DIRECTORATE OF EDUCATION Govt. of NCT, Delhi SUPPORT MATERIAL (2018-2019) Class : XII PHYSICS Under the Guidance of Mr. Sandeep Kumar Secretary (Education) Mr. Sanjay Goel Director (Education) Dr. Saroj Bala Sain Addl. DE (School & Exam.) Coordinators Mrs. Mukta Soni Mr. UD. Ojha Mr, Raj Kumar Mr. Krishan Kumar DDE(Exam) —— DEO(Exam) = OSD (Exam) OSD (Exam)Production Team Anil Kumar Sharma Deepak Tanwar Published at Delhi Bureau of Text Books , 25/2 Institutional Area, Pankha Road, New Delhi-110058 by Anil Kaushal, Secretary, Delhi Bureau of Text Books and Printed at: Nova Publications & Printers Pvt. Ltd., Faridabad-New Delhi. works@npppl.inSANDEEP KUMAR ‘fr ( fen ) IAs. erga conf et Reef aOR gern fare, fro-11054 ‘gem: 23890187 hen : 23890019 ‘saceetary(Edueaton) ‘Government f Natori! Captl Troy of Dati ‘es Secrotnat Gat 0058 one: 23800167 Testo 23800119 mal’ seyedugnc PREFACE It gives me immense pleasure to present the Support Material for various subjects. The material prepared for students of classes IX to Xil has been conceived ‘and developed by a team comprising of the Subject Experts, Members of the ‘Academic Core Unit and teachers of the Directorate of Education, ‘The subject wise Support Material is developed for the betterment and ‘enhancement of the academic performance of the students. It will give them an Insight info the subject leading to complete understanding, itis hoped that the teachers and students will make optmum use of this material. This wil help us achieve academic excellence | commend the efforts ofthe team who have worked with complete dedication to develop this matter well within time, Ths s another endeavor ofthe Directorate to Biotec ‘SECRETARYSanjay Goel, As Director Edacation& Sports, Govt. of NCT of eth Ott Seca De 10054 ‘el 3090172, Fx 23850355 Email dreds nici Whe wedge iin po0.Ne. PS IDE !201€ 1243, paw: 218 ID01e DIRECTOR'S MESSAGE Dear Students, Through this Support Material, | am getting an opportunity to communicate direct with you and I want to take full advantage of this ‘opportunity. In Deli, there are approximately 1020 other government schools ke yours, which ate run by Directorate of Education ‘The Head Quarters of Directorate of Education is situated at Old Secretariat, Delh-54 All the teachers in your schoo! and officers in the Directorate work day {and night 80 that the standard of our govt. schools may be upited and the teachers may adopt new methods and techniques to teach in order to ensure a bright future forthe students Dear students, the book in your hand is also one such initiative of your Directorate. This material has been prepared specially for you by the subject experts. A huge amount of money and time has been spent to prepare this ‘material. Moreover, every year, this materials reviewed and updated as per the (CBSE syllabus 60 thatthe students can be updates for the annual examination Last, but not the least, this is the perfect time for you to build the foundation of your future. I have fll fh in you and the capabilties of your teachers, Please make the fullest and best use o this Support Material pinecror oUcariON)Dr. (Mrs.) Saroj Bala Sain Gout. of NCT of Dethi ‘Add. Deca ol Ea (SehoolVExam Directorate of Education Old Secretariat, Dethi-110054 Tel: 23890028 — oo nPAlaase pecsen|R0 It gives me immense pleasure and a sense of satisfaction to forward the support _materal for classes IX to XIl in ll subjects. The support material is continuously revised ‘redesigned and updated by a team of subject experts, members of Core Academic Unit and teachers from various schools of DOE. Consistent use-of support material by the students and teachers will make the year long journey seemless and enjoyable. The purpose of providing support material has always been to make available ready to use material which is matchless and most appropriate. [My commendation forall the team members for their valuable contribution pe-DIRECTORATE OF EDUCATION Govt. of NCT, Delhi SUPPORT MATERIAL (2018-2019) PHYSICS Class : XII NOT FOR SALE PUBLISHED BY : DELHI BUREAU OF TEXTBOOKSMEMBERS OF REVIEW COMMITTEE OF Ne Subject Expert csignatio School Nan 1, Sh, PUNDRIKAKSH PRINCIPAL RPVV, RAJ KAUDINYA NIWAS MARG 2. Dr ARVIND KUMAR LECTURER CORE ACADEMIC PHYSICS UNIT, DOE 3. Mrs, MADHU GUPTA VICE G. COED SEN. PRINCIPAL SEC. SCHOOL. BAKERWALA. 4, Sh. DEVINDER KUMAR LECTURER RPVV PHYSICS KISHAN GANJ 5. Sh. MAYANK KUMAR SINGH VICE GBSSS F-BLOCK PRINCIPAL SULTANPURCLASS XII (2018-19) (THEORY) ‘Time: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 70 | Electrostatics 2 Chapter-1 : Electric Charges and Fields Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and 15 Capacitance Unit-II Current Electricity 20 Chapter-3: Current Electricity Unit-IIl Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 22 Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism Chapter-S: Magnetism and Matter 16 Unit-IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating 20 Currents Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction Chapter-7: Alternating Current Unit-V Electromagnetic Waves 04 Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves Unit-VI_ Optics 2517 Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments, Chapter-10: Wave Optics Unit-VII_ Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 08 Chapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Unit-VIII Atoms and Nuclei 14 10 Chapter-12: Atoms Chapter-13: Nuclei Unit-IX Electronic Devices 15 Chapter- 14: Semiconductor Electronics : Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits 12 Unit-X Communication Systems 10 Chapter-15: Communication Systems Total 160 70Unit 1: Unit It: SYLLABUS Electrostaties 22 Periods Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields Electric Charges; Conservation of charge; Coulomb's law-force between two point charges; forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside), Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Electric potential; potential difference; electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces; electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators; free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation; capacitors and capacitance; combination of capacitors in series and in parallel; capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates; energy stored in a capacitor. Current Electricity 20 Periods Chapter-3: Current Electricity Electric current; flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor; drift velocity; mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law; electrical resistance; V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power; electrical resistivity and conductivity; Carbon resistors; colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance. Internal resistance of a cell; potential difference and emf of a cell; combination of cells in series and in parallel; Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications; Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.Unit I: Unit IV Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells; measurement of intemal resistance of a cell. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 22 Periods Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment); force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields; Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field; force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment; magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron; magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis; torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid; ‘magnetic field lines; earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths; permanent magnets. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 20 Periods Chapter-6 : Electromagnetic Induction Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents, Self and mutual induction. Chapter-7: Alternating Current Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only); LCR series circuit; resonance; power in AC circuits, power factor; wattless current. AC generator and transformer.Unit V: Unit VI: Unit VII: Electromagnetic waves 04 Periods Chapter-8 : Electromagnetic Waves Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses. Optics 25 Periods Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Ray Optics: Reflection of light; spherical mirrors; mirror formula; refraction of light; total internal reflection and its applications; optical; fibres; refraction at spherical surfaces; lenses; thin lens formula; lensmaker’s formula; magnification, power of a lens; combination of thin lenses in contact; refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light - blue colour of sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. Chapter-10 : Wave Optics Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen’s principle; reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle, Interference; Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light; diffraction due to a single slit; width of central maximum; resolving power of microscope and astronomical telescope, polarisation; plane polarised light; Brewster's law; uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids. 08 Periods Chapter-11 : Dual Nature of Ra Dual nature of radiation; Photoelectric effect; Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. “Matter waves-wave nature of particles; de-Broglie relation; Davisson- Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).Unit IX: Unit X: 14 Periods Chapter-12 : Atoms Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum, Chapter-13: Nuclei Composition and size of nucleus; Radioactivity; alpha, beta and ‘gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation; mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission; nuclear fusion, Electronic Devices 15 Periods Chapter-14 : Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Cireuits Energy bands in conductors; semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only) Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics; zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor; transistor action; characteristics of a transistor and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration); basic idea of analog and digital signals Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND_ and NOR). ‘Communication Systems * 10 Periods Chapter-15: Communication Systems Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission ‘medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation, satellite communication, Need for modulation, amplitude modulation.PRACTICALS (Total Periods 60) The record to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual examination has to include > Record of at least 15 Experiments [with a minimum of 6 from each section}, to be performed by the students, ‘> Record of at least 5 Activities [with a minimum of 2 each from section A and section B], to be demonstrated by the teachers, ‘> The Report of the project to be carried out by the students, Evaluation Scheme ‘Time Allowed : Three hours Max. Marks: 30 ‘Two experiments one from each section 8 +8 Marks Practical record [experiments and activities] 6 Marks Investigatory Project 3 Marks Viva on experiments, activities and project 5 Marks Total 30 marks SECTION-A Experiments 1. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current, 2. To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the resistivity (specific resistance) of its material. 3. Toverify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge. 4, To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge. 5. To compare the EMF of two given primary cells using potentiometer. To determine the intemal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit. 8. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same. 9. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same. 10, To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.Activities (For the purpose of demonstration only) 1, To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core. 2. Tomeasure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity ofa given circuit using multimeter. 3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a power source. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit. 5. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current, 6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistoritheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram, SECTION-B Experiments 1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length. 2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens, 3. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between w and vor between I/u and I/v, To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens. 5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope. To find refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens and plane mirror. 8, To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias. 9. To draw the characteristic curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break down voltage. 10, To study the characteristic of a common - emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find out the values of current and voltage gains.Activities (For the purpose of demonstration only) 1, To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an 1C, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items. 2. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case ofa diode and an LED, (iv) check whether a given electronic component (e4g., diode, transistor or 1C) is in working order. 3. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR, 4, To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab, 5. To observe polarization of light using two Polaroids. 6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit, 7. To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, (ii) concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a sereen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror). 8, To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses. Suggested Investigatory Projects 1. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends, 2. To study the variations in current flowing in a cireuit containing an LDR because of a variation in (a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance). (b) the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to “illuminate” the LDR. To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equi convex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle. 4, To design an appropriate logic gate combination for a given truth table.To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) number of tums in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self designed transformer, To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids. To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical styrofoam. (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb’s law. ‘To set up a common base transistor circuit and to study its input and output characteristic and to calculate its current gain. To study the factor on which the self inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency. To construct a switch using a transistor and to draw the graph between the input and output voltage and mark the cut-off, saturation and active regions. To study the earth’s magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer.Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students of Classes XI and XII Evaluation Scheme Time Allowed: Two hours Max. Marks: 30 Identification/ Familiarity with the apparatus 5 marks Written test (based on given /prescribed practicals) 10 marks Practical Record 5 marks Viva 10 marks fotal 30 marks General Guidelines > The practical examination will be of two hour duration. > A separate list of ten experiments is included here. > The written examination in practicals for these students will be conducted at the time of practical examination of all other students. > The written test will be of 30 minutes duration > The question paper given to the students should be legibly typed. It should contain a total of 15 practical skill based very short answer type questions. A student would be required to answer any 10 questions. > Awriter may be allowed to such students as per CB > All questions included in the question papers should be related to the listed practicals. Every question should require about two minutes to be answered > These students are also required to maintain a practical file. A student is expected to record at least five of the listed experiments as per the specific instructions for each subject. These practicals should be duly checked and signed by the internal examiner. > The format of writing any experiment in the practical file should include aim, apparatus required, simple theory, procedure, related practical skills, precautions etc. > Questions may be generated jointly by the external/internal examiners and used for assessment. = examination rules. > The viva questions may include questions based on basic theory/principle/ concept, apparatus! materials/chemicals required, procedure, precautions, sources of error etc.Class XII A. Items for Identification/ familiarity with the apparatus for assessment in practicals (All experiments) Meter scale, general shape of the voltmeter/ammeter, battery/power supply, connecting wires, standard resistances, connecting wires, voltmeter/ ammeter, meter bridge, screw gauge, jockey Galvanometer, Resistance Box, standard Resistance, connecting wires, Potentiometer, jockey, Galvanometer, Lechlanche cell, Daniell cell (simple distinction between the two vis-a- vis their outer (glass and copper) containers), theostat connecting wires, Galvanometer, resistance box, Plug-in and tapping keys, connecting wires battery/power supply, Diode, Transistor, IC, Resistor (Wire-wound or carbon ones with two wires connected to two ends), capacitors (one or two types), Inductors, Simple electrie/electronie bell, battery/power supply, Plug-in and tapping keys, Convex lens, concave lens, convex mirror, concave mirror, Core/ hollow wooden cylinder, insulated wire, ferromagnetic rod, Transformer core, insulated wire. B. List of Practicals 1, To determine the resistance per em ofa given wire by plotting a graph between voltage and current. 2. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel combination) of resistances by Ohm’s law. To find the resistance of a given wire using a meter bridge and hence determine the specific resistance (resistivity) of its material. 4, To compare the e.m.f of two given primary cells using a potentiometer. 5. To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method. 6. To identify a (i) diode, transistor and IC (ii) _ resistor, capacitor and inductor, from a mixed collection of such items. 7. To understand the principle of (i) a NOT gate (ii) an OR gate (iiiJan AND gate and to make their equivalent circuits using a bell and cells/battery and keys / switches.8. To observe the difference between (i) a convex lens and a concave lens (ii) a convex mirror and a concave mirror and to estimate the likely difference between the power of two given convex /concave lenses. 9. To design an inductor coil and to know the effect of (i) change in the number of turns (ii) introduction of ferromagnetic material as its core material on the inductance of the coil. 10, To design a (i) step up (ii) step down transformer on a given core and know the relation between its input and output voltages. Note : The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather than recording observations. Prescribed Books : 1. Physics, Class XI, Part -I and II, Published by NCERT. Physics, Class XI, Part -I and II, Published by NCERT. Laboratory Manual of Physics for class XII Published by NCERT. The list of other related books and manuals brought out by NCERT (consider multimedia also). aaQUESTION WISE BREAK UP esa r= os ORES SWE | VSA 1 05 SAT 2 14 SA-II 3 12 36 LA 5 3 15 Total 27 70 1, Internal Choice : There is no overall choice in the paper. However, there is an internal choice in one question of 2 marks weightage, one question of 3 ‘marks weightage and all the three questions of 5 marks weightage. 2. The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be made ‘for generating similar templates keeping the overall weightage to different ‘form of questions and typology of questions same.PHYSICS (Code No. 042) QUESTION PAPER DESIGN CLASS-XII (2018-19) ‘Time 3 Hours oso GAD GAINS) (mark imarks)—(oarks) (marks) 1. Remembering (Knowledge aed Sle cll -eestions, tos spas, ems, 2 1 1 = 71% eeepc. or ‘bene, emi eis, ‘cre, norton) ‘Undersaadng- Compre tobe tw andersand oneal, = 2 4 1 2m sere compar, soa erlia, oT 5. Aplcsion se aba, info nconrote, sons, Ue gen = a 4 1 3m ent ete ‘eanpleorrives rete 4. Habe Over Tinkig Shs {acai nd Sythe Chasis compre, conra, rire baer air pes of 2 = 1 1 oe ‘norton, Organize snd inert sige ier finfematon am a varie of sources) S. valaton-(Apeie, Jigs, nora he ‘al worth of decison 1 2 2 = mm exons, pret ‘comes bse a8 la) ‘roraL Seies Tate w2eaes6 gese18 7006 100%S.No Index Unit Unit I and II Blectrostatics and Current Electricity Unit Il and IV Magnetic Effects of current and Megnetism Unit V and VI Electromagnetic Waves and Optics Unit VII and VIII Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Unit IX and X Electronic Devices and ‘Communication System CBSE (DELHI) 2014 to 2018 2 Solved Sample Papers 3 Unsolved Sample Papers Pg. No. 1-61 62 - 108 109 - 143 144-168, 169 - 195 160-187 301-326 327-348Unit I and II Section - 1 KEY POINTS Quantization of charge qzutne Coulomb's force: |FIl= ae Se en Ht tah 3, Dielectric constant (or relative Unit less permitivity) Hence F, > F,, 2s free space has ‘minimum permitivity Linear charge densit co! age density Fi Surface charge density ot cm A Volume charge densi cm ange density fee > Ei F Electric field due toa E= Lt ~ (theoretical) 9 do point charge (» numerical, weuse E,‘The components of electric field, ‘Torque on a dipole in a uniform elect field Electric dipole moment Potential energy of a dipole ina uniform electric field Electric field on axial line of an electric dipole Electric field on equatorial line of an electric dipole Electric field as a gradient of potential Electric potential differences between ponts A & B Electric potential at a point () Physies Class - XII) NC Ane r > = px E (ort=pE sin 0) Nm B= 4 Qa)or| p|=q(2a) cm a p-E (or U=~pE cos 8) ci Nc! E, a 3 Reo ty gy equi ~ When 24<<7; Bessie 1p © 4g Volts (or JC)Electric potential due to a system of charges 1___peosd Ine, Fa? cos" 0) Electric potential at any point due When, 0 = 0° or 0 = 180°, v to an electric dipole me 4n & (Pa) lp Itr>>a, z ange When, 0 90°, V4.0 Pe aa Total electric flux through a 4.= $ E.dS =~ Nmc! closed surface $ = Ex Bifective Area = ey Electric field due to line charge E NC# (or Vim) letie field dueto aninfiite B= 5 plane shect of charge ° Electric field between two infinitely B= —~ % charged plane parallel sheets having change density +c and ~« Electric field due toa uniformly BE. charged spherical shell oa When r dy ection of a Figure shows six charged lumps of plastic coin, The cro: Guassian surface S is indicated. What is the net electric flux through the surface ? Unit I=Lee %e'o e th +0 95 G6 &@ & & & 29, Without referring to the formula C = ¢, A/d. Explain why the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor reduces on increasing the separation between Ans. the plates ? Ans, P.D.=V=Exd increases hence V increases. C decreases. 30. Draw field lines to show the position of null point for two charges + Q, and—Q, when magnitude of Q, > Q, and mark the position of null point N= Null point Ans. [Q,|>[Q)|, Nis the neutral point, 31. How does the relaxation time of electron in the conductor change when temperature of the conductor decreases. Ans, When temperature of the conductor decreases, ionic vibration in the so relaxation time increases. 32, Sketch a graph showing variation of resistivity with temperature of (i) Copper (ii) Carbon. Physies Class - XII)Ans. 33. Ans. Ans. 35. Ans. 36. Ans. Resistivity p (10m) ( 50 100 150 To ‘Temperature T(K) —> For Carbon For Copper The emf of the driver cell (Auxiliary battery) in the potentiometer experiment should be greater than emf of the cell to be determined. Why ? If emf of a driver cell is less, then null point will not be obtained on the potentiometer wire, You are required to select a carbon resistor of resistance 47kO + 10% from a large collection. What should be the sequence of color bands used to code it? Yellow, Violet, Orange, Silver. Find the value of i in the given cireuit : On applying Kirchoff current law on junetion A, at junetion A 243-144 0, I=+1A ‘Two wire one of copper and other of manganin have same resistance and equal length. Which wire is thicker ? 1 1p. A ta Pe Ae gy AL PAD A R=P. :. Manganin is thicker. Unit I=L37. Ans. 38. Ans. You are given three constants wires P, Q and R of length and area of cross-section (L, A), (21 A)(L, a) respectively. Which has highest resistance ? 272 pi2L) _ 4pL. A 81>] =PblR eg =u = RR> T= Roa AR R= 5 Qhas the highest resistance, V—I graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures T, and T, is as shown in the figure. Which of the two temperatures is higher and why? = Slope of T, is large, so T, represents higher temperature as resistance increases with temperature for a conductor y qT Out of VT graph for parallel and series combination of two metallic resistors, which one represents parallel combination of resistors ? Justify your answer. lope. Physies Class - XII)Ans. 40. Ans. 41. Ans. 42. Ans. 45. The resistance for parallel combination in lesser than for series combination fora given set of resistors. Hence B represents parallel combination sine I Vy is more, Hence Resistance = —-is less. Why is the potentiometer preferred to a voltmeter for measuring emf of a cell ? Emf measured by the potentiometer is more accurate because the cell is in open circuit giving no current. How can a given 4 wires potentiometer be made more sensitive ? By connecting a resistance in series with the potentiometer wire in the primary circuit, the potential drop across the wire is reduced. Why is copper not used for making potentiometer wires ? Copper has high temperature coefficient of resistance and hence not preferred. In the figure, what is the potential difference between A and B ? — 10a 28 py V,-V_=-8 volt. A copper wire of resistance R is uniformally stretched till its length is increased to » times its original length. What will be its new resistance ? R'=rR ney feel Ri = p= pi? = WR Ain A Two resistance SQ and 7. are joined as shown to two batteries of emf 2V and 3V. If the 3V battery is short circuited. What will be the current through 50 5a we m= Sav Calculate the equivalent resistance between points A and B in the figure given below. Unit 1-1Ans. 41. Ans. 48. Ans. 49, Ans. 50. Ans. Si. Ans. RO ns B ro | RQ RO Ro We obtain using wheatstone bridge balencing condition. Vv at T 1 I ay o What is the largest voltage that can be safely put across a resistor marked 1962, 1W? =PR=1% 196 = 196 V= 14 Volt. When does the terminal voltage of a cell become (i) greater than its emf (ii) less than its emf? (i) When the cell is being charged terminal potential difference (V) becomes greater than emf (E), V=E+Ir (ii) When the cell is discharged, then V 12. The electric potential V at any point in space is given V = 20x' volt, where xis in meter, Calculate the electric intensity at point P (1, 0, 2) Ans, 60 NC“! 13. Justify why two equipotential surfaces cannot intersect. 14. Find equivalent capacitance between A and B in the combination given below : each capacitor is of 2 wR. Ans, 6/7 uF 15, Whats the electric field at O in Figures (i), (ii) and (iii), ABCD is a square ofside r. A B A B A B 4 @ a ‘4 4 24 be ee 1 1 m 2q 4q Ans. (i) Zero, (ii long OB (iii P along OD ms. () Zero, (i) G7 slong OB Gi) 7-7 along O 16. | What should be the charge on a sphere of radius 4 em, so that when it is brought in contact with another sphere of radius 2 em carrying charge of 10 nC, there is no transfer of charge from one sphere to other ? Ans. Va= Vb, Q= 20KC. 17. For an isolated parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C and potential difference V, what will be change in (i) charge on the plates (ii) potential difference across the plates (iii) electric field between the plates (iv) energy stored in the capacitor, when the distance between the plates is increased ? Unit 1-1Ans. 18, Ans. 19. Ans. 20. 2. 22, 23. 4. . (i) No change (ii) increases (iii) No change (iv) increases. Does the maximum charge given to a metallic sphere of radius R depend on whether it is hollow or solid ? Give reason for your answer. No, charge resides on the surface of conductor. ‘Two charges Q, and Q, are separated by distance r. Under what conditions will the electric field be zero on the line joining them (i) between the charges (ii) outside the charg (i) Charge are alike (ji) Unlike charges of unequal magnitude. Obtain an expression for the electric field due to electtic dipole at any point on the equatorial line The electric field component in the figure are E, = 2x1, Ey Calculate the electric flux through, (1, 2, 3) the square surfaces of side Sm, imam Calculate the work required to separate two charges Sic and — 2c placed at (3 om, 0, 0) and (+ 3 om, 0, 0) infinitely away from each other. Ans. 1.5) What is electric field between the plates with the separation of 2 em and (i) with air (ii) dielectric medium of dielectric constant K. Electric potential of each plate is marked in the following figure, 150V ‘ @ 50 Ans. By 108NC*, B= WE NC~! ARAM (Random access Memory) chip a storage device like parallel plate capacitor has a capacity of S5pF. If the capacitor is charged to 5.3V, how may excess electrons are on its negative plate Ans, 1.8 * 10° The figure shows the Q (charge) versus V (potential) graph for a combination of two capacitors. identify the graph representing the parallel combination, Physies Class - XII)Vv Ans. A represents parallel combination 26. Calculate the work done in taking a charge of I j1C in a uniform electric field of 10 N/C from B to C given AB = 5 em along the field and AC = 10 cm perpendicular to electric field. fag = Wye = 50 10-8 J. Wao = 0 27. Two charges —g and + q are located at points A (0, 0,—a) and B (0, 0, + a) resp P (7,0, 0) to Q (—3, 0,0)? (zero) 28, ‘The potential at a point A is — 500 V and that at another point B is + 500 V. vely. How much work is done in moving a test charge from point What is the work done by external agent to take 2 units (S.L) of negative charge from B to A. Waa = 20003 29. How does the (i) Potential energy of mutual interaction (ii) net electrostatic PE, of two charges change when they are placed in an external electric field. 30. With the help of an example, show that Farad is a very large unit of capacitane! 31. Whatis meant by dielectric polarisation ? Why does the electric field inside a dielectric decreases when it in placed in an external field ? 32. In charging a capacitor of capacitance C by a source of emf V, energy supplied by the sources QV and the energy stored in the capacitor is 4QV. Justify the difference. 33. An electric dipole of dipole moment p, is held perpendicular to an electric field. If the dipole is released does it have (a) only rotational motion Unit 1-136. 37. 38. 39, 40. 41. 42, (b) only translatory motion (c) both translatory and rotatory motion explain? The net charge of a system is zero. Will the electric field intensity due to this system also be zero. A point charge Q is kept atthe intersection of (i) face diagonals (ii) diagonals of a cube of side a. What is the electric flux linked with the cube in (i) & Gi)? ‘There are two large paralle! metallic plates S, and S, carrying surface charge densities 6, and ©, respectively (0, > 0;) placed at a distance d apart in vacuum, Find the work done by the electric field in moving a point charge qa distance a (a oR 63. Acellofemf. resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing the variation of terminal potential “V’ with resistance ‘R’. Predict from the graph the condition under which ‘V” and internal resistance ‘7" is connected across a variable becomes equal to “E’ 64, Winding of rheostat wire are quite close to each other why do not they get short circuted ? Ans. The wire has a coating of insulating oxide over it which insulate the winding from each other. 65. Why is it necessary to obtain the balance point in the middle of bridge wire ? Explain. 66. What are the possible cause of one side deflection in Galvanometer while performing potentiometer experiment ? Ans. (i) Either +ve terminals of all the cells are not connected to same end of potentiometer. or (ii) The total potential drop across wire is less than the emf to be measured, SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS) 1. Define electrostatic potential and its unit. Obtain expression for electrostatic potential at a point P in the field due to a point charge. 2. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy for a system of three point charges placed at the comers of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’ What is polarization of charge ? With the help of a diagram show why the electric field between the plates of capacitor reduces on introducing a dielectric slab. Define dielectric constant on the basis of these fields. 4, Using Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics, deduce an expression for electric field intensity due to a charged spherical shell at a point (i) inside (ii) on Unit 1-15. 6. Ans, Total charge on wire AB its surface (iii) outside it. Graphically show the variation of electric field intensity with distance from the centre of shell Three capacitors are connected first in series and then in parallel, Find the equivalent capacitance for each type of combination, A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow sphere of radii r and R (R > 7), such that their surface density of charges are equal. Find Potential at the common centre. Derive an expression for the energy density of a parallel plate capacitor. You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor. Two slabs of dielectric constants K, and K, having been filled in between the two plates of the capacitor as shown in Fig, What will be the capacitance of the capacitor of initial area was A distance between plates d ? ¥ F K |L& x Q a Ams. C, =(K, + K,)C, K.KCy c= RKO KK) Inthe figure shown, calculate the total flux of the electrostatic field through the sphere S, and ,. The wire AB shown of length / has a liner charge density 2 given 2 = kx where x is the distance measured along the wire from end A. By Gauss’s theorem. Physies Class - XII)10. i. 12. 14. 16. Total flux through $, = Q Qatar Total flux through $, = —2— Explain why charge given to a hollow conductor is transferred immediately to outer surface of the conductor. Derive an expression for total work done in rotating an electric dipole through an angle @ in an uniform electric field. Hence calculate the potential energy of the dipole. Define electric flux. Write its SI unit, An electric flux of units passes normally through a spherical Gaussian surface of radius 7, due to point charge placed at the centre. (1) What is the charge enclosed by Gaussian surface ? (2) If radius of Gaussian surface is doubled, what will be the flux through it? A conducting slab of thickness ‘f' is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor, separated by a distance d (t < d). Derive an expression for the capacitance of the capacitor, What will be its capacitance when (=? If a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor after the battery is disconnected, then how do the following quantities change. (Charge (ii) Potential (ii) Capacitance (iv) Energy. ‘What is an equipotential surface ? Write three properties Sketch equipotential surfaces of (i) Isolated point charge ii) Uniform electric field ii) Dipole If charge Q is given to a parallel plate capacitor and E is the electric field between the plates of the capacitor the force on each plate is 1/2 QE and Unit 1-117. 19. 20. 2. if charge Q is placed between the plates experiences a force equal to QE. Give reason to explain the above. Two metal spheres A and B of radius r and 2r whose centres are separated by a distance of 6r are given charge Q, are at potential V, and V,. Find the ratio of V,/V,. These spheres are connected to each other with the help of a connecting wire keeping the separation unchanged, what is the amount of charge that will flow through the wire ? Oo WU: or Define specific resistance. Write its SI unit, Derive an expression for resistivity of a wire in terms of its material’s parameters, number density of free electrons and relaxation time. A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length L and diameter D. How are the electric field E and the resistance R of the conductor affected when (i) V is halved (ii) L is halved (iii) D is doubled. Ju answer. your Define drift velocity. A conductor of length L is connected to a de source of emfE, If the length of conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping E constant, explain how do the following factors would vary in the conductor ? (i) Drift speed of electrons (ii) Resistance and (iii) Resistivity Define potential gradient, How can potential gradient of a potentiometers be determined experimentally. In the graph shown here, a plot of potential drop versus length of the potentiometer is made for two potentiometers. Which is more sensitive - A or B ? A 1 B v Volt Kim) — Physies Class - XII)22. Define conductivity of a substance. Give its SI units. How does it vary with temperature for (i) Copper (ii) Silicon ? 23, Twocells ofemfE, and E, having internal resistance r, andr, are connected in parallel, Calculate Beq and req for the combination. 24, The graph A and B shows how the current varies wiht applied potential difference across a filament lamp and nichrome wire respectively. Using the graph, find the ratio of the values of the resistance of filament lamp to the nichrome wire (i) when potential difference across them is 12 V. op? 4 6 & 1 2 V (volts) (ii) when potential difference across them is 4V. Giver in ratio of resistance in (i) and (i). son for the change 25, Electron drift speed is estimated to be only a few mm/s for currents in the range of few amperes ? How then is c a circuit is closed, rent established almost the instant 26. Give three differences between e.m.f. and terminal potential difference of acell. 27. Define the terms resistivity and conductivity and state their S. 1. units. Draw a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature for a typical semiconductor. 28. The current flowing through a conductor is 2mA at 50V and 3mA at 60V. Is it an ohmic or non-ohmic conductor ? Give reason. 29. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and area of eros: connected in series, current is passed through them why does the nichrome wire get heated first ? section are Unit 1-130. ‘Under what conditions is the heat produced in an electric circuit (directly proportional i) inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS) 1. Two charged capacitors are connected by a conducting wire. Calculate common potential of capacitors (ii) ratio of their charges at common potential. Show that energy is lost in this process. Derive an expression for the strength of electric field intensity at a point on the axis ofa uniformly charged circular coil of radius R carrying charge Q. Derive an expression for potential at any point distant r from the centre O- of dipole making an angle 0 with the dipole. Suppose that three points are set at equal distance r = 90 em from the centre of a dipole, point A and B are on either side of the dipole on the axis (A closer to +ve charge and B closer to negative charge) point C which is on the perpendicular bisector through the line joining the charges What would be the electric potential due to the dipole of dipole moment 3.6 10 '° Cm at points A, B and C ? Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with dielectric slab of thickness 1(rt 21. Fig, shows two parallel plate capacitors X and Y having same area of plates and same separation between them : X has air while ¥ has dielectric of constant 4 as medium between plates x y 12v (a) calculate capacitance of each capacitor, if equivalent capacitance of combination is 41F (b) calculate potential difference between plate X and Y (0) what is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X & Y. Ans, (a) SP, 20,F, (b) 9.6V, 2.4V (c) 4 22, tyne At Gu tyr 1ayF In the following arrangement of capacitors, the energy stored in the 6F capacitor is E. Find : (ji) Energy stored in 12 uF capacitors. (ii) Energy stored in 3uF capacitor. (iii) Total energy drawn from the battery. Ans. (i) 8 19 V2=3 x 10-82 3x10 Unit 1-123. Energy stored in 12uF capacitor = Loy? = F110 xk - =2E (ii) Charge on 61F capacitor Q= PEC = 2V3Ex103C Charge on 12HF capacitor ANSE x 103 Charge on 3F capacitor Q = Q, + Q, = 6V3E x 103 Energy stored in 3F capacitor 36x 3Ex 10% “2C 3x10% = 18E (ii) Capacitance of parallel combination Charge on parallel combination Q 18x 10%V 18 x 10% 18E (iii) Total eEnergy drawn = E + 2E + 18E = 21E ‘The charge passing through a conductor is a function of time and is given as 4728 —4t+3 milli coulomb. Calculate (i) current through the conductor (ii) Physies Class - XII)24, 25. 26. 21. 28, 29, potential difference across it at ‘= 4 second. Given resistance of conductor is 4 ohm. Ans. I= 12A, V=48 V The resistance of a platinum wire ata point 0°C is 5.00 ohm and its resistance at steam point is 5.402. When the wire is immersed in a hot oil bath, the resistance becomes 5.800. Calculate the temperature of the oil bath and temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum. Ans. a= 0.004°C; T= 200°C ‘Three identical cells, each of emf 2V and internal resistance 0.2 ohm, are connected in series to an external resistor of 7.4 ohm. Calculate the current in the circuit and the terminal potential difference across an equivalent. Ans. | = 0.75; V=5.55V Calculate the equivalent resistance and current shown by the ammeter in the circuit diagram given. Ans. R=20;1=5A A storage battery of emf 12V and internal resistance of 1.5Q is being charged by a 12V supply, How much resistance is to be put in series for charging the battery safely, by maintaining a constant charging current of 6A, Ans. R = 16.50 ‘Three cells are connected in parallel, with their like poles connected together, with wires of negligible resistance. If the emf of the cell are 2V, 1V and 4V and if their internal resistance are 4, 30 and 2 0 respectively, TpabaGpal Bal A.16 ohm resistance wire is bent to form a square, A source of emf9 voltis connected across one ofits sides. Caleulate the potential difference across any one of its diagonals. ‘Ans. IV. find the current through each cell, | ans 1 Unit 1-130. 31. 32. 33. A length of uniform ‘heating wire’ made of nichrome has a resistance 72 ©. At what rate is the energy dissipated if'a potential difference of 120V is applied across (a) full length of wire (b) half the length of wire (wire is cut into two). Why is it not advisable to use the half length of wire ? Ans. (a) 200W, (b) 400W, 400W >> 200W but since current becomes large so it is not advisable to use half the length With a certain unknown resistance X in the left gap and a resistance of 82 in the right gap, null point is obtained on the metre bridge wire. On putting another 8@ in parallel with 82 resistance in the right gap, the mull point is found to shift by 15 cm, Find the value of X from these observations. Ans. 8/3. Figure show a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances. The balance point with a standard resistance R = 10Q is found to be 160 em, While that with the unknown resistance X is 134.4 cm, Determine the value of X. [Ans. 2.2] Inapotentiometer, a standard cell of emf SV of negligible internal resistance maintains a steady current through Potentiometer wire of length 5m. Two primary cells of emf E, and E, are joined in series with (i) same polarity (i) opposite polarity. The balancing point are found at length 350 em and 50 cm in two cases respectively. (i) Draw necessary circuit diagram (ii) Find the value of emf E, and E, of the two cells (if E, > E,) Ans. E, = 2V, E, = 1.5V Physies Class - XII)34, Potential difference across terminals of a cell are measured (in volt) against different current (in ampere) flowing through the cell. A graph was drawn which was a straight line ABC. Using the data given in the graph. Determine (i) the emf. (ii) The internal resistance of the cell. Ans. r= 5Qemf=1.4V PD. (volt) 04 08 12 16 20 24 28 Tampere) 35, Four cells each of internal resistance 0.8 and emf 1.4V, d are connected (i) in series (ii) in parallel. The terminals of the battery are joined to the lamp of resistance 10. Find the current through the lamp and each cell in both the cases. = 0.424A, Ip = 0.137A current through each cell is 0.03A 36, Inthe figure, an ammeter A and a resistor of resistance R = 4Q have been connected to the terminals of the source to form a complete circuit. The emf of the source is 12V having an internal resistance of 2Q. Calculate voltmeter and ammeter reading, Ans. Ans, Voltmeter reading : 8V, Ammeter reading = 2A @ 40 37. In the circuit shown, the reading of voltmeter is 20V. Calculate resistance of voltmeter. What will be the reading of voltmeter if this is put across 40 2000 resistance ? [Ans Ry =1502, V Unit 1-1ov i 3002 | 2000. 38. For the circuit given below, find the potential difference b/w points B and D. Ans. 1.46 Volts A 2V,.20 1 Vy 10 IVI c { D BV 30, 39. (i) Calculate Equivalent Resistance of the given electrical network b/w points A and B, (ii) Also calculate the current through CD & ACB ifa LV d.c. source is connected b/w points A and B and the value of R = 2Q. c D E R 40. A potentiometer wire AB of length Im is connected to a driver cell of emf 3V as shown in figure, When a cell of emf 1.5V is used in the secondary circuit, the balance point is found to be 60 cm, On replacing this cell by a cell of unknown emf, the balance point shifts to 80 em. : Physies Class - XII)4. 42. en3V Lek (i Calculate unknown emf of e’ the cell. (ii) Explain with reason, whether the circuit works if the driver cell is replaced with another a cell of emf IV. (iii) Does the high resistance R, used in the secondary cireuit affect the balance point ? Justify your answer, A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3Q is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5A, what is the resistance of the resistor ? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is closed ? A network of resistance is connected to a 16V battery with internal resistance of 1 as shown in Fig. on next page. (i) Compute the equivalent resistance of the network. i) Obtain the current in each resistor. (iii) Obtain the voltage drop Vay, Vac & Veo 49. Ra A p12 © D 49, oo lev 12 The number density of conduction electrons in a Copper Conductor estimated to be 8.5 x 10° m™, How long does an electron take to drift from one end of a wire 3.0 m long to its other end ? The area of cross section of the wire is 2.0 * 10° m? and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A. Unit 1-144. A voltmeter of resistance 400Q is used to measure the potential difference across the 100Q resistor in the circuit shown in figure. What will be the reading of voltmeter. sav i 102 | 2000 &- 45. Find magnitude of current supplied by battery. Also find potential difference between points P and Q in the given fig. Ans.1A, 1.5V fy isw op Sr A B a Gr 46. A copper wire of length 3 m and radius r is nickel plated till its radius becomes 2r, What would be the effective resistance of the wire, if specific resistance of copper and nickel are p, and p, respectively. I [Hint : P.~ P, ae [a mr 30D e nr? GP. + Py) 47. Inthe figure, ifthe potential at point Pis 100V, what is the potential at point Q? Ans, R =) 3.0W Q Sov 20 Ans. —10V Physies Class - XII)48. 49, 50. Si. 52. Given two resistors X and Y whose resistances are to be determined using an ammeter of resistance 0.5Q. and a voltmeter of resistance 20 kQ. It is known that X is in the range of a few ohms, while Y is in the range of several thousand ohm. In each case, which of the two connection shown should be chosen for resistance measurement ? —@ 1 @ i} «i Ans, Small resistance : X will be preferred; large resistance Y will be preferred When resistance of 20 is connected across the terminals of a battery, the current is 0.5A. When the resistance across the terminal is 5, the current is 0.25A. (i) Determine the emf of the battery (ii) What will be current drawn from the cell when it is short circuited Ans, B= 1.5 V,1=1.5A A part of a circuit in steady state, along with the currents flowing in the branches and the resistances, is shown in the figure. Calculate energy stored in the capacitor of 4uF capacitance. Ans. Vy =20V,U=8 x 1045 1A WA sw on Ww aur w With two resistance wires in two gaps of a meter bridge, balance point was found to be 1/3m from zero end, when a 62 coil is connected in series with smaller of two resistances the balance point shifted to 2/3m from the same end, Find resistances of two wires. Ans, 22, 40 A voltmeter with resistance 5002 is used to measure the emf of a cell of internal resistance 4Q. What will be the percentage error in the reading of the voltmeter, Unit 1-1HINTS FOR 2 MARKS QUESTIONS A 2. g-E.ds=2xidsi = 2xds 9, = 0, ¢, = 50 Vm, 9, = 150 Vm 28. Wy, =90 (Vy—Vq) =2 * 1000 = 20007 Rit Ay WA 1ql1. A RAT, PA 272" A! V, (0 in series ned, (V,) = neA (VY) > (y (Wy 2 | a 43. 10 5+10 64. Sensitivity of Wheatstone Bridge is maximum when resistance of all its four arms are nearly of same order, so the accuracy of result of the experiment will be highest, if balance point is in the middle of wire. 32. In the capacitor the voltage increases from O to V, hence energy stored will correspond to average which will be 4 QV. While the source is at constant emf V. So energy supplied will be QV. The difference between the two goes as heat and emf radiations. 35. Construct a closed system such that charge is enclosed within it. For the charge on one face, we need to have two cubes place such that charge is on the common face. According to Gauss’s theorem total flux through the Physies Class - XII)4 2e; Gaussian surface (both cubes) is equal to one cube will be equal to 2e» ‘Therefore the flux through 36. Work done = fi cos 6 = gEd cos 0 = __ Charge circulating Timeforone revolution 2mr/v 6. v speed ee’me® __ mee n2nn 2nn' 62, In steady state the branch containing C can be omitted hence the current 2-V_ ve R+2R~ 3R I For loop EBCDE, -Ve-V+2V-1 QR) =0 Vv => Vo=¥ Si. fem, decreases=> x decreases => position of zero deflection increases, 52. Otherwise resistance per unit length of Bridge wire be different over different length of meter Bridge 54, Milliammeter. To produce large deflection due to small current we need a large number of tums we need a large number of tums in armature coil => Resistance increases. 55. Temperature, Material Blue, Red, Orange, Gold 56. The electron number density is of the order of 10°” m-? , => the net current can be very high even if the drift spread is low. 57. V=Etir =2+015 =2.15V58. Affects the uniformity of the cross-section area of wire and hence changes the potential drop across wire 59, A potentiometer is said to be sensitive if a (i) 14. 2. (a) 0) It can measure very small potential differences. For a small change in potential difference being measured it shows large change in balancing length, HINTS FOR NUMERICALS _ 9x10? x8 x 10% ~ 2105 Kc=4c 36000 Volt a 5 suf 20uf C=4=5C=5pf ve V=12(V,=V, V,= Fas q constant) V=9.6 Volt, V, 6 Volt, V, = 2.4 Volt Physies Class - XII)(©) 31. ~() (2) =>u sing (1) & (2) P—851+ 1500 8 At 1 60 em using (1) X= 5 1= 60 em using (1) X = 120. E E E 32. 05" T0+03~ 105 igR__10 (x 40.5) ix 105 ox x 160 _ V, 7 1344 x20. HINTS FOR 3 MARKS QUESTIONS 16. If’ be the electric field due to each plate (of large dimensions) then net electric field between them E=E' +E =>2'=E2 Force on change Q at some point between the plates F Force on one plate of the capacitor due to another plate F or Gr Unit 1-11Charge transferred equal to 28. As resistance changes with I, therefore conductor is non ohmic. 29, Rate of production of heat, P= PR, for given I, PR, -. Pyisiome > Pew Ryistuome > R.,, Of same length and area of cross section. 30. (i) If Tin circuit is constant because H =I? Rr (ii) IFV in circuit is constant because H =“! NUMERICALS 17. [aya a] latbte 4nao —k4nbo + k4nco =4nac (a-b+c) Z(a-b+e) — 4nkbo + nko | When vary o Z(a-b+c)= Gla? — 6? +07) bo by ac—be+ 2 =a - bh + 2 Physies Class - XII)c(a-b)=(a-b) (a+b) c=ath 19. Q=cv Total charge Q= Total capacitance in series x voltage 10 «1079 | 3x10 -™ OV and V.~-2V. 21. Before dielectric is introduced, E, < =tev?, E-E,+E,-CV? After disconnecting the battery and then introducing dielectric EHE A+B ES 3 33. Pot. gradient k— 3=1vm! 1,=350em=3.5 m E, +E,-M,=35 0) Unit 1-11E,-E,=0.5 2) E, =2V,B, = 1.5 Volt 39. Ryy=22 10 leo =O Igen= 3R™ Fy 97 25A (ii) The circuit will not work if emf of driven cell is IV,total Voltage across AB is | V, which cannot balance the voltage 1.5V. (ii) No, since at balance point no current flows through galvanometer G. .e., cell remains in open circuit. 41. E=I(QR+n) 10=0.5 (R+3) R=172 V=E-Ir=10-0.5 *3=8.5V 42. Req=7W. Lug = TAs Tha = 2As ting = 5 Physies Class - XII)84 44. = ” 100 x 400) 2 100+ am) oe P.d. across voltmeter & 100Q combination = 0,3 x 100-x 400 = 03 799-400 4¥- R A B a R2 R (i) 3R B 2 @ When, 1 << 7, 45. Rug 452 - = i Raat ls Igy = ing = O.5A, Vap = 3 = V, =3 Volt Vag = 1.5 Vq= 45 Volt Vg-Vp= 1.5 Volt Unit51. For two resistor P and Q 1 3 1 7 3 @ Q=2P,P -\ Mognetic force on a moving FF = | xB | N i) charge 1. F=qvB Sin6 my Lorentz Force (Electric and gk=4[PxB) N Magnetic) ‘The Cyclotron Radius of circular path ‘The period of circular motion The cyclotron frequency Maximum energy of the positive ‘The radius corresponding to maximum velocity 34 Physies Class - XII)‘The maximum velocity 1) and Bare inclined to each other by an angle 6 Force on a current carrying cond- uuctor placed in a magnetic field Force per unit length betwen two parallel current carrying conductors Magnetic dipole moment Torque on a rectangular current canying loop ABCD Period of oscillation of bar ‘magnet if external magnetic field ‘The potential energy associated with magnetic field Current through a galvanometer 4 angle by which the coil rotates _ Bar m mvsinO 4B FE (i) N Not me ik Am? op 11-1 MB sin a Icoil has m turns, T=nBIAsina. a > angle between normal drawn on the plane of loop and ‘magnetic field s U=— MB =~ MB cos 8 iG maa’. of: A nBA (G-sgalvanometer constan ¢ Unit I-IV. 35Sensitivity of a galvanometer or Current sensitivity nd At Voltage sensitivity rad VI ‘The current loop as a magnetic B= dipole on axis at very large distance from the centre Gyromagnetic ratio Meet Kg axto"& og! L 2m, > Angular momentum Biiiscacton (nia Ah Ps? 4am, = 927.10 Magnetic dipole moment JT" or Am? Magnetic field on axial line rr of a bar magnet When, 1< <1, HM ann Gauss’s Law in magnetism g .Bas=0 ‘Tm? or weber By Magnetic inctinton (or Dip) tan B= 5, > angle of dip By Magnetic intensity (or Magnetic H = sal Am! Mo field strength) ‘nis the no, of tums vums/length M Intensity of magnetization 1, Amt Vv 56 Physies Class - XII)Magnetic flux Magnetic induction (or Magnetic flux density or Magnetic field) Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic permeability Relative permeability (hi) Curie’s Law Conversion of a Galvanometer into Ammeter 1 ke Hg 8 Conversion of a Galvanometer into voltmeter Ig oR @ 6 Bas Weber or Tm? Ba B, + Hy T Get (or NA®) M, =(1+7%,,) = =, C— curie constant rT > shunt resistance G > Galvanometer resistance Unit I-IV. 87UNIT-III & UNIT-IV MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM & E.M.I. AND ALTERNATING CURRENT VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark) 1. Must every magnetic field configuration have a north pole and a south pole? What about the field due to a toroid? Ans, No, pole exists only when the souree has some net magnetic moment, There is no pole in toroid. Magnetic field due to a toroid B = ty ml 2. How are the figure of merit and current sensitivity of galvanometer related with each other ? Ans. Reciprocal. show graphically the variation of magnetic field due to a straight conductor of uniform cross-section or radius ‘a’ and carrying steady currently as a function of distance r (a > r) from the axis of the conductor. Ans. 4. The force per unit length between two parallel long current canying conductor is F. If the current in each conductor is tripled, what would be the value of the force per unit length between them? [ @® Physies Class- XI)= 9 times 5. How does the angle of dip vary from equator to poles? Ans. 0° to 90° 6. What is the effect on the current measuring range of a galvanometer when it is shunted? Ans. Increased. 7. An electric current flows in a horizontal wire from East to West. What will be the direction of magnetic field due to current at a point (i) North of wire; (ii) above the wire. Ans, w (i) Going into the plane of the paper. (ii) Going out of the plane of paper. 8. Suggest a method to shield a certain region of space from magnetic fields Ans, By using a ferromagnetic case. Put an iron ring in the magnetic field inside the ring field will be zero. 9. Why the core of a moving coil galvanometer is made of soft iron? Ans, To increase magnetic flux linked and sensitivity. 10. Where on the earth’s surface is the vertical component of earth’s magnetic field zero? Ans. At equator. 11, If the current is increased by 1% in a moving coil galvanometer. What will be percentage increase in deflection? Ans. 1%. 12, Write S.1. unit of (j) Pole strength and (ii) Magnetic dipole moment, Ans. (i) Am (ii) Am 13, If the magnetic field is parallel to the positive y-axis and the charged particle is moving along the positive x-axis, which way would the Lorentz force be for (a) an electron (negative charge), (b) a proton (positive charge) ? Unit -1V os ]Ans. 14. Ans. Ans. 16. Ans. 17. Ans. 18. Ans. When velocity (') of positively charged Particle is along x-axis and the magnetic field (B) is along y-axis, so x B is along the z-axis (Fleming’s left hand rule) Therefore, (2) for electron Lorentz, force will be along -2 axis; (b) for a positive charge (proton) the force is along +z axis. If a toroid uses Bismuth at its core, will the field in the core be lesser or greater than when it is empty? Bismuth is diamagnetic, hence, the overall magnetic field will be slightly less An electron beam projected along ~ x-axis, experiences a force due toa magnetic field along the + y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic field? + Z-axis What do you understand by figure of merit ? Figure of merit is defined as the current required per division of deflection derivation I K= 9, Sl unit A/div in observation for half deflection method A R+G 1f_E ] OLRIG It enables us to find current required for full scale deflection, What is the direction of magnetic dipole moment ? StoN. What is the angle of dip at a place where vertical and horizontal i, = KO, i, = component of earth’s field are equal ? 45° [ ® Physies Class- XI)19, Does a charge Particle gain K.E. when passed through magnetic field region? Justity. ‘Ans. No, as the magnetic force acting on the charge particle is always perpendicular to the velocity, hence PFS = Fy c05 90° = 0 a J there is no gain in KE of particle 20, Sketch the magnetic field lines for a current carrying circular loop. Ans. 21. Why core of a transformer is laminated ? Ans. To reduce loss due to eddy currents, 22, What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 seen from the top when current I in the wire is increasing steadily ? Ans. 23. In which of the following cases will the mutual inductance be (i) minimum (ii) maximum? g © © Unity © j Ans. (i) b Gi) ¢24, Ina series L-C-R circuit, voltages across inductor, capacitor, and resistor are V,, Vc and Vz respectively. What is the phase difference between (® V,, and Vp Gi) V; and V,? Ans. (i) $ (i) x 25, Why can’t transformer be used to step up or step down de voltage? ‘Ans, In steady current no induction phenomenon will take place 26. In an a.c. circuit, instantaneous voltage and current are V = 200 sin 300 1 volt and i = 8 cos 300r ampere respectively. What is the average power dissipated in the circuit? ‘Ans. As the phase difference between current and voltage is $ 27. Sketch a graph that shows change in reactance with frequency of a series LCR circuit. es) (w) Ans. XX, vy, > resonant frequency 28. A coil A is connected to an A.C. ammeter and another coil B to A source of alternaing e.m.f. How will the reading of ammeter change if a copper plate is introduced between the coils as shown. a) S i) Ans, Reading of ammeter will decrease due to eddy currents, [ CS) Physies Class- XI)29, In a circuit instantaneously voltage and current are V = 150 sin 314¢ volt and i = 12 cos 314t ampere respectively. Is the nature of circuit is capacitive or inductive ? ‘Ans, i = 12 sin (14-4) - sare x 2 ive, Current is ahead the voltage by a phase difference of 5. Hence circuit is a capacitive circuit. 30. In a series L~C-R circuit V, = V¢ # Vg. What is the value of power factor? Ans. At Resonance cos 6 = 1 31. In an inductor L, current passed I, and energy stored in it is U. If the current is now reduced to Iy/2, what will be the new energy stored in the inductor? Ans. U, % P => U" 32. A square loop a, 6, ¢, d of a conducting wire has been changed into a rectangular loop a’, B’, c’, d’ as shown in figure. What is the direction of induced current in the loop? @ ¢ Ans. Clockwise 33. Twelve wires of equal lengths are connected in the form of a skeleton of a cube, which is moving with a velocity V in the direction of magnetic field jj. Find the emf in each arm of the cube. Unity 8 jVe Ans. emf in each branch will be zero since V & B are parallel for all arms. FE q|VxB 0 34, Current versus frequency (I - v) graphs for two different series L-C-R circuits have been shown in adjoining diagram, R, and R, are resistances of the two circuits, Which one is greater-R, or R,? PLN. Ans. R, > R, as I is smaller in larger resistance. Why do we prefer carbon brushes than copper in an a.c. generator? . Corrosion free and small expansion on heating maintains proper contact. 36. What are the values of capacitive and inductive reactance in a de circuit? 1 1 Ans. Xo_ 2 for dev = 0 Xg= >= X,=0 & X,=@L=2wL=0 Give the direction of the induced current in a coil mounted on an insulating stand when a bar magnet is quickly moved along the axis of the coil from one side to the other as shown in figure. [ @) Physies Class- XI)Ans. If observer is situated at the side from which bar magnet enters the loop. The direction of current is clockwise when magnet moves towards the loop and direction of current is anticlockwise when magnet moves away from the loop. 38. In figure, the arm PQ is moved from x = 0 to x = 2b with constant speed V. Consider the magnet field as shown in figure. Write (i) direction of induced current in rod (ii) polarity induced across rod. x=0 x= 2b 39. A wire moves with some speed perpendicular to a magnetic field. Why is emf induced across the rod? Ans, Lorentz force acting on the free charge carrier of conducting wire hence polarity developed across it, 40. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described in the figure below. Ans, Plate a will be positive with respect to *b’, When the observer is looking from the side of moving bar magnet. 41. A circular coil rotates about its vertical diameter in a uniform horizontal magnetic field, What is the average emf induced in the coil? Unity om ] Ans. Zero 42. Define RMS Value of Current,‘Ans. RMS value of ac is defined as that value of direct current which produces the same heating effect in a given resistor as is produced by the given alternating current when passed for the same time, 1 Ine = fg = 0-707 Ly 43. In given figure three curves a, b and c shows variation of resistance, (R) capacitive reactance (x,) and inductive (x,) reactance with frequency. Identify the respective curves for these. XIR (Q) Frequency in Hz 44. A long straight wire with current i passes (without touching) three square wire loops with edge lengths 2L, 1.5L and L. The loops are widely spaced (so as do not affect one another). Loops 1 and 3 are symmetric about the long wire, Rank the loops according to the size of the current induced in them if current / is (a) constant and (b) increasing, -,- 72 3 1 ‘Ans, (2) No induced current (b) Current will be induced only in loop 2. In an L-C circuit, current is oscillating with frequency 4 10° Hz. What is the frequency with which magnetic energy is oscillating? Ans. v,, = 20 = 8 x 106 Hz. 46. A’current carrying wire (straight) passes inside a triangular coil as shown in figure. The current in the wire is perpendicular to paper inwards. Find the direction of induced current in the loop if current in the wire is increasing with time. 45 [ ® Physies Class- XI)‘Ans. Magnetic field line are tangential to the triangular plane 0 = 90° so 47. Wire carrying a study current and rod AB are in the same plane the rod move parallel to wire with velocity v then which end of the rod is at higher potential. Sv B Ans. End A will be at higher potential 48. The current i in an induction coil varies with time ¢ according to the graph Ans. 49, Can a capacitor of suitable capacitance replace an inductor in an AC circuit? Ans, Yes, because average power consumed in both is least while controlling, an AC. Unit -1V @ J50. In the given figure, A a cylinderical bar magnet is rotated about its axis. A wire is connected from the axis and is made to touch the cylinderical surface through a contact, Then, current in the Ammeter is... Ans, When cylinderical bar magnet is rotated about its axis, no change in magnetic flux linked with the circuit take place hence no em.f. is induced hence no current flows through the ammeter (A) SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS (2 MARKS) 1, Write the four measures that can be taken to increase the sensitivity of galvanometer. 2. A galvanometer of resistance 1200 gives full scale deflection for a current of SmA. How can it be converted into an ammeter of range 0 to SA? Also determine the net resistance of the ammeter. 3. A current loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field in the following orientations (1) and (2). Calculate the magnetic moment in each case. wi 4, A current of 10A flows through a semicircular wire of radius 2 cm as shown in figure (a). What is direction and magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of semicircle? Would your answer change if the wire were bent as shown in figure (b) ? i \2em (a) () [ ® Physies Class- XI)5. A proton and an alpha particle of the same enter, in turn, a region of uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular to their direction of motion. Deduce the ratio of the radii of the circular paths described by the proton and alpha particle 6. Why does the susceptibility of dimagnetic substance independent of temperature ? Ans, As there is no permanent dipoles in dimagnetic substance, so, there is no meaning of randomness of dipoles on increasing temp. 7. Mention two properties of soft iron due to which it is preferred for making electromagnet. Ans. Low retentivity, low coercivity 8. A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment M is kept in a magnetic field B. What is the minimum and maximum potential energy? Also give the most stable position and most unstable position of magnetic dipole. 9. What will be (i) Pole strength, (ji) Magnetic moment of each of new piece of bar magnet if the magnet is cut into two equal pieces : (a) normal to its length? (b) along its length? 10. A steady current I flows along an infinitely long straight wire with circular cross-section of radius R. What will be the magnetic field outside and inside the wire at a point r distance far from the axis of wire? 11. A circular coil of n tums and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make another square coil of side ‘a’ keeping number of tus and current same, Calculate the ratio of magnetic moment of the new coil and the original coil. 12. A coil of N tums and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and rewound to make another coil of radius R/2, current remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moment of the new coil and original coil 13. At a place horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is B and angle of dip at the place is 60°. What is the value of horizontal component of the earths magnetic field. (i) at Equator; (ii) at a place where dip angle is 30° 14. A galvanometer coil has a resistance G. 1% of the total current goes through the coil and rest through the shunt, What is the resistance of the shunt in terms of G? Unit -1V ® J15. Prove that magnetic moment of a hydrogen atom in its ground state is ehl4nm. Symbols have their usual meaning. 16, Each of conductors shown in figure carries 2A of current into or out of page. Two paths are indicated for the line integral f B.dl, What is the value of the integral for the path (a) and (b). AN © © 17. What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9 x 10°! kg and charge 1.6 x 10! C) moving at a speed of 3 x 107 m/s in a magnetic field of 6 x 10+ T perpendicular to it? What is its frequency? Calculate its energy in keV. (1 eV = 1.6 x 10" J). Ans. Radius, r = mvi(qB) = 9.1 x 105! kg x 3x 107 ms“(1.6 x 10°! C x 6 x 10 T) = 20 em v= vi(2nr) = 1.7 «107 Hz E = (1/2)mv? = (1/2) 9 * 10°" kg x 9 x 10! miss? = 40.5 x 17 I= 4 x 10 T= 2.5 ke. 18, Why is it necessary for voltmeter to have a higher resistance? Ans. Since voltmeter is to be connected across two points in parallel, if it has low resistance, a part of current will pass through it which will decrease actual potential difference to be measured 19. Can d.c. ammeter use for measurement of alternating current? Ans. No, it is based on the principle of torque. When ac is passing through it (of freq. 50 Hz). It will not respond to frequent change in direction due to inertia hence would show zero deflection. 20, Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write the expression for the magnetic moment when an electron revolves at a speed ‘v’, around an orbit of radius ‘y” in hydrogen atom. Ans. The product of the current in the loop to the area of the loop is the magnetic dipole moment of a current loop, The magnetic moment of electron i=-£ (7x0) , [ ®) Physies Class- XI)21. An ac source of rms voltage V is put across a series combination of an inductor L, capacitor C and a resistor R. If V,, Vo and Vp are the rms voltage across L, C and R respectively then why is V # V, + Ve + V,? Write correct relation among V,, V; and Vp ‘Ans. Hint V,, Ve and Vp are not in the same phase Vit Vet Ve>¥ 22, A bar magnet is falling with some acceleration ‘a’ along the vertical axis of a coil as shown in fig. What will be the acceleration of the magnet (whether a > g or a < g or a = g) if (a) coil ends are not connected to each other? (b) coil ends are connected to each other? s 5 ay 23. The series L-C-R circuit shown in fig. is in resonance state. What is the voltage across the inductor? Lo Ans. (Hint V, = 1X, where I= 7] 24, The division marked on the scale of an a.c, ammeter are not equally spaced. Why? 25. Circuit shown here uses an air filled parallel plate capacitor, A mica sheet is now introduced between the plates of capacitor. Explain with reason the effect on brightness of the bulb B. fon ws) Unity @® ]26. In the figure shown, coils P and Q are identical and moving apart with same velocity V. Induced currents in the coils are I, and I,. Find 1/1, Lev 27. An electron moving through magnetic field does not experience mgnetic force, under what conditions is this possible ? ‘Ans, when electron moving parallel to magnetic field. 28. A 1.5 nF capacitor is charged to 57V. The charging battery is then disconnected, and a 12 mH coil is connected in series with the capacitor so that LC Oscillations occur. What is the maximum current in the coil? Assume that the circuit has no resistance. 29, The self inductance of the motor of an electric fan is 10H. What should be the capacitance of the capacitor to which it should be connected in order to impart maximum power at 50Hz? 30. A galvanometer needs S0mV for full scale deflection of 50 Divisions. Find it voltage sensitivity. What must be its resistance if its current sensitivity is 1 Div/A. SoDiv Ans. V,= = =10 diviv I, -> Current sensitivity *~ V~ 50mv . I, 5, R,=\ = 1050 Vg > Voltage sensitivity 31. How does an inductor behave in an AC circuit at very high frequency? Justify. 32, An electric bulb is connected in series with an inductor and an AC source, When switch is closed. After sometime an iron rod into the interior of inductor. How will the brightness of bulb be affected? Justify your answer. [ @) Physies Class- XI) sertedAns. Decreases, due to increase in inductive reactance. 33. Show that in the free oscillation of an LC circuit, the sum of energies stored in the capacitor and the inductor is constant with time. 1 lg ‘Ans, Hint : U= SLIP + 5 2 Qe 34, Show that the potential difference across the LC combination is zero at the resonating frequency in series LCR circuit Ans, Hint : Pd. across L is = IX; PD. across C is = IX, > V = 1X, 1X, at resonance X, = Xp > V=0. 35, When a large amount of current is passing through solenoid, it contract, explain why ? Ans, Current in two consecutive turns being in same direction make them to form unlike poles together hence, they attract cach other. 36. for circuits used for transmitting electric power, a low power factor implies large power loss in transmission. Explain. Ans. VI Cos 6 P VCos If cos @ is low I will be high => Large power loss 37. An applied voltage signal consists of a superposition of DC Voltage and an AC Voltage of high frequency. The circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor in series. Show that the DC signal will appear across C where as AC signal will appear across L. 38. A bar magnet M is dropped so that is falls vertically through the coil Ans. C. The graph obtained for voltage produced across the coil Vs time is shown in figure. x ‘pd. (mV) (nV) toe time Unity ® ](i) Explain the shape of the graph. (ii) Why is the negative peak longer than the positive peak ? Ans. (i) When the bar magnet moves towards the coil magnetic flux passing, through the coil increases as velocity of magnet increases in downward direction, em.f. induced also increases, due to formation of similar pole repulsive force decreases the rate of inerease of flux. (i) once the magnet has passed through the coil, flux decreases in do downward direction but ral increases as self induced e.m.f. in the d coil maintains its flux in the same direction. Thus due to the addition of self induced e.m.f. in same direction according to Lenz’s law. 39, What is the significance of Q-factor in a series LCR resonant circuit ? 40. How does mutual inductance of a pair of coils kept coaxially at a distance in air change when Ans. (i) the distance between the coils is increased? (ii) an iron rod is kept between them? 41, Two circular conductors are perpendicular to each other as shown in figure. If the current is changed in conductor B, will a current be induced in the conductor A? Ans. B 42. What is a radial magnetic field? Why is it required in a galvanometer ? Ans. Using concave shaped pole of magnet and placing soft iron cylinderical core, A magnetic field, having field lines along radii is called as radial magnetic field. To make Torque independent of “0° (constant) radial magnetic field is required t = NIAB sin 0 for radial Magnetic Field 6 = 90° = NIAB. (independent of 0) [ @) Physies Class- XI)43. The hysterisis loop of material depends not only on the nature of material but also on the history of its magnetization cycles. Suggest a use of this property of material. Ans. The value of magnetization is record/memory of its cycles of magnetisation. If information bits can be made correspond to these cycles, the system displaying such hysterisis loop can act as a device for storing information's A wire in the form of a tightly wound Solenoid is connected to a DC source, and carries a current. If the coil is stretched so that there are 44. gaps between successive elements of the spiral coil, will the current increase or decrease ? Explain ? Ans, When the coil is stretched so that there are gaps between successive elements of the spiral coil ie. the wires are pulled apart which lead to the flux leak through the gaps. According to Lenz’s law, the em. produced must oppose this decrease, which can be done by an increase in current. So, the current will increase. 45. Show that the induced charge does not depend upon rate of change of flux. N y= 0 46. Consider a magnet surrounded by a wire with an on/off switch S (figure). If the switch is thrown from the ‘off position (open circuit) to the ‘on’ position (Closed circuit) will a current flow in the circuit ? Explain. Bar Mognet s Circuit open Cireuit closed Ans, § = BA cos 0 so flux linked will change only when either B or A or the angle between B and A change. Unit -1V ® ]