1] What is software defined network ?

Software-defined networking (SDN) is a network architecture that separates the control

plane from the data plane. The control plane is responsible for making decisions about how
traffic flows through the network, while the data plane is responsible for actually forwarding
the traffic.
2] What is mininet ?
Mininet is an open-source, network emulation and automation software tool for rapid
prototyping of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) topologies. It creates a realistic virtual
network, running real kernel, switch and application code, on a single machine (VM, cloud or
native), in seconds 3]What is openflow ?

OpenFlow specifies the communication between the control plane and the data plane. It
implements one of the first standards in SDN enabling the SDN controller to interact directly
with the forwarding nodes – switches and routers – in a network.

4] what is openflow controller ?

An OpenFlow controller is a software application that is responsible for making decisions

about how traffic flows through a network. It does this by communicating with OpenFlow-
enabled network devices, such as switches and routers, using the OpenFlow protocol.

5] Give examples of Openflow controller ?

• OpenDaylight
• ONOS
• Floodlight
• Cisco SDN Controller

• VMware NSX

6] What is purpose of sdn controller ?

The purpose of an SDN controller is to control the flow of data in a software-defined network
(SDN). It does this by receiving and processing information from network devices, such as
switches and routers, and then making decisions about how to route traffic.
7] What is pox ?

POX is an open-source software-defined networking (SDN) controller written in Python. It is

a modular controller that can be extended with new features and applications.
8] What is floodlight controller?
Floodlight Controller is an SDN Controller developed by an open community of developers,
many of which from Big Switch Networks, that uses with the OpenFlow protocol to
orchestrate traffic flows in a software-defined networking (SDN) environment.

9] what is flowtable?
Flow tables are the fundamental data structures in an SDN device. These flow tables allow
the device to evaluate incoming packets and take the appropriate action based on the contents
of the packet that has just been received.

10] what do you mean by packet forwarding?

Packet forwarding is the basic method for sharing information across systems on a network.
Packets are transferred between a source interface and a destination interface, usually on two
different systems.

11] what is firewall ?

A firewall is a system that secures incoming network packets, which come from various
sources, as well as outgoing network packets. It can monitor and control the flow of data
which comes into the network from different sources, and works on the basis of predefined
rules

12] Give any 2 mininet commands ?

- - sudo mn – start mininet and launch virtual network
Nodes – display list of all nodes in network
Pingall- to display connectivity between all host in network

13] what is purpose of pingall commands ?

pingall: it displays the connectivity between all hosts and tells us which hosts are connected
to each other.

14] what is difference between switch and router ?

 Routers store the data and deliver them in the form of packers. Switches, on the other hand,
are network devices that route the data from multiple input ports to a certain output port. To
conclude, routers connect multiple networks, while switches connect multiple devices in a
network.

15] what is miniedit command ?

The miniedit command is used to launch the Mininet Graphical User Interface (GUI) editor
called Miniedit. Miniedit provides a visual interface for creating and configuring network
topologies in Mininet.
-
16] what do you mean by data plane and control plane ?
The control plane decides how data is managed, routed, and processed, while the data plane is
responsible for the actual moving of data. For example, the control plane decides how packets
should be routed, and the data plane carries out those instructions by forwarding the packets.

17] Give commands to install mininet ?

sudo apt-get install mininet
18] how to configure pox controller ?

-
1. Simple tree with three switches and four hosts. ...
2. Enable CLI in the MiniEdit preferences window. ...
3. Configure the controller as a remote controller. ...
4. Mininet pingall command and results seen in the POX console

19] what is virtualization ?

Virtualization is technology that you can use to create virtual representations of servers,
storage, networks, and other physical machines. Virtual software mimics the functions of
physical hardware to run multiple virtual machines simultaneously on a single physical
machine.

20] What is data centers ?

A data center is a facility that provides shared access to applications and data using a
complex network, compute, and storage infrastructure. Industry standards exist to assist in
designing, constructing, and maintaining data center facilities and infrastructures to ensure
the data is both secure and highly available
21] what do you mean by network function virtulization ?
Network functions virtualization (NFV) is the replacement of network appliance hardware
with virtual machines. The virtual machines use a hypervisor to run networking software and
processes such as routing and load balancing.

22] what are various tools used for sdn implementation ?

For make a simulation based implementation , we will use the networking simulation tools ,
like , mininet,NS3 , omnet++ ,python and other programming tools.

23] What is hypervisor ?

A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor or VMM, is software that creates and
runs virtual machines (VMs). A hypervisor allows one host computer to support multiple
guest VMs by virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and processing.

24] what is a virtual machine ?

A virtual machine (VM) is a digital version of a physical computer. Virtual machine software
can run programs and operating systems, store data, connect to networks, and do other
computing functions, and requires maintenance such as updates and system monitoring.

25] which technologies are studied and implemented in assignment 1 and others ?
-

26] which command is used for topology ?

There are nine extended commands for managing topology. The createEntity command
creates a managed entity. t , pollType , fullDesc , targetHost , agentPort , targetIp , family ,
isPolled , topoType , topoCfg , readInfo , writeInfo , and url .

27] what is role of controller in sdn ?

The controller is the core of a software-defined network. It resides between network devices
at one end of the network and applications at the other end. Any communication between
applications and network devices must go through the controller.
28] what is open daylight controller ?
The OpenDaylight (ODL) Controller is an open-source software-defined networking (SDN)
controller platform. It provides a framework and set of tools for building and managing SDN
solutions.

29] what is purpose of juniper notebook ?

- -juniper notebook is framework provide
A provider of networking solutions, including routers, switches, and security products. - Offers NFV
solutions, including virtualized network functions, orchestration platforms, and SDN controllers.

30] what is dump command In mininet ?

command displays the current state of the network, including the MAC and IP addresses of
the hosts

31] explain node command in mininet ?

- display list of all nodes in network

32] what do you mean by pox components ?

POX components are Python programs that implement networking functions and can be
invoked when POX is started. POX comes with a few stock components ready to use

33] what is need of firewalls ?

A firewall is a digital security system that checks all incoming and outgoing traffic on a
network according to a defined set of rules. A firewall keeps out unauthorized traffic and lets
in only communications that are deemed safe, using a set of security rules that you or your
network administrator set up.

34] what is static routing ?

Static routing is a network configuration where network administrators manually define and
configure the routes for data packets to follow, without any dynamic routing protocols.
35] explain commands links, port ?
port command is used to assign or view the port numbers of network interfaces
The link command allows you to add or modify links between nodes in the network.

-
 36] List cloud services ?
There are four main types of cloud computing: private clouds, public clouds, hybrid clouds,
and multiclouds. There are also three main types of cloud computing services:
Infrastructureas-a-Service (IaaS), Platforms-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service
(SaaS).

37] what do u mean by IAAS ?

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a type of cloud computing service that offers essential
compute, storage, and networking resources on demand, on a pay-as-you-go basis. IaaS is
one of the four types of cloud services, along with software as a service (SaaS), platform as a
service (PaaS), and serverless.

38] what is cloudseeds ?

CloudSeeds automates IaaS using SDN and a high-performance network from Juniper. To
realize its vision of a new class of automated IaaS services, CloudSeeds needed to create a
new network platform, one that provided seamless, high-performance routing, switching,
SDN, and security.

39 ] what is difference between sdn switch and traditional network switch ?

When compared with traditional networking, SDN can better communicate with hardware
that's using the network.

SDN switches rely on a controller for network Traditional switches have built-in intelligence for
management and policy enforcement. network management and policy enforcement.
SDN switches allow dynamic network
configuration Traditional switches have static configurations

40] what are functions of routers ?

Routers function to connect multiple networks together, determine the optimal paths for data
packets to reach their destinations, and facilitate the exchange of data between networks.
41] what is difference between virtual machine and physical machine ?
VMs have an additional level of isolation and can run an independent OS on top of the
hypervisor. A physical machine can be split up into many VMs. the physical server only runs
one service.
42] what is vmware ?
the VMware software-defined networking (SDN) platform, lets you create virtual networks,
including ports, switches, firewalls, and routers, without having to rely on a physical
networking infrastructure.

43] what do you mean by open vswitch ?

Open vSwitch is an open-source, multi-layer virtual switch that enables network
virtualization and provides flexible connectivity and management options for virtualized
environments.
44] what is oracle virtual box ?
Oracle VM VirtualBox is cross-platform virtualization software. It allows users to extend
their existing computer to run multiple operating systems including Microsoft Windows, Mac
OS X, Linux, and Oracle Solaris, at the same time.

45] what do you mean by multitenancy ?

Multitenancy is a reference to the mode of operation of software where multiple independent
instances of one or multiple applications operate in a shared environment. The instances
(tenants) are logically isolated, but physically integrated.

46] what is vlan ?

A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a network segmentation technique that allows the
creation of multiple isolated virtual networks within a physical network infrastructure,
enhancing network security and scalability.

47] what is northbound application programming interface ?

The northbound interface in SDN refers to the communication interface between the SDN
controller (control layer) and the higher-level applications or network services (application
layer)

48] List vendors of network function virtualization?

Here are some of the leading vendors of network function virtualization (NFV):
• Arista Networks
• Cisco
• Ericsson
 • Huawei
• Juniper Networks
• NEC

• Nokia

• Open Networking Foundation (ONF)

• VMware

• Wind River

49] what is southbound interface ?

communication interface between the SDN controller (control layer) and the network devices
or switches (data plane) within the network infrastructure

50] what are applications of sdn ?

SDN assists in bolstering the security posture of companies by offering centralized and
granular control over network security. For instance, SDN allows network administrators to
implement policies for different network segments and workload types from a central
location.

51] what are different tools used for sdn programming ?

• All-Flash Storage Vendors.
• Application Security Tools.
• Backup and Recovery Software.
• EDR Tools.
• Endpoint Protection Software.
• Firewalls.
• Hyper Converged Infrastructure Vendors.
• RPA Tools.

52] what are challenges of traditional network?

The traditional networking based on TCP/IP model has limitations such as-tightly coupled
planes, distributed architecture, manual configuration, inconsistent network policies,
errorprone, security, and inability to scale.
53] what u you mean by sdn use cases ?
They can be used for platform development for storage centric, server centric or even hybrid
(storage-server) workloads. Many famous data services providing companies are beginning to
use SDN while creating programmable fabrics across storage and data center technologies.
54] how to define network in mininet ? write command to define ?
-
55] write command to define sample class for router ?
-

56] what is purpose of addnode , addlink ?

The addnode and addlink commands are used to add nodes and links to a network in
Mininet. The addnode command adds a host to the network, and the addlink command adds
a link between two hosts or switches.

57] what is ip-forward?

IP forwarding is the ability for an operating system to accept incoming network packets on
one interface, recognize that it is not meant for the system itself, but that it should be passed
on to another network, and then forwards it accordingly.

58] what is command of xterm command ?

The xterm command automatically highlights the text cursor when the pointer enters the
window (selected) and unhighlights it when the pointer leaves the window (unselected). If the
window is the focus window, the text cursor is highlighted no matter where the pointer is
located.

59] what do you mean by ifconfig ?

The ifconfig function displays the current configuration for a network interface when no
optional parameters are supplied. If a protocol family is specified, ifconfig reports only the
details specific to that protocol family. Only a super user can modify the configuration of a
network interface.
60] what do u mean by action=normal and action= drop for swstch

In Mininet, action=normal and action=drop are two possible actions that can be
taken by a switch when it receives a packet.

action=normal means that the switch will forward the packet to the next hop in the
network.

action=drop means that the switch will discard the packet.

61] what is IP protocol?

Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to
another on the internet. Each computer -- known as a host -- on the internet has at least one IP
address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the internet.

62] what is icmp protocol ?

The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a protocol that devices within a network
use to communicate problems with data transmission. In this ICMP definition, one of the
primary ways in which ICMP is used is to determine if data is getting to its destination and at
the right time.

63] what is vm image ?

A VM image is an executable image file from a VM; this image file is in a special storage
format. We can create a new VM by uploading the image file to the physical machine.
Usually some software, like mysql or ms office, is installed on these new VMs beforehand.