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MEXT Scholarship
Undergrad Math

Your math eBook guide to applying for

the Monbukagakusho Undergraduate Scholarship in Japan

M y Japanese Experience Series

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https://myjapaneseexperience.com/

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 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎 + 3
∆𝑥 = (−𝑎)2 − 4(−𝑎 + 3) = 𝑎2 + 4𝑎 − 12
∆𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑎2 + 4𝑎 − 12 = 0

We will note the function like this: 𝑔(𝑎) = 𝑎2 + 4𝑎 − 12 and next, we have to find
the roots.
∆𝑎 = 42 − 4 ∗ (−12) = 16 + 48 = 64
−4 ± √∆𝑎 −4 ± 8
𝑎1;2 = = = −2 ± 4
2 2
𝑎1 = −6
𝑎2 = 2
When “𝑎” takes these two values, then the initial function looks like this:
𝑎 = −6 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9
𝑎 = 2 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
And of course, these two functions are tangent to the 𝑥 −axis. They intersect the axis
in exactly one point as we can see in the graphs below.

Final answers: −6; 2

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 So, we found out the angle at which the function reaches its maximum, however, to
actually find out the maximum value, we need to compute 𝑓(150°).
𝑓(150°) = sin 150° − √3 cos 150°
We will use the following formulas:
sin(𝑎 + 𝑏) = sin 𝑎 cos 𝑏 + sin 𝑏 cos 𝑎
cos(𝑎 + 𝑏) = cos 𝑎 cos 𝑏 − sin 𝑎 sin 𝑏
1 √3 1
sin 150° = sin(90° + 60°) = sin 90° cos 60° + sin 60° cos 90° = 1 ∗ + ∗0=
2 2 2
1 √3 √3
cos 150° = cos(90° + 60°) = cos 90° cos 60° − sin 90° sin 60° = 0 ∗ −1∗ =−
2 2 2

1 √3 1 3 4
𝑓(150°) = sin 150° − √3 cos 150° = − √3 ∗ (− ) = + = = 2
2 2 2 2 2
𝑓(150°) = 2
This means that the maximum value for the function is 2, and it can be reached when
the angle 𝜃 = 150°. We can see below how the graph of the function looks like and
also that the maximum value is 2. I marked with pink the domain for our exercise
(0 ≤ 𝜃 < 360°).

Final answer: 2

1.5 If 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑 and 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟓, then 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝑿𝑿 .

Solution:

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3; we square both sides

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 9
2𝑥𝑦 = 9 − 5
2𝑥𝑦 = 4
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We can see from the graph that the lines are perpendicular.

In our problem we have:

ℎ(𝑥) ⊥ 𝑔(𝑥) ⇔ 𝑐 ∗ 2 = −1
1
𝑐=−
2

1
ℎ(𝑥) = − 𝑥 + 𝑑
2
1
ℎ(2) = − ∗ 2 + 𝑑 = −1 + 𝑑 = 2
2
𝑑=3

The equation of the line which passes through 𝐾𝑂:

1
ℎ(𝑥) = − 𝑥 + 3
2

○
3 Next, we need to find out the coordinates of the circle center.

C ircle equation:
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑅 2
This means that the center ‘𝑂’ has the coordinates 𝑎 and 𝑏.
We will note: 𝑂(𝑎, 𝑏).

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problem asks us to find the maximum of this function. So, the question is, when is
the triangle maximum and what is the value.
1
𝑆(𝑎) = 𝑒 −𝑎 (𝑎 + 1)2
2
Find the maximum of 𝑆𝑎
This is how the function looks
like.

Let’s not forget that 𝑎 > −1

Now, we need to find the extreme

points. To do that, we will
derivate it. We’ll apply the
following rules:
(𝑓 ∗ 𝑔)′ = 𝑓 ′ ∗ 𝑔 + 𝑓 ∗ 𝑔′
(𝑒 𝑢 )′ = 𝑒 𝑢 ∗ 𝑢′
(𝑢2 )′ = 2𝑢 ∗ 𝑢′
1
𝑆 ′ (𝑎) = [(𝑒 −𝑎 )′ ∗ (𝑎 + 1)2 + (𝑒 −𝑎 ) ∗ [(𝑎 + 1)2 ]′ ]
2
(𝑒 )′ = 𝑒 −𝑎 ∗ (−𝑎)′ = 𝑒 −𝑎 ∗ (−1) = −𝑒 −𝑎
−𝑎

[(𝑎 + 1)2 ]′ = 2𝑎 + 2
(𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + 1)′ = 2𝑎 + 2
1 1
𝑆 ′ (𝑎) =
[−𝑒 −𝑎 (𝑎 + 1)2 + 𝑒 −𝑎 (2𝑎 + 2)] = [𝑒 −𝑎 (−(𝑎 + 1)2 + 2𝑎 + 2)]
2 2
1 −𝑎 1
= 𝑒 (1 − 𝑎2 ) = 𝑒 −𝑎 (1 − 𝑎)(1 + 𝑎)
2 2
We know from the exponential function conditions that it cannot be negative or zero.
1
So, 2 𝑒 −𝑎 > 0
𝑆 ′ (𝑎) = 0
1 −𝑎
𝑒 (1 − 𝑎)(1 + 𝑎) = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = −1
2
However, the condition of the problem is that 𝑎 > −1, which means that 𝑎 = 1
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 ̂ = circle sector 𝐴𝐶1 𝐸 − 𝑆∆𝐴𝐶 𝐸
Area of the segment 𝐴𝐸 1

𝜋 √3
𝑆𝐴𝐸
̂ = −
6 4

𝐴𝐶𝑟 𝐸 is a diameter in the circle 𝐶𝑟 . Therefore,

𝐴𝐸 divides the circle into two segments of
equal areas. The area of 𝐴𝐸̂ belonging to the
blue circle (pink area) has the following area:
1 1 1 𝜋
∗ 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 ∗ =
2 2 4 8

Now, all we have to do is add the two areas,

and we get the answer to the question:
𝜋 √3 𝜋 7𝜋 √3
− + = −
6 4 8 24 4

7𝜋 √3
Final answer: −
24 4

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We should calculate the intersections for 𝑛 = 7 and 𝑛 = 8 as well, because the data is
not enough to find a pattern here.
For 𝑛 = 7, there are 35 intersections. Also, there are
57 regions.
𝑖7 = 35
𝑟7 = 57
We can also apply the formula to see the number of
chords, and then count them just to make sure the
formula is correct.
𝑛! 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝐶𝑛2 = =
2! (𝑛 − 2)! 2
7! 6∗7
𝐶72 = = = 3 ∗ 7 = 21
2! ∗ 5! 2
So, for 𝑛 = 7, we have 21 chords.

For 𝑛 = 8, there are 70 intersections.

𝑖8 = 70

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P A R T IV - TA B LES

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