Scribd
Upload
21 views

Chemistry 2 With Notes

This document defines key concepts in chemistry including molecules, compounds, dissociation, and chemical reactions. It describes common inorganic molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as important organic molecules that include carbohydrates (sugars, starches), lipids (fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids), proteins (made of amino acids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA composed of nucleotides). The document also discusses chemical processes such as protein denaturation and the role of ATP as the energy currency of cells.

Uploaded by

GHEIST INC.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views

Chemistry 2 With Notes

This document defines key concepts in chemistry including molecules, compounds, dissociation, and chemical reactions. It describes common inorganic molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as important organic molecules that include carbohydrates (sugars, starches), lipids (fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids), proteins (made of amino acids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA composed of nucleotides). The document also discusses chemical processes such as protein denaturation and the role of ATP as the energy currency of cells.

Uploaded by

GHEIST INC.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Molecules

❑formed when two or more atoms chemically


combine to form a structure that behaves as an
independent unit.
❑Examples
• Hydrogen molecule
Compounds
❑Substance resulting from the chemical combination
of two or more different types of atoms
❑Examples:
•NaCl
•Water
Dissociation
❑occurs when ionic compounds
dissolve in water causing their
ions to dissociate or separate
❑These dissociated ions can be
called __________
Chemical Reactions
- occur when there is a formation or breaking of chemical bonds between
atoms, ions, molecule or compounds

Reactants: substances that enter the reaction

Products: substances that result from the reaction

A+B C+D
Reactants Products
Types of Chemical Reactions
I.______________
•Atoms or molecules combine
A + B → AB
•Energy is absorbed for bond formation
•ADP + P ATP
•Dehydration reaction
•Anabolism
Types of Chemical Reactions
II.________________
•Reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex product
AB → A + B
•Chemical energy is released
•Example :
ATP ADP + P
•Catabolism
•Hydrolysis reaction
Types of Chemical Reactions
III. _____________
▪Combination of synthesis and decomposition reactions
▪Switch is made between molecule parts and different
molecules are made
AB + CD AC + BD
Example:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Reversible reactions
❑Products are converted back to original reactants
❑Equilibrium – when the rate of product formation is equal to the
rate of reactant formation
For example:
CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3−
Rate of Chemical Reactions
▪1.
▪2.
▪3.
▪4.
ACID
❑a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when
dissolved in water
❑Proton donor
HCl H+ + Cl-
BASE
❑A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-)
❑Proton acceptor
pH Scale
• Measure of Hydrogen ion
concentration of a solution
• Scale ranges from 0 to 14
• pH below 7 = acidic
• pH above 7 = basic
• pH 7 = neutral
Normal blood pH level range :__________
If blood drops below 7.35 – acidosis
If blood rises above 7.45 - alkalosis
_______ – formed from the reaction of an acid and a base
Example:
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
(Acid) (Base) (Salt) (Water)
_______ - a chemical that resists changes in pH when either an acid
or a base is added to a solution
▪Inorganic Chemistry – deals with those substances that do
not contain carbon

▪Organic chemistry - deals with carbon containing


substances

▪Exceptions: __________ , ___________


Inorganic Molecules
Oxygen (O2)
▪Small, nonpolar, inorganic molecule consisting of 2 atoms
bound together by double covalent bond

Carbon dioxide (CO2)


▪Consist of one carbon atom bound to 2 oxygen atoms
Water
-inorganic molecule that consists of one atom of oxygen joined by
polar covalent bonds to two atoms of hydrogen
Functions:
1. Stabilizing body temperature
2. Providing protection
3. Facilitating chemical reactions
4. Transporting substances
Organic molecules
4 major group of organic molecules essential to living organisms
❑Carbohydrates
❑Lipids
❑Proteins
❑Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES
❑Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
❑Include sugar and starches
❑Classified according to size:
•Monosaccharides – the building blocks
simple sugars
Examples: glucose (blood sugar) fructose (fruit sugar)

C6H12O6
❑Disaccharide - 2 sugar
Example: glucose + fructose = sucrose
glucose + galactose = lactose

❑ Polysaccharide – many sugar


- consist of many monosaccharides bound in long chains
Example: glycogen, plant starch, cellulose
LIPIDS
•Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
•Contain a lower proportion of oxygen to carbon than do
carbohydrates
•dissolve in nonpolar solvents
Examples: fats, phospholipids, eicosanoids and steroids
Fats
•Building blocks:
• _________ – 3 carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group attached to
each carbon
• _________ – consist of a carbon chain with a carboxyl group

• Triglycerides are the most common form of fat molecule


Triglycerides
______________
• Single covalent bonds between carbon
atoms
• Examples : beef, pork, whole milk, eggs

______________
• One or more double covalent bonds
between carbons
• Examples: olive oil, fish oil, sunflower oil
Monounsaturated fats – one double covalent bond
◦ Example: olive oil, peanut oil

Polyunsaturated fats – two or more double covalent bond


Example : safflower, sunflower, corn, and fish oils

Trans fat – are chemically altered unsaturated fats by addition of H atoms


Phospholipids
▪composed of a polar region containing phosphate and a nonpolar
region consisting of two fatty acid chains
▪important structural components of cell membranes
Eicosanoids
▪group of important chemicals derived from fatty acids and are important
regulatory molecules
▪Example: prostaglandins

Steroids
▪ composed of carbon atoms bound together into four ring like structures.
▪ Example: cholesterol
PROTEINS
▪Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
▪Amino acids - building blocks of protein
▪Amino acids contain
an amine group (-NH2),
a carboxyl group (-COOH) and
a side chain (R group)
▪Functions as enzymes, structural
proteins, muscle contraction (actin and myosin)
Protein Denaturation
❑occurs when the hydrogen bonds that maintain shape of a protein
are broken and the protein becomes nonfunctional
❑Factors that can cause denaturation: high temperatures and/or
change in pH
Nucleic Acids
❑Composed of C, H, O, N, P
❑Nucleotides are the building blocks
❑Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous organic base,
phosphate, and 5-carbon sugar
❑DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
❑Nucleotide bases are A_____, G______, C______,
T_______, U_______
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
❑Are genetic material of cells;
contains genes, which
determine the amino acid
sequence, and thus the
structure of proteins
❑Organized by complimentary
bases to form double helix
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
▪ATP is an especially important organic molecule found in all living organisms.
▪It consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups.

▪ ATP is often called the energy currency of cells because it is capable of both storing and
providing energy

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy