Chapter 6

Modern Database Management, 13e (Hoffer)
Chapter 6 Advanced SQL
1) The ________ operator is used to combine the output from multiple queries into a single result
table.
A) INTERSECT
B) DIVIDE
C) COLLATE
D) UNION
Answer: D
LO: 6.2: Write single- and multiple-table queries using SQL commands.
Difficulty: Moderate
Classification: Concept
AACSB: Information Technology
2) A ________ is a temporary table used in the FROM clause of an SQL query.

A) correlated subquery
B) derived table
C) view table
D) trigger
Answer: B
3) In order for two queries to be UNION-compatible, they must:

A) both have the same number of lines in their SQL statements.
B) both output compatible data types for each column and return the same number of rows.
C) both return at least one row.
D) both return exactly one row.
Answer: B
4) The UNION clause is used to:

A) combine the output from multiple queries into a single result table.
B) join two tables together to form one table.
C) find all rows that do not match in two tables.
D) find all rows that are in one table, but not the other.
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
1
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Establishing IF-THEN-ELSE logical processing within an SQL statement can be
accomplished by:
A) using the if-then-else construct.
B) using the immediate if statement.
C) using the CASE key word in a statement.
D) using a subquery.
Answer: C
6) All of the following are guidelines for better query design EXCEPT:
A) understand how indexes are used in query processing.
B) use a lot of self-joins.
C) write simple queries.
D) retrieve only the data that you need.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Difficult
7) A join operation:
A) brings together data from two different fields.
B) causes two tables with a common domain to be combined into a single table or view.
C) causes two disparate tables to be combined into a single table or view.
D) is used to combine indexing operations.
Answer: B
LO: 6.3: Define three types of join commands and use SQL to write these commands.
Difficulty: Easy
8) A join in which the joining condition is based on equality between values in the common
columns is called a(n):
A) equi-join.
B) unilateral join.
C) natural join.
D) both A and C.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
2
9) The following code is an example of a(n):
SELECT Customer_T.CustomerID, Order_T.CustomerID,

CustomerName, OrderID
FROM Customer_T, Order_T
WHERE Customer_T.CustomerID = Order_T. CustomerID;
A) equi-join.
B) subquery.
C) Full Outer JOIN.
D) Right Outer JOIN.
Answer: A
Classification: Application
10) The following code would include:
SELECT Customer_T.CustomerID,CustomerName, OrderID

FROM Customer_T RIGHT OUTER JOIN Order_T ON
Customer_T.CustomerID = Order_T.CustomerID;
A) all rows of the Order_T Table regardless of matches with the Customer_T Table.
B) all rows of the Customer_T Table regardless of matches with the Order_T Table.
C) only rows that match both Customer_T and Order_T Tables.
D) only rows that don't match both Customer_T and Order_T Tables.
Answer: A
3
SELECT Customer_T.CustomerID,CustomerName, OrderID

FROM Customer_T LEFT OUTER JOIN Order_T ON
Customer_T.CustomerID = Order_T.CustomerID;
Answer: B

Answer: C
13) A join that is based upon equality between values in two common columns with the same
name and where one duplicate column has been removed is called a(n):
A) equi-join.
B) natural join.
C) multivariate join.
D) inner join.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
4
14) The most commonly used form of join operation is the:
A) outer join.
B) union join.
C) equi-join.
D) natural join.
Answer: D
15) A join in which rows that do not have matching values in common columns are still included
in the result table is called a(n):
A) natural join.
B) equi-join.
C) outer join.
D) union join.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
16) The outer join syntax does not apply easily to a join condition of more than ________ tables.
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
Answer: A
17) In which of the following situations would one have to use an outer join in order to obtain
the desired results?
A) A report is desired that lists all customers who placed an order.
B) A report is desired that lists all customers and the total of their orders.
C) A report is desired that lists all customers and the total of their orders during the most recent
month, and includes customers who did not place an order during the month (their total will be
zero).
D) There is never a situation that requires only an outer join.
Answer: C
5
18) One major advantage of the outer join is that:
A) information is easily accessible.
B) information is not lost.
C) the query is easier to write.
D) information's data type changes.
Answer: B
19) An operation to join a table to itself is called a(n):

A) sufficient-join.
B) inner join.
C) outer join.
D) self-join.
Answer: D
20) A type of join between three tables is called a(n):

A) ternary join.
B) self-join.
C) unnatural join.
D) pinned join.
Answer: A
21) A type of query that is placed within a WHERE or HAVING clause of another query is called
a:
A) master query.
B) subquery.
C) superquery.
D) multi-query.
Answer: B
LO: 6.4: Write noncorrelated and correlated subqueries and know when to write each.
Difficulty: Easy
6
22) SQL provides the ________ technique, which involves placing an inner query within the
WHERE or HAVING clause of an outer query.
A) grouping
B) joining
C) subquery
D) union
Answer: C
23) ________ takes a value of TRUE if a subquery returns an intermediate results table which
contains one or more rows.
A) IN
B) HAVING
C) EXISTS
D) EXTENTS
Answer: C
24) EXISTS will take a value of ________ if the subquery returns an intermediate results table
which contains one or more rows.
A) false
B) 1
C) true
D) undefined
Answer: C
25) In SQL, a(n) ________ subquery is a type of subquery in which processing the inner query
depends on data from the outer query.
A) correlated
B) paired
C) natural
D) inner
Answer: A
7
26) ________ use the result of the inner query to determine the processing of the outer query.
A) Correlated subqueries
B) Outer subqueries
C) Inner subqueries
D) Subqueries
Answer: D
27) The following code is an example of a:
SELECT CustomerName, CustomerAddress, CustomerCity, CustomerState,

CustomerPostalCode
FROM Customer_T
WHERE Customer_T.CustomerID =
(SELECT Order_T.CustomerID
FROM Order_T
WHERE OrderID = 1008);
A) correlated subquery.
B) subquery.
C) join.
D) FULL OUTER JOIN.
Answer: B
28) A materialized view is/are:

A) a virtual table created dynamically on request by a user.
B) an in-line query.
C) copies or replica of data based on queries.
D) always an exact copy of the source table.
Answer: C
LO: 6.5: Write queries to create dynamic and materialized views.
Difficulty: Easy
8
29) When a user creates a virtual table it is called a(n):
A) materialized view.
B) virtual table.
C) inline view.
D) dynamic view.
Answer: D
30) What would the following view contain for values?
Create view CustomerOrders as

Select CustID, Count(*) as TotOrders, Sum(ordertotal) as Value
From customer inner join sale on customer.customer_id = sale.customer_id;
A) A listing of all customers in the customer table

B) A listing of the customer ID as well as the total number of orders and the total amount spent
by the customer
C) A listing of the customer ID as well as the total orders
D) An error message
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
31) A named set of SQL statements that are considered when a data modification occurs are
called:
A) stored procedures.
B) treatments.
C) triggers.
D) trapdoors.
Answer: C
LO: 6.6: Understand common uses of database triggers and stored procedures.
Difficulty: Easy
9
32) All of the following are part of the coding structure for triggers EXCEPT:
A) event.
B) condition.
C) selection.
D) action.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
33) While triggers run automatically, ________ do not and have to be called.
A) trapdoors
B) routines
C) selects
D) updates
Answer: B
34) SQL-invoked routines can be:

A) part of a DDL statement.
B) functions or procedures.
C) part of a DCL statement.
D) contained within a CREATE statement.
Answer: B
Difficulty: Easy
35) All of the following are advantages of SQL-invoked routines EXCEPT:

A) flexibility.
B) efficiency.
C) sharability.
D) security.
Answer: D
Difficulty: Easy
10
36) A procedure is:
A) stored outside the database.
B) given a reserved SQL name.
C) called by name.
D) unable to be modified.
Answer: C
Difficulty: Easy
37) User-defined data types:

A) are not allowed in any DBMS.
B) are only allowed in Oracle.
C) can have defined functions and methods.
D) can be used once in a system.
Answer: C
LO: 6.7: Discuss the SQL:2011 and SQL:2016 standards and explain SQL enhancements and
extensions
38) A new set of analytical functions added in SQL:2008 is referred to as:

A) OLAF functions.
B) MOLAP functions.
C) average functions.
D) OLAP functions.
Answer: D
extensions
39) The MERGE command:

A) allows one to combine the INSERT and UPDATE operations.
B) allows one to combine the INSERT and DELETE operations.
C) joins 2 tables together.
D) is always a single table operation.
Answer: A
extensions
11
40) The ________ DBA view shows information about all users of the database in Oracle.
A) DBA_USERS
B) USERS
C) DBA_VIEWS
D) DBA_INDEXES
Answer: A
Difficulty: Easy
41) If the DBA wishes to describe all tables in the database, which data dictionary view should
be accessed in Oracle?
A) DBA_TAB_PRIVS
B) DBA_TAB_COMMENTS
C) DBA_TABLE_LABEL
D) DBA_TABLES
Answer: D
42) The following statement is an example of:
CREATE TABLE Customer_t (

CustNmbr number(11,0),
CreditLimit number(6,2),
CustStart date,
CustEnd date,
PERIOD for Custperiod(CustStart,CustEnd));
A) a materialized view.
B) an application time period table.
C) a system-versioned table.
D) a dynamic view.
Answer: B
extensions
12
43) The UNION clause is used to combine the output from multiple queries into a single result
table.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
44) IF-THEN-ELSE logical processing cannot be accomplished within an SQL statement.

Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
45) Figuring out what attributes you want in your query before you write the query will help with
query writing.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
46) It is better not to have a result set identified before writing GROUP BY and HAVING clauses
for a query.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
47) Specifying the attribute names in the SELECT statement will make it easier to find errors in
queries and also correct for problems that may occur in the base system.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
48) Combining a table with itself results in a faster query.

Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
13
49) An equi-join is a join in which one of the duplicate columns is eliminated in the result table.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
50) A join in which the joining condition is based on equality between values in the common
column is called an equi-join.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
51) The joining condition of an equi-join is based upon an equality.

Answer: TRUE
52) A natural join is the same as an equi-join, except that it is performed over matching columns
that have been defined with the same name, and one of the duplicate columns is eliminated.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
53) The natural join is very rarely used.

Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
54) An SQL query that implements an outer join will return rows that do not have matching
values in common columns.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
14
55) Using an outer join produces this information: rows that do not have matching values in
common columns are not included in the result table.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
56) One major disadvantage of the outer join is that information is easily lost.
Answer: FALSE
57) There is a special operation in SQL to join a table to itself.

Answer: FALSE
58) The following code is an example of a Subquery.

Answer: FALSE
59) Joining tables or using a subquery may produce the same result.
Answer: TRUE
15
60) The following queries produce the same results.
SELECT DISTINCT Customer_Name, Customer_City

FROM Customer, Salesman
WHERE Customer.Salesman_ID = Salesman.Salesman_ID
and Salesman.Lname = 'SMITH';
SELECT Customer_Name, Customer_City

FROM Customer
WHERE Customer.Salesman_ID =
(SELECT Salesman_ID
FROM Salesman
WHERE Lname = 'SMITH');
Answer: TRUE
61) The following query will execute without errors.
SELECT Customer.Customer_Name, Salesman.Sales_Quota

FROM Customer
WHERE Customer.Salesman_ID =
(SELECT Salesman_ID
WHERE Lname = 'SMITH');
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
62) In order to find out what customers have not placed an order for a particular item, one might
use the NOT qualifier along with the IN qualifier.
Answer: TRUE
63) EXISTS takes a value of false if the subquery returns an intermediate result set.
Answer: FALSE
16
64) When EXISTS or NOT EXISTS is used in a subquery, the select list of the subquery will
usually just select all columns as a placeholder because it doesn't matter which columns are
returned.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
65) A subquery in which processing the inner query depends on data from the outer query is
called a codependent query.
Answer: FALSE
66) The following SQL statement is an example of a correlated subquery.
SELECT First_Name, Last_Name, Total_Sales

FROM Salesman s1
WHERE Total_Sales > all
(SELECT Total_Sales FROM Salesman s2
WHERE s1.Salesman_ID != s2.Salesman_ID);
Answer: TRUE
67) A correlated subquery is executed once for each iteration through the outer loop.
Answer: TRUE
68) Subqueries can only be used in the WHERE clause.

Answer: FALSE
17
69) Correlated subqueries are less efficient than queries that do not use nesting.
Answer: TRUE
70) When a subquery is used in the FROM clause, it is called a denied table.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
71) The following code is an example of a correlated subquery.
SELECT CustomerName, CustomerAddress, CustomerCity, CustomerState,

CustomerPostalCode
FROM Customer_T
WHERE Customer_T.CustomerID =
(SELECT Order_T.CustomerID
FROM Order_T
WHERE OrderID = 1008);
Answer: FALSE
72) A materialized view is not persistent.

Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
73) A base table is the underlying table that is used to create views.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
18
74) A dynamic query is created by the user.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
75) A routine is a named set of SQL statements that are considered when a data modification
occurs.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
76) Constraints are a special case of triggers.

Answer: TRUE
77) Triggers can be used to ensure referential integrity, enforce business rules, create audit trails,
and replicate tables, but cannot call other triggers.
Answer: FALSE
78) Triggers have three parts: the event, the condition, and the action.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
79) A function has only input parameters but can return multiple values.
Answer: FALSE
Difficulty: Easy
19
80) The advantages of SQL-invoked routines are flexibility, efficiency, sharability, and
applicability.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
81) A procedure is run by calling it by its name.

Answer: TRUE
82) A trigger is a named set of SQL statements that are considered when a data modification
occurs.
Answer: TRUE
Difficulty: Easy
83) SQL allows one to calculate linear regressions, moving averages, and correlations without
moving the data outside of the database.
Answer: TRUE
extensions
Difficulty: Easy
84) MULTISET is similar to the table datatype.

Answer: FALSE
extensions
20
85) Establishing IF-THEN-ELSE logical processing within an SQL statement can now be
accomplished by using the CASE keyword in a statement.
Answer: TRUE
extensions
86) User-defined functions can improve system performance because they will be processed as
sets rather than individually, thus reducing system overhead.
Answer: FALSE
extensions
87) What is a derived table? When is it used? Can you describe any situations where you would
have to use it over a subquery in the WHERE clause?
Answer: A derived table can be created by placing a subquery within the FROM clause. The
derived table is simply a temporary table in memory which can be accessed just like a table or
view. Sometimes, these are referred to as inline views. A derived table is useful for situations
where you need to create aggregate values (such as a sum) and then use these in another query. A
derived table would be used instead of a subquery in cases where you need to display results
from multiple tables. If the results need to come from a subselect, this is not possible, so we
would have to use a derived table.
Classification: Synthesis
88) Explain how to combine queries using the UNION clause.

Answer: The UNION clause is used to combine the output of multiple queries into one set of
output. In order for the union to work, each query must return the same number of columns.
Also, each output column must be union compatible, meaning it is of the same type. The CAST
command can be used to convert from one datatype to another if need be. If you wish to order
the output rows, you must specify an ORDER BY clause in the last query.
21
89) What are some tips for developing queries?
Answer: Some suggestions to help the query writing process include: gaining familiarity with
the data model, entity, and attributes that you are querying. It is also very important to think
about the results that you wish to obtain from the query. Related to this, figure out what attributes
you want the query to return. Once this is done, figure out which tables contain the attributes and
include these in the FROM clause. By reviewing the ERD, you can determine which columns in
each table will be used to establish relationships and establish a link in the WHERE clause. Once
everything works fine, then you can look at the use of GROUP BY and HAVING.
90) What strategies can be used to write queries that run more efficiently?
Answer: It makes sense to specify the attribute names rather than just * in the SELECT clause.
If you are writing a query for a wide table, specifying only the attributes that are needed is going
to save a great deal of processing time. Also, changes in the base table post-production could
affect query results. Specifying the attribute names will make it easier to notice and correct for
such errors. Use subqueries sparingly, since these increase processing time. If you have several
separate reports which need data from one table, write one query to retrieve all of the data and
use what you need in each report.
91) Discuss the differences between an equi-join, natural join, and outer join.
Answer: Both a natural join and an equi-join create a join based upon equality between some
common columns. While the equi-join keeps the redundant columns that are used for the match,
the natural join removes duplicates. There are situations where one table may contain
information that is not in the other table. However, it is necessary to display both matching data
as well as records which do not have a match in the second table. This situation is where we
would use an outer join.
22
92) What is a self-join and how is it used?
Answer: A self-join is a join of one table to itself. This is often used for unary relationships
where you have a recursive foreign key. One possible use for this would be to produce a list of
who is supervised by another staff member. Self-joins can be slow, so they should be used with
caution.
93) When is it better to use a subquery over using a join?

Answer: Often, a subquery and join will return the same results. Joining is most useful when
data from several tables needs to be retrieved and there is no nesting. When relationships are
nested, it is best to use a subquery. Also, some queries (such as some not in queries) could not be
done with joins.
94) What is the difference between a trigger and a routine?

Answer: A trigger, once written and compiled, sits silently on the database server waiting for an
event to happen. It is usually tied to one table and some action, such as insert, update, or delete.
Conversely, a routine has to be called even though it resides on the database server. It may access
one, many, or no tables in order to produce the desired results.
95) Discuss some of the SQL:2011 and SQL:2016 enhancements and extensions to SQL.
Answer: Several built-in functions were added in SQL:2011 and SQL:2016. These include
ceiling, floor, SQRT, rank, dense_rank, rollup, cube, sample, and window. Many operations, such
as OLAP operations, can be done within the SQL SELECT statement. There were also three new
data types: BIGINT, MULTISET and XML. In addition, the merge operation was added.
extensions
23

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Modern Database Management, 13e (Hoffer)

Chapter 6 Advanced SQL

2) A ________ is a temporary table used in the FROM clause of an SQL query.

3) In order for two queries to be UNION-compatible, they must:

4) The UNION clause is used to:

SELECT Customer_T.CustomerID, Order_T.CustomerID,

10) The following code would include:

SELECT Customer_T.CustomerID,CustomerName, OrderID

SELECT Customer_T.CustomerID,CustomerName, OrderID

12) The following code would include:

SELECT Customer_T.CustomerID, Order_T.CustomerID,

19) An operation to join a table to itself is called a(n):

20) A type of join between three tables is called a(n):

27) The following code is an example of a:

SELECT CustomerName, CustomerAddress, CustomerCity, CustomerState,

28) A materialized view is/are:

30) What would the following view contain for values?

Create view CustomerOrders as

A) A listing of all customers in the customer table

34) SQL-invoked routines can be:

35) All of the following are advantages of SQL-invoked routines EXCEPT:

37) User-defined data types:

38) A new set of analytical functions added in SQL:2008 is referred to as:

39) The MERGE command:

42) The following statement is an example of:

CREATE TABLE Customer_t (

44) IF-THEN-ELSE logical processing cannot be accomplished within an SQL statement.

48) Combining a table with itself results in a faster query.

51) The joining condition of an equi-join is based upon an equality.

53) The natural join is very rarely used.

57) There is a special operation in SQL to join a table to itself.

58) The following code is an example of a Subquery.

SELECT Customer_T.CustomerID, Order_T.CustomerID,

SELECT DISTINCT Customer_Name, Customer_City

SELECT Customer_Name, Customer_City

61) The following query will execute without errors.

SELECT Customer.Customer_Name, Salesman.Sales_Quota

66) The following SQL statement is an example of a correlated subquery.

SELECT First_Name, Last_Name, Total_Sales

68) Subqueries can only be used in the WHERE clause.

71) The following code is an example of a correlated subquery.

SELECT CustomerName, CustomerAddress, CustomerCity, CustomerState,

72) A materialized view is not persistent.

76) Constraints are a special case of triggers.

81) A procedure is run by calling it by its name.

84) MULTISET is similar to the table datatype.

88) Explain how to combine queries using the UNION clause.

93) When is it better to use a subquery over using a join?

94) What is the difference between a trigger and a routine?

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