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11-Plotting Points

The document discusses plotting points on a coordinate plane, with the x-axis and y-axis intersecting at the origin (0,0). It provides examples of plotting various points like (3,4), (-3,2), etc. It also discusses relations, functions, and evaluating composite functions. Functions are defined as relations where each input is mapped to exactly one output. Examples are given of determining the range, domain, and evaluating different functions at various values. Composite functions composed of multiple functions are also discussed.

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4K views

11-Plotting Points

The document discusses plotting points on a coordinate plane, with the x-axis and y-axis intersecting at the origin (0,0). It provides examples of plotting various points like (3,4), (-3,2), etc. It also discusses relations, functions, and evaluating composite functions. Functions are defined as relations where each input is mapped to exactly one output. Examples are given of determining the range, domain, and evaluating different functions at various values. Composite functions composed of multiple functions are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Track Star
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Plotting points

Mathematics D.Hines

The horizontal line is the x-axis, and the vertical line, the y-axis. The point where the two lines meet is
called the origin, O.

On the x-axis; x values to the right are positive, and to the


left of the origin is negative.

On the x-axis; y values above the origin are positive, and


values below the origin are negative.

Note: the x-coordinate is always written before the y-coordinate. (x,y). Plot means to locate the points.

Exercise 1

Plot the points P (3,4), Q (-3,2), R (-2,-4) and S (4,-3)

Also plot the points: A (1,0), B (4,0) and C (-3,0).

The point O has coordinate (0,0). O is called the origin of coordinates because all measurements start
from O.

Exercise 2

Suppose we are told that the equation 4x + 3y = 12 represents a straight line.

Find the coordinates of the points where this line cuts the x-axis and the y-axis.

Relations

A relation shows how two quantities are connected; and this maybe physical or mathematical. One way
to express the relations is by use of ‘ordered pairs’. Here we group the quantities which are related.

Consider the ordered pairs: (Kingston, Jamaica) (Bridgetown, Barbados) , the relation ‘is the capital of’

→Kingston is the capital of Jamaica.

Example: if y = 2x and x takes values of 1,2,3.

Find the values of y and place them in ordered pairs (x,y).

Arrow diagram

Each element of the domain is mapped onto exactly one element of the range.

1
If a mapping is a One → One or a Many → One, it is called Function. So One → Many and Many → Many
mapping are not functions.

Now we can tell function from

(i) Ordered pairs – No repetition of domain

State whether the following are functions or not

a. P are {a,b,c,d}

b. Q are {a,b,c,d}

c. R are {a,a,c,d}

d. S are {a,a,b,b,c}

(ii) Graphs; no two points are vertically above another.

Functions
A function is a relation in which each member of the domain (this is the set of x values) is mapped to only one
member of the range (this is the set of y values), that is, a one to one mapping. A function is also defined in
terms of a many to one mapping; this is where more than one x values in a domain are mapped to only one y
value in a range.

The function notation

A function is usually represented in one of two ways:

(i) F:x → x2 which is read, f is such that x is mapped onto x2

(ii) f(x) = x2, which is read, f of x is x2

This tells us that the domain will be the values of x can take and the range the values which f(x) or x 2 can
take.

Given domain {1,2,3,4}, the range is {12, 22, 32, 42} or {1,4,9,16}

The ordered pairs will be (1,1) , (2,4) , (3,9), (4,16). This function can be illustrated on an arrow diagram;
represent this information as one to one mapping.

Also when x = 1, the value of f(x) = 12, this can be written as f(1). Here in the function for f(x), we replace
x with 1.

Similarly when x = 2, f(2) = 22 = 4, f(3) = 32 = 9, f(4) = 42 = 16.

2
Exercise 3

If f(x) = 3x + 2 and domain of x is {-1, 0, 1, 2, 3}

a. State the range of f(x) that is we need to find the values of f (x) corresponding to the values of x.

b. Place the values in the table below

X -1 0 1 2 3

F(x)

We can also be told f(x) = 3x + 2 for -1≤x≤3 find the range of f(x)

-1 ≤ x ≤ 3 tells us x can take all values from -1 to 3, which is -1, 0, 1, 2 and 3

So we can say that f(x) will take all values from -1 to 11, this can be written as -1 ≤ f(x) ≤ 11.

Exercise 4

a. If f(x) = x2 – 4x +5 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 5. State the range of f(x)

b. Place the values in the table below

F(x)

Exercise 5

If f(x) = 5x -2, find the values of (i) f(2) (ii) f(-3) (iii) f(0)

Exercise 6

If f(x) = 6x – 1 find the values of (i) f(3) and (ii) f(-5)


2x - 3
Exercise 7

If f(x) = 2x -5, find the value of x if (i) f(x) = 4 and (ii) fx) = 12

Undefined Functions

Exercise 8

If f(x) = 5x – 2, find (i) f(2) (ii) f(3)


X–3
For f(3) it can be seen that we cannot divide anything by 0.
When x = 3, the value of f(x) cannot be found and f(x) is said to be undefined when x = 3.

Note: if we are given a function, the function will be undefined when the denominator is zero.

Exercise 9
If g(x) = 5x + 2
2x + 7
For what value of x is g(x) undefined?

Composite functions

A composite function is a product of two or more functions, if f and g are functions, then fg, gf, ff and so
on are composite functions.

3
Exercise 10

If f(x) = 3x + 2, g(x) = 4x +1, evaluate the composite function (i) fg(x) and (ii) gf(x)

Also find (iii) ff(x) (iv) gg(x)

Exercise 11

If g(x) = 3x – 2 and h(x) = 4x +1 evaluate (i) g(-2) (ii) h (3) (iii) gh(x) (iv) gh(3) (v) hg(-2)
2x + 1

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