PART –A

EXPERIMENT 1
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING
OF TWO BANDLIMITED SIGNALS.
Aim: - To study the time-division multiplexing and demultiplexing of two
bandlimited signals.

Components and equipments required:

Theory:-
Circuit Diagram

Figure 1.1: Time Division Multiplexer

 Figure 1.2: Time Division Demultiplexer
Procedure:-
1. Connections are made as shown in Figure 1.1.
2. Provide message signals m1(t) and m2(t) and carrier signal c(t) using signal
generator.
3. Observe the multiplexed output.

4. Rig up the circuit for demultiplexer shown in Figure 1.2.

5. Observe the demultiplexed signal.

Result: -
EXPERIMENT 2
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING GENERATION AND DETECTION

Aim: Design and demonstrate an Amplitude shift keying(ASK) system to

transmit digital data using a suitable carrier. Also demodulate the signal with
suitable circuit.

Components and equipments required:

Theory:
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2.1: ASK Generation

Design:

Assume ICsat= 5mA, hfe(min)= 30, VCEsat=0.2V, VBE=0.7V.

IB = IC / hfe =

RE= (Vm – VBE – VE)/IB =

 Figure 2.2: ASK Detection
Design:
For proper detection,

1/fc<RC<1/fm

We know that , fm=1/(2πRC)

Let C=0.1µF, then R=1/(2πfmC)=

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in the Figure 2.1.
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signal c(t) using signal
generators.
3. Observe the ASK signal at the emitter and note down the readings.
4. Connect the detection circuit as shown in Figure 2.2 and apply the ASK
signal.
5. Observe the detected signal and note down its voltage level and time
period.
Expected waveforms:

Result:
EXPERIMENT 3
FREQENCY SHIFT KEYING GENERATION AND DETECTION

Aim: Design and demonstrate a Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) system to

transmit digital data using a suitable carrier. Also demodulate the signal with
suitable circuit.

Components and equipments required:

Theory:

Circuit Diagram

Figure 3.1: FSK Generation

Figure 3.2: FSK Detection
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in Figure 3.1.
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signals C1(t) and C2(t) using
signal generators.
3. Observe the FSK signal at the pin 3 of IC CD4051 and note the voltage
and time period.
4. Connect the detection circuit as shown in Figure 3.2.
5. Vary Vref carefully, observe the intermediate ASK signal and finally
observe detected signal , note down its voltage level and time period.

Calculations:
Frequency deviation, δf=f2 – f1
Modulation Index, β=δf/fm
Expected Waveforms:
Result:
EXPERIMENT 4
PHASE SHIFT KEYING GENERATION AND DETECTION

Aim: Design and Demonstrate a Phase Shift Keying(PSK) system to transmit

digital data using a suitable carrier. Demodulate the same with a suitable
circuit.

Components and equipments required:

Theory:
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 4.1: PSK GENERATION

 Figure 4.2: PSK DETECTION

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in Figure 4.1.
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signal c(t) using signal
generators.
3. Observe the PSK signal at the pin 3 of IC CD 4051 and note down
the readings of voltage and time period.
 4. Connect the detection circuit as shown in Figure 4.2 and supply
the PSK signal and c(t).
5. Vary Vref carefully, observe the intermediate ASK signal and finally
observe detected signal, note down its voltage level and time
period.

Expected Waveforms:

Result:
EXPERIMENT 5
MICROWAVE TEST BENCH.
EXPERIMENT 6
DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN OF MICROSTRIP DIPOLE AND YAGI
ANTENNA
EXPERIMENT 7
a) DETERMINATION OF COUPLING AND ISOLATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROSTRIP DIRECTIONAL COUPLER.
b) MICROSTRIP RING RESONATOR.
c) POWER DIVISION AND ISOLATION OF MICROSTRIP POWER
DIVIDER.
EXPERIMENT 8
OPTICAL FIBER
BEYOND THE
SYLLABUS
EXPERIMENT
Experiment No: 1
DFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING
(MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR)
Aim: To generate a DPSK for a given binary (digital) signal and Observe, Demodulate the
same DPSK to get back the original Digital signal, using carrier-receiving circuit &
Demodulator.
Specifications: M(t) = 10V, 500Hz , C(t) = 5V, 10KHz.

Equipment used:
DCT--004 -- Trainer kit —1

Connection Diagram

Theory:
The carrier wave signal is generated by a weinbridge oscillator around ***KHZ at +5V P-P
sine wave using 741 the sine wave is convert into square wave using TL084 in comparator
mode. The Transistor BC 107 converts the square signal to TTL levels. This is used as a basic
bit clock or 180° for a mark and 0° for space. This Square wave is used as a clock input to a
decade counter(IC 7490) which generates the modulating data outputs.

The modulation is performed as follows:

The Differential signal to the modulating is generated using an Exclusive-OR gate(7486) and
a 1-bit delay circuit using D flip-flop 7474 CD 4051 is an analog multiplexer to which carrier
is applied with and without 180°degrees Phase shift(created by using an operational amplifier
Connected in inverting amplifier mode) to the input of the TL084.Differential signal generated
by Ex-OR gate (IC 7486) is given to the multiplexer’s control signal input. Depending upon
the level of the control signal, carrier signal applied with or without phase shift is steered to
the output. l-bit delay generation of differential signal to the input is created by using a D-
flip-flop(IC 7474).
The demodulation is performed as follows:
During the demodulation, the data and carrier are recovered through a TL084 op amp in
comparator mode. This level is brought to TTL level using a transistor and is applied to one
input of an EX-OR gate. To the second input of the gate, carrier signal is applied after
conversion into a +5V signal. So the EX-OR gate output is equivalent to the differential signal
of the modulating data. This differential data is applied to one input of an Exclusive-OR gate
and to the second input, after 1-bit delay the same signal is given. So the output of this EX-
OR gate is the recovered modulating signal.

Procedure:
1. ‘Switch ON’ the experimental board.
2. Check the carrier Signal and the data generator signals initially.
3. Apply the carrier signal to the carrier input of the DPSK modulator and give the data
generated to the data input of DPSK modulator and Bit clock output to Bit clock input of
modulator. Observe the DPSK modulating output with respect to the input data generator
signal of dual trace Oscilloscope (Observe the DPSK modulating signal on channel 1 and the
data generator signal on channel 2), and observe the DPSK signal with respective to
Differential data also.
4. Give the output of the DPSK modulator signal to the input of demodulator, give the Bit
clock output to the Bit clock input to the demodulator and also give the carrier output to the
carrier input of demodulator.
5. Observe the demodulator output with respect to data generator signal ( Modulating Signal)

Pre-viva Questions:
1. State different types of Digital modulation techniques?
2. What is shift keying?
3. What is a binary modulation technique?
4. Define DPSK?

Table 1:
S1 no Input signal Binary data Modulated signal Demodulated
amplitude and Amplitude. Signal amplitude.
frequency
1
2
3
Expected waveform:

Message Signal
150Hz, 5V

Carrier Signal
3 KHz, 5v

Modulated O/P

Demodulated

Results: DPSK waveforms for the different binary values of message signal M(t) = 10V, 500Hz ,
C(t) = 5V, l0KHz are verified and found correct.
Verification/Validation: DPSK waveforms are validated against expected output waveforms
for the different binary values of message signal M(t) - 10V, 500Hz , C(t) = 5V, 10KHz and found
correct.

Conclusion: DPSK setup is Implemented using DPSK trainer kit DCT--004 and the
waveforms are validated and verified.

Post Viva Questions:

1. How signals are modulated and de modulated in DPSK?
2. What is the frequency range of the input and output signal and why?
3. What are the applications of DPSK technique?
4. What is the bandwidth required for the transmission using DPSK?
Experiment No: 2
QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING
(MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR)

Aim:
To generate the QPSK waveform for a given binary signal and demodulate the same
QPSK to get back the original signal

Specifications: M(t) = 10V, 500Hz , C(t) = 5V, 10KHz.

Equipments used:

Kit , Patch cards, Power supply and two-channel oscilloscope.

Block diagram:

Fig:1

Theory:

The QPSK is the type of modulation in which the information is carried by the
transmitted wave is contained in the phase. In particular, the phase of the carrier takes
on one of the four equally spaced value such as .each possible value of the phase
corresponds to a unique pair of bits called debit.
For exited phase value can represent set digits 10, 00, 01 and 11.
The QPSK waveform is widely used because it offers the best tradeoff between power and
bandwidth reqirements.also, it provides very low probability of error
The modulated signals are:
S e' b e (t) s Sin 2 Hf t
Sq' by (t) s cos. 2Hf t
The output of the adder is:
S( ' Se ( ) + Sq (t).
S (I) = be (I) Apr sin (2 fo ) + by (t) ip, Cos. (2Hf t).
Digital Phase Modulation (or Phase Shift Keying - PSK) is very similar to Frequency
Modulation. It involves changing the phase of the transmitted waveform instead of the
frequency, these finite phase changes representing digital data. In its simplest form, a phase-
modulated waveform can be generated by using the digital data to switch between two signals
of equal frequency but opposing phase. Taking the above concept of PSK one stage further, it
can be supposed that the number of phase shifts is not limited to only two states. The
transmitted "carrier" can undergo any number of phase changes and by multiplying the
received signal by a sine wave of equal frequency will demodulate the phase shifts into
frequency independent voltage levels. This is, indeed the case in QPSK (Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying, Sometimes this is known as quaternary PSK, quadriphase PSK, 4-PSK). With
QPSK, the carrier undergoes four changes in 4 phases and can thus represent two bits of
binary data. While this may seem insignificant at first glance, a modulation scheme has now
been supposed that enables a carrier to transmit two bits of information instead of one, thus
effectively doubling the bandwidth of carrier. QPSK has four phases and for a given bit-rate,
the QPSK requires half the bandwidth of PSK and is widely used for this reason.
(In quadrature Phase Shift keying each pair of consecutive data bit is treated as a two bit (or
dibit) code which is used to switch the phase of the carrier sine wave between one of four
phases 90° apart. The four possible combination of dibit code are 00, 01, 10 and 11. Each
code represents either a phase of 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° lagging, relative to the phase of
the original un-modulated carrier. The choice of these phases is arbitrary as it is convenient to
produce them. Quadrature phase shift keying offers an advantage over PSK, in a manner that
now each phase represents a two bit code rather than a single bit. This means now either we
can change phase per second or the same amount of data can be transmitted with half as many
phase changes per second. The second choice results in a lowering of bandwidth requirement.
The four phases are produced by adding two carrier waves of same frequency but 90° out of
phases. The 0° phase carrier is called In-phase carrier and is labeled 1 The other is 90°
(lagging) phase carrier termed as the quadrature carrier and is labeled Q.)
 Fig:2
Procedure:
Modulation
1. Connect the power supply cable at the POWER IN connector and switch ON the power.
2. Connect the QPSK-TX to QPSK-RX.
3. Give the input through Dip switch SI and observe the phase shift at QPSK-TX, compare
the waveform with fig.
4. EX: Through the Dip switch select the bits as 11100100 (The switch is upper side=O, the
switch is lower side= 1)
5. Change the bit pattern by using the Dipswitch and observe the corresponding changes at
SLDATA-TX.
6. Demodulated output can be observed at SLDATA-RX at this point you will get the same
pattern as that at SLDATA-TX and you can see the same at the 8-LEDs.
7. Ex: If your selected bit pattern is 11100100 then at the demodulation side LED D3, D4, D5
&D8 Should be ON and D6, 07, 09 & 010 should be OFF,
8. Note the delay between, SLDATA-TX and SLDATA-RX, There is 0.2 In sec delay. This is
due to the delay between LT6/5-6(ISIG-QSIG)and U6/ I(SH/LD). Here first data is shifting
and after 0.2 m sec

Pre-viva Questions:
1. State different types of Digital modulation techniques?
2. What is shift keying?
 3. What is a binary modulation technique?
4. Define QPSK?

Expected Waveform:

Results: QPSK waveforms for different binary values of message signal M(t) = 10V, 500Hz ,
C(t) = 5V, 10KHz are are verified and found correct.

Verification/Validation: QPSK waveforms are validated against expected output waveforms

for the given message signal M(t) - 10V, 500Hz , C(t) = 5V, l0KHz and found correct.

Conclusion: QPSK setup is Implemented using QPSK trainer kit DCT—004 and the
waveforms are validated and verified.

Post Viva Questions:

1. How signals are modulated and de modulated in QPSK?
2. What is the frequency range of the input and output signal and why?
3. What are the applications of DPSK technique?
4. What is the bandwidth range required for QPSK?
 SAMPLE VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are the properties of Magic tee?

2. What are the applications of magic tee? Why it is called “magic tee”?

3. Give the scattering matrix of magic tee

4. Give the scattering matrix of directional coupler

5. Define : Coupling coefficient, directivity, insertion loss, isolation

6. Give the applications of directional coupler

7. How does oscillations take place in reflex klystron?

8. Why can’t we use conventional vaccum tubes at microwave frequencies?

9. Give the applications of reflex klystron

10. What is meant by ETR, ETS?

11. Define gunn effect

12. What are the modes of operation of gunn diode

13. Define transit time modes.

14. Define LSA mode

15. What are the applications of gunn diode.

16. How does gunn diode oscillate?

17. What are the advantages of gunn diode?

18. Draw the J v/s E characteristics of gunn diode showing NDC region

19. How velocity modulation takes place in reflex klystron

20.Explain the modes of reflex klystron?

21. What is the difference between transmission lines and coaxial lines

22. Why cylindrical cavity resonators are not used with klystrons?
23. What are the advantages of directional couplers
24. What are waveguides?

25. What are cavity resonators? Mention its applications

26. By what method cavity resonators are tuned

27. What are the applications of circulators?

28. What is modulation? Mention different types of digital modulation techniques?

29. What is base band and band pass transmissions

30. Mention the two main resources available with communication channels

31. What are formatting blocks

32. What is sampling process?

33. State sampling theorem for low pass signals

34. Mention different types of sampling process?

35. What is aliasing ? Mention the conditions for aliasing to occur?

36. How can aliasing be reduced?

37. What is aperture effect? How it is reduced?

38. What is the minimum transmission bandwidth of transmission channel?

39. What are the requirements that a digital modulation scheme must satisfy

40. What is M-ary transmission?

41. What is demodulation and detection?

42. Define coherent and non-coherent detection?

43. What is the drawback of BPSK?

44. Mention the minimum transmission bandwidth of BPSK,DPSK,QPSK?

45. Mention the advantages of DPSK? Also what are its disadvantages?
46. What are the advantages and disadvantages of QPSK

47. Differentiate ASK, FSK, PSK

48. Explain flat top sampling?

49. What is antenna?

50. What is radiation pattern

51. What is directivity?

52. Define antenna gain?

53. Explain effective aperture of antenna

54. Define bandwidth and beamwidth of antenna

55. What is near field and far field of antenna

56. What is polarization of antenna?

57. Explain structure of optical fiber?

58. What is refractive index?

59. What is numerical aperture?

60. What are the advantages and disadvantages of OFC?