ELECTRICAL

CIRCUITS
THE BODE DIAGRAM

CELSO JOSÉ FARIA DE ARAÚJO, Dr.

 Magnitude and Phase Plots of
Network Function
m

N ( s)  (s − z ) i
H ( s) = =K i =1
n
D( s)
 (s − p )
i =1
i

Frequency Response
s → j H ( j ) = H ( j ) e jH ( j )
m n
Magnitude dB
= 20 log H ( j ) = 20 log K +  20 log j − z i −  20 log j − p i
i =1 i =1

Im H ( j ) m
 Im( j − z i )  n  Im( j − pi ) 
Phase = arc tan =  arc tan   −  arc tan  
Re H ( j ) i =1  Re( j − z i  i =1  Re( j − pi 

Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 Bode Diagram
➢2 Plots
➢Magnitude versus frequency
➢Phase versus frequency

Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 Pole-zero Diagram (Example)
s 2 + 16 For 𝜔 = 0 (black point) For 𝜔 ≠ 0 (black point)
H ( s ) = 10 2
s + 2 s + 100 j j
p2
j Im p1 j Im p1
H ( j ) = 20 log 10 + p2 dp1
p1
dz1
(20 log dz1 + 20 log dz2 ) − j z p1 j z
dp1 z1
(20 log dp1 + 20 log dp2 ) dz1 z1
z2

Re p1  Re p1 dz2 

H ( j ) = ( z1 +  z 2 ) −
dz2
dp2 z2 dp2

( p1 +  p2 ) -j z -j z

-j Im p1 -j Im p1

Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 H(s) Factors

✓A constant term, “K”.

✓The factor “s”, representing a root at the origin.
✓The factor “s+”, representing a real root.
✓The factor “s2 + as + b”, representing complex conjugate roots.

Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The Constant Term “K”

Magnitude and phase plots for a constant K

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Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The Factor “s”

Magnitude and phase plots for (a) 1/s (b) s 6

Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The factor “s+”

Magnitude (a) and phase (b) plots for (b) s+

Magnitude (c) and phase (d) plots for (b) 1/(s+) 7

Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The Factor “s+” (example)

4( s + 2)  1   s + 2  4 
H ( s) = = (2)      
( s + 1)(s + 4)  s + 1  2  s + 4  8

Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The Factor “s2 + as + b” (1/4)
1
H (s) = 2
s + as + b
1
H ( j 0 ) = 20 log   H ( j )  → = − 40 log ( )  decreases at − 40dB / dec
b
0
H ( j 0) = − arc tan   = 0 o H ( j )  →
= − 180 o

b
a2 a2
x = b 1− ; for 1
Máx( H ( j x ) ) 2b 2b
a2
 x = 0 ; for 1
2b
a2
if  1 , then  x  b pole frequency =  p = b
2b
 1  a b
H ( j p ) = 20 log   H ( j p ) = − arc tan   = − 90o

a b  0 

 b b
H ( j p ) − H ( j 0 ) = 20 log  
 pole Q = Q p =
 a  a
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Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The factor “s2 + as + b” (2/4)

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Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The factor “s2 + as + b” (3/4)
1
H ( s) =
p
s +
2
s +  p2
Qp

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Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The factor “s2 + as + b” (4/4)
z
H ( s) = s +
2
s + 2
z
Qz

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Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The Biquadratic Function
H ( s) = K
(s + z1 )(s + z 2 ) s 2 + ( z1 + z 2 ) s + z1 z 2
=K 2
(s + p1 )(s + p2 ) s + ( p1 + p 2 ) s + p1 p 2

s 2 + (2 Re z1 ) s + (Re z1 ) 2 + (Im z1 ) 2 z1 = Re z1 + j Im z1  z 2 = Re z1 − j Im z1
H (s) = K 2
s + (2 Re p1 ) s + (Re p1 ) 2 + (Im p1 ) 2 p1 = Re p1 + j Im p1  p 2 = Re p1 − j Im p1
z
s +
2
s +  z2
Qz
H ( s) = K
p
s +
2
s +  p2
Qp

 z2
H ( j 0) = 20 log K 2  H ( j) = 20 log K
p
p (Re p1 ) + (Im p1 )
2 2 z (Re z1 ) 2 + (Im z1 ) 2
Qp = = Qz = =
(B ) p 2 Re p1 (B )z 2 Re z1
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Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The Biquadratic Function (Summarizing)
p
if  z  1 or
p  z  1

✓The maximum occurs approximately at p if Qp>>1. j

Re p1 = p cos 
✓The minimum occurs approximately at z if Qz>>1. j Im p1
Im p1 = p sen 
p j z
Qp = 1/(2 cos )
✓Qp is a measure of the sharpness of the maximum. 

✓Qz is a measure of the sharpness of the minimum. Re p1 

✓The “dc” magnitude is 20 log |K z p2|.

Qz = 
2/ -j z

-j Im p1
✓The infinite frequency magnitude is 20 log|K|.
Very often the zeros are on the j axis in which case Qz= .

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Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.
 The Biquadratic Function (Example)
s 2 + 16
H ( s ) = 10 2
s + 2 s + 100
K = 10   z = 4  Qz =    p = 10  Q p = 5

 16 
H ( j 0) = 20 log 10  = 4.08 dB
 100 
H ( j 4) = 20 log (0) = −  dB
− 100 + 16
H ( j10) = 20 log 10 = 32.46 dB
j 20

H ( j) = 20 log (10) = 20 dB

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Bode Diagram
Electrical Circuits - Celso José Faria de Araújo, Dr.