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BRIDGE ENGINEERING
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Prof. Piyali Sengupta
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad

Module 07: Prestressed Concrete Bridges and Composite Bridges

Lecture 20: Prestressed Concrete Bridges
 General Features

 Important Terminology
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 Structural Configurations P T
 Design Example
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 Topic of Discussion

 General Features

 Important Terminology

 Structural Configurations

 Design Example
E L
P T
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Bridge Engineering
 General Features

• Prestressed Concrete is a concrete in which internal stresses

of a suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that
the stresses resulting from external loads are counteracted to
a desired degree.

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• In reinforced concrete members, the pre-stress is commonly
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introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement known as
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tendons.
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Art of prestressing in ancient time: wooden barrel construction
by force-fitting of metal bands and shrink-fitting of metal tyres
on wooden wheels.

Bridge Engineering
 General Features: Evolution

• Deficiency in tensile strength of concrete was the driving factor

in development of the composite material known as Reinforced
Concrete (RC).

• Development of early cracks in RC due to incompatibility in the

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strains of steel and concrete was perhaps the starting point in
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the development of a new material like Prestressed Concrete.
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• In 1904, Eugene Freyssinet from France introduced
permanently acting forces in concrete to sustain the elastic
forces developed under loads and this scheme was later
named as prestressing.

Bridge Engineering
 General Features

• Prestressed concrete is ideally suited for the construction of

medium and long span bridges.

• Prestressed concrete has almost replaced steel for the

construction of bridges due to its inherent advantages of

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superior durability and ease of maintenance in comparison with
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steel with its basic disadvantages of corrosion under
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aggressive environmental conditions and inhibitive costs.

Prestressed Concrete has been widely used throughout the

world for simply supported, continuous, balanced cantilever,
suspension, hammer head and bridle chord type bridges in the
span range from 20 to 500 m.

Bridge Engineering
 General Features

• Prestressed Concrete is ideally used for spans exceeding 50 m.

• Solid slabs are used for the span range of 10 to 20 m.

• Tee beam slab decks are suitable for spans in the range of 20 to
40 m.

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• Single or multicell
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box girders are
preferred for N
larger spans of
the order of 30 to
70 m.

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 General Features

Prestressed Concrete has distinct advantages when used for

bridge construction.

• The use of high strength concrete and high tensile steel results
in slender sections which are aesthetically superior coupled
with overall economy.
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• Prestressed concrete bridges can be designed as class 1 type
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structures without any tensile stresses under service loads
resulting in a crack free structure.

• In comparison with steel bridges, prestressed concrete bridges

require very little maintenance.

Bridge Engineering
 General Features

• Prestressed concrete is ideally suited for composite bridge

construction in which precast prestressed girders support the
cast in-situ slab deck. This type of construction is very popular
since it involves minimum disruption of traffic.

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• Post tensioned prestressed concrete finds extensive
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applications in long span continuous girder bridges of variable
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cross section resulting in sleek structures and with
considerable savings in the overall cost of construction.

• In recent years, partially prestressed concrete is preferred for

bridge construction due to considerable savings in the quantity
of costly high tensile steel used in the girder.

Bridge Engineering
 General Features

• Utilization of mild steel in prestressed concrete was not

successful, as a working stress of 120 MPa in mild steel is
more or less completely lost due to elastic deformation, creep
and shrinkage of concrete.

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• The normal loss of stress in steel is generally about 100 to 240
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MPa and it is apparent that if this loss of stress is to be a small
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portion of the initial stress, the stress in steel in the initial
stages must be very high, about 1200 to 2000 MPa which is
possible only with the use of high-strength steel.

• To offer high resistance in tension, shear, bond and bearing,

high-strength concrete is necessary in prestressed concrete.

Bridge Engineering
 General Features

• In the zone of anchorages, the bearing stresses being higher,

high-strength concrete is invariably preferred to minimize the
costs.

• High strength concrete is less liable to shrinkage cracks, and

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has a higher modulus of elasticity and smaller ultimate creep
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strain, resulting in a smaller loss of prestress in steel.
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• High-strength concrete results in a reduction in the cross-
sectional dimensions of prestressed concrete structural
elements.

• With a reduced dead-weight of the material, longer spans

become technically and economically viable.

Bridge Engineering
 Topic of Discussion

 General Features

 Important Terminology

 Structural Configurations

 Design Example
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P T
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Bridge Engineering
 Important Terminology

• Tendon: A steel element, such as a wire, cable, bar, rod or

strand, or a bundle of such elements used to impart prestress
to concrete when the element is tensioned.

• Anchorage: A device used to enable the tendon to impart and

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maintain prestress in the concrete. Commonly used
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anchorages are the Freyssinet, Magnel Blaton, Gifford-Udall,
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Leonhatdt-Baur, LeeMcCall, Dywidag, Roebling and BBRV
systems.

• Pretensioning: Tensioning the tendons before placing the

concrete and imparting prestress to concrete by bond between
steel and concrete.

Bridge Engineering
 Important Terminology

• Post-tensioning: Tensioning the tendons against hardened

concrete and imparting prestress to concrete by bearing.

• Full prestressing: Prestressed concrete in which tensile

stresses in the concrete are entirely obviated at working loads

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by having sufficiently high prestress in the members.
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• Limited or partial prestressing: The degree of prestress applied
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to concrete in which tensile stresses to a limited degree are
permitted in concrete under working loads. In this case, in
addition to tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of
untensioned reinforcement is generally used to limit the width
of cracks developed under service loads.

Bridge Engineering
 Important Terminology

• Bonded prestressed concrete: In bonded prestressed concrete

beams, the tendons are always connected to the surrounding
concrete. The tendons are embedded in pretensioned beams.
The bond reflects the adhesion of cement paste to the steel.

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In case of post-tensioned beam, after the tendons are
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tensioned, the grouting (a mixture of cement, water and
admixture injected with pressure) is done. Thus, the bond is
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obtained after tensioning the wires.

• Non-bonded/Unbonded prestressed concrete: Tendons are not

bonded to the surrounding concrete; tendons may be placed in
ducts formed in the concrete members or they may be placed
outside the concrete sections.

Bridge Engineering
 Important Terminology

• Axial prestressing: Member in which the entire cross-section of

concrete has a uniform compressive prestress. The centroid of
the tendons coincides with that of the concrete sections.

• Eccentric prestressing: A section in which the tendons are

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eccentric to the centroid, resulting in a triangular or trapezoidal
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compressive stress distribution.
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• Linear prestressing: Application of prestressing in straight
elements. This kind of application is done in beams, slabs,
columns and piles.

Bridge Engineering
 Important Terminology

• Circular prestressing: Circumferential prestressing is done in

circular tanks, silos and pipes. Tendons are in the forms of
circles. The circumferential hoop compression is induced in
concrete by prestressing counter-balances the hoop tension
developed due to the internal fluid pressure.

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P T
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Bridge Engineering
 Topic of Discussion

 General Features

 Important Terminology

 Structural Configurations

 Design Example
E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 Structural Configurations

Pre-tensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridges:

• Pretensioned prestressed concrete bridge decks generally

comprise precast pretensioned units used in conjunction with
cast in-situ concrete resulting in composite bridge decks ideally
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suited for small and medium spans in the range of 20 to 30 m.
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• In general, pretensioned girders are provided with straight
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tendons. The use of seven wire strands have been found to be
advantageous in comparison with plain or indented wires.

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 Structural Configurations

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Typical Cross-Sections of Pre-tensioned Prestressed
Concrete Bridge Decks

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 Structural Configurations

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Typical Cross-Sections of Pre-tensioned Prestressed
Concrete Bridge Decks

Bridge Engineering
 Structural Configurations

Post-tensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridges:

• Post tensioned bridge decks are generally adopted for longer

spans exceeding 20 m.

• Bridge decks with precast post-tensioned girders of either Tee

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type or box type in conjunction with cast in-situ slab is

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commonly adopted for spans exceeding 30 m.
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• Post tensioning facilitates the use of curved cables which
improve the shear resistance of the girders.

Bridge Engineering
 Structural Configurations

Post-tensioned Prestressed Concrete Bridges:

• Post tensioning is ideally suited for prestressing long span

girders at the site of construction without the need for costly
factory type installations like pretensioning beds.

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• Segmental construction is ideally suited for post tensioning

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work. In this method a number of segments can be combined by
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prestressing, resulting in an integrated structure.

• Long span continuous prestressed concrete bridges are

invariably built up of multicelled box girder segments of variable
depth using then post tensioning system.

Bridge Engineering
 Structural Configurations

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Typical Cross-Sections of Post-tensioned Prestressed
Concrete Bridge Decks

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 Structural Configurations

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Typical Cross-Sections of Post-tensioned Prestressed
Concrete Bridge Decks

Bridge Engineering
 Topic of Discussion

 General Features

 Important Terminology

 Structural Configurations

 Design Example
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P T
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Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Problem Statement
Design a post tensioned prestressed concrete slab bridge deck for a National
Highway crossing to suit the following data.
Clear span 10 m
Width of bearing 400 mm
Clear width of Road way 7.5 m with 1 m footpath on either side
Kerbs 600 mm wide by 300 mm deep
Thickness of wearing coat 80 mm

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Live load
Type of structure
IRC Class AA tracked vehicle
Class 1 type
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Materials
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M-40 Grade concrete and 7 mm diameter high tensile wires with an
ultimate tensile strength of 1500 MPa housed in cables with 12 wires and
anchored by Freyssinet anchorages of 150 mm diameter.

For supplementary reinforcement, adopt Fe-415 Grade HYSD bars.

Assume compressive strength of concrete at transfer as 35 MPa and loss ratio as 0.8.
The design should conform to the specifications of the codes IRC: 6-2014, IRC: 112-
2011 and IS: 1343-2012.

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
1. Maximum Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Steel:

Compressive strength of concrete fck = 40 N/mm2

Compressive strength of concrete at transfer fci = 35 N/mm2

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The permissible compressive stresses in concrete at transfer and
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service loads as recommended in IS 1343: 2012 are as follows:

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Assuming that the compressive stresses are not likely to increase
(Zone-I) (Post tensioned work), Compressive stress at transfer f =
ct
15 N/mm2 < 0.50 fci = (0.50 × 35) = 17.5 N/mm2
Compressive stress at service loads fcw = 12 N/mm2 < 0.39 fck = (0.39
× 40) = 15.6 N/mm2

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Permissible tensile stress (Class 1 type structure) = ftt = ftw = 0

Ultimate tensile strength of 12 wires of 7 mm diameter high tensile

cables fp = 1500 N/mm2

Maximum permissible stress in the high tensile strength cable =

1200 N/mm2
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2. Depth of Slab and Effective Span:
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Assuming the thickness of slab at 50 mm per metre of span for
highway bridge decks, overall thickness of slab = (10 × 50) = 500
mm.

Using effective cover of 55 mm, effective depth = 500 ‒ 55 = 445 mm

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Width of bearing = 400 m

Effective Span is least of

(a) Clear Span + Effective Depth = (10 + 0.45) = 10.45 m
(b) Centre to Centre Distance of Bearings = (10 + 0.4) = 10.4 m
Hence, effective span = 10.4 m
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Cross-Section of Deck Slab

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
3. Dead Load Bending Moments:

Dead weight of slab = (0.5 × 24) = 12 kN/m2

Dead weight of wearing coat = (0.08 × 22) = 1.76 kN/m2

Total dead load = 13.76 kN/m2

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𝒈𝒈
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Dead load bending moment (𝑴𝑴 ) = (13.76 × 10.4 )/8
2 = 186.04 kNm

4. Live Load Bending Moments: N

The bending moment due to live load will be maximum for IRC
Class AA tracked vehicle when it is placed symmetrically on the
span as specified in the figure.

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Impact factor for Class AA tracked vehicle is 25% for 5 m span,
decreasing linearly to 10% for 9 m span.

So, Impact factor = 1.10 for a span of 10.4 m.

Effective length of load = [3.6 + 2 (0.5 + 0.08)] = 4.76 m

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P T
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Position of load for maximum bending moment

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Effective width of slab perpendicular to span 𝒃𝒃𝒆𝒆 = 𝒌𝒌. 𝒙𝒙 𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙/𝑳𝑳 + 𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘
𝒙𝒙 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎, 𝑳𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎, 𝑩𝑩 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝑩𝑩/𝑳𝑳 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟓/𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 + 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎
For 𝑩𝑩/𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗, simply supported slabs, 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
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𝒃𝒃𝒆𝒆 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐/𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎
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The tracked vehicle is placed close to the kerb with the required
minimum clearance as shown in Figure.

Total load of two tracks with impact = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 770 kN

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution

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Net effective width of dispersion
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Net effective width of dispersion = 8.261 m N
Average intensity of load = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕/ 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 × 𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 19.58 kN/m2
Maximum bending moment due to live load 𝑴𝑴𝒒𝒒 = �(𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 × 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 ×
𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐/𝟐𝟐) − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 × 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟐 /𝟖𝟖 � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
5. Shear due to Class AA Tracked Vehicle:

For maximum shear force at support section; IRC Class AA tracked

vehicle is arranged as shown in Figure.

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Position of load for maximum shear

Effective width of dispersion is given by 𝒃𝒃𝒆𝒆 = 𝒌𝒌. 𝒙𝒙 𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙/𝑳𝑳 + 𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘

where 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎, 𝑳𝑳 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎, 𝑩𝑩 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎, 𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
𝑩𝑩/𝑳𝑳 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟓/𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
For 𝑩𝑩/𝑳𝑳 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗, the value of 𝒌𝒌 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒃𝒃𝒆𝒆 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑/𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎

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P T
N (5360/2)
7355

Net effective width of dispersion

Net effective width of dispersion = 7.355 m

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Intensity of live load = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕/ 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 × 𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒−𝟐𝟐.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
Live Load Shear force 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 × = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒

Dead load shear = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

6. Check for Minimum Section Modulus :

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Dead load moment 𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒈 = 186.04 kNm
Live load moment 𝑴𝑴𝒒𝒒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 kNm
N
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏×𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟐𝟐
Section Modulus = 𝒁𝒁𝒕𝒕 = 𝒁𝒁𝒃𝒃 = 𝒁𝒁 = = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 mm3
𝟔𝟔

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
The permissible stresses in concrete at transfer can be obtained as
𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 N/mm2, 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 N/mm2, 𝒇𝒇𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟎𝟎,
𝜼𝜼 = Loss Ratio = 0.8, 𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝜼𝜼𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 − 𝒇𝒇𝒕𝒕𝒘𝒘 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
N/mm2

The minimum section modulus is given by 𝒁𝒁𝒃𝒃 ≥

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𝑴𝑴𝒒𝒒 + 𝟏𝟏−𝜼𝜼 𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒈

P T 𝒇𝒇𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃

≥
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
N
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 + 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 × 186.04 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔

≥ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 < 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑

Hence the section selected is adequate to resist the service loads

without exceeding the permissible stresses.

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
7. Minimum Prestressing Force:
The minimum prestressing force required is computed using the
𝑨𝑨 𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 .𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 +𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 .𝒛𝒛𝒕𝒕
relation 𝑷𝑷 =
𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 +𝒛𝒛𝒕𝒕

Where 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒖 −

𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒈
= 𝟎𝟎 −
𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔

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= −𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟔 N/mm2
𝒛𝒛𝒕𝒕 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔
T
P= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 N/mm
N
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔
𝒇𝒇𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝑴𝑴𝒒𝒒 +𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒈 2
𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 = + = 𝟎𝟎 +
𝜼𝜼 𝜼𝜼𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 𝟎𝟎.𝟖𝟖×𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟔

𝑷𝑷 = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝑵𝑵
𝟐𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Using Freyssinet cables containing 12 wires 7 mm diameter
stressed to 1200 N/mm2, force in each cable = �𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝝅𝝅/𝟒𝟒 × 𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟐 ×
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏�/𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏×𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
So, Spacing of cables = = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
L
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐.𝟓𝟓

8. Eccentricity of Cables:
T E
Eccentricity of the cables at the centre of span is obtained as: 𝒆𝒆 =
N P
𝒛𝒛𝒕𝒕 𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 −𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐 ×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+𝟒𝟒.𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟔
= = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑨𝑨 𝒇𝒇𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒛𝒛𝒕𝒕 +𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒛𝒛𝒃𝒃 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏×𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓×𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 × −𝟒𝟒.𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟔+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

The cables are arranged in a parabolic profile with maximum

eccentricity of 190 mm at centre of span reducing to zero
eccentricity (concentric) at supports.

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
9. Check for Stresses at Service Loads:

𝑷𝑷 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 kN, 𝒆𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 mm

𝑨𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓 mm2
𝒁𝒁𝒕𝒕 = 𝒁𝒁𝒃𝒃 = 𝒁𝒁 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 mm3
𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒈 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 kNm
E L
T
𝑴𝑴𝒒𝒒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

N
(𝑷𝑷/𝑨𝑨) = (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 /𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟓 ) = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 N/mm2P
𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷/𝒁𝒁 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔
× 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎/𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 N/mm 2

𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒈 /𝒁𝒁 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 /𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟓 N/mm2

𝑴𝑴𝒒𝒒 /𝒁𝒁 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 /𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 N/mm2

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Stress at transfer:

At top of slab = (3.365 – 7.672 + 4.465) = 0.158 N/mm2

At bottom of slab = (3.365 + 7.672 – 4.465) = 6.572 N/mm2

Stresses at working loads:

E L
P T
At top of slab = 0.8 × (3.365 – 7.672) + 4.465 + 4.484 = 5.503 N/mm2

At bottom of slab = 0.8 × (3.365 + 7.672)

N/mm2
N– 4.465 – 4.484 = – 0.119
The actual stresses developed are within the permissible limits.

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
10. Check for Ultimate Flexural Strength:

The moment of resistance of rectangular sections is evaluated by

using the expression 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖 = 𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝑨𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒅𝒅 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒙𝒙𝒖𝒖

Where 𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = tensile stress in the tendons at failure

E L
𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = effective prestress in tendons
P T
N
𝑨𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = area of prestressing tendons in the tension zone

𝒅𝒅 = effective depth to the centroid of the steel area

𝒙𝒙𝒖𝒖 = neutral axis depth

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
For pretensioned and post tensioned members with effective bond,
the values of 𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 and 𝒙𝒙𝒖𝒖 are interpolated using the values given in
Table 11 of IS: 1343-2012.

The values of the various parameters are computed as,

𝑨𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝝅𝝅/𝟒𝟒 × 𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 /𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 mm2
E L
𝒅𝒅 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 mm, 𝒃𝒃 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 mm
P T
𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 N/mm2, 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 N/mm2 N
𝑨𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
= = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝒃𝒃. 𝒅𝒅. 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

Bridge Engineering
Design Example: Solution
Table 11 of IS: 1343-2012

E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution

𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
By linear interpolation, the values of the ratios and 𝒙𝒙𝒖𝒖 /𝒅𝒅 can
𝟎𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
be obtained as = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 and 𝒙𝒙𝒖𝒖 /𝒅𝒅 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑

Hence 𝒇𝒇𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 N/mm2

And 𝒙𝒙𝒖𝒖 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 mm
E L
Ultimate moment capacity 𝑴𝑴 = 𝒇𝒇 𝑨𝑨 𝒅𝒅 −P
T
𝒖𝒖
N
𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙 = [𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ×
𝟔𝟔
𝒖𝒖
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 ] = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 N-mm = 727.67 kNm

Required moment of resistance 𝑴𝑴𝒖𝒖,𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑴𝑴𝒈𝒈 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝑴𝑴𝒒𝒒 =

𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌 < 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Hence the ultimate moment capacity of the designed section is
greater than the required ultimate moment.

11. Check for Ultimate Shear Strength:

Ultimate Shear Force 𝑽𝑽𝒖𝒖 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑽𝑽𝒈𝒈 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝑽𝑽𝒒𝒒 = [ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 +
𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 ] = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 kN
E L
P T
The design shear resistance of the support section is calculated by

𝑰𝑰.𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐
N
𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹.𝒄𝒄 = 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ∓ 𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 𝝈𝝈𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 + 𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼
𝒔𝒔

Where 𝑰𝑰 = Second moment of area of gross cross section

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
𝑺𝑺 = First moment of area between centroidal axis and compression
fibre about centroidal axis

𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = Design value of concrete tensile strength = 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 /𝜸𝜸𝒎𝒎

𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 = Constant depending upon transmission length and has a value

of 1 for post tensioned beams
E L
P T
𝝈𝝈𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = mean compressive stress at centroidal axis = 𝜼𝜼𝑷𝑷/𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄

𝜼𝜼 = loss ratio
N
𝑷𝑷 = prestressing force

𝜽𝜽 = slope of the cable at support section

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution

𝒃𝒃𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏×𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟑
𝑰𝑰 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗 mm4
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏×𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐×𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝑺 = = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 mm3
𝟐𝟐

𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 /𝜸𝜸𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟑/𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟐𝟐 since 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟑𝟑 N/mm2 for 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 MPa

𝝈𝝈𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼/𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 / 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 L

E = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 N/mm 2

= 𝟎𝟎.P
T
𝜽𝜽 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒/𝑳𝑳 = 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 / 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
N 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑰𝑰.𝒃𝒃𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗 ×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝑽𝑽𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹.𝒄𝒄 = 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 ∓ 𝒌𝒌𝟏𝟏 𝝈𝝈𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 + 𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼𝜼 = ×
𝒔𝒔 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑.𝟐𝟐𝟓𝟓×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ∓ 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 × 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟑 N = 1120.552 kN >

217.72 kN

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
The shear resistance of the support section is greater than the
required ultimate shear force.

12. Supplementary Reinforcement:

According to Clause 16.5.1 of IRC: 112-2011, the minimum
longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than that given by the
E L
P T
relation, 𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔.𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 /𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒃𝒃𝒕𝒕 𝒅𝒅 but not less than 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒃𝒃𝒕𝒕 𝒅𝒅

Where 𝒃𝒃𝒕𝒕 = mean width of the tension zone N

𝑨𝑨𝒔𝒔.𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟑𝟑/𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 but not less than (𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒) = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 mm2/m or 578 mm2/m

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Using 10 mm diameter Fe-415 HYSD bars at the top and bottom
faces of the slab, the spacing S = (1000 ast/ Ast) = (2 × 1000 × 78.54/
836) = 187.89 mm

We can provide 10 mm diameter Fe-415 HYSD bars at a spacing of

L
180 mm both at the top and bottom faces of the slab in the
E
longitudinal and transverse direction.
P T
N
13. Check for Serviceability Limit States:

a) Limit State of Deflection

At service loads, deflections due to prestressing force, dead load

and live load are computed as follows:

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Dead load 𝐠𝐠 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 kN/m = 0.014 kN/mm

Live load spread over a length of 4.76 m is assumed as a

concentrated load at a centre of span is computed as 𝑸𝑸 = (𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 ×
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓) = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟐 kN

E
Effective prestressing force after losses 𝜼𝜼𝑷𝑷 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 = L
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔 kN
P T
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 kN/mm2 N
𝑰𝑰 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗 mm4
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐
Upward deflection due to prestressing force 𝒂𝒂𝒑𝒑 = =
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 𝑰𝑰

𝟓𝟓×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐
= 𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 mm (upwards)
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒×𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑× 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
𝟓𝟓𝒈𝒈𝑳𝑳𝟒𝟒
Downward deflection due to dead load 𝒂𝒂𝒈𝒈 = =
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 𝑰𝑰
𝟓𝟓×𝟎𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟒
= 𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐 mm (downwards)
𝟑𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖×𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑× 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗
𝑸𝑸𝑳𝑳𝟑𝟑
Downward deflection due to live load 𝒂𝒂𝒒𝒒 = =
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 𝑰𝑰

L
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗.𝟐𝟐×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑
= 𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 mm (downwards)
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒×𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑× 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟗

T E
N P
Maximum deflection due to prestress + self weight + live loads
𝒂𝒂𝒓𝒓 = 𝒂𝒂𝒑𝒑 + 𝒂𝒂𝒈𝒈 + 𝒂𝒂𝑸𝑸 = −𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟕 mm
𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔
Maximum permissible deflection due to live loads only = =
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 mm > 6.35 mm
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution

Long term deflection considering the effect of creep is limited to

(span/250).

Notional size of cross section = 𝟐𝟐𝑨𝑨𝒄𝒄 /𝒖𝒖 = [ 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 /

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐] = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 mm.

L
Table 6.9 of IRC: 112-2011

Age at
Creep Coefficient ø

T E
P
Loading Notional Size 2Ac/u (mm)
t0
(days)
50 150 600
Dry atmospheric conditions (RH 50%) N
50 150 600
Humid atmospheric conditions (RH 80%)
1 5.50 4.60 3.70 3.60 3.20 2.90
7 5.50 4.60 3.70 2.60 2.30 2.00
28 3.90 3.10 2.60 1.90 1.70 1.50
90 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.40 1.20
365 1.80 1.50 1.20 1.10 1.00 1.00

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution

For the notional size of 500 mm at relative humidity of 50% and age
at loading of 28 days, the final creep coefficient 𝜱𝜱 can be
interpolated from Table 6.9 of IRC 112 and obtained as 2.71.
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄
Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete = 𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄,𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = =

E L 𝟏𝟏+𝜱𝜱

T
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄 𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄
=
P
𝟏𝟏+𝟐𝟐.𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟑𝟑.𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕

Maximum long term deflection =

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏/𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔 mm
N𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 × 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 <

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution

b) Limit State of Cracking:

The deck slab has been designed as a Class-1 type structure

without any tensile stresses at service loads. Hence, the
serviceability limit state of cracking is automatically satisfied.

E L
Hence the slab is safe regarding the serviceability limit state of

P T
deflection and cracking according to the specifications of IRC: 112-
2011. N

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution

14. Design of End Block Reinforcement:

At the support section, concentric cables carrying a force of 554 kN

are spaced at intervals of 329 mm.

The end block has to be designed for bursting tension due to the
anchorage force.
E L
P T
N
The bursting tensile force is computed using the Table 13.1 of IRC:
112-2011.
𝐘𝐘𝐩𝐩𝒐𝒐 /𝐘𝐘𝐨𝐨 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
𝐅𝐅𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛 /𝐏𝐏𝐤𝐤 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.12

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution

In the present design problem,

𝑷𝑷𝒌𝒌 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 kN 𝟐𝟐 𝒀𝒀𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 mm 𝟐𝟐 𝒀𝒀𝒐𝒐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 mm

Ratio 𝒀𝒀𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 /𝒀𝒀𝒐𝒐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏/𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

E L
Interpolating the value of 𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 /𝑷𝑷𝒌𝒌 for 𝒀𝒀𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 /𝒀𝒀𝒐𝒐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 from Table
13.1 of IRC: 112-2011, 𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 /𝑷𝑷𝒌𝒌 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
P T
𝑭𝑭𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 kN N
Using 10 mm diameter Fe-415 HYSD bars as end block
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔×𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑
reinforcement, Area of steel required = = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 mm2
𝟎𝟎.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖×𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution

Using 10 mm diameter Fe-415 HYSD bars, the spacing S = (1000 ast/

Ast) = (1000 × 78.54/ 318) = 246.98 mm

We can provide 10 mm diameter bars at 100 mm centres in the

vertical and horizontal directions as a mesh in front of the
anchorages at 100 and 200 mm respectively.
E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
Design Example: Reinforcement Detailing

#10-180 c/c

190 mm

E L
P T
N
329 329
#10-180 c/c

Cross-Section of Deck Slab at Centre of Span

Bridge Engineering
Design Example: Reinforcement Detailing

#10-180 c/c

L
190 mm

#10-180 c/c
T E
N P

Longitudinal Section of Deck Slab

Bridge Engineering
 E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 N. Krishna Raju, Design of Bridges, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

L
 D.J. Victor, Essentials of Bridge Engineering, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

E
Pvt. Ltd.

P T
N
 S. Ponnuswamy, Bridge Engineering, McGraw Hill Education.
 T.R. Jagadeesh and M.A. Jayaram, Design of Bridge Structures, PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd.
 W.F. Chen, and L. Duan, Bridge Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Taylor &
Francis Group.
 G. Parke and N. Hewson, ICE manual of Bridge Engineering, Thomas Telford
Publishing.
 E L
T
BRIDGE ENGINEERING
P
N
Prof. Piyali Sengupta
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad

Module 07: Prestressed Concrete Bridges and Composite Bridges

Lecture 21: Composite Bridges
Ø General Features

Ø Shear Connectors
E L
P T
N
Ø Design Example
 Topic of Discussion

Ø General Features

Ø Shear Connectors

Ø Design Example

E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 General Features

• Composite bridge decks consisting of a reinforced concrete

continuous deck slab cast on steel girders are generally
adopted for bridges in the medium span range of 10 to 20 m.

• This type of bridge deck is not only economical but also

E L
reduces the construction time considerably and facilities early
resumption of traffic on the high way.
P T
• N
In a composite bridge deck comprising steel and reinforced
concrete, the individual materials are utilized efficiently since
concrete is strong in compression and steel is strong in
tension.

Bridge Engineering
 General Features

• The speedy erection of the prefabricated steel girders serves

as supports for cast-in-situ concrete deck with minimum form
work.

• Also the savings in the overall depth of the longitudinal beams

E L
leads to savings in lengths of bridge approaches in the case of
embankments.
P T
• N
The flexural stiffness of a composite beam will be about 2 to 4
times that for a corresponding steel beam resulting in reduced
deflections and vibrations under moving loads.

Bridge Engineering
 General Features

• Economy in the quantity of steel to the extent of 10 to 60

percent against pure steel beam construction.

• Composite bridge decks can also be constructed using precast

prestressed concrete girders supporting a cast-in-situ
reinforced concrete continuous deck slab.
E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 Topic of Discussion

Ø General Features

Ø Shear Connectors

Ø Design Example

E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

• Shear connectors are the most important structural elements in

a composite bridge deck, provided at the junction of the
concrete slab and longitudinal steel girders.

• The main function of the shear connector is to prevent the

E L
separation between the steel girder and the in-situ concrete

T
slab by transferring the horizontal shear force along the
P
•
contact surface with slip.
N
In case of composite girder decks, the deflections are
comparatively less than that of non-composite girder decks
due to the increased moment of inertia of the composite
section.

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

The most common types of shear connectors used in composite

bridge decks are:

• Rigid Shear Connector: The rigid shear connector comprising

short length bars, stiffened angles, tees or channels welded on
the flange of the steel girders.
E L
P T
In order to prevent the separation of the in-situ from the
N
prefabricated steel girder in the direction perpendicular to the
contact surface, mechanical devices such as U-type hoops are
welded to the shear connectors to provide a rigid connection.

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

• Rigid Shear Connector:

E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

• Flexible Shear Connector: The flexible connectors consisting

of studs or angles or channels or tees welded on the flange
plates of prefabricated units.

E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

• Anchorage Shear Connector: Anchorage type shear

connectors are provided for composite sections comprising of
precast prestressed concrete girders and cast in-situ
reinforced concrete slab.

E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

• The shear strength of shear connectors depend upon the type

of steel, the cross-sectional dimensions of the connector,
compressive strength of concrete in slab.

• According to IRC:22-2015, the safe shear resistance of high

E L
tensile steel connectors is computed by empirical relations

T
specified in the code depending upon the type of connectors.
P
N

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

For mild steel shear connectors, the safe shear resisted by each
connector is computed by the following empirical relation.

• For channel, Tee or angle shear connectors of mild steel (𝐟𝐬𝐭 =

420 to 500 N/𝐦𝐦𝟐 and 𝐟𝐲= 230 N/𝐦𝐦𝟐 ),

E L
T
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟕(𝒉𝒇 +0.5t)𝑳 𝒇𝒄𝒌

•
N P
For welded stud connectors of mild steel with 𝒇𝒖= 420 N/𝒎𝒎𝟐
and 𝒇𝒚 = 350 N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 and having a ratio of (h/d) less than 4.2.

𝐐 = 48𝒉𝒅 𝒇𝒄𝒌

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

• For welded stud connectors of mild steel having a ratio of (h/d)

equal to or greater than 4.2,

𝐐 = 196𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒌

Where

E L
𝐐 = Safe shear resistance of one shear connector (N)

T
𝒇𝒄𝒌 = Characteristic compressive cube strength of
P
concrete (N/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
N
𝒉𝒇 = Maximum thickness of flange measured at the
faces of the web (mm)

𝑳 = Length of shear connector (mm)

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

𝒉 = Height of stud connector

𝒅 = Diameter of stud (mm)

𝒕 = Thickness of web of shear connector (mm).

L
• When anchorage type shear connectors are used to connect
E
T
the concrete the concrete slab deck with precast prestressed
P
N
concrete girders, the ultimate shear resistance of one
connector is given by the empirical relation,

𝑸𝒖= 𝑨𝒔 . 𝝈𝒖 . 𝟏𝟎+𝟑

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

Where 𝑸𝒖= Ultimate shear resistance of each connector (kN)

𝑨𝒔 = Cross-sectional area of each connector (𝐦𝐦𝟐 )

𝝈𝒖 = Ultimate tensile strength of steel of the anchorage

connector (N/𝐦𝐦𝟐 ).

E L
T
The ultimate bond stress at the interface should not exceed 2.1
P
N
N/ 𝐦𝐦𝟐 and the interface should be roughened for effective
bonding.

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

The spacing of the shear connector is computed by the relation,

∑𝐐 ∑ 𝐐𝐮
𝐩=( ) or( )
𝐕𝐋 𝐕𝐋𝐮

Where 𝒑 = Spacing of the shear connector (mm)

E L
𝑸 = Safe shear resistance of one connector (kN)

P T
N
𝑸𝒖= Ultimate shear resistance of one connector (kN)

𝑽𝑳 = Longitudinal working shear per unit length.

𝑽𝑳𝒖 = Ultimate longitudinal shear per unit length.

Bridge Engineering
 Shear Connectors

The longitudinal shear (working or ultimate) is computed using

4
𝑽𝑨𝒄 .𝒀 4
𝑽𝒖 𝑨𝒄 𝒀
the equations, 𝑽𝑳 = ( ) and 𝑽𝑳𝒖 = ( )
𝑰 𝑰

𝑽 = Vertical shear due to dead load placed after composite section

L
is effective and working live load with impact.

T E
𝑽𝒖 = Vertical shear due to ultimate loads computed with load

N P
factors of 1.5 for dead load and 2.5 for live load.

𝑨𝒄 = Transformed compressive area of concrete above the neutral

axis of the composite section

I = Second moment of area of the whole transformed composite

section.

Bridge Engineering
 Topic of Discussion

Ø General Features

Ø Shear Connectors

Ø Design Example

E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Problem Statement
Design the shear connectors of a composite road bridge consisting
of reinforced concrete slab and steel plate girders.
Span length is 18 m.
Depth of slab is 300 mm.
Total shear force at the junction is 204 kN.
E L
Horizontal shear per unit length is 408 N/mm.
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Total shear force at junction = 204000N

Using 20 mm diameter mild steel studs, capacity of one shear

connector is given by

𝑸 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒌

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T
Where Height of the stud 𝑯 = 𝟓𝒅 = (5 × 20) = 100 mm for 𝒅 = 20 mm
P
𝒇𝒄𝒌 = 20 N/𝒎𝒎𝟐
N
𝑸 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔×𝟐𝟎𝟐 𝟐𝟎 = 350615 N

Number of studs required in one row = (204000/350615) <1

Provide a minimum of 2 mild steel studs in a row.

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Pitch of shear connectors 𝒑 = [𝑵𝑸/(𝑭𝝉)]

Where 𝑵 = Number of shear connectors in a row = 2

𝑸 = Capacity of one shear connector = 350615 N

𝝉 = Horizontal shear per unit length = 408 N/mm

E L
𝑭 = Factor of safety = 2
P T
N
𝒑 = [(2 × 350615)/ (2 × 408)] = 859 mm.

Bridge Engineering
 Design Example: Solution
Maximum permissible pitch is the least of

(i) Three times the thickness of slab = (3 × 300) = 900 mm.

(ii) 4 times the height of the stud = (4 × 100) = 400 mm.

(iii) 600 mm.

E L
P T
Hence we can adopt a pitch of 400 mm in the longitudinal direction.

N
The arrangement of shear connectors is shown in the schematic
diagram.

Bridge Engineering
Design Example: Solution

E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
Design Example: Solution

E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
 E L
P T
N

Bridge Engineering
v N. Krishna Raju, Design of Bridges, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.

L
v D.J. Victor, Essentials of Bridge Engineering, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

E
T
Pvt. Ltd.

N P
v S. Ponnuswamy, Bridge Engineering, McGraw Hill Education.
v T.R. Jagadeesh and M.A. Jayaram, Design of Bridge Structures, PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd.
v W.F. Chen, and L. Duan, Bridge Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Taylor &
Francis Group.
v G. Parke and N. Hewson, ICE manual of Bridge Engineering, Thomas Telford
Publishing.