7
Exercise 7.8 2 1/4 3 0.75 4 P(2,2) 5 2 6 2/1/3 7 3c 8 SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS 9 9.22 10 x6
Exercise 7.9 1a A and D 1b Aand B 2 P(6,2) 3 P(6,3) 4 P(5,3) 5 R {circles with the same radius}
Exercise 7.10 1 2 3 yes except for one diagonal of the kite 4
5 AED ACE, AFE 6 8m2 7 49cm2
Exercise 7.11 1 Blue=20%, Yellow=48% 2 15hrs 3 5 4 A=30, B=10 5
Exercise 7.12 1a translation 1b 1c rotation 2a DFM{SAS}

2b ONM{SSS} 2c QPR{ASA} 2d LKH{RHS} 3 P(0,8) 4 P(7,4) 5 P(7,4)
298
Exercise 7.13 1a rotation 1b translation 1c 2a VST{SSS} 2b JHK{ASA}
2c KIG{SAS} 2d TYZ{RHS} 3 P(6,1) 4 P(2,1) 5 P(6,4)
Exercise 8.1 1 The sample is too small and not representative of the school population 2 The sample size
appears large enough however only Year 12s were sampled 3 The error is so large as to make the conclusion
of little use 4 The sample is restricted to students aware of the survey and willing to put in the effort
Exercise 8.2
1 2 3 4 5
Eye colour Freq Travel mode Freq No TV Freq TV violence Freq Die Freq
Amber 1 Bicycle 1 1 5 S Agree 2 1 11
Blue 6 Bus 8 2 17 Agree 7 2 13
Brown 7 Car 9 3 3 Disagree 14 3 11
Green 3 Train 5 4 1 S Disagree 1 4 9
Hazel 2 Walk 5 26 24 5 13
19 28 6 8
65
Exercise 8.3
1 2 3 4
Classroom ages
20
Australian Flag 20
Netball win/loss Playground hats

10 10 10 10
Yes No Loss Win SA A D SD 13 14 15 16
Exercise 8.4 1 39 2 227 3 5 4 6 5 5 6 6 7 2.9 8 5

Exercise 8.5 1 6 2 4 3 1 4 3 and 4 5 5 6 1 and 2 7 32 8 7.1 9 10 a
Exercise 8.6 1 4 2 4 3 2 4 2.5 5 32.5 6 23.5 7 5.2 8
Exercise 8.7 1 3 2 15.67 3 2.9 4 3.33 5 33.33 6 83.33 7 103.33 8 723.33 9 5.33 10
Exercise 8.8 1 The frequency table shows Year 8 has more 3, 4, and 5 ratings than Year 9. The Year 8
histogram is slightly skewed to the right while the Year 9 histogram is skewed to the left. The are no
extreme values thus the mean is probably the best measure and shows a higher rating by the Year 8s. The
Year 8s appreciated the concert more than the Year 9s.
Year 8 Year 9
Year 8 Year 9 15 15
Mode 3and4 Mode 2and3 10 10

Median 3 Median 3 5 5
Mean 3.31 Mean 2.97
Range 4 Range 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
2 Both sets are not symmetrical although close.

3
statistics. Without outliers the mean is the best measure and shows after to be larger. The advertising
campaign has increased the number of customers
Before After
Before After
Mode 19&20 Mode 21 10 10
Mean 19.71 Mean 20.4
Range 5 Range 5 17 18 19 20 21 22 17 18 19 20 21 22
4a the data sets are skew 4b 34 in the before is an outlier 4c after deleting the one outlier, the mean is
probably the best central measure
Answers 299
Exercise 8.9 2 3 3 2 4 3 5 3.2 6 0.6 7 P(4,7) 8 1/4/5 9 SSS, ASA, SAS, RHS 10 17.33
Exercise 8.12 1 40mins 2a mean=15, median=5, mode=5 2b mean=5.625, median=5, mode=5 2c mean
3a mean=2.43, median=2, mode=2 3b Mean>Median=Mode is true 4 $2.50 5 35 6 the 2 column is wrong
7a mean=2.5, median=2.5, mode=2and3 7b the mean, median, and mode have increased 8 the mean
Exercise 8.13 1 0.321 2 1.111 3 12.21 4 $200 5 $800 6 1000 7 97 8 90 9 10 10 8 11 18 12 94 13 110 14 240
Exercise 8.14 1 2 8 3 8/20=0.4 4 15,21,28 5 2,2,2,2,2 is one answer 6

Exercise 8.15 1a The sample is small and not representative 1b The survey is highly selective in that only
those who know and are willing may complete the survey 2a range=3, mean=3.75, median=4, mode=4
2b range=0.3, mean=6.59, median=6.5, mode=6.5 3a mean - if no outlier 3b mode 3c median
4a) Coin toss 4b)
20 Mobile phone distraction
10
10
5
SA A D SD
H T
5 The frequency graphs and the statistics show that the two distributions are different 6 105
Red Blue
Red Blue
Mode 8 Mode 10 10 10
Mean 9.25 Mean 9.67
Range 5 Range 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 11 12
Exercise 8.16 1a The error is too large for the data to be useful 1b The survey is highly selective in that
only those who know of the survey and are willing may complete the survey
2a range=3, mean=3.375, median=3, mode=3 2b range=0.3, mean=1.24, median=1.2, mode=1.2
3a mean - if no outlier 3b mode 3c median
4a) 4b)
Rubbish a problem
Die toss
10 10
5 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 SA A D SD
5 The public holiday frequency graph shows a skew to the right compared to the workday graph. It may be
concluded that drivers drive faster on public holidays. 6 70
Workday Workday
Mode 50 10
Median 50
5
Mean 49.33
Range 35
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Public holiday
Mode 50 10 Public holiday
Median 50 5
Mean 52.67
Range 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
300
Exercise 9.3 1 21.99cm 2 28.27cm 3 26.08mm 4 53.41m 5 31.42mm 6 12.57cm 7 38.33cm 8 20.11m
9 25.13cm 10 295.31cm 11 42.10mm 12 94.25m 13 40.84cm 14 7.23mm 15 172.79cm 16 6.28m
Exercise 9.4 1 38.56cm 2 3.08m 3 5.66mm 4 25.00m 5 27.14cm 6 610.83mm 7 178.26cm 8 53.70cm
9 7.23m 10 10807km 11 0.16m
Exercise 9.7 1 38.48cm2 2 63.62cm2 3 54.11mm2 4 226.98m2 5 78.54mm2 6 12.57cm2 7 116.90cm2
8 32.17m2 9 50.27cm2 10 6939.78cm2 11 141.03mm2 12 706.86m2 13 132.73cm2 14 4.15mm2
15 2375.83cm2 16 3.14m2
Exercise 9.8 1 88.36cm2 2 0.57m2 3 1.90mm2 4 38.48m2 5 45.36cm2 6 19511.65mm2 7 2210.95cm2
8 29.86mm2 9 209.10cm2 10 85.84mm2
Exercise 9.9 2 3 2
4 5 6 3 7 3.2 8 P(5,7) 9 7/3
10 64.28
Exercise 9.10 2 3 2
4 5 63738 9 7/2
10 9.86
Exercise 9.11 2 3 2
4 5 6 2 7 2 8 P(6,7) 9 8/3
10 88.78
Exercise 9.12 1 5m 2 37cm 3 66.48cm2 4 5cm 5 549.78cm3 6a 94.25cm 6b 214.25cm 7 775kg 8 4times
9 1.75times or 7/4larger
Exercise 9.13 1 2274 2 doubled 3 tripled 4 9 times 5 16times 6 72cm2 7 20.94 km/hr 8a 40212.39km
8b 1.59m 9a 285.84m2 9b 392.70m2
Exercise 9.14 1 2 0.5 3 1/4 or 0.25

Exercise 9.15 1a 28.27cm 1b 21.68mm 1c 135.09cm 1d 12.57m 2a 46.27cm 2b 14.28m 2c 476.58mm
2d 184.83cm 2e 57.70cm 3a 38.48cm2 3b 5541.77cm2 3c 124.69mm2 3d 907.92m2 4a 2.65m2 4b 11.88mm2
4c 45.36cm2 4d 3471.50cm2 4e 536.50mm2
Exercise 9.16 1a 39.58cm 1b 12.25mm 1c 179.07cm 1d 18.85m 2a 74.55cm 2b 7.14m 2c 80.55mm
2d 107.98cm 2e 49.13cm 3a 50.27cm2 3b 6361.73cm2 3c 3.80mm2 3d 314.16m2 4a 0.88m2 4b 17.63mm2
4c 40.72cm2 4d 2536.78cm2 4e 772.57mm2
Exercise 10.1 2 3 2
4 5 cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers 6 3 7 3.2 8 P(4,7) 9 7/2
10 6.73
Exercise 10.2 1a 5/1 1b 1c 13/1 2a 2b 2c 3a 10%, 1/10
3b 15%, 15/100=3/20 3c 225%, 225/100=9/4 3d 5%, 5/100=1/20 4a 0.1, 1/10 4b 0.7, 7/10
4c 0.25, 25/100=1/4 4d 0.0225, 2.25/100=225/10000=9/400 5a 0.1, 10% 5b 0.4, 40% 5c 0.7, 70%
5d 0.75, 75% 6a 2/5, 0.4, 40% 6b 3/4, 0.75, 75% 6c 21/100, 0.21, 21% 7a 9/4, 7b 8/5, 7c 15/4 7d 16/3
8a 1/2/3 8b 3/1/13 8c 2/3/4 8d 3/2/5 9 rational 10 irrational 11a rotation 11b translation 11c
12a RST{SSS} 12b JKI{ASA} 12c NLP{SAS}
12d TUV{RHS} 13 14 Small sample size and the error is too large to be useful
15a range=3, mean=3.125, median=3, mode=3 15b range=0.3, mean=2.24, median=2.2, mode=2.2
16a mean 16b mode 16c median
17
Tuckshop food Tuckshop food
Strongly agree 4 10
Agree 10
5
Disagree 9
Strongly disagree 0 SA A D SD
18
that the campaign was a success.
Littering - Before Littering - After
Before After
Mode 2 Mode 3 10 10
Mean 2.83 Mean 3.30
Range 3 Range 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Answers 301
Exercise 10.2 19 60 20a C=27.02cm A=58.09cm2 20b C=8.48mm, A=5.73mm2
20c C=116.24cm, A=1075.21cm2 20d C=12.57m, A=12.57m2 21a P=56.56cm, A=190.07cm2
21b P=10.71m, A=7.07m2 21c P=100.69mm, A=530.14mm2 21d P=62.27cm, A=271.23cm2
21e P=92.83cm, A=614.16cm2
Exercise 10.3 2 3 2
4 5 cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers 6 1 7 2 8 P(6,1) 9 8/3
10 43.92
Exercise 10.4 1a 2/1 1b 1c 2a 2b 2c 3a 20%,20/100=1/5
3b 25%, 25/100=1/4 3c 350%, 350/100=3/1/2 3d 5%,5/100=1/20 4a 0.1, 1/10 4b 0.4,4/10=2/5
4c 0.25,25/100=1/4 4d 2.75, 275/100=11/4 5a 0.1, 10% 5b 0.2, 20% 5c 0.3, 30% 5d 0.25, 25%
6a 30/100=3/10, 0.3, 30% 6b 18/100=9/50, 0.18, 18% 7a 7/4 7b 11/5 7c 14/3 7d 28/5 8a 2/1/2 8b 2/2/3
8c 3/3/4 8d 3/5/6 9 rational 10 irrational 11a rotation 11b translation 11c
12a VSR{SSS} 12b OMN{ASA} 12c WXY{SAS}
12d HFG{RHS} 13 14 Bias in that some may respond more than once, some may not be
bothered to respond, some may not know about the survey 15a range=4, mean=2.5, median=2, mode=2
15b range=0.3, mean=6.29, median=6.3, mode=6.4 16a mean 16b mode 16c median
17 Die Toss
1 6
2 6 Die Toss
10
3 7
4 6 5
5 5
6 10 1 2 3 4 5 6
18 Both frequency graphs have a similar shape with the Year 8 shifted further to the right. Together with the
mean this suggests that the Year 8s have a shorter reaction distance than the Year 6s.
Year 6 Year 8
Year 6 Year 8
Mode 3 Mode 3 10 10
Mean 3.125 Mean 3.54
Range 4 Range 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
19 96 20a C=21.99cm A=38.48cm2 20b C=251.33mm, A=5026.55mm2 20c C=13.19cm, A=13.85cm2

20d C=125.66m, A=1256.64m2 21a P=3.08m, A=0.57m2 21b P=24.94mm, A=36.95m2
21c P=15.00cm, A=13.85cm2 21d P=120.55cm, A=1012.94cm2 21e P=320mm, A=1373.45mm2
Exercise 11.1 1a 9:14 1b 14:9 1c 9:23 1d 14:23 2a 24:7 2b 7:24 2c 24:31 2d 7:31 3a 1/2, 0.5, 50%
3b 1/10, 0.1, 10% 3c 1/4, 0.25, 25% 3d 3/4, 0.75, 75% 3e 1/5, 0.2, 20% 3f 2/5, 0.4, 40% 3g 2/10, 0.2, 20%
3h 4/5, 0.8, 80% 3i 3/10, 0.3, 30% 3j 4/10, 0.4, 40% 3k 6/10, 0.6, 60% 3l 7/10, 0.7, 70% 3m 8/10, 0.8, 80%
3n 3/5, 0.6, 60% 3o 9/10, 0.9, 90% 4a 1:2, 0.5, 50% 4b 3:10, 0.3, 30% 4c 4:5, 0.8, 80% 4d 1:4, 0.25, 25%
4e 3:4, 0.75, 75% 4f 5:2, 2.5, 250% 4g 31:10, 3.1, 310% 4h 33:5, 6.6, 660%
Exercise 11.2 1 2:1 2 1:4 3 3:4 4 1:3 5 2:3 6 3:1 7 5:3 8 4:3 9 10:3 10 4:3 11 10:3 12 2:3 13 1:4 14 3:5
15 2:1
Exercise 11.3 1 0.4L or 400mL 2 0.5L or 500mL 3 $66 and $88 4 $21 and $9 5 5 shovelfulls 6 8cm
7 77mL or approx 80mL
Exercise 11.4 1a 1/10, 0.1 1b 2/10=1/5, 0.2 1c 3/10, 0.3 1d 4/10=2/5. 0.4 1e 1/2, 0.5 1f 3/5, 0.6
1g 7/10, 0.7 1h 4/5, 0.8 1i 9/10, 0.9 1j 1/1, 1 1k 3/100, 0.03 1l 15/100=1/20, 0.05 1m 8/100=2/25, 0.08
1n 1/100, 0.01 1o 110/100=11/10, 1.1 1p 150/100=3/2, 1.5 1q 200/100=2/1, 2 1r 500/100=5/1, 5
1s 143/100, 1.43 1t 417/100,4.17 1u 6.2/100=62/1000=3.1/50, 0.062 1v 8.7/100=87/1000, 0.087
1w 12.25/100=1225/10000=49/400, 0.1225 1x 5.75/100=575/10000=23/400, 0.0575 2a 15 2b 6.5 2c 18
2d 21 2e 40 2f 12 2g 150 2h 20 2i 10 2j 30 2k 50 2l 17.28 2m 42kg 2n $224 2o $1255.50 2p $25 3454
2q $8567.50 2r 245million 2s 35million
Exercise 11.5 1a $2.64 1b $60.50 1c $53.35 1d $264 1e $159.50 1f $36.30 1g $138.16 1h $188.76 2a $168
2b $89.25 2c 78.75 2d $206.25 2e $17.63 2f $644.25 2g $13.88 2h $20.99 3 $409.95 4 $114.87 5 $340.86
6a $1009.13 6b $553.21 6c $318.99 6d $2649.96 7 $1006.86 8 $5658.06 9 247.84million 10 23.28million
11 $392.70
302
Exercise 11.6 1a $42 1b 65% 1c 183% 1d % of buying price 65% 2a $185 000 2b 195% 2c 66%
2d % of buying price 195% 3a $2500 3b 20% 3c 17% 3d % of selling price 17% 3e % of buying price 17%
4a $68 4b $73.50 4c 30% sounds better 4d 20% is the better deal 5a $20.80 5b $22.40
5c 30% sounds better, 20% is the better deal 6a $75.65 6b $78.40 30% sounds better, 15% is the better deal.
Exercise 11.7 1a $1860 1b $12 090 1c $24 180 2a $4508.60 2b $29 305.90 2c $58 611.80 2d $586 118
3 $22.40 4 $8.33 5 837 6a $19.70 6b $39.40 6c $31.52 6d $8.37 6e $16.06 6f $274 815 7 $450 8 $121.80
9 $74.40 10 450km 11 2.5km 12 160km 13 5km 14 20kg
Exercise 11.8 1a 4.4 runs per over 1b 4.36 runs per over 1c 125m per min 1d 7.5km per hr 1e $2.50 per kg
1f $2 per kg 1g $1.81 per 100g 1h $1.70 per 100g 1i 7L per 100km 1j 8.31L per 100km 1k 0.7m per sec
1l 6.5m per sec 1m $0.96 per 100g 1n $0.92 per 100g 2a $3.49 for 750mL 2b $4.05 for 420g
2c $4.37 for 300g 2d $8.15 for 500g 2e $2.69 for 240mL 2f $4.99 for 70mL
Exercise 11.9 2 $35and $15 3 $1400 4 2.3 5 4.6 6 $72 7 $66 8 3:2 9 500g for $10 10 $75
Exercise 11.10 2 $40 and $20 3 $1800 4 3.4 5 6.8 6 $63 7 $55 8 3:8 9 300g for $25 10 $80
Exercise 11.11 2 $40 and $30 3 $2200 4 4.1 5 8.2 6 $54 7 $99 8 5:7 9 200g for $3 10 $85
Exercise 11.12 1 $132 2 $0.65 3 5 4 9kg 5 $0.60 6 $176 7 60% 8 15% 9 11/3 10 22/1/5 11 1/4
12 multiply by 1.2 $4.80 13 15% 14 120 15 18 16 400km 17 120m
Exercise 11.13 1 18 2 18 3 $80 4 $70 5 $80 6 $60 7 8:12:5:9 8 $100 9 $2500 10 10
Exercise 11.14 1 14, 23, 32, 41, 50, 104, 131, 140, 203, 221 2 4+5+6 3 1+2+3+4+5 4 32
5 11days 13.8hours 6 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8x9 7 55
Exercise 11.15 1a 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1b 2/5, 0.4, 40% 1c 3/4, 0.75, 75% 1d 3/10, 0.3, 30% 1e 2/3, 0.67, 67%
1f 7/10, 0.7, 70% 2a 2:1 2b 3:4 2c 3:4 2d 5:3 2e 4:3 2f 5:3 3 0.8L or 800mL 4 15 shovelfulls 5a 15 5b 21
5c 10 5d 42kg 6 x1.2, $48 7a $80.75 7b $80.50 7c 30% sounds better, both about the same 8 $439.84 9 $80
10 $22.40 11 21kg 12a 4.2 runs per over 12b 8L per 100km 13a $5.27 for 500g 13b $8.53 for 90mL
13c $4.05 for 200g
Exercise 11.16 1a 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1b 3/5, 0.6, 60% 1c 1/4, 0.25, 25% 1d 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1e 1/3, 0.33, 33%
1f 2/5, 0.4, 40% 2a 1:2 2b 2:5 2c 3:5 2d 3:5 2e 3:4 2f 3:2 3 0.5L or 500mL 4 10 shovelfulls 5a 7.5 5b 24
5c 15 5d 42kg 6 x1.3, $65 7 $1534.50 8a $89.25 8b $93.75 8c 25% sounds better, 15% is the better deal
9 $90 10 $13.05 11 $4.76 12a 4.8 runs per over 12b 9L per 100km 13a $6.36 for 500g 13b $3.15 for 2L
13c $4.19 for 105mL
Exercise 12.1 1 Function=2×step+1 2 Function=2×step+2 3 Function=3×step 4

5
Exercise 12.2 1 y=2x+2 2 y=3x+1 3 4 y=2x+4
Exercise 12.3 1 Plot the points (1,4), (2,7), (3,10), (4,13), (5,16), (10,31), (20,61)
2 Plot the points (1,4), (2,6), (3,8), (4,10), (5,12), (10,22), (20,42)
Exercise 12.4 1 x=4 2 b=18 3 y=5 4 t=12 5 x=4 6 x=9 7 x=25 8 x=6 9 x=35 10 j=11 11 a=32 12 m=5
13 z=77 14 w=24 15 x=70 16 x=2 17 h=5 18 a=4 19 t=9 20 21 n=10 22 m=5 23 x=2 24 f=0 25 p=8
26 27 x=7 28 x=8 29 x=10 30 x=1 31 x=3 32 d=3 33 x=3 34 x=5 35 x=1 36 x=2
Exercise 12.5 1 a=3 2 x=3 3 d=3 4 s=3 5 u=3 6 w=3 7 x=3 8 x=8 9 x=1 10 x=2 11 x=2 12 x=2 13 x=2
14 x=3 15 x=2 16 x=4 17 d=6 18 g=2 19 x=1 20 h=3 21 h=2 22 n=12 23 p=3 24 y=5 25 a=2 26 w=1 27 y=2
28 t=6 29 m=1 30 x=1
Exercise 12.6 1 Plot the points (1,3.3), (2,4.6), (3,5.9), (4,7.2), (5,8.5) 2 Plot the points (1,6.5), (2,9),
(3,11.5), (4,14), (5,16.5) 3 Plot the points (1,250), (2,300), (3,350), (4,400), (5,450)
4 Plot the points (1,350), (2,450), (3,550), (4,650), (5,750) 5 Plot the points (1,100), (2,140), (3,180),
(4,220), (5,260) 6 Plot the points (1,140), (2,220), (3,300), (4,380), (5,460) 7 Plot the points (1,80), (2,160),
(3,240), (4,320), (5,400) 8 Plot the points (1,90), (2,180), (3,270), (4,360), (5,450)
9 10 Plot the points (1, -225), (2,-200), (3,-175),
(4,-150), (5,-125) 11 Plot the points (1,130), (2,160), (3,190), (4,220), (5,250) 12 Plot the points (1,152),
(2,154), (3,156), (4,158), (5,160)
Exercise 12.7 1a $20.60 1b 11km 2a $950 2b 18 3a $430 3b 7hrs 4a 400km 4b 3hrs 15mins 5a 100secs
5b 9donuts 6a 6tonnes 6b 61cartons 7a 150mins 7b 3.25kg
Answers 303
Exercise 12.8 1a C=2.75k+3, $36 1b 11km 2a C=75t+50, $275 2b 2.5hrs 3a
3b 24people 4a W=0.75t+4.5, 6.75tonnes 4b 5pallets 5a C=0.15t+35, $185 5b
6a S=25w+135, $485 6b 27weeks 7a C=4.72t+2.75, 21.63cents 7b 6.5mins 8a P=55i+350, $955
8b 23images 9a D=25t, 125km 9b 12hrs
Exercise 12.9 2 x=3 3 $30 and $20 4 x=3 5 m5 6 $55 7 1 8 Charge=2.50k+3 9 7/2 10 22
Exercise 12.10 2 x=12 3 $40 and $20 4 x=4 5 b6 6 $66 7 1 8 Charge=98t+15 9 8/3 10 52
Exercise 12.11 2 x=9 3 $50 and $20 4 x=2 5 d5 6 $77 7 1 8 Charge=80h+70 9 11/4 10 33
Exercise 12.12 1 17 2a y=2x+1 2b 3 0.78 4 20 5 3.25kg 6a 25 6b 26 7a 7b 6x+3
7c 8a x=4 8b x=8 9a a=5 9b n=7 9c x=2 9d 10a Function=3×step+1 10b
Exercise 12.13 1a 38 1b 79 2a 74 2b 236 3a x=132° 3b x=60° 3c x=35° 3d x=36° 3e x=95° 3f x=61°
4 x=3m 5 x=5, y=2 6 x=30
Exercise 12.14 1 many solutions 2 24 3 Monday 4 26 5 x=3

Exercise 12.15 1a y=3x+1 1b 2a plot the points (1,3), (2,5), (3,7), (4,9), (5,11), (10,21), (20,41)
2b plot the points (1,1), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7), (5,9), (10,19), (20,39) 3a x=5 3b a=19 3c y=4 3d x=10 3e h=3
3f a=4 3g a=5 3h x=3 3i x=2 3j x=4 3k y=2 3l x=4 4a Charge=3.25d+2 4b $34.50 4c 17km
5a 5b $1100 5c 54people 6a 231 6b 294
Exercise 12.16 1a y=2x+1 1b y=2x+3 2a plot the points (1,4), (2,7), (3,10), (4,13), (5,16), (10,31), (20,61)
2b plot the points (1,2), (2,5), (3,8), (4,11), (5,14), (10,29), (20,59) 3a b=1 3b d=15 3c x=6 3d x=10 3e h=4
3f n=7 3g g=4 3h x=6 3i x=3 3j c=7 3k r=2 3l p=6 4a Weight=0.55p+7.5 4b 11.35tonnes 4c 9pallets
5a Saving=35w+165 5b $690 5c 23weeks 6a 153 6b 477
Exercise 13.1 1 The sample size appears small and the sample is biased because it doesn't represent the
population 2 The sample size appears large enough but has bias because only the Year 12s were sampled
3 The sample size may be small 4 The sample will be biased for many reasons - a person may respond more
than once, some may be apathetic and not respond, some may not know about the survey 5 no indication of
the size of the sample, bias because the sample is limited to lunchhour and cars moving past the school
6 small sample and bias because few of the sampled students may travel on the bus
Exercise 13.2 1a 2.67 1b 34.83 1c 64.2 1d 6.11 2a 4 2b 42 2c 33.5 2d 5.1 3a 43 2b 39 2c 117 3c 2.4
Exercise 13.4 1
Cultural interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture.
Ethnic or racial racism, regionalism and tribalism.
Geographical describing a dispute as it is conducted in one country, when the dispute is framed
differently elsewhere.
Media real or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media, in the
selection of which events will be reported and how they are covered
Gender including sexism, homophilia and heteronormativity.
Linguistic: bias, favoring certain languages
Political bias in favor of or against a particular political party, philosophy, policy or candidate.
Corporate bias in favor of a business.
Advertising bias with observations motivated for selling an opinion rather than using objectivity.
Sociological bias in favor of a society's ideals. bias for groups needs/wants.
Entertainment bias in favor of entertaining an audience
Personal bias for personal gain.
Sensationalist favoring the exceptional over the ordinary. This includes emphasizing, distorting, or
fabricating exceptional news to boost commercial ratings.
3 Total=600 Year7=200/600*60=20, Year8=200/600*60=20, Year9=150/600*60=15, Year10=50/600*60=5
Exercise 13.5 1 360±25 2 420±41 3 48±6 4 3 600 000±75 000 5 2118±340 6 6.3million 7a 184million
7b some people may reply more than once, some people may not bother to reply, some people may not
know about the survey, some people may not have access and many other reasons.
Exercise 13.6 2 Personal bias 3 24 4 x=3 5 n5 6 2.5 7 $44 8 Charge=2k+3 9 8/3 10 33
304
Exercise 13.7 2 Personal bias 3 56 4 x=3 5 a7 6 4 7 $99 8 Charge=50t+60 9 7/2 10 62
Exercise 13.8 2 Personal bias 3 35 4 x=2 5 b6 6 2.5 7 $33 8 Charge=98t+15 9 11/4 10 6
Exercise 13.9 1 30mins 2a mean=8.67, median=4, mode=4 2b mean=3.5, median=3.5, mode=4
2c the mean is affected the most 3a mean=2.14, median=2, mode=2 3b true 4 $2.80
5a the mean has decreased 5b the median has decreased 5c the range has stayed the same 6a mean=4.29
6b mode=3 6c median=4 6d range=7 7a mean=24.29 7b mode=23 7c median=24 7d range=7
8a mean=$625k, median=$600k 8b mean=$600k, median=$600k
Exercise 13.10 1 0.214 2 2.14 3 21.4 4 15 5 30 6 52 7 $800 8 $200 9 1000 people per km2 10 6.4 11 8.3
Exercise 13.11 1
Exercise 13.12 1 The sample size appears small and is biased because only friends were sampled
2 Sample size would give an indication of the error and sampling method would indicate the level of bias
3a mean=5.14, median=5, range=7 3b mean=25.14, median=25, range=7 3c mean=550.75, median=547.5,
range=28 3d mean=2.68, median=2.8, range=0.5 4 198 5 1.55million 6 Total=350, Year7=100/350*70=20,
Year8=100/350*70=20, Year9=100/350*70=20, Year10=50/350*70=10
Exercise 13.13 1 The sample size appears small and is biased because only friends were sampled
2 Sample size would give an indication of the error and sampling method would indicate the level of bias
3a mean=4.86, median=4, range=7 3b mean=54.68, median=54, range=7 3c mean=1550.75,
median=1547.5, range=28 3d mean=6.68, median=6.8, range=0.5 4 1015 5 2.39million 6 Total=1050,
Year7=250/1050*100=24, Year8=250/1050*100=24, Year9=300/1050*100=28, Year10=250/1050*100=24
Exercise 14.1 1a 11:30am 1b 5:20am 1c 11.30am 1d 7:50am 1e 10:10pm 2a 5h 20min 2b 1h 45min

2c 8h 26min 2d 4h 46min 2e 3h 5min 2f 6h 15min 3 7:55am 4 2h 25min 5 9h 50min
Exercise 14.2 1a 1015 1b 0712 1c 0905 1d 1510 1e 1830 1f 2345 1g 0120 1h 1042 1i 1000 2a 2:30am
2b 6:45am 2c 8:17am 2d 11:56am 2e 1:20pm 2f 3:15pm 2g 6:10pm 2h 8:40pm 2i 11:25pm 3a 3h 5min
3b 7h 5min 3c 5h 30min 3d 1h 45min 3e 8h 26min 3f 19h 14min 4 3h 10min 5 3h 30min 6 6h 50min
7 13h 45min
Exercise 14.3 1a 9pm 1b 9pm 1c 8:30pm 1d 9pm 1e 9pm 1f 7pm 1g 9pm 2a 9:30am 2b 10am 2c 9:30am
2d 10am 2e 10am 2f 8am 2g 10am 3a 2:30pm 2b 3pm 3c 2:30pm 3d 3pm 3e 3pm 3f 1pm 3g 3pm 4a 11pm
4b 11:30pm 4c 11:30pm 4d 11:30pm 4e 11:30pm 4f 9:30pm 4g 11:30pm 5a 5:30am 5b 6am 5c 6am
5d 5:30am 5e 6am 5f 4am 5g 6am 6 3pm
Exercise 14.4 1 3h 40min 2a 3h 40min 2b 2h 50min 2c 3h 15min 2d 4h 30min 3a 68h 15min
3b 74h 35min 3c 40h 0min 3d 41h 25min 3e 76h 45min 3f 68h 20min
Exercise 14.5 1a 7h 55min 1c 3h 35min 1c 13h 45min
Exercise 14.6 2 48h 3 56 4 x=3 5 7:35pm 6 2.5 7 $88 8 Charge=2.90k+3 9 15° 10 42
Exercise 14.7 2 72h 3 25 4 5 1520 6 2 7 $25.30 8 Charge=70t+50 9 30° 10 28
Exercise 14.8 2 96h 3 a6 4 5 10:23am 6 2.5 7 $37.40 8 Wage=50s+450 9 45° 10 x3
Exercise 14.9 1 4km 2 3.8h or 3h 48mins 3a 3h 15min 3b 6h 10min 3c 13h 23min 3d 4h 45min
3e 6h 20min 4 7h 20min 5 3h 12min 6 $150 7 480km 8 75km/h 9 2h 40min 10 3h 30min 11 8 years old
Exercise 14.10 1 7:35am 2 10:20pm 3 7:30am 4 3h 8min 5 4h 38min 6 3h 45min 7 105h 8 4h 50min
9 2 years 10 October 2008 11 48mins 12 44
Exercise 14.11 1 Many answers eg 7,5,2 2 Grandmother, mother, daughter 3 123 454 321
Exercise 14.12 1a 11:10am 1b 11:30am 1c 10:40am 2a 6h 10min 2b 1h 40min 2c 3h 5min 2d 6h 15min
3 8am 4a 0905 4b 0742 4c 1510 5a 1:50am 5b 9:15am 5c 6:35pm 6a 4h 20min 6b 6h 25min 7 3h 10min
8a 8:30am 8b 9am 8c 8:30am 8d 9am 8e 9am 8f 7am 8g 9am 9 1h 25min 10 3h 40min
Exercise 14.13 1a 7:50pm 1b 3:40pm 1c 9:50am 2a 3h 30min 2b 3h 20min 2c 4h 35min 2d 6h 15min
3 8:50am 4a 0845 4b 1117 4c 1818 5a 3:05am 5b 10:55am 5c 9:05pm 6a 4h 20min 6b 5h 45min
7 1h 40min 8a 4:30pm 8b 5pm 8c 4:30pm 8d 5pm 8e 5pm 8f 3pm 8g 5pm 9 3h 10min 10 4h 20min
Answers 305
Exercise 15.1 2 48h 3 25 4 x=4 5 3:30pm 6 2 7 $33 8 Charge=3.20d+3 9 15° 10 32
Exercise 5.2 1a 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1b 2/5, 0.4, 40% 1c 1/4, 0.25, 25% 1d 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1e 3/10, 0.3, 30%
1f 3/5, 0.6, 60% 2a 1:3 2b 1:5 2c 3:5 2d 2:3 2e 3:5 2f 1:2 3 0.4L=400mL 4 10 shovelfulls 5a 8 5b 20 5c 24
6a $115.50 6b $6.22 7 x1.2, $60 8a $106.25 8b $108.75 8c The 25% sounds better, 15% is the better deal
12c $6.14 for 1L 13a y=3x+2 13b
14a Plot the points (1,3), (2,5), (3,7), (4,9), (5,11), (10,21), (20,41)
14b Plot the points (1,1), (2,4), (3,7), (4,10), (5,13), (10,28), (20,58) 15a a=5 15b b=13 15c c=3 15d x=11
15e x=2 15f 15g d=4 15h x=4 15i x=4 15j c=5 15k x=1 15l m=4 16a Weight=0.45p+3.5
16b 7.1tonnes 16c 5pallets 17a Savings=45w+145 17b $685 17c 11weeks
18 the sample size appears to be small and biased in that only friends were sampled
19 The sample size indicates the error and the sampling method indicates the bias
20a mean=2.14, median=2,range=3 20b mean=72.14, median=72, range=3
20c mean=655.75, median=657.5, range=28 20d mean=2.68, median=2.8, range=0.5 21 659 22 2.8million
23 Total=500, Year7=150/500*60=18, Year8= 150/500*60=18, Year9=100/500*60=12,
Year10=100/500*60=12 24 10:45am 25 3h 30min 26 7:50am 27a 0435 27b 1146 27c 1113 28a 5:30am
28b 10:10am 28c 11:32pm 29a 4:30pm 29b 5pm 29c 4:30pm 29d 5pm 29e 5pm 29f 3pm 29g 5pm
30 4h 50min
Exercise 15.1 2 72h 3 34 4 x=3 5 6:45pm 6 3 7 $44 8 Charge=92m+25 9 30° 10 x3
Exercise 5.3 1a 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1b 3/10, 0.3, 30% 1c 1/4, 0.25, 25% 1d 1/2, 0.5, 50% 1e 2/3, 0.67, 67%
1f 2/5, 0.4, 40% 2a 1:3 2b 1:2 2c 4:3 2d 2:3 2e 2:3 2f 3:4 3 0.5L=500mL 4 5 shovelfulls 5a 6 5b 24 5c 30
6a $137.50 6b $9.30 7 x1.4, $70 8a $148 8b $143.50 8c The 30% sounds better, 30% is the better deal
13a y=3x+1 13b 14a Plot the points (1,5), (2,7), (3,9), (4,11), (5,13), (10,23), (20,43)
14b Plot the points (1,1), (2,4), (3,7), (4,10), (5,13), (10,28), (20,58) 15a a=2 15b b=12 15c x=3 15d x=6
15e y=7 15f u=5 15g k=3 15h x=3 15i x=4 15j d=8 15k p=1 15l t=5 16a Charge=3.5d+3 16b $38 16c 12km
17a 17b $650 17c 27people 18 the sample size appears to be small and biased in that only
friends were sampled 19 The sample size indicates the error and the sampling method indicates the bias
20a mean=4.86, median=4,range=6
20b mean=34.86, median=34, range=6 20c mean=72.5, median=72.5, range=5
20d mean=1.58, median=1.5, range=0.5 21 1061 22 970 000 23 Total=450, Year7=120/450*90=24,
Year8=120/450*90=24, Year9=110/450*90=22, Year10=100/450*90=20 24 10:55am 25 8h 25min
26 8:20am 27a 0319 27b 1023 27c 2318 28a 8:12am 28b 11:46am 28c 10:38pm 29a 9pm 29b 9:30pm
29c 9:30pm 29d 9:30pm 29e 9:30pm 29f 7:30pm 29g 9:30pm 30 5h
Exercise 16.1 1 A(1,6), B(0,4), C(0,2), D(2,3), E(2,1), F(3,5), G(4,8), H(4,1), I(5,3), J(5,0), K(6,7), L(6,2),
M(7,5), N(7,0), O(8,1) Exercise 16.2 1
Exercise 16.3 1 $C=40d+30 2 $C=60d+40
3 $C=55d+45 4 $C=60d+20 5 $C=2k+2 6 $C=1.5k+2.5 7 T=7t+18 Exercise 16.4 1a $C=4aa+140
1b $380 1c 6.25years 2a $S=25w+225 2b $350 2c 21weeks 3a $S=7d+15 3b $32.50 3c $1.60
Exercise 16.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
306
Exercise 16.6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Exercise 16.7 1 It was 2669 the next day 2 It was 11825 the next day 3 It was 3453 the next day
Exercise 16.8 2 64 3 y=1 4 x=2 5 function=2×step+1 6 6:30pm 7 3.5 8 2 9 24 10 b6
Exercise 16.9 2 68 3 4 x=3 5 6 1650 7 8 9 36 10 b3
Exercise 16.10 2 100 3 y=3 4 x=5 5 function=4×step+1 6 3:10pm 7 1.8 8 3 9 a4 10 x10
Exercise 16.11 1 15 2 18 3 37 4 $F=50h+40 5 y=2x+1 6a 4 6b 11 6c 7 B(1,7)
Exercise 16.12 1 20miles 2 no 3 (10,1808) many other points 4a y=2x+1 4b 5 Cost=3000b+3000
6a y=2x+1 6b y=0.5x+3
Exercise 16.13 1
3b $C=45d+55 4a $S=100w+150 3b $750 3c 8weeks 4
(0,2), (1,4), (2,6) y=4,x=1
Exercise 16.14 1
3b $C=40d+40 4a $S=50w+70 4b $420 4c 17weeks 5
(0,3), (1,5), (2,7) y=6,x=1.5
Exercise 17.1 1 13m 2 21m 3 16m 4 24cm 5 24cm 6 26m 7 566m 8a 2968m 8b $760
Exercise 17.2 1 23.2m 2 9.2cm 3 96m 4 11.8km
Exercise 17.3 1 13.69m2 2 5.29cm2 3 27m2 4 432m2 5 8.14km2 6 7.685cm2 7 4.06m2 8 13 764m2, 1.38ha
9 320cm2 10 9.24m2 11 148 068m2, 14.81ha 12 112m2
Exercise 17.4 1 81m2 2 486cm2 3 177cm2 4 105m2 5 200cm2 6 3570cm2 7 2138.5cm2 8 180.5m2 9 209.5cm2
Exercise 17.5 1 60cm2 2 162m2 3 112cm2 4 25m2 5 9.12cm2 6 208.03m2 7 200cm2 8 60.9cm2
Exercise 17.6 1 42cm2 2 79.8m2 3 31.5m2 4 34.965m2 5 44m2 6 43.4cm2
Exercise 17.7 1 490m3 2 2.208cm3 3 836.64cm3 4 40 265.16cm3 5 2 000cm3=2L 6 30 976cm3=30.98L
7 800 000 000cm3=800 000L
Exercise 17.8 1 308m3 2 1368cm3 3 1.134m3 4 119.09m3 5 450cm3=675g
Exercise 17.9 2 $35:$15 3 4.6 4 5 Area=bh 6 Volume=Areabasexh 7 24m 8 32m2 9 90cm3
10 10 000m 2
Exercise 17.10 2 $20:$40 3 8.4 4 Area = lb 5 Area=bh 6 7 28m 8 12m2 9 120cm3

10 10000m2
Exercise 17.11 2 $30:$40 3 6.8 4 5 6 Volume=Areabasexh 7 20m 8 24m2 9 100m3
10 2ha
Exercise 17.12 1 126m2 2 c) 4.3mx7.2m 3a square based pyramid 3b triangular prism 3c triangular based
pyramid 4 4 times larger 5 183.26 cm3 6 12cm 7 1:2 8 16a2 9 175units2
Exercise 17.13 1a 12cm2 1b 15cm2 1c 75cm2 1d 171.5cm2 2 24L 3 21teaspoons 4 48cm2 5 24cm 6 3cm
7 100m2 8 60m2
Exercise 17.14 1 10 2 15 3 15mins 4 1km
Exercise 17.15 1a 11m 1b 26cm 1c 32.6km 2a 24.01m2 2b 28.5km2 2c 9.765cm2 2d 158cm2 2e 333cm2
2f 220cm2 2g 120.7m2 2h 18.815m2 2i 66cm2 3a 68.068cm3 3b 1350cm3
Exercise 17.16 1a 13m 1b 16cm 1c 26.6km 2a 54.76m2 2b 14.28km2 2c 26.535cm2 2d 357cm2 2e 1083cm2
2f 325cm2 2g 45.92m2 2h 6.56m2 2i 170.5cm2 3a 119.392cm3 3b 912cm3
Answers 307
Exercise 18.1 1a 1 1b 0 1c 0.5 1d .25 1e 0.75 1f 0.000001 2a 1/6 2b 1/2 2c 1/2 2d 1/6 2e 1/3 2f 1/2
2g 0 2h 1/3 3a 3/8 3b 5/8 3c 5/8 3d 3/8 3e 1 3f 0
Exercise 18.2 1a 1/5 1b 1 1c 12/25 1d 8/25 Music PE Cricket Netball Maths English
2b 1/3 2b 1 2c 3/7 2d 5/21 5 7 25
8 12 5 9 2 1
3b 25/28 3b 1 3c 1/28 3d 1/14
Exercise 18.3 1a 7/25 1b 3/5 1c 12/25 1d 16/25 1e 2/5

2a 8/27 2b 17/27 2c 16/27 2d 13/27 2e 10/27 Instrum. Job Golf Bowls
3a 45/150=3/10 3b 106/150=53/75 3c 62/150=31/75 8 45

3 6 43 18
3d 87/150=29/50 3e 44/150=22/75 10 44
Exercise 18.4 5a 0.25 5b 0.5 5c 0.25

Exercise 18.5 1a 0.25 1b 0.25 1c 0.25 2a 1/12 2b 1/12 2c 1/4 3a 1/36 3b 1/36 3c 3/36=1/12 3d 2/36=1/18
3e 6/36=1/6 4a 4/16=1/4 4b 4/16=1/4 4c 4/16=1/4 4d 5/16
Exercise 18.6 2 30m 3 x=2 4 1/2 5 6 y=3x+1 7 1/4 8 3 9 10 a8
Exercise 18.7 2 5km 3 x=2 4 1/2 5 6 7 1/2 8 7 9 bh 10 a5
Exercise 18.8 2 60m 3 x=3.5 4 1/3 5 0 6 7 1/4 8 4 9 24m 10 c4
Exercise 18.9 1 5 2 5 3 3/9=1/3 4 25/55=5/11 5 1/2=0.5 6 1/36 7 6 8 4/14=2/7
Exercise 18.10 1 green 2 7/28=1/4 3 7 4a 4 4b 3/16 5a 4 5b 24
Exercise 18.11 1a 5 1b 14 1c 30 1d 55 The number of squares and the answer to the calculation is the same
2a 4+4+4+4=16 2b 4+(4+4)÷4=6 2c
Music PE Instrum. Job
Exercise 18.12 1a 3/23 1b 23/23=1 1c 8/23 1d 15/23
3 4
2a 4/26=2/13 2b 20/26=10/13 2c 15/26 12 8 7 9
2d 13/26=1/2 2e 6/26=3/13 6
3a 1/4 3b 1/2 3c 1/4 4a 1/12 4b 1/12 4c 3/12=1/4

5a 4/16=1/4 5b 4/16=1/4 5c 5/16
Exercise 18.13 1a 7/23 1b 23/23=1 1c 10/23 1d 6/23 Music PE Instrum. Job
2a 3/22 2b 14/22=7/11 2c 13/22 6

7
10 6
3
5
2d 14/22=7/11 2e 8/22=4/11 8
3a 1/4 3b 1/2 3c 1/4 4a 1/12 4b 1/12 4c 3/12=1/4
5a 4/16=1/4 5b 4/16=1/4 5c 4/16=1/4 5d 5/16
Exercise 19.5 1 sideBA=sideTV, side CB=sideST, side AC=sideVS, VST {SSS}
2 A = J, B = H, side AC=side JK, JKH {ASA}
3 side BA=side GK, B = G, side CB=side IG, KIG {SAS}
4 C = Y {right-angle}, side BA=side ZT {hypotenuse}, side AC=sideTY,
TYZ {RHS}
Exercise 19.6 1 QPR. AC=QP {matching sides} 19m=y, BAC= RQP {matching angles}
30°=x
2 CBD. AD=CD {matching sides} y=26cm, DAB= DCB {matching
angles} 45°=x
3 CDB. AD=CB {matching sides} y=19cm, ABD= CDB {matching
angles} x=63°
4 CDB. DA=BC {matching sides} y=73cm, ABD= CDB {matching
angles} x=18°
5 CBD. AB=CB {matching sides} x=9m, BDA= BDC {matching angles}
y=45°
6 CBD. BE=BD {matching sides} y=12cm, ABE= CBD {matching
angles} 54°=x
Exercise 19.7
1 ADB= CBD {AD CB}, DB= BD {same side}, DBA= BDC {AB CD}, CBD
{ASA}
2 CBA {ASA}, AD = CB {matching sides}
3 CBA {ASA}, DC = BA {matching sides}
308
Exercise 19.7
4 sideAB=sideCD, ABO= CDO {AB CD}, OAB= OCD {AB CD}, CDO {ASA}
CDO {ASA}, BO=DO {matching sides}, OA=OC {matching sides} diagonals bisect
each other.
Exercise 19.8
1 CAB= ACD {BC DA}, CA= AC {same side}, BCA= DAC {BC DA},
ACD {ASA}
2 BCD {ASA}, DA = BC {matching sides}
3 BCD ASA}, AB = CD {matching sides}
4 sideAB=sideCD, ABO= CDO {AB CD}, OAB= OCD {AB CD}, CDO {ASA}
BO=DO {matching sides}, OA=OC {matching sides} diagonals bisect each other.
Exercise 19.9
1 BCD {ASA}, BAD = BCD {matching angles}
2 DA=DC {property of kite}, OD=OD {common side}, ODA= ODC {matching angle},
COD {ASA} AO=CO {matching sides} The longer diagonal bisects
the shorter diagonal.
3 COD {ASA} AOD= COD {matching angles}, AOD+ COD = 180°
AOD=90°, COD=90°
Exercise 19.10 2 side, side, side for congruency 3 4 $44 5 40m 6 7 1/4 8 8 9 1.5 10 a7
Exercise 19.11 2 angle, side, angle for congruency 3 4 $55 5 5km 6 7 1/4 8 2 9 1.5 10 b3
Exercise 19.12 2 side, angle, side for congruency 3 4 $66 5 50m 6 7 1/2 8 3 9 2 10 a8
Exercise 19.13 1a A and D 1b A and B 2 all three are true 3 trapezium 4 1/2 5 1/2 6 1/8 7 R {same radius}
Exercise 19.14 1 110° 2 95° 3 yes 4 4a and 4c 5 6 7 21m2
8 49cm2
Exercise 19.15 2 0.5years
Exercise 19.16 2a x=61°, y=35cm 2b x=12cm, y=42°
3a ABD= CDB {AB CD}, BD= DB {same side}, BDA= DBC {DA BC},
CDB {ASA}
3b CDB {ASA} AD=CB {matching sides}
4a AD=CD {property of kite}, BA=BC {property of kite}, DB=DB {same side}
CDB {SSS}
4b DA=DC {property of kite}, OD=OD {common side}, ODA= ODC {matching angle},
COD {ASA} AO=CO {matching sides}
4c COD {ASA} AOD= COD {matching angles}, AOD+ COD = 180°
AOD=90°, COD=90°
Exercise 19.17 2a x=25°, y=27cm 2b x=7cm, y=105°
CDB {ASA}
4a AD=CD {property of kite}, BA=BC {property of kite}, DB=DB {same side}
CDB {SSS}
4b DA=DC {property of kite}, OD=OD {common side}, ODA= ODC {matching angle},
COD {ASA} AO=CO {matching sides}
4c COD {ASA} AOD= COD {matching angles}, AOD+ COD = 180°
AOD=90°, COD=90°
Answers 309
Exercise 20.1 2 side, side, side for congruency 3 4 60 5 700m 6 7 1/4 8 4 9 4 10 a8
Exercise 20.2 2a $S=50w+150 2b $550 2c 12weeks 3a
3b x=1.5 4a 720cm 4b 14 200m 4c 0.65km 4d 9.81m 4e 70km 4f 0.2km 5a 17m 5b 28cm 5c 10.6km
6a 68.89m2 6b 106.14km2 6c 7.76cm2 6d 2418cm2 6e 7.56m2 6f 24.75m2 Instrum. Job
7a 69.47cm3 7b 833cm3 8a 5/26 8b 14/26=7/13 8c 15/26 8d 18/26=9/13 5
6 3
9a 1/4 9b 1/2 9c 1/4 10a 1/12 10b 1/12 10c 3/12=1/4
12
11a 4/16=1/4 11b 12/16=3/4 11c 0 11d 5/16
13a x=61°, y=35cm 13b x=12cm, y=42°
CDB {ASA}
14c CDB {ASA} BAD= DCB {matching angles}
14d Assume diagonals intersect at O. sideAB=sideCD, ABO= CDO {AB CD},
OAB= OCD {AB CD},
CDO {ASA}
BO=DO {matching sides}, OA=OC {matching sides}
diagonals bisect each other.
Exercise 20.3 2 side, angle, side for congruency 3 4 64 5 70m 6 7 1/4 8 3 9 10 a8
Exercise 20.4 2a $S=100w+50 2b $650 2c 8weeks 3a
3b x=2 4a 450cm 4b 24 230m 4c 7.65km 4d 23.4m 4e 30km 4f 0.5km 5a 21m 5b 26cm 5c 23.8km
6a 13.69m2 6b 36.26km2 6c 30.69cm2 6d 1625cm2 6e 7.29m2 6f 100.5cm2
7a 678.91cm3 7b 2099.5cm3 8a 6/25 8b 16/25 8c 15/25=3/5 8d 13/25 Music PE
9a 1/4 9b 1/2 9c 1/4 10a 1/12 10b 1/12 10c 1/4 4

6
6
11a 8/16=1/2 11b 8/16=1/2 11c 0 11d 5/16 9
13a x=25°, y=27cm 13b x=7cm, y=105°
CDB {ASA}
14c CDB {ASA} BAD= DCB {matching angles}
14d Assume diagonals intersect at O. sideAB=sideCD, ABO= CDO {AB CD},
OAB= OCD {AB CD},
CDO {ASA}
BO=DO {matching sides}, OA=OC {matching sides}
diagonals bisect each other.
310
A Factors 41
Fractions 78
Abacus 73 Frequency 107
Annulus 131 Frequency column graph 108
Area 231 Frequency table 107
composite shapes 232
G
B
Game 13, 29, 48, 62, 85, 102, 118, 134,
Base 3, 65 157, 173, 188, 202, 225, 242, 256,
272
C
Gauss 33
Calculator Talk 72 Gigabyte 2
Census 106, 137, 177 Golden Rectangle 270
Circle 122, 126 Googol 2
area 126, 137 GST 149
circumference 124, 137
radius 122 H
Circumference 122, 137 Hectare 231
Competition Questions 11, 27, 45, 59, 83, Histogram 108
99, 115, 131, 155, 171, 185, 199,
223, 239, 253, 269 I
Composite shapes 232
Congruence 90, 260 Index 3, 65
proof 263 zero index 8
reasoning 263 Index Laws 4, 7, 65
reflection 90, 137 Investigations 12, 28, 46, 60, 84, 101,
rotation 90, 137 116, 132, 156, 174, 186, 201, 224,
test 93, 137, 260 240, 254, 270
translation 90, 137 Isometric Drawing 144
D K
Decimals 78 Kite , 234
recurring 77, 84
terminating 77
L
Diameter 122 Linear Equations 165
Earth 10 Linear Models 216
Distributive law 39, 40, 46 Linear Pattern 162
Logarithms 1
E
Einstein 152
M
Eratosthenes 191 Mean 110, 137, 179
Median 110, 137, 179
F Mode 109, 137
Index 311
N Rectangle 265
area 231
Napier's bones 1 golden 270
NAPLAN Questions 10, 26, 44, 58, 82,
98, 114, 130, 154, 170, 184, 198, S
222, 238, 252, 268
Newton, Isaac 213 Sample 106, 137, 178
bias 178, 181
O size 178, 180
Square
Ordered Pairs 214 area 231
Outliers 112 Symmetrical data set 112
P T
Parallelogram 264 Tally 107
area 233 Technology 30, 47, 61, 86, 100, 117, 133,
Pascal Blaise 161 158, 172, 187, 200, 226, 241, 271
Pascal's Triangle: 161 Terabyte 2
Percentages , 78 Tessellations 89, 101
profit and loss 150 Thales 259
Perimeter 125, 137, 230 Time 192
Pi 121, 133 international 196
value 60 zones 194
Prism 235 Transformations 96
rectangular 235 Trapezium
volume 235 area 234
triangular 236 Triangle
volume 236 area 231
Probability 52, 246 congruent 260
complement 55 Trick 13, 29, 48, 85, 102, 118, 134, 157,
random numbers 61 173, 188, 202, 225, 242, 256, 272
theoretical 54 Two-up 62
two-way tables 249
Venn diagrams 247 V
Puzzles 13, 29, 48, 62, 85, 102, 118, 134, Venn Diagrams 245, 247, 248
157, 173, 188, 202, 242, 255, 272
Q
Quadrants 215
R
Radius 122
Random number 187
Range 109, 137, 179
Rate 151
unitary method 152
Ratio 146
Rational Number 80
312

Year 8 Maths

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Year 8 Maths

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Year 8 Maths

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mathematics

National Curriculum Dr Terry Dwyer

Dr Dwyer Pty Ltd

Copyright © Dr Dwyer Pty Ltd

National Library of Australia

1. Mathematics--Problems, exercises etc.

Published in Australia by Dr Dwyer Pty Ltd

Chapter 6 Real Numbers 73

Chapter 11 Ratio & Rate 145

Chapter 16 Linear Relationships 213

Chapter 9 Circles 121

Chapter 12 Linear Equations 161 Chapter 14 Time 191

Chapter 19 Congruence 259

Each chapter, apart from Review, contains:

A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY

16 Copy and complete the following table:

Square Cube Fourth Fifth

The larger the power, the more

27 How many 10s are multiplied together to equal 1 million?

28 Calculate 109 (109 is generally known as 1 billion).

A convenient way of writing 2×2×2 is

1 4×4×4 2 2×2×2×2 3 a×a×a

1 aabbbaa 2 3×3×3×2×2 3 abaaababb

Chapter 1 Index laws 3

Multiplying Indices: Multiplying Indices:

24×22 = 2×2×2×2 × 2×2 a3×a2 = a×a×a × a×a

Is the same as Is the same as

Multiplying Indices: Multiplying Indices:

24×22 = 24+2 a3×a2 = a3+2

Exercise 1.5 This only works if the

= 2×2×2 × 2×2 = a×a × a×a×a×a×a

or 23×22 = 23+2 = 25 or a2×a5 = a2+5 = a7

1 22×23 2 33×32 3 24×22 4 44×43

This only works if the

25 22×23×22 26 34×33×32 27 a2×a3×a3 28 u2×u2×u3

Dividing Indices: Dividing Indices:

Is the same as Is the same as

Dividing Indices: Dividing Indices:

1 25÷23 2 33÷32 3 24÷22 4 44÷43

c7 104 They are the same thing.

Chapter 1 Index laws 5

1 1×1×1 2 2×2×2×2 3 3×3×3×3

22×24 = 22+4 = 26 y2×y3 = y2+3 = y5 am×an = am+n

1 22×23 2 32×32 3 54×52 4 24×23

34÷32 = 3 = 32 m6÷m3 = m = m3 am÷an = a

1 24÷23 2 35÷32 3 54÷52 4 45÷43

Power Indices: Power Indices:

(23)2 = (2×2×2)2 (a2)3 = (a×a)3

Is the same as Is the same as

Power Indices: Power Indices:

(23)2 = 23×2 (a2)3 = a2×3

(32)3 = (3×3)3 (b4)2 = (b×b×b×b)2

or (32)3 = 32×3 = 36 or (b4)2 = b4×2 = b8

1 (22)3 2 (23)3 3 (32)3 4 (42)3

34×(32)3 = 34×36 = 310 (b4)2b3 = b8×b3 = b11

21 22×(22)3 22 22×(23)3 23 (32)3×33 24 44×(42)3

Chapter 1 Index laws 7

Zero Index: Zero Index:

Is the same as Is the same as