GS 1 short notes

Waseem Ahmad Bhat

(AIR 7 CSE 2022)
TOPIC DEFINITION, CASE GOVERNMENT STEPS, STATISTICS
STUDIES, EXAMPLES, JUDICIAL CASES,
KEYWORDS, ETC COMMITTEES, REPORTS,
ETC

)
ART AND CULTURE

22
SALIENT FEATURES

20
OF INDIAN SOCIETY

SE
FAMILY ✓Nuclear Households:

C
● Increased from 51.7%
of all households in

7
2001 to 52.1% in 2011.

IR
● Decline of nuclear
(A families in urban
areas: From 54.3% to
AT

52.3%
BH

● Increase in rural areas:

From 50.7% to 52.1%
AD

UNITY IN Diversity: Collective ✓Ahmedabad St. Xavier’s EXAMPLES:

DIVERSITY differences which marks off College vs the State of Gujarat ● Incorporation of
M

one group from another. (1974): elements of different

AH

● Despite the diversity of religions: In Kerala, the

India has been able to religion and language Hindu Edappara
M

sustain unity in diversity there runs through the Maladevar Nada

EE

which means ‘Unity fabric of the nation the Temple has a shrine
without uniformity’ and golden thread of a basic dedicated to
AS

‘Diversity without innate unity. Kayamkulam

fragmentation’ Kochunni, a popular
W

INITIATIVES: 19th century Muslim

● Ek Bharat Shreshtha ‘Robin Hood’
Bharat QUOTES:
● Diversity may be the
hardest thing for a
society to live with,
 and perhaps the most
dangerous thing for a
society to be without
(W. S. Coffin Jr.)
● Our ability to reach
unity in diversity will
be the perfect present

)
22
for the test of our
civilisation(Gandhiji)

20
SE
C
7
IR
(A
AT
BH
AD
M
AH
M
EE
AS
W
LANGUAGE ARTICLES: ✓INITIATIVES: QUOTE:
● Art 29 and 30 ● Sahitya Academy gives 24 ● Kos kos par pani badle
● Art 350A and B awards annually to literary Chaar kos per baani
● 8th Schedule works in languages that it
has recognised. ✓EXTENT:
BEST PRACTICES: ● Jnanpith award is the ● India has around
● "Namath Basai" - highest literary award 20,000 languages

)
22
Kerala Government ● Scheme for protection which got identified to
unique programme and preservation of 1369 ‘rationalised

20
of teaching tribal Endangered Languages mother tongues’
children in their (SPPEL) (Census 2011)

SE
mother tongue ● Traditional Knowledge ● Nearly 400 facing

C
Digital Library Scheme threat of extinction in
coming 50 years

7
ISSUES:

IR
● 40 Indian languages
(A are on the verge of
extinction. E.g: Aimol,
AT

Aka, Birhor and Great

BH

Andamanese
● India has the highest
number of
AD

endangered languages
M

(UNESCO)
EXTINCT LANGUAGES:
AH

● Majhi in Sikkim
● Siddi in Gujarat
M

● Koru in Arunachal
EE

● Mohali in Eastern India

● Dimasa in Assam
AS

● In Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, the
W

death of Boa, the last

speaker of Bo
language, has led to
the extinction of Bo
language with the
 history of 70000 years.
VULNERABLE LANGUAGES:
● Bodo
● Mizo
● Ao

POPULATION AND Development is the best ✓Government measures: ✓Lancet

)
● National family planning ● 90% population in 10%

22
ASSOCIATED contraceptive
programme, 1952 area
ISSUES

20
KEYWORDS: ● National population ● 90% in Northern
● Decentralised policy, 2000 Hemisphere

SE
planning and ● Scheme for home delivery ● Ten most populous
development of contraceptives to countries contribute

C
CONCLUSION: ensure spacing of births 60% of the population,

7
● Going forward, the by ASHAs 6 of them in Asia

IR
population policy ● National population ● Global population will
needs to shift (AStabilisation fund peak at 9.73 bn. In
expenditure and ● Mission parivar vikas, 2064
AT

efforts away from a 2017 ● India will be the most

narrow focus on populous by 2027 and
BH

family planning to stay till 2100

core health ● India’s population will
AD

priorities such as peak by 2048(1.61 bn)

communicable ● TFR= 1.29(by 2100)
M

diseases, drug ● Largest working

AH

availability, human population(20-64) by

development and 2100 in India
M

overall family ● 2nd largest

EE

welfare. immigration in 2100

● Need to move from after USA
AS

planning the ✓POPULATION TRENDS:

population to ● Total population: From
W

planning for the 361 mn in 1951 to 1.21

population(Educatio bn in 2011
n, Health etc) ● Population growth:
from 2.2 % in 1971-81
to 1.2 in
2010-19(UNFPA,
 Census 2011) (still
population
momentum)
● TFR: From 5 in 1970s
to 2(NFHS-5); 28 of 36
states have reached
replacement level

)
22
fertility.
● Death rate: Below

20
10/1000 since 1990s
● Life expectancy: From

SE
50 years in 1971 to 67

C
in 2011
● IMR: From 129 per

7
1000 live births in

IR
1971 to 35(About
(A 1/4th of 1971)
✓Economic Survey 2018-19:
AT

● Demographic
BH

Dividend: Working
population(20-59) will
peak in 2041(as high as
AD

59%); India is
M

expected to have the

world’s largest
AH

working-age
population of 1.03
M

billion by 2030
EE

compared with 0.97

billion in China and
AS

0.22 billion in the US.

✓Population differential
W

factors(Fertility factors):
● Female literacy: Bihar
female literacy is 52%
and TFR is 3.1 while
Kerala female literacy
 is 95% and TFR is 1.8
● Age of marriage:
higher in southern vis
a vis northern states
● Poverty: Jharkhand
and Chattisgarh with
poverty levels of 40%

)
22
and 37% of BPL have
fertility levels of more

20
than 2.1
● Healthcare: NFHS 3

SE
says 14% of UP women

C
receive antenatal care
and recorded 4

7
children per couple

IR
vis-a-vis Kerala women
(A receiving around 100%
and 2 children
AT

● Use of contraceptives:
BH

More than 76% of

married women in
Bihar were not using
AD

contraceptives as
M

compared to 36% in
Kerala(NFHS);
AH

NFHS data shows that less

M

than half of married women

EE

between the ages of 15 and

49, or their partners, use any
AS

form of modern
contraceptives to delay or
W

avoid pregnancies and some

do not even have access to
these.

URBANISATION ✓SDG 11: Sustainable Steps taken by government: ✓STATUS:

cities and Communities ● HOUSING: ● 31% currently (Census
 ✓Successful models of ○ PMAY(Urban): 18 2011)
urban development: lakh houses of the ● 41% of Indian
● Solid waste original 1.8 crore population will reside
management in housing shortage in urban areas in
Okhla have been 2030(UN State of
● Land pooling of constructed. World Population
Amravati ● SANITATION: Report)

)
22
○ SBM(Urban): ● Engines of economic
KEYWORDS: Restriction to growth: Cities

20
● In India, building of toilets; contribute to 70% of
urbanisation is lack of access to India’s GDP, expected

SE
haphazard, messy services like water to rise to 75% by 2030

C
and unplanned and sewers still a (CBRE and CREDAI
(WB) problem. Report)

7
● Geo-spatial ● INFRASTRUCTURE: ISSUES:

IR
approach in ○ Smart Cities ● Urban poor: 30% of
planning
(A Mission: Settled urban residents, urban
● Transit oriented for retrofitting poor men have 9.1
AT

development; existing cities years less life

BH

Vertical themselves; expectancy than urban

development reports of forced rich, 6.2 years for poor
● Set up Urban removal of slums women
AD

boundaries and workers; Less ● Urban informal

● Disaster resilient
M

than 50% projects workers: More than 20

infrastructure are completed cr, mostly without
AH

● Sponge cities ○ AMRUT identity and social

● Urban wildland ● LIVELIHOOD: security
M

interface: People ○ DAY- NULM ● Slums: 17% of urban

EE

moving into areas ● TRANSPORT: population lives in

near forests ○ National Urban slums
AS

Transport policy ● 13% don’t have toilet

CONCLUSION: ○ NEMMP facility
W

● A healthy city would ● National Mission on ● 30% don't have access

be an intersection Sustainable Habitat to clean drinking water
between urban ● Improper solid waste
planning, BEST PRACTICE FOR PERI URBAN management: Indian
infrastructure AREAS: cities generate 62 mn.
 management, ● Uttarakhand merged tonnes of SW per
public services like peri-urban areas with annum but less than
healthcare and ULBs to ensure basic civic half is collected and
environmental amenities and regulate less than a quarter
management. commercial gets proper treatment.
establishments. ● Rising crime rates: As
CONCLUSION: per NCRB especially

)
22
● Indian cities must MIHIR SHAH COMMITTEE: against vulnerable
be rebuilt around ● Nature-based solutions: sections like women,

20
clusters of human Use of blue green water children, elderly etc
capital instead of conservation friendly ● Inadequate transport

SE
considering them infrastructure such as rain infrastructure

C
simply as an gardens etc ● Pollution
agglomeration of ● Estimated that more

7
land use than 60% of all the

IR
● In this regard, urban construction
WHO’s guidelines
(A suffers from improper
for Healthy City and land use, deviations
AT

UNDP’s Urban from plan to

BH

Strategy should be construction, or some

followed to fulfil type of violation of
SDG 11 and the zoning and
AD

goals of Smart City development control

M

Mission. regulations
AH

HOUSING/SLUMS EXAMPLES: EXPERT GROUP ON URBAN ✓EXTENT:

● Jaga Mission Is the POVERTY AND SLUMS: ● Homeless: 1.7 mn
M

World's Largest ● Slums are a result of (Census 2011)

EE

Slum Land failure of housing policy ● Slums: 17% of urban

Settlement not just due to migration population lives in
AS

Programme by slums
Government of ✓Government steps:
W

Odisha with the aim ● PMAY(U): Affordable

to transform Slums Rental Housing Complexes
Into Liveable ● Infrastructure status to
Habitat. affordable housing
● Decreased GST rate(from
8% to 1%)
 ● A dedicated affordable
housing fund
● RERA 2016
● National Urban Housing
and Habitat Policy, 2007:
Every year, 15% of land
will be allocated to social

)
22
housing
● National Urban Renting

20
Housing Policy(Draft) 2015
● Draft Model Tenancy Act

SE
2019

C
MIGRATION It is the movement of 2021 Nobel Prize in economics: ✓EXTENT:

7
people from their source ● Incomes of natives can ● 450 mn. Internal

IR
areas to destination areas benefit from new migrants(Census
either temporarily or (A immigration 2011), an increase of
permanently. 45% from 309 mn.
AT

Recorded in 2001
● Seasonal migrants:
BH

139 mn out of 450

mn(Eco Survey 2017)
AD

● 70% of all the migrants

are women(Because of
M

marriage)
AH

● Within the same

district: 62%
M

● Districts of the same

EE

state: 26%
● Interstate movement:
AS

12%(54.26 million) as
per Census 2011
W

DOMESTIC WORKERS:
● 3.9 million(NSSO
2011-12)
● India has not ratified
ILO’s C189 Domestic
 Workers Convention.

✓85.4% of ration cards have

been linked to Aadhaar up
until August 2019.

GLOBALISATION KEYWORDS: QUOTES: ✓EXAMPLES:

)
● Consumerist culture ● Nowadays people know ● Local to global:

22
● Materialism the price of everything Avocados initially

20
● Westernisation but the value of nothing grown in Latin
● Glocalisation (OSCAR WILDE) American countries are

SE
● Micro-globalisation now common in all
: Incorporation of meals over the world.

C
global processes ● Japanese Sushi

7
into local settings present all over the

IR
● Macro-localisation: world.
Globalisation of the (A ● Global to local: Amrita
local Pritam, Sarojni Sahoo
AT

● Emerging and Kusum Ansal

adulthood: The advocate for the
BH

arrival of feminist ideas in

full-fledged Indian languages.
AD

adulthood has been

delayed. Emerging
M

adults are now

AH

pursuing longer and

more wide-spread
M

education, entering
EE

into marriage and

parenthood later,
AS

and experiencing a
longer transition to
W

stable work
● Yuppies

MODERNISATION ✓KEYWORDS:
● Double helix of
modernity and
 tradition.

COMMUNALISM KEYWORDS: ✓ NCRCW: EXAMPLES:

● Political ● An Interfaith commission ● Lynching: pehlu khan
communalism should be established to Case
● Stereotyping promote inter religious ● Stereotyping: Tablighi
● Ghettoization harmony and social Jamaat Case

)
● Invisibility ● Riots: Delhi,

22
solidarity
● Lack of cultural Muzaffarnagar

20
synthesis ✓National Foundation for
Communal Harmony under MHA

SE
Types: promotes communal harmony,
● Assimilationist fraternity and National

C
● Welfarist integration.

7
● Retreatist

IR
● Retaliatory ✓RANGANATH MISHRA
● Seperatist COMMITTEE:
(A
● Secessionist ● Role of police has been
AT

highly controversial with

Under Art 3 of Genocide respect to incidents of
BH

Convention, incitement to communal violence.

genocide is genocide itself.
AD

REGIONALISM It implies people’s love for ✓Recommendations of National EXAMPLES:

M

a particular region in Integration Commission should ● Interstate disputes:

AH

preference to the country be put into practice Maharashtra-Karnatak

and in certain cases in a over Belgaum district
M

preference to the states of with a large

which the region is a part. Marathi-speaking
EE

population.
AS

Regionalism is rooted in POSITIVES:

India’s diversity wrt caste, ● Protection of cultural
W

religion, language, class etc. identity: Tripura

When all these features Autonomous District
along with relative Council (TTAADC) has
deprivation get protected the
geographically endangered tribal
concentrated, it leads to identity in the state by
 regionalism. providing a democratic
platform to former
ARTICLES: separatists
● Art 51A: To ● Promotes people’s
promote the spirit participation: Telugu
of common state and formation of
brotherhood among linguistic states;

)
22
all people jharkhand
transcending ● Good governance and

20
regional identity decentralisation
● Competitive federalism

SE
SECULARISM Keywords: ✓LAW COMMISSION:

C
● Based on Sarva ● Preferred codification of

7
Dharma Sambhava personal laws under Art

IR
● Constitutional 13 to end discrimination
morality among religions(For UCC)
(A
● Essential religious
AT

practice SHIRUR MUTT CASE:

● Juduciopapism ● SC gave the concept of
BH

● Laicite essential practices

● Secularisation doctrine
AD

● Party-political ✓SHAH BANO CASE:

secularism ● Section 125 of Crpc.
M

● Salad bowl ✓DANIEL LATIFI CASE:

AH

● Upheld Shah Bano

India has a positive judgement
M

concept of secularism: ✓SHAYARA BANO CASE:

EE

giving equal respect to all ● Triple talaq was banned.

religions or protecting all ✓S.R. BOMMAI VS UNION OF
AS

religions equally. INDIA:

● Secularism is more than a
W

CONCLUSION: passive attitude of

● Secularism should religious tolerance. It is a
not be seen as an positive concept of equal
end in itself but a treatment of all religions.
means to address ● Secularism is part of basic
religious plurality structure (Also in
 and achieve kesavananda Bharati)
peaceful ✓ISMAIL FARUQUI V. UOI:
coexistence of ● Secularism to be one facet
different religions of right to equality
● Mosque is not an essential
religious practice but only
congregation is

)
22
✓NIKHIL SONI CASE:
● HC judgement was

20
overturned by SC as jain
scholars were not

SE
consulted by HC

C
SABARIMALA CASE:
● Constitutional morality

7
will rule over social

IR
morality
(A
VULNERABLE KEYWORDS: KESAVANANDA BHARATI, BHIM
AT

SECTIONS ● From charity based SINGHJI CASE:

approach to Rights ● Welfare state is part of
BH

Based approach the basic structure.

● From ‘rolling out
AD

doles’ to ‘social
security as right’
M

● Passive
AH

discrimination: In
which
M

discouragement and
EE

lower self
confidence results
AS

in poor
performance.
W

● Socio-Physical
segregation(In
caste, religious
communities etc)
WOMEN ARTICLES: Women in Politics: Global Gender Gap Index
● Art 15(3): Special ● ECI proposed to make it 2020(by WEF): 112 among
provisions for mandatory for recognised 153
women and political parties to ensure
children a minimum agreed ✓FAMILY ISSUES:
● Art 39(d): Equal pay percentage of seats for ● 89% of the women
for equal work women in State Assembly have no say in how the

)
22
● Art 42: To make and Parliamentary money they earn is
provisions for elections needs to be spent(NFHS-3)

20
maternity relief implemented. ● Domestic violence:
SDG 5(Gender equality) 30% of the married

SE
GOOD PRACTICES: women experienced

C
KEYWORDS: ● In Britain, one year of spousal violence
● Broken window paid leave is given to (NFHS-5); reduced by

7
● Domestication of parents who can share it 1.9% since NFHS-4;

IR
women between themselves e.g: Shadow pandemic
● Flexible labour
(A during Covid
(Surinder Jodhka) Women in agriculture: ● Child marriage: The
AT

● Institutionalisation ● Nari Puraskar by President share of women aged

BH

of patriarchy to Ushaben Dineshbhai 20-24 who married

● Glass ceiling Vasava for her before turning 18 has
● Pink collared jobs contribution in organic declined from 27% to
AD

● Career break farming. As a tribal activist 23% in the last five

● Dual burden
M

in Gujarat, she has years(NFHS 5); India is

● Internalisation of ensured land entitlements home to every third
AH

gender norms by to 500 women. She child bride in the

women provides training on world.
M

● Education fertiliser use and ● Mean age of marriage

EE

employment tech-based farming to is around 22.3

tradeoff women farmers years(More than 21
AS

years)
✓WOMEN If an additional 2% of GDP is ● Burden of
W

ORGANISATIONS: invested in the Indian Health and sterilisations: Female

PHASES: care sector, 11 mn additional jobs sterilisation
● Accommodation(19 could be generated, a third of constituting 75% of
47-60s) which would go to women. modern contraceptive
● Crisis(1960s-70s) methods used.
 ● Maturity(1970s ✓Unpaid care work:
onwards) ● Women perform
ISSUES TACKLED: 76.2%(three quarters)
● Right to vote: of the total hours of
Women’s India care work in the
Association (1917), world(ILO) and in Asia
All India Women it reaches to 80%; ILO

)
22
Conference (1926) says that countries
and National that invest in care

20
Council for Women components of labour
in India (1925) policy such as

SE
● Fight against sexual maternity and

C
harassment at paternity leave etc
workplace: Group have a higher maternal

7
for Women’s employment to

IR
Education and population ratio.
Research led to
(A ● More than 90% of
Vishakha Guidelines Indian women
AT

in 1997 and an participated in unpaid

BH

enabling legislation domestic work at

in 2013. home in 2019
● Against rape: After compared to 27% of
AD

Mathura gangrape men(NSSO)

M

case judgement
1979, a lot of TFR=2.0(NFHS 5)
AH

women’s
organisations like ✓Society:
M

Saheli in Delhi and ● Violence: Most

EE

India’s first feminist dangerous nation for

group against rape- women in the
AS

Forum against world(Thomson

oppression of Reuters Survey)
W

Women(FAOW) ● Every day 93 rape

came into being cases are reported but
● Domestic violence conviction is only
and dowry: Forum 32%(e.g: Hathras,
Against Oppression Unnao, Kathua)
 of Women ● 83% increase in crimes
(Mumbai), Saheli against women
(Delhi) etc. between 2007 and
campaign led to 2016(NCRB)
Protection of
Women from
Domestic Violence ✓Workplace/Economy:

)
22
Act 2005.
● Personal laws: ✓Agriculture:

20
Bebaak Collective ● 73.2% of women
and Bhartiya depend on agriculture

SE
Muslim Mahila for their livelihood.

C
Andolan (BMMA) ● 32.8% are registered
led to Muslim as primary workers

7
Women(Protection (Census 2011).

IR
of Rights on ● Only 12.8% of land
Marriage) Act,
(A holdings are owned by
2019. The Lawyers women(Census 2011)
AT

collective Mumbai ● 80% of the food and

BH

and Indian Social 90% of dairy

Institute, Delhi have production is done by
prepared drafts women(Oxfam report)
AD

containing technical ● 78% of women farmers

M

detail of gender just face gender

and secular family discrimination
AH

laws. (Cortena Agriscience)

● Unorganised Sector
M

women issues: ✓Industrial sector:

EE

SEWA(Gujarat), ● 3-12% participation of

Working Women’s women(Consulate
AS

Forum(Tamil Nadu), general of Sweden in

Shramik Mahila India)
W

Sangathan(Maharas
htra) ✓Services Sector:
● Ecology: Chipko ● Women’s participation
Movement in services along with
● Wife beating and industrial is less than
 alcoholism: Anti 20%(ILO)
Arrack movement ✓12 mn. Indian women will
● Not to tolerate lose jobs by 2030 due to
sexual violence: automation.(Mckinsey Global
SAYFTY Institute)
● Providing ✓Informal sector:
healthcare and ● 81% of Indian women

)
22
sanitary products: work in the informal
AYZH economy(ILO)

20
● 18 lakh women
✓Women effectiveness in workforce in organised

SE
leadership positions: sector

C
● Esther Duflo studied
the ✓Female labour force

7
reserved-for-wome participation rate: India’s

IR
n constituencies in female labour force
Local governments
(A participation rate (FLFPR) fell
vis-a-vis male from around 31% in 2011–12
AT

constituencies and to around 23% in

BH

found that females 2017–18(International Labour

focussed more on Organisation report);
issues that affect According to Global Gender
AD

their gender e.g: Gap Report 2021, women’s

M

drinking water labour force participation rate

availability fell from 24.8 percent to 22.3
AH

● Fatima bibi and percent.

Chavi Rajawat as Causes:
M

female sarpanches ● Patriarchal mindset:

EE

brought startling Delhi has only 196

change female workers per
AS

● Study by ‘India 1000 workers because

spend’ reported of patriarchal mindset
W

women panchayat but Nagaland has 500

leader invested 48 due to historical
percent more than matriliny.
male counter parts
for village IMF chief: Raising women's
 development participation in the labour
force to the same level as men
QUOTES: can boost India's GDP by 27
● If all men are born per cent.
free, how is it that ✓Pay gap: Earned income of
all women are born women in India is only
slaves(Mary Astel) one-fifth of that of

)
22
men’s(Global Gender Gap
report 2021)

20
✓Internal complaints

SE
committee: 36% of Indian

C
companies and 25% of MNCs
had yet to constitute them.

7
✓A survey conducted by The

IR
network of women in media,
(A India and gender at work
found that over one third of
AT

respondents had experienced

BH

some form of sexual

harassment at their
workplaces and over half of
AD

them did not report the

M

incident.
AH

✓Surrogacy: Size of the

surrogate industry is 2.3 bn
M

dollars.
EE

✓Barely represented in
politics and judiciary:
AS

● Only 1 woman among

31 in the
W

parliamentary panel to
review the law
regarding marriage age
of girls
● National average of
 women in state
assemblies and
councils is 9% and 5%
respectively. Mizoram,
Nagaland and
Puducherry have no
elected women

)
22
representatives in their
assemblies.

20
● Only 8 women have
become SC judges till

SE
now

C
✓Patriarchal attitudes

7
towards women: life cycle

IR
approach
(A Patriarchal attitudes towards
feminist movement: Shah
AT

Bano, Sabarimala, Parsi

BH

women entry into fire temple

CHILDREN ARTICLES: INITIATIVES: ✓EXTENT:

AD

● Art 15(3) ● National Policy for ● Number of Children:

● Art 39(e): Children(2013): Gave 39% of the
M

Opportunities for effect to UNCRC population(0-5 age);

AH

healthy ● National Plan of Action for Share of the young

development of Children(2016) population i.e.0-19
M

children ● POCSO years is projected to

EE

● Art 51A: provide ● National Child Labour decline from 41% in

opportunities for Policy(1987) 2011 to 25% in
AS

education to his ● National Child Labour 2041(Eco Survey

child or ward Project: Rehabilitation 2018-19)
W

between the age of centres are built ● Orphans or homeless:

six and fourteen ● Child Labour Prohibition 20mn
years. Act, 2016 ✓Child Abuse:
● Platform for effective ● 53% of the children are
KEYWORDS: enforcement of no child subjected to some
● Disintegration of JF labour (PENCIL) form of abuse out of
 ● Dysfunctional family ● Juvenile Justice Act which in more than
● Subculture of crime 90% of the cases a
● Broken window Child Labour(SDG 8.7): known person is
theory ● Work that deprives involved. However,
● Negative reference children of their only 6% of the cases
group leading to childhood, their potential, are reported.
faulty socialisation their dignity and that is ● Crimes against

)
22
● Bachpan Bachao harmful to their physical children in India has
Andolan and mental increased steeply by

20
development(ILO) 381 per cent in the last
UNCRC: Child has 4 ● Gurupadswamy report: one decade

SE
inalienable rights: As long as poverty (2010-2020) (NCRB)

C
● Survival continues, child labour ● Every day around 150
● Development can’t be elimated. go missing.

7
● Protection ● ILO 182: Worst forms of

IR
● Participation child labour Child Labour:
(A ● ILO 138: Minimum age of ● 80% of working
CHILD MARRIAGE employment children live in India’s
AT

EXAMPLE: ● 2021 as UN’s villages.

BH

● Akha Teej occasion International year for the ● 62.8% of India’s child
in Rajasthan for elimination of child labour workforce work
mass Child labour in hazardous work.
AD

Marriages ● India has a dubious

✓NCPCR STEPS DURING COVID :
M

distinction of being
online tracking portal Bal swaraj home to the maximum
AH

(covid-care link) number of child

labourers in the world
M

ASHISH NANDY: 10.1 mn. Children are

EE

● When children commit engaged in

heinous crimes, the labour(Census 2011)
AS

problem is not with the ● Due to the efforts of

child but the society. Kailash Satyarthi,
W

number of child
VENKATACHALIAH: labourers reduced
● Both severity and from 12mn to 4mn
certainty of the
punishment is the need of Child sex ratio is less due to:
 the hour ● Poor reporting under
PCPNDT: Only 4200
cases have been filed
while 45 mn crimes of
determination have
been committed
● Poor conviction rate:

)
22
Only 586 convictions

20
✓Covid impact: 3621
children orphaned while

SE
26000 lost one parent to

C
Covid(NCPCR)

7
JUVENILE ✓Keywords: ✓4% of crimes are

IR
● Dysfunctional committed by juveniles(NCRB)
families (A
● Fomo
AT

● Subculture of crime
● Negative reference
BH

group
● Broken window
AD

theory
M
AH

YOUTH ✓SAMPLE REGISTRATION

SYSTEM REPORT 2018: 66%
M

(15-59); 50 % (below age 25)

EE

✓INDIA SKILLS REPORT:

● Employability of
AS

graduates <50%
W

1/4th of MBAs, 1/5thof

engineers and 1/10th of
graduates are employable.
Growing aspiration among
the people:
 ● Around 70% living in
rural or semi urban
areas want to become
self employed
entrepreneurs
(PRATHAM for NITI
AAYOG)

)
22
HUMAN CAPITAL India ranked 116 among 174

20
countries in the World Bank’s
Human Capital Index 2020.

SE
SKILLING The trilogy of demographic Sharda Prasad Committee 2016: SIGNIFICANCE:

C
transition, economic ● Identified inadequate ● Economic growth:

7
uncertainty and industry interface as the India can increase its
technological changes, if major issue facing GDP by 3-5% by 2035,

IR
not skillfully managed, may (A vocational education and if it is able to focus on
have economic and social training skill development and
AT
repercussions ● Set up state of the art training(WTO)
Vocational Education and
BH

KEYWORDS: Training Colleges to meet ✓CHALLENGES:

● Skill capital of the the skills needs of the ● Lack of skilled
AD

world industry and provide workforce: Only 2.4%

employment to youth. of the workforce in
M

● The industry must come India is formally

AH

together to contribute trained as against

towards a National Skill Korea(96%) and
M

Development Fund China(40%)(PLFS

● With appropriate 2018-19)
EE

measures and guidelines, ● Lack of education: Of

AS

the reforms suggested by India’s current

the Sharada Prasad workforce, 31% is
W

Committee can be a good illiterate, 13% have

starting point to restore primary education and
India’s demographic 6% are college
dividend. graduates, 9% have
informal training
✓GOVERNMENT STEPS: ● Low employability:
 ● Skill India: 40 crore by 37% below 30 are
2022. Includes PMKVY employable(India Skills
● DDU-GKY Report 2016)
● Pradhan Mantri Yuva ● Skill training Capacity:
Yojana: to provide 3.1 mn against 12.8
entrepreneurship mn entering workforce
education and training annually(India Labour

)
22
● Apprenticeship Protsahan Report 2012)
Yojana ● Skill gap in future:

20
● SANKALP India is staring at a 29
● STRIVE mn skill deficit by

SE
● India International Skill 2030. If the skill gap in

C
centre(IISC) India continues,
● Green Skill Development Industries will be

7
Programme plagued by about

IR
● Vocationalisation of 75-80% skill gap
(A Secondary and Higher issues(ILO)
Secondary Education ● 59 mn. Individuals of
AT

under SSA working age to enter

BH

● National Council for the labour force by

Vocational Education and 2023 in India(WEF
Training Report)
AD

● National Skill
M

Development Corporation
for funding vocational
AH

institutes
● National Skill Qualification
M

Framework
EE

● DigiSaksham for digital

skills
AS

● Skill Impact Bond by NSDC

● E- SKILL India portal by
W

NSDC

RECOMMENDATIONS:
● Set up a National
Committee for integration
 of vocational
education(Kasturirangan
committee)

GOOD PRACTICES:
● In South Korea,
companies have taken the

)
22
responsibility of providing
skills and their

20
upgradation
● Skill Trucks Initiative

SE
operated in Brazil that

C
takes skill training to rural
parts of the country(Can

7
develop Skill on wheel

IR
type initiative like this in
(A India)
AT

SENIOR ✓ARTICLES: ✓GOVERNMENT STEPS: ✓EXTENT:

● Art 41: Assistance in ● National policy on Senior ● 8.6% of the
BH

CITIZENS(OLD AGE)
case of old age Citizens(2011) population(>60) and
● Art 46: Promote ● Income security: NSAP, will increase to 20% by
AD

special care for IGNOAPS, PM Vaya 2050(Census 2011)

weaker sections vandana yojana, Varishtha ● Regional variation
M

Pension Bima Yojana (Kerala =12.6%)

AH

✓Good practice: ● Healthcare: Maintenance

● In covid, a seniors and welfare of parents ISSUES:
M

first approach led and senior citizens Act, ● Ruralisation of old

EE

to over 73% of 2007, Rashtrya Vayoshri age(71%)

elderly population Yojana, National Program ● Feminisation of old
AS

receiving at least for Healthcare of age(1033/1000)

one dose and elderly(NPHCE) ● Poverty: 1/3rd of them
W

around 40% being ● Housing: 10% of housing are BPL

doubly vaccinated schemes for urban and ● Dependency: Around
by October 2021. rural lower income 50% of them are
segments will be completely dependent
✓Keywords: earmarked for senior on others and 20% are
● Active ageing citizens, Grants to shelter partially dependent
 ● Convert elderly old age homes under (53rd round of NSSO)
burden to longevity Integrated program for ● Problem of elder
dividend older persons abuse: Around 81% of
● Silver economy ● Annapurna scheme: 10kg elderly face the
free grains to above 65 problem of verbal
CONCLUSION: ● Harmonised Guidelines abuse, while 53% of
● India must follow and Standards for them face neglect.

)
22
Madrid Universal Accessibility in ● Impairment:
International Plan India 2021 released by the As per the first ever

20
of Action on CPWD to ensure universal Longitudinal Ageing St
Ageing(MIPAA) accessibility of udy in India(LASI), 11%

SE
2002 and the Global infrastructure to elderly of the elderly suffer

C
Strategy and Action and disabled. from at least one form
Plan on Ageing and of impairment

7
Health(2016-20) ✓RECOMMENDATIONS: (Locomotor, mental,

IR
adopted by WHO to ● Raise the retirement age a visual and hearing)
achieve SDG 2030.
(A decade before the
anticipated shift that will
AT

occur in 2041 so that

BH

arrangements for
pensions and other
retirement benefits can be
AD

put in place(Economic
M

Survey 2018-19)
AH

TRANSGENDERS ✓INTRODUCTION: ✓NALSA(2014): ✓EXTENT:

● Called as Ghost ● SC recognized ● 4.8 lakh transgenders
M

citizens due to transgenders as the ‘third (Census 2011)

EE

triple exclusion gender’. ● Estimated that there

from cultural are aprrox 50-60 lakh
AS

participation, ✓Yogyakarta principles transgenders but it is

economy and polity. kept a secret to avoid
W

discrimination.
BEST PRACTICES: ● Only 30,000 are
● Transgender registered with ECI.
Community desk at
Hyberabad Police ✓ISSUES:
Station ● 50-60% have never
 ● Gender Neutral attended school.
Toilets in Delhi for ● 96% of them are
Transgenders denied jobs.
● Only 2% of
transgenders live with
their parents.

)
✓INITIATIVES: ✓EXTENT:

22
DISABLED Art 41:
● Public assistance to ● Accessible India ● 2.2% of the

20
disabled Campaign(Sugamya population(Census
Bharat Abhiyan) 2011)

SE
KEYWORDS: ● Scheme for ● 56% are men; 70% in
● Triple jeopardy: Implementation of Rights rural areas; 1/3rd out

C
Disability, social of Persons with of school (Council of

7
stigma and poverty Disabilities Act,2016 Social Development

IR
● Universal (SIPDA) Report)
accessibility ● Deendayal Disabled
(A ● People with
Rehabilitation Scheme psycho-social
AT

● Assistance to Disabled disabilities: 3.9 mn

Persons for according to NSO but
BH

Purchase/Fitting of Aids 200 mn according to

and Appliances(ADIP) LANCET.
AD

Scheme
● Inclusive India Initiative
M

● Unique Disability
AH

Identification(UDID)
Project
M

● Harmonised Guidelines
EE

and Standards for

Universal Accessibility in
AS

India 2021 released by the

CPWD to ensure universal
W

accessibility of
infrastructure to elderly
and disabled.

✓RECOMMENDATIONS:
● Social disability audit of
 all the government
infrastructure is
necessary.
● On lines of Accessibility
index by FICCI

SCHEDULED ARTICLES: STATUS OF STs:

)
● Art 17 ● Literacy: 59%

22
CASTES(SCs)
● Art 46:Promote ● U-5 mortality: general

20
educational and ● IMR: 40.7 as compared
economic interests to all India 35(NFHS 5)

SE
of SC/ST POSITIVES:
● Untouchability: 70% of

C
KEYWORDS: population reported

7
● Casteless upper not indulging in

IR
caste and a caste it(Indian Human
defined lower caste (A Development Survey
group Study)
AT

✓ISSUES:
● SOCIAL:
BH

○ Endogamy:
Inter-caste
AD

marriages are
only 6% of all
M

marriages(Cens
AH

us 2011)
○ Violence:
M

against SCs has

EE

increased by
9.4% in 2020
AS

(NCRB)
● ECONOMIC:
W

○ Deprivation:
73% of rural
households are
deprived(NFHS
4)
○ Manual
 Scavenging:
Around 8 lakh
people, mostly
SCs, are manual
scavengers(Cen
sus 2011)
○ In more than

)
22
25% of the
villages

20
surveyed, the
SCs were

SE
denied casual

C
employment in
agriculture and

7
faced wage

IR
discrimination
(A (Action Aid)
○ The relative
AT

ownership of
BH

SCs in non-
agricultural
establishments
AD

is lowest
M

among all
social groups,
AH

suggesting that
India’s socially
M

deprived
EE

groups typically
face greater
AS

barriers in the
non-farm
W

sector of the
economy(Econ
omic census
(2013))
● POLITICO-ADMINISTR
 ATIVE:
○ Pendency: of
cases involving
violence
against SC/STs
stood at
around 96.5%

)
22
in 2020.
○ Conviction rate

20
under SC/ST
Act is 30%

SE
TRIBALS(STs) ✓Expert committee on tribal ISSUES:

C
health - Dr. Abhay Bang ● Development has been

7
INITIATIVES: a major cause of

IR
● Swasthya- e portal displacement of
(A ● State of the Tribal Health approx. 50 mn people.
Report Tribals are estimated
AT

to be more than 40%

of the displaced and
BH

Dalits constitute about

20%.
AD

○ Polavaram
irrigation
M

project will
AH

displace the
highest number
M

of people,
EE

predominantly
tribal
AS

population, in
India’s history
W

of such projects
i.e., about 1
lakh families in
Andhra
Pradesh, upon
completion.
 ● 40-50% of displaced
population
● Life expectancy: 63.9
● IMR: 44.4
● U-5 Mortality: 57.2
● 79% of rural adivasi
households are

)
22
deprived
● 50% of adolescent

20
tribal girls are
underweight

SE
● 80% tribal children

C
undernourished
● 60% of malarial deaths

7
and 30% incidence of

IR
malaria
(A
BONDED LABOUR ✓All work or service INITIATIVES: ✓EXTENT:
AT

exacted from any person ● Art 23 ● 8 mn people living in

under the threat of a ● Bonded Labour(Abolition) modern slavery in
BH

penalty and for which the Act India(Global Slavery

person has not offered ● State’s Moneylenders Acts Index 2018)
AD

himself or herself
voluntarily(ILO FORCED RECOMMENDATIONS:
M

LABOUR CONVENTION, ● Ratify ILO Domestic

AH

1930) Workers Convention 2011

● Recent NHRC advisory
M

CASE STUDY:
EE

● Koltas of Jaunsar
Bawar borrowed
AS

from higher castes,

led to indebtedness
W

and bonded labour

● Tharu and Bohksa

MINORITIES

GEOGRAPHY
GEOPHYSICAL
PHENOMENA

VOLCANO ✓Architects of the earth: ✓CONSEQUENCES:

● Formed more than ● Large scale damage:
80% of the earth’s Mt Vesuvius Italy 79
surface AD

)
22
● Tsunami: 1883
Krakatoa eruption in

20
Indonesia and Sunda
Strait eruption 2018

SE
● 75-95% eruption is

C
water
● Volcanic winter: Toba

7
supervolcano,

IR
pinatubo volcano in
(A 1991(0.5 C)
AT
↑

DELTAS ✓CONCLUSION: ✓EXAMPLES:

There is a need for the ● ECONOMY: Pearl river
BH

adoption of a delta delta is one of the

conservation framework fastest growing centres
AD

with stakeholder led of China’s economy;

regional approaches to Yangtze river delta,
M

restoring ecosystem Vancouver on Fraser

AH

services of the delta river

landscape. ● Agriculture: Ganga
M

Brahmaputra Delta
EE

● Biodiversity:
Sundarbans forest
AS

● Cultural: Nile and

Euphrates
W

LAND ✓LAND DEGRADATION is ✓INITIATIVES: ✓Extent:

DEGRADATION, defined as the long ● G20 initiative- Global ● Currently deserts cover
term/temporary loss of Initiative to reduce Land around 1/5th of the
DESERTIFICATION
ecosystem functions and degradation and Coral world’s area and house
productivity caused by Reef Programme 1 bn people
 disturbances from which ● UNCCD ● 75% of Earth’s land
land cannot recover ● REDD, REDD+ area is already
unaided ● National strategy on Land degraded and over
Degradation 90% could become
✓DESERTIFICATION is the Neutrality(LDN) degraded by 2050.
land degradation in the ● National Action ● By 2030, will lead to
arid, semi-arid and dry Plan(NAP) to combat reduction in global

)
22
sub-humid areas resulting Desertification crop yield by 10%
from various factors ● Desertification and ● More than 29% of total

20
including climatic variations Degradation Land geographic area in
and human Atlas(2016) by ISRO India is undergoing

SE
activities(UNCCD) ● India adopted the Bonn degradation

C
Challenge(Global effort to (Desertification and
✓KEYWORDS: bring 350mn hectares by Land Degradation

7
● Green walls 2030 into restoration): Atlas Report by ISRO)

IR
● Green dams Pledged to bring into ● 1.87 million hectares
● Soil organic carbon:
(A restoration 13 million of land in the country
More carbon in soil hectares of degraded and faced desertification
AT

than in atmosphere deforested land by 2020 between 2003-13.

BH

and all plant life and additional 8 million

combined(2015 hectares by 2030. ✓REASONS:
Status of the ● Sustainable Land and ● Water erosion(11%)
AD

World’s soil report0 Ecosystem ● Vegetation

M

Management(SLEM) degradation(9%)
✓SDG 15: Life on land Programme: Aims to ● Wind erosion(5.5%)
AH

promote sustainable land ● Salinity due to water

CONCLUSION: management logging(1.12%)
M

● Given the enormous ● Initiatives like Per drop

EE

task faced, India more crop, etc ✓IMPACTS:

should take further ● Great Green Wall Initiative ● Desertification, land
AS

steps such as ● National Mission on Green degradation and

adoption of India drought cost India
W

multifunctional about 2.5% of GDP in

landscape 2014-15(Union
approach, Government)
sustainable farming
practices, CLIMATE CHANGE AND LAND
 management of DEGRADATION:
rural-urban ● Water scarcity and
interface among droughts: Water table
others to achieve its in Giridih district has
goal of LDN by fallen to 10 m below
2030. ground level in 2017
● Water driven soil

)
22
erosion: In Dhule
district of

20
Maharashtra, land has
become shallow, unfit

SE
for cultivation

C
● 50% of Himalayan
springs have dried or

7
turned seasonal

IR
● Salinisation:
(A Dependence on
borewell for water
AT

guzzling horticulture
BH

increased soil aridity in

Anantapur district of
AP
AD

CLIMATE CHANGE ✓Long term shift in global ✓GOVERNMENT STEPS: IPCC AR6:
M

or regional climate. ● INDCs ● 4/5th of the co2 for

AH

● NAPCC 1.5 degree rise already

KEYWORDS: ● Climate Change Action exhausted(Need to
M

● Green Growth Program(CACP) peak by 2025 and

EE

Models ● National Adaptation Fund reduce by 43% by

● Ocean on Climate Change 2030)
AS

deoxygenation ● Satellite technology: ● 1.07 C rise over

● Climate resilience Coordinating with France 1850-1900 to 2010-19
W

● Glacial melting due on satellite technology like ● Arctic sea ice has
to atmospheric Megha Tropiques(to melted by 10%(March)
rivers understand water cycle and 40%(September)
● Harmful algal and energy exchanges in from 1979-88 to
blooms(HABs) tropics) and 2010-19
● Climate change is Oceansat3-Argos mission ● Sea level rise by 0.2m
 having a huge ● NEMMP,2020 from 1901-2018
impact on coral ● Green bonds ● Global SST rise of 0.88
reefs and atoll ● BS VI norms C from 1850-1900 to
nations like Tuvalu, ● ECBC 2011-20
Kiribati and Fiji ● National Biofuel Policy
● Renewable Purchase Impacts on sections:
GENERAL KEYWORDS: Obligations ● 80% of those displaced

)
22
● Sudden ✓FIVE ELIXIRS(Panchamrit by climate change are
stratospheric strategy) in COP 26: women(UN)

20
warming ● 500 GW non fossil energy ● 1 in 7 children are
● Intensification of by 2030 exposed to at least 5

SE
polar vortex ● 50% from renewables by major climate hazards

C
● Atmospheric rivers 2030 ● Could displace 1.2 bn
● Reduce emissions by 1 by 2050(Institute for

7
billion tonnes from now Economics and Peace)

IR
KEYWORDS FOR IMPACT till 2030 e.g: Bundelkhand to
ON OCEANS:
(A ● Reduce carbon intensity Delhi, Sahel region
● Deoxygenation: of GDP by more than 45% ○ Nansen
AT

Dead zones, anoxic ● Net zero by 2070 Initiative

BH

waters Protection
● Eutrophication and RECOMMENDATIONS: Agenda for
HABs ● Mainstream vulnerability Cross border
AD

● Marine heat waves analysis in long term displaced

● Rossby waves
M

planning for adaptation persons(2015)

● Thermohaline and mitigation ○ New York
AH

circulation ● Greater emphasis on Declaration for

● El Nino and La Nina, widening observational Refugees and
M

MJO, , El nino networks migrants,

EE

modoki, Pacific ● Afforestation UNHCR(2016)

decadal oscillation ● Technological buffer
AS

● AMOC ● Building community

awareness ✓Assessment of Climate
W

ACHIEVEMENTS: ● Utilising traditional Change over the Indian

● 28% reduction as knowledge: Kuttanad Region(MOEFCC REPORT):
compared to 2005 farming ● Average temperature
● 40% installed RE risen by around 0.7° C
● Forest cover: BEST PRACTICES: during 1901-2018
 24.67% ● Against carbon inequality: ● Temperature rise over
Canada: A tax was Himalayas has been
Glasgow climate inequity: implemented along with a about 2.5C
● Undermining significant package of ● Rainfall in summer
historic transfers to low- and monsoon declined by
responsibility middle-income 6% during 1951- 2015;
● Targeted action households frequency of localised

)
22
against fossil fuels, heavy rainfall has
will increased by 75% from

20
disproportionately 1950-2015
impact developing ● Drought affected area

SE
countries increased by 1.3% per

C
● Targeted action decade during
against fossil fuels, 1951-2016

7
will ● Indian ocean is

IR
disproportionately experiencing the
impact developing
(A world’s fastest rate of
countries Ocean surface
AT

● Allowing Carbon warming(6th

BH

credits generated Assessment Report

under the Kyoto IPCC)
Protocol to be ● Sea level rise in the
AD

carried over into the North Indian Ocean

M

Paris mechanism accelerated to 3.3 mm

would make limiting per year between
AH

global warming to 1993 and 2007.

1.5°C more difficult ● Tropical cyclonic
M

storms: Reduction in
EE

tropical cyclones while

increased frequency
AS

of very severe cyclonic

storms(VSCSs) over
W

NIO region in the post

monsoon season
during 1951-2018

✓IMPACT OF CLIMATE
 CHANGE:
● Agriculture production
is estimated to
decrease by 10-20% by
2050 because of
climate change
● Reduce farmer’s

)
22
incomes by 15-18%
and by as much as

20
20-25% in unirrigated
areas(Economic

SE
Survey 2017-18)

C
✓CONTRIBUTORS:
● ENERGY

7
● INDUSTRY

IR
● Agriculture: 18%
(A
✓Global warming can lead to
AT

weakening of the Gulf stream

BH

system by 34-45% by 2100.

GLACIAL MELTING Human influence is the main

AD

driver of the global retreat of

Arctic ice during the last 40
M

years(IPCC)
AH

1/3rd of country’s electric

M

production is located in
EE

Northern plains and will be

affected by Himalayan melting
AS

SEA LEVEL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: ✓EXTENT and CONCERNS:

W

RISE/Effect on ● Ocean warming and ● Sea level rise in the

thermal expansion North Indian Ocean
marine ecosystems
● Ocean acidification accelerated to 3.3 mm
● Deoxygenation per year between
● Changes in ocean 1993 and 2007.
circulation: AMOC ● 8.5 cm total rise
 ● Ocean stratification during past 50 years
● Increased frequency of ● Expected to rise 20-30
marine heat waves, cm by 2100
precipitation, storms and ● About 23% of the
hurricanes world population lives
within 100 km of the
coast.

)
22
● 26% of India
population lives within

20
50 km from shoreline

SE
MONSOON/RAINF ✓EXTENT:
ALL ● Rainfall in summer

C
monsoon declined by

7
6% during 1951 to

IR
2015
(A ● Frequency of localised
heavy rainfall has
AT

increased by 75% from

1950-2015
BH

✓IMD STUDY:
AD

● Decreasing trends
from 1989-2018 in
M

Ganga basin states

AH

● Increase in heavy
rainfall days in
M

Gujarat’s Saurashtra
EE

and arid regions of

Kutch and SE
AS

Rajasthan and North

TN and North Andhra
W

Pradesh.
● Widespread extreme
rain events across
central India have
tripled since 1950
CORAL REEFS ✓SDG 14: Life under water ✓EFFORTS: POSITIVES:
● Global Coral Reef ● Ecosystem services:
✓Clive Wilkinson report Monitoring Nearly $400 bn a year
showed the extent of Network(GCRMN) ● More than half of all
bleaching of Great Barrier ● Global Coral Reef new cancer drug
Reef Alliance(GCRA) research is focussing
● Global Coral Reef R&D on marine organism

)
22
Accelerator Platform
● International Coral Reef CONCERNS:

20
Initiative(ICRI) ● Home to at least 25%
● National Coastal Mission of marine fauna

SE
Programme ● 80-100% of the coral

C
● G20 initiative- Global reef deaths are due to
Initiative to reduce Land bleaching.

7
degradation and Coral ● 75% of the world’s

IR
Reef Programme coral reefs are at risk
(A
● CRZ notification from local and global
● Marine national parks stresses(World
AT

● Biorock technology Resources Institute)

BH

● Quarter of them have

already been damaged
beyond repair and if it
AD

continues then 90% of

M

coral reefs will be in

danger by 2030 and all
AH

by 2050
● Australia’s Great
M

Barrier Reef has lost

EE

more than half of its

corals since 1995
AS

● In 1998, one of the

warmest years in India,
W

massive bleaching of
upto 90% of the coral
reef occurred in the
Western Indian ocean.
● Parali island in
 Bangaram atoll
submergence recently
● Tuvalu, Kiribati and Fiji
in Pacific Ocean and
Maldives in Indian
Ocean

)
✓EXTENT:

22
DEAD ZONES
● Increased 10 fold since

20
1950 in coastal
areas(UN study)

SE
● Warming sea
temperatures have

C
quadrupled the spread

7
of dead zones in the

IR
open ocean
(A
✓The Gulf of Mexico has one
AT

of the largest dead zones:

Lead to millions of dollars
BH

worth of damages to fisheries

and impact on the tourism
AD

industry.
M

✓North Indian Ocean has

AH

one of the largest dead zones

in the world.
M
EE

✓Black seas dead zone was

once a region of many dead
AS

zones but is now a clean sea

W

PERMAFROST ✓EXTENT:
● Covers 20% of the land
area
● 25% of North
hemisphere
● 35 million people are
 living in permafrost
zones

✓CONCERNS:
● Thawing may release
92 billion tonnes of
carbon by 2100

)
22
● 15 million gallons of
natural mercury

20
● 35 mn people live such
areas; will lead to

SE
infrastructure damage

C
● 2016 Anthrax
outbreak in Siberia is

7
linked to melting of

IR
permafrost
(A ● Thawing of Arctic
permafrost could
AT

increase global
BH

warming by 0.27 C by
2100 and 0.42C by
2300.
AD

HUMAN
M

GEOGRAPHY
AH

Water ✓SDG 6: Clean water and ✓MIHIR SHAH COMMITTEE: ✓WATER STRESS:
M

sanitation for all ● To draft a new National ● India is the world’s

EE

water policy. 13th most water

✓KEYWORDS: ● Implement the Draft stressed country
AS

● Need to move to National Water Policy ● India has more than

water positive ● Bringing water into 17% of the world
W

status in agriculture concurrent list population and only

● Virtual water trade: ● The Central Water 4% of freshwater
India exported Authority can be resources out of which
26000 ML of constituted to manage around 80% is used in
VW/year from rivers. agriculture alone
2006-2016 ● warned against the perils ● 600mn Indians face
 ● Virtual Water Taxes of dependence on large "high to extreme water
● Integrated water dam projects and also stress"(NITI AAYOG)
resource about the dismal spread ● Annual per capita
management of irrigation facilities over availability of water -
decades 1820 cubic metres in
BEST PRACTICES: ● National Water 2001, 1545 in 2011 &
● Buldhana pattern of Commission, a science-led 1341 in 2025

)
22
water conservation agency to advise the ● Water demand to
of Maharashtra States on how much water double by 2030 => 6%

20
they can use without loss in India's GDP by
CONCLUSION: affecting rivers and 2050(Composite

SE
● Need for paradigm groundwater, taking Water Management

C
shift from surface- and Index(CWMI) 2018
‘supply-and supply groundwater-usage as a Report of NITI AAYOG)

7
more water’ single entity ● 2 lakh people die every

IR
towards improving year in India due to
(A
water use efficiency, ✓CWC and NITI AAYOG: inadequate water and
reducing leakages, ● Hydrological boundaries, sanitation(CWMI by
AT

recharging local rather than administrative NTI AAYOG)

BH

water and higher political boundaries as a ● 12% of India’s

tariffs along with basis of water governance population already
inter-linking of structure in the country living the ‘Day Zero’
AD

rivers. scenario
✓National Bureau of water use ●
M

The 2018 drinking

efficiency will also be set up: water crisis in Shimla is
AH

● Would create consensus a grim reminder of the

with the states over country's water woes.
M

acceptance of
EE

hydrological boundaries, ✓Skewed spatial and

rather than administrative temporal distribution of
AS

political boundaries as a freshwater in India:

basis of water governance ● River flow: Ganga,
W

structure in the country. Brahmaputra and

‘Sujalam 2.0’ grey water recycling Barak rivers have
project. about 60 percent of
the total surface water
resources although
 accounting for only
about one-third of the
total area in the
country .
Approximately 29% of
water resources are
available to 64% of the

)
22
area in peninsular
India, leading to

20
droughts.
● Variation in rainfall:

SE
About 80 percent of

C
the river flow occurs
during the southwest

7
monsoons. India

IR
captures only eight per
(A cent of its annual
rainfall. Similarly,
AT

nearly a third of the

BH

country’s geographical
area is drought-prone
whereas 12 percent of
AD

the area is prone to

M

floods.
● Groundwater
AH

distribution:
Difference between
M

aquifers of North India

EE

which are permeable

and South India
AS

✓WATER QUALITY:
W

● 70% of our water is

contaminated
● India is currently
ranked 120 among 122
countries in the Water
 Quality Index.
● 21% of communicable
diseases in the country
are related to unsafe
water (World Bank)
● 2 lakh people die in
India every year due to

)
22
inadequate water and
sanitation(CWMI NITI

20
AAYOG)

SE
✓WATER ACCESS:

C
● 75% do not have
drinking water on their

7
premises

IR
● 30% of urban water
(A supply and 70% of
rural water supply
AT

comes from
BH

groundwater

Inefficient use of water:

AD

● Agriculture: Consumed
M

about 85.3% of total

freshwater in
AH

2000(Central Water
Commission). Rice and
M

sugarcane consume
EE

60% of the irrigated

water in the country
AS

but occupy just around

24% of the total gross
W

cropped area. India

uses twice the amount
of water to grow crops
as compared by China
and United States
 ● Poor irrigation
practises: Flood
irrigation, prevalent in
more than 95% of the
irrigated area,
damages both ecology
and farm economics.

)
22
results in application
efficiency of just 65%,

20
or a water loss of 35%.
● Antiquated legal

SE
framework to regulate

C
groundwater
● Poor supply

7
infrastructure: About

IR
40% of piped water in
(A urban areas is lost in
transportation and
AT

supply.
BH

● Lack of metering and

poor enforcement of
water pricing
AD

mechanisms
● Rapid urbanisation
M

● Industrial and
AH

Domestic sectors
12and 4% respectively
M
EE

IMPLICATIONS:
● Desertification
AS

● 40% thermal plants

located in water stress
W

areas
● 21% diseases related
to water
IRRIGATION KEYWORDS: INITIATIVES: ✓EXTENT:
● Participatory ● PM Krishi Sinchayee ● Irrigated area accounts
Irrigation Yojana: Aim extending for nearly 48.8 per
Management(PIM) irrigation cover(Har Khet cent of the 140 million
Ko Paani) and improving hectare (mha) of
water use efficiency(Per agricultural land in
Drop More Crop) India

)
22
● Distribution:
RECOMMENDATIONS: Groundwater-62% and

20
● Promotion of water Canals-24%
footprints ● Coverage under

SE
● Virtual water trades and Micro-irrigation is less

C
formal water markets as than 15% of the
alternatives for saving potential

7
water ● Irrigation accounts for

IR
● Relaxation of farm size 70% of energy
(A limitation in providing consumption in
micro-irrigation subsidies agriculture
AT

● Creation of a single
BH

state-level agency or a
special purpose vehicle
(SPV) for speedy
AD

implementation of the
M

micro-irrigation
programmes
AH

INTER-LINKING OF ✓RECOMMENDATIONS: ✓CASE STUDY:

M

RIVERS ● Cheaper Alternatives to ● Ken Betwa river

EE

be explored like rainwater interlinking project:

harvesting(SC’s Central Daudhan dam to divert
AS

Empowered Committee) water from ken to

● Create a Social betwa; supply
W

Implementing body to irrigation and drinking

hear locals(SC 2014) water ; especially for
● Expert committee needs dry bundelkhand
to be setup to study
impact on wildlife ✓POTENTIAL:
● Economic: Irrigate 1.06
 mn acres(Jal Shakti);
Generate 103 MW
● Social: Drinking water
to 6.2 mn people

✓CONCERNS:
● 9,000ha of forest land

)
22
submergence; 40% of
panna tiger reserve

20
● Destroy7.2 lakh trees;
will affect rainfall in

SE
the region

C
● Ken lower than betwa:
pumping water energy

7
30% of generated

IR
power
(A
GROUND WATER ✓INITIATIVES: ✓CONCERNS:
AT

● CGWA under EPA, 1986 ● India uses the most

for regulation and control ground water in the
BH

● National Water world extracting 253

Policy(2012) promotes bcm per year which is
AD

conservation of rain water around 25% of global

etc groundwater
M

● Catch the rain extraction(JAL SHAKTI

AH

campaign(2021) for MINISTRY REPORT)

rainwater harvesting ● Total annual
M

● Jal Shakti Abhiyan(2019) groundwater recharge

EE

● Master Plan for Artificial in India is 432 BCM

Recharge to Groundwater while Annual
AS

(2020) by CGWB groundwater

● Aquifer mapping and extraction for all uses
W

Management Program by is 249 BCM(2017

CGWB Assessment by CGWB)
● Atal Bhujal Yojana(2019) ● Third largest exporter
● National Water Awards of ground water
● Mission Water through export of
Conservation to ensure grains etc
 synergy in MGNREGA, ● 54% of India’s
PMKSY, Command Area groundwater wells
Development and Water have declined over the
Management(CADWM) past seven years(JAL
SHAKTI MINISTRY
REPORT)
● NITI AAYOG has stated

)
22
that over exploitation
of groundwater is

20
contributing to the
‘worst crisis in history’

SE
● 22% of groundwater

C
has either dried up or
is in the critical and

7
over-exploited

IR
categories(CGWB
(A Report)
AT

WATERSHED ✓Geographic area through ✓INITIATIVES: ✓EXAMPLES:

which water flows across ● Jal Shakti Abhiyan ● Ralegan Siddhi, Saldiha
BH

MANAGEMENT
the land and drains into a ● Neeranchal: A WB
common body of water. assisted watershed
AD

Watershed boundary management project, also

follows the highest ridge provides technical
M

line around the stream assistance to the

AH

channels watershed development

component of the PM
M

✓Watershed management Krishi Sinchai Yojana.

EE

includes conservation, ● Hariyali Programme by

regeneration and judicious Central government with
AS

use of both natural GS participation

capital(land, water, plants ● Neeru Meeru(Water and
W

and animals) and social You) of Andhra

capital within a watershed ● Arvary Pani Sansad in
Alwar, Rajasthan: Water
harvesting through
percolation tanks, johads,
check dams
RAINWATER ✓RECOMMENDATIONS: ✓EXTENT:
HARVESTING ● Restore traditional water ● Currently only 8% of
structures water is captured
● Draft a national law for ● Annually about 85,565
RWH MCM of surplus
● Mandatory RWH systems run-off can be
on government building harnessed to augment

)
22
e.g West Bengal and Tamil the ground water
Nadu through RWH

20
● Financial incentives for
installing RWH systems e.g ✓EXAMPLES:

SE
Delhi government gives a ● Traditional structures

C
rebate on water bills like Baori, Ahar Pynes,
● Mandatory provision of Bundela tank

7
RWH in houses e.g ● Traditional practises

IR
Chennai such as Apatani system
(A
● Launching a mega in Arunachal, Paar
programme system of Western
AT

● People’s movement like Rajasthan or Pat

BH

Jal Bachao Video Banao system in MP

Puraskar Pao Campaign
and India Water Week in
AD

2019
M

15th FC Recommendations:
AH

● 60% of grants to rural and

urban local bodies in
M

non-million plus cities

EE

should be tied to
supporting and
AS

strengthening sanitation,
drinking water, rainwater
W

harvesting etc

RIVER POLLUTION SDG 6: Clean water and ✓INITIATIVES: ✓EXTENTS:

sanitation ● Water Act ● Number of critically
● National River polluted segments of
Conservation Plan(NRCP) India’s rivers has risen
 ● National Water to 351 in 2018 from
Monitoring 302 in 2016 and
Program(NWMP) number of critically
● Namami Gange Program polluted stretches has
● Interim budget 2019-20: gone up to 45 from 34
Vision for 2030 includes (CPCB)
clean rivers and safe ● EXAMPLE: Foaming of

)
22
drinking water, efficient Yamuna in winters
use of water in irrigation,

20
etc ✓PROBLEMS:
● River Cities Alliance ● Urbanisation: Release

SE
of waste into Ganga

C
BEST PRACTISES: near Kanpur
● Artificial ponds by ● More than 60% of the

7
Lucknow Municipal sewage generated by

IR
Corporation in 2019 for urban India is
(A idol immersion untreated and enters
● Room for the River in rivers (NGT)
AT

Netherlands ● Insufficient treatment

BH

capacity: Deficit of
13,196 Million Litres
per Day (MLD)
AD

between sewage
M

treatment capacity
and the sewage
AH

generated along the

polluted
M

stretches(CPCB)
EE

● Outdated design of
STPs: Design of STPs is
AS

based on the idea that

80 percent of the
W

water supplied is
returned as waste
water. Actual discharge
is 123 percent higher
than the estimated
 discharge of
wastewater.(CPCB)
● Dams: Loss of
ecological flow- loss of
Gangetic Dolphin

NATURAL

)
22
RESOURCES

20
BLUE ECONOMY ✓Sustainable use of ocean ✓EXTENT:
resources for economic ● Oceans contribute

SE
growth, improved $1.5 trillion annually to
livelihoods and jobs, and economy of the world

C
ocean ecosystem ● 60 mn engaged in

7
health(World Bank) fishing and fish

IR
farming
✓SDG 15, SDG 8 (A ● India’s marine
resources provide
AT

livelihood to >3.5
million people and
BH

income of $7 billion in
a year through
AD

recreation, fishing,
tourism and other
M

economic activities
AH

ENERGY SECURITY:
M

● Wave energy: Total

EE

available is 40 GW;
potential in southern
AS

states like Kerala

● Tidal: Potential 12.45
W

GW; Gulf of Khambhat,

Gulf of Kutch, Palk Bay,
Hooghly river
● Offshore wind: 302
GW
● OTEC: 180 GW
 potential
● Polymetallic nodules

FISHING ✓CONCERNS:
● 1/3rd of world’s
fisheries are pushed
beyond their biological

)
22
limits and number of
overfished stocks has

20
tripled in half a
century(FAO)

SE
● Illegal fishing: 30% of
all fishing

C
● Fish population

7
depleted by 4.1% since

IR
1930, primarily due to
(A overheating oceans
AT
FISHING SUBSIDIES SDG 14.4: Regulating IUU FAO: FISHING SUBSIDIES:
fishing activities ● Even without subsidies, ● Illegal, Unreported and
BH

small scale fishing is highly Unregulated (IUU)

SDG 14.6: Prohibit certain profitable in states like fishing activities are
AD

forms of fisheries subsidies Kerala and Goa responsible for the loss
of 11-26 million tonnes
M

OECD: of fish each year with

AH

● Instead of harmful economic value of

subsidies, subsidising 10-23 billion dollar
● Global FIsheries
M

fishing communities
access to trade and subsidies are of the
EE

business can provide the range $14-54 billion

AS

greatest benefits without per year

the ecological costs ● De minimis in WTO:
W

0.7% for a country’s

share of global fishing
● Government provides
around Rs 2110 crore
of which more than
half goes into
 destructive fishing
practises like bottom
trawling
● Fuel, gear and
mechanised vessels
subsidies are worst
kind for ecological

)
22
sustainability(OECD)
● India spent nearly

20
double on harmful
subsidies than

SE
beneficial ones

C
INDIAN FISHING Target of 1 lakh crore Meena Kumari Committee: EXTENT in INDIA:

7
exports from fisheries by ● Sustainable exploitation of ● Second largest

IR
2024-25 fisheries and a holistic producer of fish;
(A plan for the resource ● Contributing about
consumption in the 7.7% of global fish
AT

coastal areas. production.

● Diversify fishing using ● Employs 25 million
BH

deep buffer zones fishers and fish

● capacity building farmers and double
AD

that along the supply

INITIATIVES: chain contributes to
M

● Pradhan Mantri Matsya 1.07% of the

AH

Sampada Yojana(PMSSY): GDP(National

Increase aquaculture Fisheries
M

productivity to 5 tonne Development Board)

EE

per hectare ● Country ranks 4th

● River Ranching position in global
AS

Programme export of fish products

● Umbrella scheme of Blue
W

Revolution (CSS-BR)
● Fisheries and Aquaculture
Infrastructure
Development Fund (FIDF)
● National Fisheries
Development Board
 (NFDB)
● 44,673 Kisan Credit Cards
(KCCs)
● Draft National Fisheries
Policy (NFP) 2020

INDIAN OCEAN ✓NUMEROUS

)
22
REGION OPPORTUNITIES: (Blue
Economy)

20
● International Seabed
Authority(ISA) has

SE
allowed India to
explore an area in the

C
Indian Ocean of 75000

7
square kilometres.

IR
● Energy resources:
(A 40% of the world’s
offshore oil
AT

production. Nearly
12500 MW of Tidal
BH

Energy and 180,000

MW of Ocean Thermal
AD

Energy Conversion;
40GW of wave energy;
M

695 GW at 120 m hub

AH

height
● Aquaculture and
M

fishing: grown 12 fold

EE

since 1980. Fishing in

the IOR now accounts
AS

for 15% of the world’s

total.
W

● Mineral resources:
● Geopolitical
opportunities:
○ About half of
the world’s
container
 shipments,
one-third of
the world’s
bulk cargo
traffic and
two-thirds of
oil shipments

)
22
pass through it
annually.

20
○ India imports
70% of its oil

SE
through IOR

C
and 90% of
India’s

7
international

IR
trade by
(A volume is
dependent on
AT

sea
BH

COAL DRAFT NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY ✓EXTENT:

NITI AAYOG: ● India has the fifth
AD

● Demand of Coal expected largest proven coal

to rise by 1.3-1.5 bn reserves in the
M

tonnes by 2030 world(106 billion

AH

tonnes)
● 70% of which is found
M

in Jharkhand, Odisha
EE

and Chattisgarh
● Over 97% of coal
AS

reserves occur in the

valleys of Damodar,
W

Son, Mahanadi and

Godavari
● Gondwana: 98%(250
mn years old);
Tertiary(1%)
● Share in electricity
 estimated to remain
above 50% even in
2030
✓CONCERNS:
● Stagnation: Domestic
production stagnated
since 2018(BP Global

)
22
Energy Statistics)
● Minimum requirement

20
of 500 MTPA but
production never

SE
above 60 MTPA

C
● India is the world’s
second largest

7
importer and

IR
consumer of coal in
(A 2019
● Near monopoly: CIL
AT

mines 80%
BH

● High transportation
cost: More than 90%
transported through
AD

rail
M

NATURAL GAS ✓WORLD:

AH

● Projected to increase
from 120 tcf in 2012 to
M

203 tcf in
EE

2040(International
Energy Outlook 2016)-
AS

accounts for largest

increase in world
W

primary energy
consumption
✓INDIA:
● Currently makes 6.2%
of energy consumption
UNCONVENTIONAL ✓INITIATIVES:
HYDROCARBONS ● Union cabinet recently
approved a policy
framework to permit
exploration and
exploitation of
unconventional

)
22
hydrocarbons in India

20
SHALE GAS Natural gas trapped within ✓INITIATIVES: ✓EXTENT:
shale formations ● Exploration and ● India has around 290

SE
Exploitation of Shale Gas trillion cubic feet shale
and Oil(2018) gas in place, out of

C
which 63 tcf is

7
technically

IR
recoverable(US Energy
(A Information
Administration)
AT

✓CONCERNS:
BH

● High water
requirement: 5-9 mn
AD

litres per extraction

activity
M
AH

URANIUM ✓CONCERNS:
● Radioactive waste:
M

produce tailing ponds

which are areas where
EE

leftover material is
AS

stored after excavated

ore is treated to
W

extract uranium
● Water: 200-300 gallons
per minute
● Protest led to
withdrawal of proposal
to mine Uranium in
 Nallamala forest areas

RARE EARTH ✓17 Lanthanides including ✓ Total World reserves :

Scandium and yttrium ● 132 mn tonnes (china,
Vietnam, Brazil, Russia,
United States, india,
Australia, Greenland,

)
22
south africa, Canada,
Malaysia, Malawi etc

20
✓China :

SE
● Largest producer as
well as user (44mn

C
tonnes of reserves)

7
● 90% of production

IR
INDIA:
(A ● 3% of global resource
● Indian Rare Earths
AT

Limited(IREL) has
monopoly
BH

LITHIUM EXTENT:
AD

● More than 50% in

Lithium triangle
M

● 165 crore Lithium

AH

batteries imported
between 2016-19
M

SOLAR ENERGY ✓Potential to generate

EE

748GW assuming 3% of
wastelands covered with PV
AS

modules(National Institute of
Solar Energy)
W

INDUSTRIES ✓LOCATION FACTORS:

● Raw materials/land
● Power
● Market
● Transport
 ● Labour/technology
● Historical factors
● Industrial policy
● Industrial inertia

✓KEYWORDS:
● Fourth Industrial

)
22
Revolution

20
CONCLUSION:
● The prospects of a

SE
fourth industrial

C
revolution present
immense

7
opportunities for

IR
the manufacturing
sector.
(A
Technological
AT

advancement
BH

coupled with policy

support can help in
increasing the GDP
AD

contribution of
M

manufacturing to
25% by 2024.
AH

MINING AIM: INITIATIVES: ISSUES:

M

● To accelerate ● Mineral Conservation and ● Low level of

EE

contribution from 3 Development Rules 2021: exploration and

to 14% by 2023 Use of digital technology exploitation:
AS

along with rationalisation Production to import

of penalty rules of minerals is 1:10
W

● MMDR Act 1957 ● Hurdles faced by

● National Mineral Policy private sector:
2019 Allocation of 214 coal
● Pradhan Mantri Khanij blocks quashed by SC
Kshetra Kalyan Yojana: in 2014
Welfare of mining areas ● Illegal and
 under DMF unscientific: Rules
framed by 21 states to
curb it under MMDR
Act 1957 e.g: Sand
mining in Goa and rat
hole mining in
Meghalaya.

)
22
● 40% of mining
proposals fail to get

20
environmental
clearances

SE
SAND MINING ✓INITIATIVES:

C
● Sustainable sand mining

7
management guidelines,

IR
2016
(A● Mining Surveillance
System
AT

● Mining Tenement System

● Development of
BH

alternatives for sand

● Amendment of EIA-
AD

mandatory for small sand

mines
M

● Pradhan Mantri Khanij

AH

Kshetra Kalyan Yojana:

Welfare of mining areas
M

under DMF
EE

AGRO-BASED
AS

INDUSTRY
W

TEXTILE AND ✓INITIATIVES: ✓EXTENT:

APPAREL INDUSTRY ● SAMARTH SCHEME for ● Second largest
capacity building manufacturer and
● Traditional textiles: exporter
National Handloom ● 2.3 per cent to the
Development Programme, GDP
 National Handicrafts ● 45 mn people
Development Programme, employed
Comprehensive Handloom ● Just 5 percent share in
Cluster Development the global textiles
Scheme (CHCDS) exports
● Other textiles: Silk ● MSMEs constitute 80%
Samagra for Sericulture, of textile industry

)
22
Jute Integrated ● 6th largest producer of
Development Scheme technical textiles

20
(JIDS), Integrated Wool
Development Programme

SE
● Technology upgradation:

C
Amended Technology
Up-gradation Fund

7
Scheme (ATUFS)

IR
● PowerTex India
(A
● Integrated Textile Parks
● National Technical Textiles
AT

Mission
BH

● Mega Investment Textile

Parks (MITRA)
AD

RECOMMENDATIONS:
● Correct inverted duty
M

structure( 45th GST

AH

Council meeting)
M

JUTE KEYWORDS: ✓GOVERNMENT STEPS: ✓EXTENT:

EE

● Golden fibre ● National Jute policy, 2005 ● Largest producer of

to attain a pre-eminent jute in the
AS

global standing in jute world(around 60%)

manufacture ● Supports nearly 40
W

● Jute Technology Mission, lakh farmers

2006 to strengthen ● West Bengal accounts
research and technology, for over 80% of jute
develop market linkages, production in country
modernise the sector, and employs one
improve product fourth of its
 diversification and population in jute
develop human resource mills
● National Jute Mission and LOCATION:
National Jute Board have ● Water: Hooghly
also started I-CARE ● Energy: Nearby mines
program address the of raniganj
retting issue ● Market: Kolkata

)
22
● Jute Packaging ● Labour: Bihar and
Mandatory Act, 1987 Odisha

20
scope has been expanded
to include 100% packaging

SE
of food grains

C
● Imposing anti dumping
duty on jute goods

7
originating from

IR
Bangladesh and Nepal
(A ● Jute raw material bank
scheme to make jute raw
AT

material available to small

BH

artisans and
entrepreneurs
● Common facility centres
AD

providing support to
M

women SHGs on training,

infrastructure, machinery
AH

and marketing
M

COTTON TEXTILE ✓GOVERNMENT STEPS: ✓EXTENT:

EE

INDUSTRY ● SAMARTH ● 2nd largest producer;

● 100% FDI in textile sector largest area under
AS

● Scheme for Integrated cotton cultivation

Textile Parks ● 14% of industrial
W

● Technology Upgradation production

Fund Scheme(ATUFS) ● 35 mn jobs: Second
● Skill India, Make in India largest after
● PM MITRA Parks agriculture
● 24.6% of foreign
exchange earnings
 ● Textile market $209 bn
by 2029
● Maharashtra is leading
producer with 39% of
cotton textile
production
✓LOCATION FACTORS:

)
22
● Raw material:
Nagpur(coal); not

20
determining; Mumbai,
Ahmedabad

SE
● Power: Madurai,

C
Coimbatore(Hydel)
● Market: Mumbai,

7
Delhi

IR
● Labour: Ujjain,
(A Bharuch, Agra(Cheap
labour)
AT

● Capital: Kanpur,
BH

Mumbai
● Ports: Kolkata
AD

✓PROBLEMS:
● Raw material: 35% of
M

material cost
AH

● Obsolete machinery:
Over 60% spindles are
M

more than 25 years old

EE

● Productivity: If
American worker=100,
AS

India=13
W

SUGARCANE ✓RECOMMENDATIONS: ✓EXTENT:

INDUSTRY ● Rangarajan panel had ● Second largest
○ Rationalise cane producer and largest
reservation area consumer
and minimum ● 50 mn sugar farmers
distance area to ● 5 lakh sugar mill
 boost production workers
○ Encourage market ● Annual output: 80,000
based long term crores(2017-2018)
contractual
agreements ✓CHALLENGES:
○ Remove all ● Low yield: 64.5 tonnes
quantitative per hectare(Java 90

)
22
restrictions on and Hawaii 121)
sugar trade and ● Short crushing

20
convert them into seasons: 4-7 months
tariffs ● Low rate of recovery:

SE
● NITI AAYOG has Less than 10%(14-16%

C
recommended a model of of Java, Hawaii and
staggered payments to Australia)

7
sugarcane growers in lieu ● Small mills: 1000-1500

IR
of FRP tonnes per day; most
(A machinery in UP Bihar
are 50-60 years old.
AT

● Unpaid dues: 22000

BH

crore rupees to
farmers in 2017-2018
AD

COFFEE INDUSTRY ✓EXTENT:

● 3rd largest coffee
M

producer and exporter

AH

of coffee in the world

● 70% exported
M

TEA INDUSTRY ✓EXTENT:

EE

● 1390 million kg in
AS

2019(Tea Board of
India)
W

● North India: 84%

IRON AND STEEL ✓GOVERNMENT STEPS: ✓EXTENT:

● National Steel Policy, 2017 ● World’s second largest
● Anti dumping duty on producer of steel and
steel fourth largest producer
 ● Imposition of import tax of iron ore
● World Steel Dynamics
listed 36 Indian Steel
manufacturers as
World Class Steel
Makers in 2017.

)
22
✓LOCATION FACTORS:
● Raw material: Near

20
coal fields (Bokaro,
Durgapur) and near

SE
iron ore(Bhadravati,

C
Bhilai and Rourkela)
Visvesvaraya Iron and

7
steel works near baba

IR
budan hills (iron ore
(A producing area); Salem
near Neyveli Lignite
AT

coal; IISCO near

BH

Damodar coal fields;

India has the largest
reserve of iron ore in
AD

Asia, great demand in

M

international market
due to superior quality
AH

● Water: TISCO near

Subarnarekha river
M

and IISCO near Barakar

EE

river
● Transportation: TISCO
AS

lies very close to the

Mumbai-Kolkata
W

railway line and

Kolkata port. Coming
coal from jharia and
west Bokaro coalfields
● ENERGY: Durgapur and
 Bokaro steel plant
(near Damodar valley),
Rourkela steel plant
(Hirakud project),
VISL(sharavathi power
project)
● Market: New steel

)
22
mills based on slag
steel and iron scrap

20
● Port: Vizag steel plant
in Andhra Pradesh

SE
much far away from its

C
raw material source
region i.e Bailadila

7
mines, chattisgarh

IR
● Cheap labour: Tribal
(A areas of Jharkhand,
Odisha and Chattisgarh
AT

ALUMINIUM ✓Metal of the future ✓RECOMMENDATIONS: ✓Second most important

BH

INDUSTRY ● Should formulate a metallurgical industry in India.

National Aluminium Policy
AD

✓Currently it contributes
nearly 2% of India’s
M

manufacturing GDP.
AH

✓FACTORS:
M

● Raw material: NALCO

EE

is located in the
bauxite-rich Koraput
AS

region of Odisha.
● Cheap electricity:
W

Vedanta Limited uses

integrated power from
captive power plants in
Chhattisgarh and
Odisha.
● Connectivity: Hindalco
 in Renukoot, UP is
connected to
important industrial
regions and ports via
the rail-road network.
● Availability of skilled
and cheap manpower:

)
22
Hindalco in Belur (WB)
has adequate labour

20
supply from West
Bengal and nearby

SE
states like Odisha,

C
Jharkhand etc.
● Government policy:

7
Odisha govt

IR
intensifying efforts to
(A build an ecosystem for
its ancillary and
AT

downstream units.
BH

PHARMACEUTICAL CONCLUSION: ✓INITIATIVES: ✓EXTENT:

INDUSTRY ● Need to work on ● Pharma Vision 2020: ● India meets over 50%
AD

areas like incentive Global leader in end to of global demand for

for innovation, end drug manufacturing various vaccines, 40%
M

compliance to ● Flexible patent system: of the generic demand

AH

global regulatory Sec 3(d) for no in the US and 25% of

standards, evergreening and Sec 84 all medicine in the UK.
M

attracting more for compulsory licensing ● India is the largest

EE

investment, in Patent Act, 1970 provider of generic

research and medicines globally,
AS

development etc to occupying a 20% share

realise its full in global supply of
W

potential. volume.
● Currently the $37
billion worth Indian
Pharmaceutical sector
is expected to reach
$100 billion
MEDICAL DEVICE INITIATIVES: EXTENT:
INDUSTRY ● 100% FDI under automatic ● Presently valued at
route for both greenfield $5.2 Billion and
and brownfield contributes 4-5%
● PLI for medical devices Indian Healthcare
● Recognised as sunrise industry.
sector under MII ● Has the potential to

)
22
● Medical Devices Park reach $50 billion by
Scheme 2025

20
RECOMMENDATIONS: CHALLENGES:

SE
● Adoption of Global ● Imports constitute

C
Harmonisation Task around 75% of the
Force’s definition and medical devices

7
rules based classification industry sales in India

IR
of medical devices
(A
CEMENT INDUSTRY ✓EXTENT:
AT

● 2nd largest in the

world after China, over
BH

8% of the global
installed capacity and
AD

employment for over 1

mn people
M
AH

✓ISSUES:
● Creates upto 8% of
M

world wide man-made

EE

emissions of carbon
dioxide
AS

ELECTRONICS/MICR India has the objective of ✓GOVERNMENT STEPS: ✓EXTENT:

W

OCHIP becoming the Global Hub ● National Policy on ● 3.6% of GDP; 6.4% in
of ESDM Electronics: Target of $400 next few years
MANUFACTURING
bn turnover by 20259 ● Consumer electronic
(Currently $67 bn) market size: $ 71 bn in
● SPECS Scheme: 25% 2021
incentive on capital ● Exports: $12.4 bn in
 expenditure for 2021-22
semiconductor ● 1-2% of global
manufacturing electronic
● Modified Electronics manufacturing
Manufacturing presence
Clusters(EMC 2.0) ● Demand is poised to
cross $400 billion by

)
22
2023-24
● Domestic production

20
grew from $29 billion
in 2014-15 to $70

SE
billion 2019-20 at

C
CAGR of 25%;
Production growth

7
increased 5 fold from

IR
15-18
(A ● Local value addition is
a mere $7-10 billion
AT

out of a global market

BH

of $2.1 trillion(As India

is only an assembler)
AD

SEMICONDUCTOR INITIATIVES: EXTENT:

MANUFACTURING ● Semicon India Program for ● Market: $15 bn in
M

Semiconductor Fabs 2020; Expected to

AH

● India Semiconductor grow to $63 bn by

Mission 2026
M

● Modified Special Incentive ● 100% imports of chips

EE

package Scheme from Hong Kong,

Thailand and Vietnam
AS

OPPORTUNITIES:
W

● Multiplier effect on
economy: 6-23 times
the investment on
plant
● A single foundry can
offset imports worth 8
 billion and multiplier
effect of 15 billion on
the GDP.

✓CHALLENGES:
● 170 commercial
semiconductor

)
22
foundries globally; not
a single one in India

20
● Massive capital
expenditure: Rs. 2

SE
billion for

C
manufacturing plants;
required to adopt new

7
technologies almost

IR
every 18 months so
(A high capital
depreciation accounts
AT

for 50-60% of product

BH

cost.

AUTOMOBILE INITIATIVES: EXTENT:

AD

INDUSTRY ● PLI ● India is the 2nd largest

● Voluntary vehicle automobile market
M

Scrappage Policy, 2021 with close to 25 million

AH

units.
● Will become 3rd
M

largest automobile
EE

market in terms of
volume by 2026
AS

FERTILISER ✓EXTENT:
W

INDUSTRY ● India is the 3rd largest

producer of
nitrogenous fertilisers.

✓LOCATION:
● Raw Material: 70% of
 plants for Nitrogenous
fertilisers use naphtha
so near oil refineries
e.g Panipat(Haryana)
and Vadodara and
Kalol(Gujarat);
Feedstock from steel

)
22
slag as well as coke
and Lignite e.g Hubli

20
and Mandya
(Karnataka);

SE
Phosphate in

C
phosphate ore areas
like UP, MP, Rajasthan

7
e.g FAGMIL(Jodhpur);

IR
Potash(Mangalore
(A imports),
Sulphur(Tamil Nadu)
AT

● Energy: Natural gas is a

BH

necessity.
Brahmaputra Valley
Fertiliser Corporation
AD

(Namrup)
●
M

Market: Indo-gangetic
demand for agri e.g
AH

Gorakhpur, Panipat etc

● Transport: HBJ lead to
M

Vijaynagar, Jagdishpur,
EE

Shahjahanpur etc
● Governmental
AS

support: Fertiliser
subsidy e.g Nangla and
W

Bhatinda (Punjab)
● Port: Mangalore

TOURISM ✓ECO TOURISM: ✓INITIATIVES: ✓EXTENT:

INDUSTRY ● Responsible travel ● Swadesh Darshan 2.0: ● 54/117 in Global Travel
to natural areas that Development of Theme and Tourism
 conserves the Based Circuits Development Index
environment and ● PRASHAD ● Contributes 4.7% of
improves the ● RCS Udan 3.0 along tourist GDP
wellbeing of the routes ● Will grow to Rs. 35
local people ● Adopt a Heritage: Apni trillion by 2029
Dharohar, Apni Pehchan
KEYWORDS: ● Meet in India

)
22
● Brand India ● Incredible India 2.0
● MICE Tourism: To

20
overcome Eco tourism:
seasonality aspect ● National Strategy and

SE
● Contact sensitive Roadmap for Sustainable

C
sector Tourism
● Policy for eco tourism in

7
forest and wildlife areas,

IR
2018: zoning, community
(A participation
● Surveys to study impact of
AT

tourism to NPs
BH

● Awards like Best eco

friendly hotel, Best
responsible tourism
AD

project, etc
● MOU with EcoTourism
M

Society of India for

AH

education and awareness

M

HI-TECH INDUSTRY ✓Latest generation of ✓EXAMPLES:

EE

manufacturing activities, ● Telecom and

which involve application of networking
AS

intensive research and ● Computing and

development (R&D) efforts automation
W

leading to the manufacture ● Modern

of products of an advanced pharmaceuticals
scientific and engineering ● Commercial jet aircraft
character ● Advanced
✓Special means of instrumentation such
production: Knowledge as MRI machines.
 and human resources ● Genetic engineering
● Nanotechnology
● Robotics
● computer-aided design
(CAD)
● Electronic controls of
smelting and refining

)
22
processes

20
FOOTLOOSE ✓Industry that can be ✓LOCATION:
INDUSTRY placed and located at any ● Agglomeration:

SE
location without effect Aerospace industry
from factors of production around Bangalore

C
such as resources, land, ● Transport: Delhi NCR

7
labour, and capital and Gurgaon

IR
● Land: periphery of
(A Delhi
● Amenities for
AT

workers: Silicon valley

● Skill Labour: Diamond
BH

industry
AD

INDUSTRIAL ✓EXAMPLES:
INERTIA ● Industries located in
M

and around coal fields

AH

such as Ruhr region,

Germany and
M

Pittsburg, USA even

after the coal mines
EE

have been exhausted

AS

✓FACTORS:
W

● Cost related to infra:

Textile mills of
Lakeshire were
converted into Light
engineering goods
factories when cotton
 industry started to
decline
● Government policy:
When the coal iron ore
reserves were getting
depleted near
Pittsburg, intensive

)
22
lobbying by
Industrialists led to

20
introduction of
steel-pricing policies

SE
like Multiple Basing

C
System, Pittsburg Plus,
etc

7
✓INSTANCES IN INDIA:

IR
● Beedi industry in
(A Jabalpur and Lock
industry in Aligarh
AT
BH
AD
M
AH
M
EE
AS
W