NOAKHALI SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
Noakhali-3814

Course Name: Wireless and Mobile Communication Lab

Report

Course Code: ICE-4108

Submitted By Submitted To
Arjito Chakma Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
Roll: ASH1911051M Lecturer
Department: Information & Department: Information &
Communication Engineering. Communication Engineering.
NSTU. NSTU.
Session: 2018-19.
 Date of Submission: 23 August, 2023
Experiment name: Simulation of MANET routing protocol (AODV,
DSR, OLSR)

Objectives:
To simulate various MANET routing protocols.
To measure the performance of routing protocols.
To compare the difference between different routing protocols.

Theory
Theory of average throughput of AODV, DSR and OLSR routing protocol:
1 AODV: AODV stands for Ad hoc on-demand distance vector. AODV is a reactive routing
protocol, which means it establishes routes only when they are needed. It works by
broadcasting route request (RREQ) packets to discover paths. Once a route is established, it is
maintained until it's no longer needed or becomes invalid due to link failures.

Average Throughput Characteristics: AODV can have a moderate average throughput in

scenarios with low to moderate node mobility and density. Since it sets up routes on-
demand, it can adapt to changing network conditions. However, the overhead of route
discovery and maintenance can impact throughput, especially in highly dynamic networks
with frequent topology changes.

2.DSR: DSR stands for dynamic source routing. DSR is another reactive routing protocol
that doesn't rely on pre-established routing tables. Instead, it maintains a route cache at each
node and uses source routing, where the complete route is included in the packet header.

Average Throughput Characteristics: DSR can provide reasonable average throughput in small
to medium-sized networks with moderate mobility. The absence of periodic control messages
reduces overhead, but the overhead of including the full route in the packet header can
become significant as the network size and mobility increase, leading to reduced throughput.
3.OLSR: OLSR stands for Optimized Link State routing. OLSR is a proactive routing protocol
that uses a proactive approach to maintain up-to-date routing information. It uses a proactive
approach, which means it constantly updates and maintains routing tables even when there
is no active data transmission.

Average Throughput Characteristics: OLSR can provide relatively stable and efficient average
throughput in static or slowly changing networks. It's well-suited for networks where
maintaining updated routing information is crucial. However, in highly dynamic scenarios,
OLSR's periodic exchange of control messages can lead to increased overhead, potentially
impacting the available throughput.

Remember that the actual average throughput can vary greatly depending on the specific
network scenario, traffic patterns, and configuration parameters of these protocols.
Additionally, advancements in protocol variations and optimizations can influence their
performance characteristics. It's recommended to use network simulation tools to evaluate
the performance of these protocols in your specific context before deployment.

Theory of average end to end delay of AODV, DSR and OLSR routing protocol:

1. AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector):

AODV is a reactive routing protocol, which means it establishes routes only when needed.
The average end-to-end delay in AODV can vary depending on several factors:

Route Discovery: When a route needs to be established, a Route Discovery process occurs,
leading to an initial delay.
Route Maintenance: Routes are maintained as long as they are being used. If a link or node
fails, the protocol needs to discover and establish a new route, which can introduce
additional delays.

Hop Count: AODV tries to find the shortest path in terms of hop count, which may or may not
result in optimal delays, especially in dynamically changing networks.

2. DSR (Dynamic Source Routing):

DSR is a source routing protocol that requires source nodes to determine complete routes
before sending data packets. The average end-to-end delay in DSR is influenced by:

Route Discovery: Similar to AODV, DSR involves a Route Discovery process, which introduces
initial delay when establishing routes.

Caching: DSR nodes can cache route information. If a cached route is available, it reduces the
delay by avoiding the Route Discovery process.

Overhead: Since source nodes need to include the complete route in packet headers, larger
routes can lead to increased packet delay.

3. OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing):

OLSR is a proactive routing protocol that maintains a table of routes at all nodes. The average
end-to-end delay in OLSR depends on:

Periodic Updates: OLSR nodes periodically exchange control messages to maintain route
information. This introduces a constant overhead that can impact delay.

Topology Maintenance: The protocol continuously adapts to changing network topology,

which can lead to delays in route updates due to link changes.
MID (Multipoint Relays): OLSR uses MID nodes to reduce overhead by selecting a subset of
nodes to propagate control messages. The efficiency of MID selection can affect delay.

In all these protocols, the average end-to-end delay is a trade-off between route
establishment time, route maintenance overhead, protocol-specific mechanisms, and
network dynamics. Theoretical analysis often involves mathematical modeling and
simulations to estimate average delay under different conditions. It's important to consider
that actual network scenarios can be highly dynamic and unpredictable, making it challenging
to arrive at precise theoretical values.

Theory of packet delivery ratio of AODV, DSR and OLSR routing

protocol

1. AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector):

AODV is a reactive (on-demand) routing protocol that establishes routes only when needed.
It works by discovering routes from source to destination on demand. When a node wants to
send data to another node and doesn't have a route, it initiates a route discovery process.
This process floods the network with route request (RREQ) packets, and nodes along the way
reply with route reply (RREP) packets, establishing the route.

PDR factors:
Route Discovery Latency: The time taken to discover a route affects PDR. If route discovery
takes too long, packets might be dropped before a route is established.

Route Maintenance: AODV also requires route maintenance, where routes are updated or
repaired when links break. If route maintenance is inefficient, PDR can be affected.

2. DSR (Dynamic Source Routing):

DSR is another reactive protocol that is known for its source routing mechanism. In DSR, the
source node determines the entire route a packet should take to reach the destination and
includes this route information in the packet header.

PDR factors:
Route Discovery: Similar to AODV, route discovery latency is important in DSR. Delay in
discovering routes can lead to lower PDR.

Packet Overhead: Since route information is included in packet headers, larger packets can
consume more bandwidth, potentially leading to packet loss.

3. OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing):

OLSR is a proactive routing protocol that maintains up-to-date routing information for all
nodes in the network. It uses a proactive approach, meaning routes are pre-established and
stored in a routing table.

PDR factors:
Control Message Overhead: OLSR requires periodic exchange of control messages to maintain
routing information. If these messages consume too much bandwidth, it can impact the PDR.

Topology Maintenance: Keeping an updated topology of the network is essential for

proactive protocols. If the topology maintenance is not efficient, it can lead to suboptimal
routes and lower PDR.

In general, the PDR of these routing protocols depends on various factors including network
density, mobility, node distribution, traffic patterns, and protocol-specific mechanisms. AODV
and DSR tend to perform well in scenarios with dynamic topologies and low mobility due to
their reactive nature, while OLSR is better suited for scenarios with relatively stable and
dense networks. However, the performance can vary widely depending on the specific
conditions and parameters of the network environment.
Requirements:
Environment: Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
Software requirements: Network Simulator (NS2.35), NS2 Simulator Generator (NSG2.1), Java
Runtime Environment (JRE), MS Excel or similar software.
AWK scripting language
Procedure:
1. Install Ubuntu on the laptop or computer.
2. Install NS2.35 on the laptop or computer.
3.Install JRE
4.Run NS2 scenarios
5.Creating scenarios for different number of nodes
6. Run the .tcl file
7.Run AWK scripts for average throughput, Packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.
8.Generate histogram to differentiate between various scenarios for average throughput,
packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.

Scenarios for 32 nodes:

AODV
DSR
OLSR

Scenarios for 45 nodes:

AODV
DSR

OLSR
Scenarios of 55 nodes:

AODV:

DSR:
OLSR:

Result Analysis:
Discussion:

1. Average Throughput:

Average throughput refers to the amount of data successfully transmitted from source to
destination over a unit of time. It indicates the efficiency of a routing protocol in terms of
data delivery.

AODV:

Discuss the average throughput achieved by the AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector)
protocol. Mention any strengths or weaknesses it exhibited in terms of sustaining
throughput. If there were any specific scenarios or conditions where AODV excelled or
struggled in maintaining a consistent throughput, highlight those.

DSR:
Analyze the average throughput achieved by the DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol.
Compare it with the results from AODV. Consider discussing the impact of DSR's source
routing mechanism on throughput, such as how it may affect network overhead and
efficiency.

OLSR:

Evaluate the average throughput achieved by the OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing)
protocol. Compare OLSR's performance with that of AODV and DSR. Discuss the benefits of
OLSR's proactive routing approach and its impact on achieving stable throughput.

2. Average End-to-End Delay:

Average end-to-end delay measures the time taken for a data packet to travel from the
source to the destination. Lower delay indicates quicker data delivery and better real-time
performance.

AODV:

Discuss the average end-to-end delay experienced when using AODV. Consider scenarios
where AODV's route discovery and maintenance processes impacted delay. Compare this
delay with that of the other protocols.

DSR:
Analyze the average end-to-end delay observed with the DSR protocol. Discuss how DSR's
reliance on source routing might influence packet delivery times. Highlight situations where
DSR's delay was minimized or exacerbated.

OLSR:

Evaluate the average end-to-end delay associated with the OLSR protocol. Consider how
OLSR's proactive nature might affect end-to-end delay compared to reactive protocols like
AODV and DSR. Discuss any trade-offs between delay and other performance metrics.

3. Average Packet Delivery Ratio:

Average packet delivery ratio is the ratio of successfully delivered packets to the total
number of packets sent. It measures the reliability of a routing protocol in delivering data .

AODV:

Discuss the average packet delivery ratio achieved by AODV. Highlight instances where AODV
exhibited high delivery ratios as well as situations where the ratio was lower. Discuss
potential reasons for packet loss or successful delivery.

DSR:
Analyze the average packet delivery ratio for the DSR protocol. Compare it with AODV and
discuss any differences in reliability. Mention how DSR's cache of routes may impact packet
delivery ratio.

OLSR:

Evaluate the average packet delivery ratio achieved by the OLSR protocol. Highlight OLSR's
proactive approach and how it contributes to packet delivery reliability.