BUILDING ELECTRIFICATION UNIT 1

Indian Electricity Rules (1956)

Rule 28: Voltage level definitions
The difference of electric potential measured in volts between any two conductors or between any part of
either conductor and the earth as measured by a suitable voltmeter and said to be:
1. 'Low' where the voltage does not exceed 250 Volts under normal conditions.
2. 'Medium' where the voltage does not exceed 650 volts under normal conditions.
3. 'High' where the voltage does not exceed 22000 volts under normal conditions.
4. 'Extra High' When the voltage exceeds 22 kV.
Rule 30: Service lines & apparatus on consumer premises
Service lines and apparatus on consumer’s premises —
1. The supplier shall ensure that all electric supply lines, wires, fittings and apparatus belonging to him
or under his control, which are on a consumer’s premises, are in a safe condition and in all respects
fit for supplying energy and the supplier shall take due precautions to avoid danger arising on such
premises from such supply lines, wires, fittings and apparatus.
2. Service-lines placed by the supplier on the premises of a consumer which are underground or which
are accessible shall be so insulated and protected by the supplier as to be secured under all ordinary
conditions against electrical, mechanical, chemical or other injury to the insulation.
3. The consumer shall, as far as circumstances permit, take precautions for the safe custody of the
equipment on his premises belonging to the supplier.
4. The consumer shall also ensure that the installation under his control is maintained in a safe
condition.

Rule 31: Cut-out on consumer’s premises

Cut-out on consumer’s premises —
1. The supplier shall provide a suitable cut-out in each conductor of every service-line other than an
earthed or earthed neutral conductor or the earthed external conductor of a concentric cable within a
consumer’s premises, in an accessible position. Such cut-out shall be contained within an adequately
enclosed fireproof receptacle. Where more than one consumer is supplied through a common serv-
ice-line, each such consumer shall be provided with an independent cut-out at the point of junction to
the common service.
2. Every electric supply line other than the earth or earthed neutral conductor of any system or the
earthed external conductor of a concentric cable shall be protected by a suitable cut-out by its owner.

Rule 46: Periodical inspection & testing of consumer’s installation

1. (a) Where an installation is already connected to the supply system of the supplier, every such
installation shall be periodically inspected and tested at intervals not exceeding five years either by
the Inspector or any officer appointed to assist the Inspector or by the supplier as may be directed by
the State Government in this behalf or in the case of installations belonging to, or under the control
of the Central Government, and in the case of installation in mines, oilfields and railways by the
Central Government. The periodical inspection and testing of high voltage and extra high voltage
installations belonging to supplier, shall also be carried out at intervals not exceeding five years by
the inspector or any officer appointed to assist the inspector.
(b) Where the supplier is directed by the Central or the State Government as the case may be to
inspect and test the installation he shall report on the condition of the installation to the consumer
concerned in a form approved by the Inspector and shall submit a copy of such report to the
Inspector.
2. (a) The fees for such inspection and test shall be determined by the Central or the State Government,
as the case may be, in the case of each class of consumers and shall be payable by the consumer in
advance.
(b) In the event of the failure of any consumer to pay the fees on or before the date specified in the
fee-notice, supply to the installation of such consumer shall be liable to be disconnected under the
 direction of the Inspector. Such disconnection, however, shall not be made by the supplier without
giving to the consumer seven clear days’ notice in writing of his intention so to do.
3. Notwithstanding the provisions of this rule, the consumer shall at all times be solely responsible for
the maintenance of his installation in such condition as to be free from danger.

Rule 47: Testing of consumer’s installation

Testing of consumer’s installation —
1. Upon receipt of an application for a new or additional supply of energy and before connecting the
supply or reconnecting the same after a period of six months, the supplier shall inspect and test the
applicant's installation. The supplier shall maintain a record of test results obtained at each supply
point to a consumer, in a form to be approved by the Inspector.
2. If as a result of such inspection and test, the supplier is satisfied that the installation is likely to
constitute danger, he shall serve on the applicant a notice in writing requiring him to make such
modifications as are necessary to render the installation safe. The supplier may refuse to connect or
reconnect the supply until the required modifications have been completed and he has been notified
by the applicant.

Rule 54: Declared voltage of supply to consumer

Except with the written consent of the consumer or with the previous sanction of the State Government a
supplier shall not permit the voltage at the point of commencement of supply as defined under rule 58 to
vary from the declared voltage —
1. In the case of low or medium voltage, by more than 6 per cent, or;
2. In the case of high voltage, by more than 6 per cent on the higher side or by more than 9 per cent on
the lower side, or;
3. In the case of extra-high voltage, by more than 10 per cent on the higher side or by more than 12.5
per cent on the lower side.

Rule 55: Declared frequency of supply to consumer

Except with the written consent of the consumer or with the previous sanction of the State Government a
supplier shall not permit the frequency of an alternating current supply to vary from the declared frequency
by more than 3 per cent.

Rule 56: Sealing of meters and cut-outs

1. A supplier may affix one or more seals to any cut-out and to any meter, maximum demand indicator,
or other apparatus placed upon a consumer’s premises in accordance with section 26, and no person
other than the supplier shall break any such seal.
2. The consumer shall use all reasonable means in his power to ensure that no such seal is broken
otherwise than by the supplier.
3. The word ‘supplier’ shall for the purpose of this rule include a State Government when any meter,
maximum demand indicator or other apparatus is placed upon a consumer’s premises by such
Government.

Rule 77: Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor

1. No conductor of an overhead line, including service lines, erected across a street shall at any part
thereof be at a height of less than—
a) for low and medium voltage lines 5.8 metres
b) for high voltage lines 6.1 metres
2. No conductor of an overhead line, including service lines, erected along any street shall at any part
thereof be at a height less than—
a) for low and medium voltage lines 5.5 metres
b) for high voltage lines 5.8 metres
3. No conductor of an overhead line including service lines, erected elsewhere than along or across any
street shall be at a height less than—
a) for low, medium and high voltages lines upto and including 11,000 volts, if bare 4.6 metres
b) for low, medium and high voltage lines upto and including 11,000 volts, if insulated 4.0 metres
 c) for high voltage lines above 11,000 volts 5.2 metres
4. For extra-high voltage lines, the clearance above ground shall not be less than 5.2 metres plus 0.3
metre for every 33,000 volts or part thereof by which the voltage of the line exceeds 33,000 volts:
Provided that the minimum clearance along or across any street shall not be less than 6.1 metres.

Rule 79: Clearances from buildings of low and medium voltage lines and service lines
1. Where a low or medium voltage, overhead line passes above or adjacent to or terminates on any
building, the following minimum clearances from any accessible point, on the basis of maximum
sag, shall be observed: —
a) for any flat roof, open balcony, verandah roof and lean-to-roof —
• when the line passes above the building a vertical clearance of 2.5 metres from the highest point, and
• when the line passes adjacent to the building a horizontal clearance of 1.2 metres from the nearest
point, and
b) for pitched roof—
• when the line passes above the building a vertical clearance of 2.5 metres immediately under the
lines, and
• when the line passes adjacent to the building a horizontal clearance of 1.2 metres.
2. Any conductor so situated as to have a clearance less than that specified in sub-rule (1) shall be
adequately insulated and shall be attached at suitable intervals to a bare earthed bearer wire having a
breaking strength of not less than 350 kg.
3. The horizontal clearance shall be measured when the line is at a maximum deflection from the
vertical due to wind pressure. [Explanation — For the purpose of this rule, expression “building”
shall be deemed to include any structure, whether permanent or temporary.]

Rule 87: Lines crossing or approaching each other

1. Where an overhead line crosses or is in near to any telecommunication line, the owner of the
overhead line shall protect it in a manner laid down in the Code of Practice of the Power and
Telecommunication Co-ordination Committee.
2. When it is decided to erect a telecommunication line which will cross or near to an overhead line, the
person proposing to erect such telecommunication line shall give notice in writing of his intention to
the owner of the overhead line. The owner of the overhead line shall provide the protection with in
twenty-one days of receiving such notice.
3. Where an overhead line crossed or near to an overhead line belonging to another person, the owner
of the line which was last erected shall protect it to guard against the possibility of its coming into
contact with the other overhead line.
4. A person erecting or proposing to erect an overhead line may require the owner of the overhead line
to provide the protection referred to in sub-rule (3) within twenty-one days of the receipt of the
notice.
5. In all cases referred to in the preceding sub-rule, the expenses of making the guarding arrangement
shall be given by person whose line was last erected.
6. Where two lines cross, the crossing shall be made as nearly at right angle.
7. The guarding arrangement shall ordinarily be carried out by the owner of the support and he shall be
responsible for its efficient maintenance.

Rule 88: Guarding

1. This rule describes the guarding in an electrical system.
2. Guarding involves locating or enclosing electric equipment to make sure people do not accidentally
contact live parts.
3. Every guard wire shall be connected with earth at each point at which its electrical continuity is
broken.
 4. Every guard wire shall have an actual breaking strength of no less than 635 kg and if made of iron or
steel shall be galvanized.

Electrical Accessories
Electrical Accessories and their Uses: “The items used in domestic and industrial electrical wiring are
called electrical accessories, e.g., switch, holder, socket, plug-top, ceiling rose, fuse cut-out etc. A switch is
used to make a circuit ON and OFF. A holder is used with a lamp, a ceiling rose is used with a ceiling fan,
tube light or a pendant lamp. A socket is used to provide main supply to a portable appliance, such as, table
fan, table lamp, electric iron, radio, T.V. etc. A fuse cut-out is used to stop an excess flow of current in a
circuit. The common electrical accessories are made of bakelite which is a good insulating material and
which is least affected by moisture and oil etc.

Switches and their Types

A switch is used to make or break the electric circuit. It should so operate that it must make the circuit firm.
At the instant of breaking the switch it should break the current so that there is no formation of arc between
the switch blades and contact terminals. Formation of arc burns or damages the switch contacts. Such an arc
is avoided usually by means of providing a spring to movable blade so as to have a quick action. There are
various types of switches they are –
1. Surface switches or Tumbler switch,
2. Flush switches,
3. Pull switches or Ceiling switches,
4. Grid switches,
5. Rotary switch,
6. Push button switch,
7. Iron-clad water-tight switch,
8. Knife switch.

1. Surface switch or Tumbler Switch: It is a 5-ampere current rating switch which is used in domestic
electrical wiring. It is also known as a surface switch. It can be fitted on a wooden board or a round
block. It is made of bakelite in various shapes and designs. While selecting a switch one should check
the time taken by it in closing or opening a circuit, position of terminals, size of terminals, and space
for connecting wires, insulation and function of contact points.
The surface switches can be classified as –
Single-way or One-way Switch – This switch is provided with a single pole to control one light point
at a time.
Two-way Switch – These are used for wiring circuits which are to be controlled from two points
independently such as stair case wiring.
 2. Flush Switch: These switches are fixed in flush with the wall and do not project out. Such types are
used where high-quality performance and appearance are desired. Now-a-days in every new built house
such types of switches are used. Sometimes these switches are called Piano type switches. All the
above switches are made for 5 A, 250 V and 15 A, 250 V.

3. Pull Switch or Ceiling Switches: The pull switches are fixed on the ceiling and all the alive parts are
out of reach of the operator. The switch has a strong mechanical action and is usually operated with a
single pull on the cord for the on and off position. These switched are used in bath rooms where water
heaters are used, bed rooms and restaurants.

4. Rotary Switches: The rotary switches are much different from that of ordinary tumbler switch. It
consists of an insulated handle to which are fixed the blades. These blades move in steps by the
movement of the handle and make contact with the terminals to which are connected the wires in the
electric circuits. The handle motion is controlled by a cam or a spring as the handle is moved through a
quarter turn, the blade is released and moves over quickly (with the help of spring) to make or break the
circuit.
5. Knife Switch: The knife switch consists of blades hinged at one end and are arranged to go into forked
terminals or jaws at the other end. These are available as single throw switches or double throw
switches. These are used for electroplating work. It may be of a single throw or of a double throw type.
A single-throw switch can ‘ON OFF’ a single line, whereas, a double-throw switch can close one line
in one direction; and it can open the first line and close the second line in the other direction
simultaneously. Knife switches for a single-phase line and for a three-phase line are built separately.
These switches can control a circuit having 30 to 1000 amperes of current.

6. Pendent Switch: Push button pendant switch is use in industrial operations. Push button pendant
stations has various functions including Emergency stop, Rotary selector switch, Key switch, Start,
Start / Alarm buttons, UP, DOWN for Hoist, LEFT & RIGHT for Cross travel FORWARD &
REVERSE for Long travel in single speed and dual speed operations.

7. I.C. Main Switch: An IC main switch has a case of cast iron and that is why it called an iron clad main
switch. Porcelain fuse cut-outs are fitted inside the switch and a handle is fitted outside the switch. A
square shaped Bakelite rod is attached to the handle. U-shaped clips are fitted on the square shaped
Bakelite rod. When the handle is moved upwards then the U-shaped clips make the circuit ON by
joining the contact points when the handle is moved downwards then the switch makes the circuit OFF.
Line wires are usually fitted to the bottom side and the load wires to the top side of the switch. The
main switch is used to control the whole supply for a house of office.
 These are following types:
• I.C.D.P. Iron clad double pole main switch used for single phase supply control and is made for
15 amps, 30 amps, 60 amps, 100 amps, 250 volts.
• I.C.T.P. Iron clad triple pole main switch used for 3-phase supply control and is made for 15
amps, 30 amps, 60 amps, 100 amps, 150 amps, 200 amps and 500 volts 3-phase, 4-wire main
switches are also available. On neutral fourth wire link is used.

Switches

A switch is an electronic device employed to make or break an electric circuit either automatically or
manually. Its working principle is based on the ON/OFF mechanism. Electrical or electronic circuits employ
various types of switches to trigger or control the circuits. The connections of the circuit a switch makes
determine its type. The types of connections a switch can make depend on its essential components like pole
and throw; these also define differences in switch contact.

What are poles and throws?

Poles and throws are two essential components of a switch. The number of circuits a switch can control is
defined as its poles, while the number of positions a switch can adopt is defined as throws.
In a single-throw switch, there is only one pair of contacts, such as close or open. In contrast, double-throw
light switches contain a contact that can connect to two additional contacts. Electric current travels between
the switch’s two terminals when the switch is turned on. Electric current does not flow between the switch’s
two terminals if the switch is off.

Types of Switches

There are four main types of switches — single pole single throw, single pole double throw, double pole
single throw, or double pole double throw.

SPST (Single Pole Single Throw)

This type of switch is a simple ON and OFF switch. It is employed for breaking or connecting the circuit
between two terminals. This switch is used to give a power supply to the owl circuit. Below is the
representation of an SPST switch.
The use of this switch is in the light switch represented in the picture below. It is sometimes also referred to
as a toggle switch. It has an input and an output. This light switch controls one wire, and a single connection
is established by it. As it is an ON and OFF switch, when the switch in the below circuit is closed on set as
ON, electric current flows between the two terminals, and there is blinking in the bulb in the circuit. On the
other hand, when the switch is open or OFF, there is no current flow between the two terminals.

SPDT or Single Pole Double Throw Switch

These types of light switches have three terminals. Of these three terminals, one of the terminals is
employed as an input, while the remaining two are employed as output terminals. One out of the two
terminals is joined to a common terminal. Apart from the other terminals, only the COM terminal is used in
the SPDT types of light switch. For instance, COM and A or B and COM can be used.

These types of switches are mainly used in a three-way circuit to turn a light bulb ON or OFF from two
different locations, like from the bottom or top of a staircase. When switch A is closed in the circuit below,
electric current flows between the terminals. However, only light A glows while light B is OFF. If switch B
is closed, electric current will flow via the terminals, and only light B will light up while light A will be
OFF. Both the circuits here will be controlled by a single source or way.
DPST (Double Pole, Single Throw)

This switch comprises two poles, meaning two identical switches are included in it that lie side by side. A
single toggle operates this switch, meaning that the regulation of two discrete circuits is carried out at the
same time via a single push.

The application of this switch is in turning two circuits ON/OFF. It comprises four terminals— two inputs
and two outputs. The main function of this switch is in regulating 240V appliances, which requires both
supply voltages to be ON, while an unbiased wire can stay connected at all times. If this switch is turned
ON, current flows through the two circuits. If it is turned OFF, no current flows in the circuits.
This type of switches is used to turn on and off two circuits. Its four terminals are home to two inputs and
two outputs. The major function of this switch is to regulate 240V appliances, therefore both supply voltages
must be activated while allowing an unbiased wire to be connected continuously. If this switch is switched
ON, the two circuits are linked. If it is turned OFF, there is no current flowing through the circuits.

DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw)

This type of switches equals two SPDT switches combinedly, meaning two separate circuits connect each
circuit’s two inputs to one of two outputs. The position of the switch regulates the number of ways, and each
contact can be routed from the two contacts.

If this switch is in ON-OFF-ON or ON-ON mode, it functions as two discrete SPDT switches managed by a
similar actuator. Only two loads can be ON at one time. These types of electrical switches can be employed
in any application that requires a closed and open wiring system.
Modelling the railroad is the best example of this type of switch. In this model, small scaled trains and
railways, bridges and cars are used. The system can be switched at all times because of the close permit,
while extra pieces can be triggered through the relay or switched ON because of the open permit. Imagine if
in a circuit A, B, and C are connections from the switch’s one pole while D, E, and F are connections from
another pole, the connections E and B are mutual in all the poles.
If there is an entry of +Vs at connection B and the switch is attached to the top, connection A then becomes
positively charged, and the motor rotates in a single direction. If we set the switch to the lowest position,
there is an inversion of the power supply, and the connection D becomes positively charged. The motor
rotates in the opposite direction. The power supply in the middle position is not connected to the motor and
does not cause its rotation. These types of electrical switches are mostly employed in motor controllers
where we need to invert the speed of that motor.

Toggle Switch

A toggle switch can be handled manually with the help of a mechanical lever, handle, or rocking
mechanism. Their application is mainly as light control switches. Most of them are available in two or more
lever positions in SPST, SPDT, DPDT, and DPST versions. They can be used for switching small as well as
high currents and are available in a diverse range of sizes, ratings, and ratings which can be chosen based on
the application. Any level of their position can represent ON, but the download position is usually the ON
position.

Characteristics of a Switch

Before closing the topic, let us have a look at some important characteristics of different types of electrical
switches:

• Pole and throw are the two most important characteristics of a switch. While a pole represents a
contact connection, a pole represents a contact-to-contact connection. A switch is described by the
number of poles and throws it constitutes.
 • Single and Double are some standard numbers of throws and poles. The number is often used
directly if the number of throws or poles is more than two. For instance, a switch with three poles
and six throws is represented as 3P6T.
• The action of a switch is also an important characteristic. It can either be latched or momentary. Push
buttons are momentary switches that are used while making momentary contact. On the other hand,
latched switches keep on maintaining contact until it is forcefully moved to the other direction.

Conclusion

We hope this blog makes you familiar with what a switch is, the different types of light switches, different
types of keyboard switches, types of switches and their applications. You will also have acquired some basic
knowledge about how it works and what its characteristics are. As switches are fundamental to the working
of electronic devices and circuits, having fundamental knowledge related to their types and working
principles is important.

1. What are limited types of keyboard switches?

Limit types of keyboard switches are the types of light switches that work in the presence of certain objects
or moving parts of a machine rather than by human hand operation.
2. What is the function of float switches?
Float switches are commonly used to control AC and DC motor pumps depending on the water or liquid in a
sump or a tank. This switch starts working when the floating object goes downwards or upwards depending
on the water level in a tank; because of this float movement of chain assembly or rod and its counterweight
results in the opening or closing of the electrical contacts. The Mercury bulb switch is another type of float
that does not comprise any float chain or rod arrangement.

3. What are flow switches used for?

Flow switches are types of light switches that are applied mainly to detect the movement of the airflow or
liquid in a duct or a pipe. A snap action performs the construction of the airflow switch. This type of micro
switch is attached to a metal arm to which a thin metallic or plastic piece is attached.
4. What is a Two-way Switch?

The two way (double-pole) switch is used to ON and OFF the light from two different locations and the
switch is mostly used in the case of stairs, in rooms that have two entries. This type of switch is generally
used in some home wiring systems and industrial applications.

Two Way Switch Wiring

The COM, L1, and L2 are the three terminals of the two-way switch. The L1 terminals of both the switches are
connected to phase, and L2 terminals of both the switches connected to one end of the bulb terminal and the
other end of the bulb terminal are connected to neutral of the AC supply. The three-wire two-way switch
wiring diagram is shown in the below figure.

Three Wire Two Way Switch Wiring

The configuration of the three-wire two-way switch wiring is similar to the EX-OR gate in terms of
digital electronics.

S.NO Switch 1 COM Switch 2 COM Light

L1 L1 OFF
1
L1 L2 ON
2
3 L2 L1
ON
4 L2 L2
OFF

The light is OFF when COM terminals of both the switches are connected with L1 or L2 terminals. The light
is ON when the first switch COM terminal is connected with the L1 terminal and the second switch COM
terminal is connected with the L2 terminal. Similarly, the light is ON when the first switch COM terminal is
connected with the L2 terminal and the second switch COM terminal is connected with the L1 terminal. This
is the function of two-way switch wiring.
The two-way switch front and the back view is shown in the below figure.

Alternative Method of Two-Way Switch Wiring

The two-wire control two-way switch mostly will find in some of the industrial settings and old homes. The
first switch COM terminal connected to phase and second switch COM terminal is connected to one end of
the bulb and the other end of the bulb is connected to neutral AC supply. The L1 and L2 terminals of both the
switches are connected together. The two-wire control two-way switch is shown in the below figure.

Two-Wire Control Two Way Switch

This configuration is similar to the EX-NOR gate in digital electronics.
S.NO Switch 1 COM Switch 2 COM Light

L1 L1 ON
1
L1 L2 OFF
2
L2 L1
3 OFF
4 L2 L2
ON

The light is ON when the COM terminal of both the switches is connected with L1 or L2 terminals. The light
is OFF when the first switch COM terminal is connected with the L1 terminal and the second switch COM
terminal is connected with the L2 terminal. Similarly, the light is OFF when the first switch COM terminal is
connected with the L2 terminal and the second switch COM terminal is connected with the L1 terminal.
In the above schematic diagram, the status of the light is off, but the light turns on when the switch is toggled.

Intermediate light switch

The intermediate light switch is used where three or more switches control one light and used in conjunction
with two two-way light switches to achieve this, there are four terminals, usually L1, L1 and L2, L2. In one
position, L1 and L2 are connected in pairs. In the other position, alternate pairs are connected.
 Holders
As the name shows, a lamp holder is used to hold the lamp required for lighting purpose. These
holders can be classified as bayonet cap lamp holder, pendent holder, batten lamp holder, angle
holder, bracket holder, tube light holder, screw type Edison and goliath Edison lamp holder, swivel
lamp holder.

The different types of lamp holders are:

1. Batten Holder
2. Pendant Holder
3. Angle Holder
4. Slanting Holder
5. Bracket Holder
6. Watertight Bracket Holder
7. Miniature Screw Type Lamp Holder
8. Lamp Holder Adopter

01. Batten Holder – The batten type holders are directly fixed to the wall or wooden board, then the lamp
is forced in, slightly turned to left then the lamp will be fixed in holder. This type of holders is
commonly used nowadays in bathrooms, testing board, and in laboratories.
02. Pendant Holder – This type of holder is used for a temporary purpose. This type of holders is hanged
straight to the downwards or vertical to the ground. While fixing the lamp you must hold the holder
because it is not fixed to the wall like a batten holder then insert the lamp in it and sightly turn to the
left to fix it. These types of holders are made of brass as well as bakelite.

03. Angle Holder – These types of holders are most commonly used nowadays. This type of holders will
give light at an angle of 45 degrees. This type of holder is fixed only at sidewalls, not at ceilings. These
types of holders are available in many designs. These types of holders are used in rooms, hall, kitchen,
etc.

04. Slanting Holder – These types of lamp holders are bayonet type, also it may be either of bakelite or
brass. These types of holders are most commonly used for floodlight, the board of advertising, and for
stages. This type of lamp is used only for shades so that the lamp is concentrated on the material display
and does not affect the viewers.
05. Bracket Holder – These types of lamp holders are used to give direct light in the room or any place.
This type of holder cannot be fixed on the ceiling or hanged they are only fixed to the wall. This type
of holder can also be used in table lamps. These types of holders are made up of brass.

06. Watertight Bracket Holders – Such type of holders is used outside the house; they are used in street
lights provided with a glass cover to avoid falling of water.

07. Miniature Screw Type Lamp Holders – These types of holders are used for decoration purposes.
They are fixed to the wall or board just like a screw. They are made up of brass or bakelite. The
specification of such type of holder is 100 watts, 230 volts.
08. Fluorescent Lamp holder and starter holder
The fluorescent holders are either of bi-pin type or of bayonet cap type, but pin type holders are
generally used for ordinary fluorescent tubes.

09. Goliath Edison Screw Lamp holders (Brass)

Such holders are useful for the lamps having wattage beyond 300 W, the maximum range the lamps
with which they can be used is 1,500 W.

10. Medium Edison Screw Lamp holder (Brass)

Such holders are used with the screwed type lamps up to 200 watts, 250 volts. The different types of
such holders are. (a) Cord grip type. (b) Batten type and (c) Screwed Entry Pattern.
 Lamp Holder Adopter
The lamp holder adapters are used to tap temporary power for small appliances from the lamp holder. These
methods are used for bathrooms or any damp places.

Swivel Lamp-holder
The swivel lamp holders are designed for controlled wide angle directional lighting which are used for
lighting of shop windows, show cases etc.

Socket Outlet
The socket outlets have all insulated base with moulded or socket base having 3 terminal sleeves. The two
thin terminal sleeves are meant for making connection to the cable, with the third terminal sleeve, thicker in
cross-section, is used for an earth connection. The cover is again moulded and has corresponding 3 holes.
These are made for 5 amp and 15 amp loads.

Plugs
For taking power from socket outlets, 3-pin plugs are used. The thicker pin is used for an earth connection to
the portable appliances. They are also made for 5 amps and 15 amps load.
Ceiling Roses
These are used to provide a tapping to the - pendant lamp-holders, fan or fluorescent tube According to
Indian slandered
a) A ceiling rose of any other similar attachment shall not be used on a circuit , the voltage of which
normally exceeds 250 volts.
b) Normally only one flexible cord shall be attached to a ceiling rose. Specially designed ceiling roses shall
be used for multiple pendants.
c) A ceiling rose shall not embody fuse terminal as integral part of it.