Business Translation:

with a Focus on Business Administration & Economics

Arabic-English-Arabic

Ali Almanna
Alyaa Hadi
Published by SAYYAB BOOKS LTD
3 LOWER TEDDINGTON ROAD
KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES
SURREY- KT1 4ER
LONDON

First edition 2015

© SAYYAB BOOKS LTD. 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without
written permission of the authors.

Cover designed by Jawad al-Mudhaffar

Typeset by Al-Janub Typesetters, Iraq, Basra
Cover painting: Lateef Alsamhan
 CONTENTS
Introduction 5

Chapter 1 Preliminaries to Translation 9

Chapter 2 Bank and Banking 20

Chapter 3 Marketing 36

Chapter 4 Business Administration 48

Chapter 5 Company Structure 60

Chapter 6 Money Matters 73

Chapter 7 Economic Affairs 84

Chapter 8 Recruitment 96

Chapter 9 Employment 106

Chapter 10 Advertising 118

Chapter 11 Trade and Industry 131

Chapter 12 Oil and Energy 142

References 153
 INTRODUCTION
Business Translation is an academic textbook. The book is initially
designed for those whose mother tongue is either Arabic or English and
who have some knowledge in both linguistics and translation. As such,
the intended readership for this book is undergraduate students along with
their translation instructors throughout the world. Nowadays, there are a
great number of universities in the UK, USA, Canada, Australia and the
Arab world that focus on business translation. The book aims at:
raising awareness of the pitfalls specific to business
translation and
developing and honing translators’ competences (be they
linguistic, translational, contrastive or evaluative).

The number of translation programmes grows exponentially worldwide at

academic institutions, and teaching business translation has moved to a
centre stage in the translator education, particularly in the UK and the
USA, but also worldwide. Despite this, translation students, in particular
those who work on the language pair (Arabic-English), commonly
complain about the scarcity of relevant translational data, in view of the
fact that the entire Arab world (from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arab Gulf
and from North Syria to the Sudan) often use one language pair (English-
Arabic) in translation studies and translation practice. Further, very few
academic publications take the language pair (Arabic-English) as their
focus, despite the large number of translation programmes (both at the
undergraduate and postgraduate level) worldwide; hence the importance
of such a coursebook. The idea of this book initially grew out of our
students’ clear need for a coursebook on business translation as there is
little published material in this area.

The study of commercial, administrative and business topics is of real and

noticeable importance to translation students. Students already have
knowledge of the language and translation principles, but they need to
learn up-to-date and field-related terms. The topics of this book have been
selected so as to provide translation students and instructors with
materials taken from a wide range of sources, including: banks and
banking, marketing, company structure, business administration, money
matters, economic affairs, trade, industry, advertising, employment, oil
and energy. Further, the topics provide good materials for tests of
translation and comprehension of translation in specialized fields.

Translation students can significantly enhance their own vocabulary by

reading a wide range of materials related to the area under discussion,
hence the importance of the first two sections in this book, namely
‘warming up’ and ‘reading’.

THE KEY FEATURES OF THE BOOK

It provides the readers with precise definitions of the main

terms used in the area with suggested translations.
It provides the readers with different types of assignments that
would develop and hone their competences (be they linguistic,
translational, contrastive or evaluative).
It provides the readers (be they students or instructors) with a
range of supporting exercises that can be used for different
purposes: reading, translation, text analysis, editing, revision,
etc.
It provides translation students who have no previous
experience of business translation with the opportunity to
reach an acceptable professional level of translation
competence.

NOTES ON HOW TO USE THE BOOK

Although the book is an integrated whole, it is possible for the user to
pick out individual chapters for reading or for discussion, as each chapter
focuses on a particular area along with its vocabulary.

Most of the texts used in this book have been chosen as one-paragraph
texts or more than one paragraph. This is to enable translation instructors
to select among the different methods of teaching, such as a minimalist
approach, collaborative approach, revision approach, editing approach,
text analysis approach, and so on (see next chapter for more details) what
fits into their academic timetable and individual purposes. It is worth
noting that in this book there are two types of texts in terms of their
degree of difficulty. It is highly advised that students are asked to read by
themselves the difficult and dense texts with a focus on lexis. Technical
terms can be discussed later in class with the help of the instructor in
preparation for translating the other types of texts. The course is intended
to fit into an academic timetable lasting one year. Each chapter needs at
least 8 hours. Some of the texts can be translated at home whether
individually or in group, depending on the task per se. However, some
other texts can be translated in class under the supervision of the
instructor. Once a given topic is explained and understood, alternative
texts can easily be used by both instructors and students.

Each chapter has a wealth of features, such as an overview outlining the

main objectives of the chapter followed by a number of sections, viz.
warming up, reading, text analysis, translation exercises and quiz.

Unless stated otherwise, the translations offered by others appear in the

book in the way they do in the original publication, without any post-
editing on the authors’ part.

The book does not confine itself to one direction, but focuses on
translations in both directions: translating from Arabic into English and
vice versa. It features authentic materials taken from a wide range of
sources, including:
business administration
banks and banking
marketing
money matters
economic affairs
trade
industry
advertising
employment
recruitment
company structure
oil and energy
CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARIES TO TRANSLATION
In this chapter
 we will highlight the importance of adopting some methods in
teaching translation, such as a minimalist approach, revision,
proofreading and editing.
 we will highlight the importance of translators’ competence and
pre-transferring adjustment.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis.

Overview
In translating other types of texts the contexts, skills and lexis are far
more varied. However, in translating administrative and economic texts,
everything is tailored to the work environment‫ ــــ‬the contexts (e.g. being
in a meeting, applying for a job, interviewing others or being interviewed
by others, etc.); the language skills (e.g. writing an advertising, writing a
formal email, interviewing others, doing a presentation, etc.) and the lexis
(e.g. the language of advertising, banking, recruitment, job interviews,
etc.). As such, the focus of attention needs to be shifted towards such
issues, in particular lexis, in that students are taught expressions and
chunks of language that they are likely to come across in a particular
context, and which will help them sound natural.

Improving vocabulary is an important issue in mastering the specialized

words, expressions, idioms and abbreviations used in business language.
Therefore, translation students’ task in such courses is to learn
commonly-used business terms, expressions, idioms and abbreviations in
an attempt to enhance their own vocabulary in the area under discussion
(www.translationshub.com). To this end, they are encouraged to do
research on the Internet in order to find the terminology used in the
specific field. It is important that they adopt an inquisitive approach
towards learning, and try their hand at learning the meaning of any
business words, expressions, idioms or abbreviations that they are likely
to come across in realistic situations. They are also encouraged to watch
programmes that focus on business as the experts in those programmes
normally use key terms, expressions and idioms frequently and correctly.
These programmes are often hosted by experts in the field and therefore
business terminology is naturally used on these programs. So, watching
such programmes will definitely help translation students grasp the key
terms, expressions, idioms and abbreviations.

Students can significantly enhance their own vocabulary by reading a

wide variety of business materials or watching a variety of different
business programmes. Reading business materials or watching
programmes that focus on business and current updates will not only
allow students to remain abreast with the recent changes in the business
environment, but also allow them to keep up with any changes in
terminology.

Translation teaching
Teaching translation as a skill used to be mainly teacher-centred where
only a very limited margin was left for students/learners to undertake the
task of drilling it themselves, certainly with the help of the instructor.
Besides that, translation teaching has been considerably based on the
instructor’s proficient language command. With the breakthroughs
witnessed in different spheres of linguistic studies and other related
disciplines, translation instructors nowadays need to be knowledgeable
about various linguistic disciplines, such as revision, editing,
documentation, desktop publishing, etc. (Olvera-Lobo et al 2005: 132). In
this regard, Kingscott (1995: 295) holds that “university courses should
not simply be practice-oriented. It is the role of universities to open up
students’ minds, not to tunnel them in a particular direction”. Translating
programmes therefore need to view translating as an activity which takes
place within a social context and “should be based on a careful and up-to-
date assessment of their multifaceted future profession” (Ulrych 1995:
251). Further, those programmes need to “cater for client-related skills
since a significant part of translators’ future professional lives” depend
partially on the amount of educational training they receive, “whether
they opt for in-house or freelance translating” (Ibid).

01
Recent studies (cf. Pym 2003; al-Qinai 2011; Almanna 2013; Almanna
and Lazim 2013, 2014) have shown that training programmes need to
focus on improving the trainee translators’ competences and skills. To
this end, they need to use a variety of approaches, such as a minimalist
approach,
a) a minimalist approach
In this approach, translation students are trained on how to produce and
select among the different versions they produce by themselves with justified
confidence as quickly as they can. The aim of such an exercise for the
trainee translators is to enhance their ability to create a variety of drafts
for the same source text on the one hand, and to select among the drafts
with justified confidence as quickly as they can. So, the emphasis is laid
here on the elimination of the most preferable target text (Pym 2003:
494).

b) revision vs. editing

In addition to the minimalist approach, another type of exercise needs to
be activated in class, i.e. revision and editing. A distinction needs be made
between these two processes, i.e. revision and editing. To start with,
revision “entails a professional, informed assessment of translation
decisions and products. The process of revision is bi-directional and its
purpose is to exert quality control” (Chakhachiro 2005: 225). He adds that
such a process requires the assessor to
(i) comprehend the content of the source text.
(ii) assess the process of translation and
(iii) be familiar “with the target-language culture, audience, and
literature (in the broadest sense of the word)”.

Revision is different from proof-reading and editing. Proof-readers

normally busy themselves with language-related issues such as
grammatical, syntactic, morphological, etc. and, at times, they pay
attention to stylistic issues (for more details, see Almanna 2013: 130-
136). By contrast, what concerns editors is how to achieve the “optimum
orientation” of the proof-read and revised TT to live up to the target
reader’s expectations (Graham 1983: 104), by exploiting the lexical,
syntactic and stylistic norms of the TL to the fullest (cf. Belhaaj 1998:
85).
There are two different approaches that instructors can use in class, i.e.
revision and editing. Revision and editing as tools for translation teaching
can be conducted in different ways for example but not limited to:
00
 (i) the student provides his/her partner(s) with the source text that
s/he has already searched and prepared an ideal translation for.
(ii) the instructor provides his/her students with the same text or
different texts and asks them to act as revisers to classmates.
(iii) the instructor provides his/her students with a bad translation and
asks them to improve it.

Unlike editing in which translators have no access to the source text and
they focus on such issues as acceptability, readability and naturalness,
translation students as revisers should have access to the source text and
should bring issues such as accuracy, completeness, and the like to the
fore. It is worth mentioning that trainee translators’ abilities and skills can
well be sharpened if they are given roles as participants in the translation
process (for more details see, Mossop 2007; Almanna and Lazim 2014).

Translation competence

Translation competence (also known in Translation Studies as ‘translation

ability’, ‘translation skills’, ‘translation expertise’) is defined by Bell
(1991: 43) as the “knowledge and skills” that translators must have in
order to be able to translate. It is clear that Bell makes a distinction
between translation competence and translation skills as the latter is part
of the former (this is in line with many scholars, such as Melis and Albir
2001; Pym 2003; Kelly 2005; PACTE 2003, 2005 among others). In
addition to distinguishing between competence and skills, Pym (2003:
489) is of a view that there are two types of skills that are needed for
translation competence. They are
1. The translator’s ability to produce more than one target text for the
source text at hand; and
2. The translator’s ability to select the most appropriate target text as
quickly as s/he can and with justified confidence.

Translation competence is well defined by PACTE (Process of the

Acquisition of Translation Competence and Evaluation) research group
(for more details, see Melis and Albir 2001: 280; Albir and Alves 2009:
65) as the underlying system of knowledge and skills required in order to
be able to translate. Translation competence is subdivided by PACTE into
five sub-competences, namely: bilingual, extra-linguistic, instrumental,
01
knowledge about translation and strategic. Talking of the same
components, but introducing different sub-competences (communicative
competence, cultural and intercultural competence, subject area
competence, professional and instrumental competence, attitudinal or
psycho-physiological competence, strategic competence and interpersonal
competence), Kelly (2005: 33-34) lays emphasis on the interpersonal
competence, i.e. the translator’s ability to deal with other professionals.

The BSEN-15038 European Quality Standard for Translation Services,

currently accepted as one of the international standards of reference
regarding provision and supply of translation services, in its paragraph
3.2.2 (2006: 7) makes it explicit that a qualified translator should have the
following competences:

1. Translating competence, i.e. “the ability to translate texts to the

required level”; “it includes the ability to assess the problems of
text comprehension and text production as well as the ability to
render the target text [...] and to justify the results”;
2. Linguistic and textual competence in the SL and the TL, i.e. “the
ability to understand the source language and mastery of the target
language”. Textual competence requires knowledge of text type
conventions for as wide a range of standard-language and
specialised texts as possible”;
3. Research competence, information acquisition and processing that
require “experience in the use of research tools and the ability to
develop suitable strategies for the efficient use of the information
sources available”;
4. Cultural competence, i.e. “the ability to make use of information
on the locale, behavioural standards and value systems that
characterise the source and target cultures”; and
5. Technical competence, i.e. “the abilities and skills required for
professional preparation and production of translation”, such as
“the ability to operate technical resources” (Ibid: 7).

Pre-transferring adjustment
Translators, prior to transferring the analyzed materials, are most often
required to make some adjustments to the source text at its lexical,
syntactic or textual level. Rewriting the original sentence without
01
affecting the author’s intention or text-type focus will definitely allow
translators to exercise greater freedom of choice in rendering the extract
at hand and let them remove the syntactico-semantic and socio-cultural
constraints driven by the source text. This is in line with Wilss’ (1982:
160) views that languages are “syntactically, lexically and socio-
culturally non-isomorphic”. Therefore, pre-transferring adjustment is a
preliminary step that can be taken by translators to obtain a better insight
into the source text.

As stated above, such an adjustment does not confine itself solely to the
sentential level, but rather, in most cases, translators are highly advised to
opt for such an adjustment at the lexical and phraseological levels.
Replacing the source text word, for instance, with its synonyms would
help the translator understand its denotative meaning, on the one hand,
and it provides him/her with a number of equivalents, on the other.
Checking the meaning of a lexical item in a bilingual dictionary and
failing to find out its exact meaning because of its archaism, neologism,
and so on will lead the translator, as a last resort, to apply such an
adjustment. Pre-transferring adjustment can be used to solve a great
number of problems. They include, but not limited to:
1. pinpointing the implicit relationship between sentences;
2. surmounting the lexical, syntactic, pragmatic, cultural, etc.
constraints imposed by the source text;
3. finding out the meaning of a lexical item which is not referred to
in available dictionaries, either because of its archaism,
neologism, and the like; or
4. copying with figurative language.

Such an adjustment is of crucial influence on the process and product of

translation, in particular when the translators are of greater
‘communicative’ and ‘linguistic competence’ as well as ‘contrastive
knowledge’ (Bell 1991: 36-42). They will adjust the original text
semantically, syntactically and/or textually in a way that the source text
supplely accommodates itself in the linguistic system of the target
language. However, translators need to be careful when dealing with
some technical terms as this step may or may not change their contextual
meanings. By way of explanation, let us consider the following example:

Source text:

01
It was stated in a report by Lloyds bank, one of the largest banks in the
UK, that the world demand for oil would increase only slightly during the
two coming years. This is because of the weakness of the expected upturn
and the measures that have actually been taken to conserve and
economize on energy.

At the lexical level

It was reported by Lloyds bank, one of the largest banks in the UK, that
the world demand for oil would not increase that much during the
following two years. This is due to the weakness of the expected increase
and the procedures that have already been taken in order to save energy.

Here, words and expressions like ‘state in a report’, ‘only slightly’,

‘coming’, ‘because of’, ‘upturn’, ‘measures’, ‘actually’, ‘to’, ‘conserve’
and ‘economize’ have been intrinsically managed to help us understand
their denotative meanings on the one hand, and provide us with a number
of equivalents, on the other.

At the syntactic level

Lloyds bank, one of the largest banks in the UK, reported that the world
demand for oil would increase only slightly during the two coming years.
This is because of the weakness of the expected upturn and the measures
that the government has actually taken to conserve and economize on
energy.

As can be observed, structures like ‘it was stated in a report by Lloyds

bank…’ and ‘the measures that have actually been taken …’ have been
syntactically adjusted to allow us to exercise greater freedom of choice in
rendering the extract at hand and let us remove the syntactico-semantic
and socio-cultural constraints driven by the source text.

At the textual level

Due to the weakness of the expected upturn and the measures that have
actually been taken in order to conserve and economize on energy, Lloyds
bank, one of the largest banks in the UK, reported that the world demand
for oil would increase only slightly during the two coming years.

01
Cohesive devices like ‘due to’ and ‘to’ have been intrinsically managed to
obtain a better insight into the source text. Further, the two complex
sentences have been reorganized to have one compound complex
sentence.

Text analysis

Building on linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives, Bell (1991: 20)

states that the translation process mainly happens within “memory” in the
sense that the transformation process involves five main phases, namely:
1. Visual recognition of the lexical items translators identify the
technical terms, new terms, difficult terms, etc.
2. syntactic parsing in which translators start analyzing the text at
hand syntactically by asking themselves a number of questions,
such as ‘how many sentences are there ?’, ‘what is the type of
each sentence ? Is it simple, compound, complex or compound
complex ?’, ‘where is the subject of each sentence/clause?’,
‘where is the main verb of each sentence/clause?’, ‘what is the
tense/aspect/voice, etc.?’.
3. mechanisms of lexical search in which translators mentally start
looking for the equivalent of each lexical item‫ ـــــ‬here the
translation unit is mainly lexical items and occasionally
expressions.
4. semantic and pragmatic processing in which translators try their
hand at activating sematic and pragmatic processes in order to
produce a translation draft.
5. encoding the draft semantically, pragmatically and lexico-
grammatically in the TL (for more details, see Almanna 2014: 52-
54).
By way of explanation, let us consider the following example:

Source text
The primary function of advertising is to persuade people to buy
something. Consequently, understanding how advertising influences
people is an exercise in understanding how persuasion techniques are
used in advertising to trigger buying decisions. Persuasion techniques can
be either rational, irrational or a combination of both.

01
 1. Visual recognition of lexical items:
Any technical or difficult words, expressions, phrases … ?

2. Syntactic Parsing

The primary function of advertising [subject] is [main verb] to persuade

people to buy something.
Consequently [connector], understanding how advertising influences
people [subject] is [main verb] an exercise in understanding how
persuasion techniques are used in advertising to trigger buying decisions.
[no connector] Persuasion techniques [subject] can be [main verb]
either rational, irrational or a combination of both.

3. mechanisms of lexical search

The primary (‫األساسي‬/‫ )الرئيس‬function (‫ )الوظيفة‬of advertising (‫ )لإلعالنات‬is to
persuade (‫ )أن تقنع‬people (‫ )الناس‬to buy (‫ )تشتري‬something (‫)شيئا‬.
Consequently (‫وبناء على ذلك‬/‫)وعليه‬, understanding (‫ )فهم‬how (‫)كيف‬
advertising (‫ )اإلعالن‬influences (‫ )يؤثر في‬people (‫ )الناس‬is an exercise (‫)تمرين‬
in understanding (‫ )في فهم‬how (‫ )كيف‬persuasion (‫ )إقناع‬techniques
(‫استراتيجيات‬/‫ )تقنيات‬are used (‫تستخدم‬/‫ )تستعمل‬in advertising (‫ )في اإلعالنات‬to
trigger (‫بحفّز‬/‫ )يحث‬buying (‫ )شراء‬decisions(‫ )قرارات‬. Persuasion (‫)إقناع‬
techniques (‫ )تقنيات‬can be (‫ )يمكن أن تكون‬either (‫ )إما‬rational(‫ )عقالني‬,
irrational(‫ )غير عقالني‬or (‫ )أو‬a combination (‫تج ّمع‬/‫دمج‬/‫)خليط‬of both(‫ )كالهما‬.

4. semantic and pragmatic processing

‫ فهم كيف يؤثر اإلعالن‬،‫ وعليه‬.‫إن الوظيفة الرئيسة لإلعالنات هي إقناع الناس في شراء شيء ما‬
.‫في الناس هو تمرين في فهم كيف استخدام تقنيات اإلقناع في اإلعالنات لتحث قرارات الشراء‬
.‫تقنيات اإلقناع ممكن أن تكون إما عقالنية أو غير عقالنية أو كليهما‬

5. Encoding the draft semantically, pragmatically and lexico-

grammatically in the TL:

Before …
‫ فهم كيف يؤثر اإلعالن‬،‫ وعليه‬.‫إن الوظيفة الرئيسة لإلعالنات هي إقناع الناس في شراء شيء ما‬
.‫في الناس هو تمرين في فهم كيف استخدام تقنيات اإلقناع في اإلعالنات لتحث قرارات الشراء‬
.‫تقنيات اإلقناع ممكن أن تكون إما عقالنية أو غير عقالنية أو كليهما‬

After …

01
‫ لذا فإن فهم آلية تأثير‬،‫تكمن الوظيفة األساسية لإلعالنات في إقناع اآلخرين في شراء األشياء‬
‫اإلعالنات في اآلخرين ما هي إال عملية فهم تقنيات اإلقناع التي من شأنها تحفيز اآلخرين التخاذ‬
.‫ وتصنّف تقنيات اإلقناع إلى أساليب منطقية أوغير منطقية أو كليهما‬.‫قرارات الشراء‬

Quiz 1

EX: proofread, revise and edit the following translation offered by a

translation trainee:

ST:
The Kuwaiti government warned its citizens against some companies
which were out to hold onto people’s money ‘fraudulently’ by deceiving
them about the possibility of obtaining large sums of money. It was
reported that the Kuwaiti government had received warnings regarding
these companies from the UAE Central Bank and the Qatar Monetary
Agency.

TT:

‫نددت الحكومة الكويتية المواطنون من بعض الشركات التي تعمل على إحتجاز أمواال للمواطنين‬
‫ و ُذكر إن حكومة الكويت قد‬.‫واكلها بالباطل عن طريق غشهم بإمكانية الحصول على مبالغ كبيرة‬
‫تلقت تلك التنديدات الخاصة بتللك الشركات من البنك المركزي لدولة اإلمارات العربية المتحدة‬
.‫ومؤسسة النقد‬

Ex: prior to translate the following text, try to identify

(i) how many sentences in the texts;
(ii) the types of the sentences in the texts (simple, compound,
complex or compound-complex);
(iii) the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each
sentence/clause; and
(iv) the connectors used in the text.

In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population.

This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labour union is an
organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common

01
‫‪goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions. The‬‬
‫‪trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf‬‬
‫‪of union members and negotiates labour contracts with employers. This‬‬
‫‪movement first rose among industrial workers.‬‬

‫‪EX: before translating the following text, try to make a pre-transferring‬‬

‫‪adjustment at lexical, syntactic and textual level in order to bring‬‬
‫‪the text in line with your translation competence‬‬

‫تج ّمع المئات من الموظفين والع ّمال منذ صباح أمس أمام البوابة الرئيسة لشركة النسيج‪ ،‬منفذين‬
‫اضرابا مفتوحا عن العمل لحين تحقيق مطالبهم التي تتل ّخص بتقليص ساعات العمل‪ ،‬وزيادة‬
‫رواتبهم إسوة بأقرناهم في شركات النسيج المنتشرة في إنحاء البالد‪ .‬وه ّدد الموظفون والعمال‬
‫بأنهم سيستم ّرون في اإلضراب إلى أن تتحقق جميع مطالبهم وأنهم هذه المرّة لن يص ّدقوا بالوعود‬
‫الشفهية‪.‬‬

‫وأ ّكد الناطق الرسمي باسم الشركة أن اإلضراب الذي التزم به كافة العاملين والموظفين شمل‬
‫كافة مرافق الشركة‪ ،‬بما فيها ع ّمال المستودعات والحرّ اس والسوّاق‪ .‬وأضاف أن الشركة ستعمل‬
‫على النظر في مطالبهم وتحقيق ما تستطيع تحقيقه‪.‬‬

‫‪01‬‬
CHAPTER 2
BANK & BANKING
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with banking-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of paying extra attention to text
cohesion.
 we will highlight the importance of editing our translation.
 we will learn how to deal with passive and active voices while
translating.

Self-study: warming up …

Be familiar with the following definitions:

 An account holder ‫ صاحب الحساب‬is any and all persons designated

and authorized to transact business on behalf of an account. Each
account holder's signature needs to be on file with the bank. The
signature authorizes that person to conduct business on behalf of
the account. Frozen Account ‫ حساب مج ّمد‬is an account on which
funds may not be withdrawn until a lien is satisfied and a court
order or other legal process makes the account available for
withdrawal (e.g., the account of a deceased person is frozen
pending a court order distributing the funds to the new lawful
owners). An account may also be frozen when there is a dispute
regarding the true ownership of an account. The bank will freeze
the account to preserve the existing funds until legal action can
determine the lawful owner. Joint Account ‫ حساب مشترك‬is an
account owned by two or more persons. Either party can conduct
transactions separately or together as set forth in the deposit
account contract.
 Automated Teller Machine (ATM) ‫ الص ّراف اآللي‬is a machine,
activated by a magnetically encoded card or other medium that
can process a variety of banking transactions. These include
accepting deposits and loan payments, providing withdrawals, and
transferring funds between accounts.

 A balance transfer ‫ تحويل حساب‬is the process of moving an

outstanding balance from one credit card to another. This is
usually done to obtain a lower interest rate on the outstanding
balance.

 A bank statement ‫كشف حساب‬. Periodically the bank provides a

statement of a customer's deposit account. It shows all deposits
made, all checks paid, and other debits posted during the period
(usually one month), as well as the current balance.

 Banks act as ‫ تعمل بمثابة‬payment agents by conducting cheques

‫ إصدار الشيكات‬or current accounts ‫ فتح حسابات جارية‬for customers,
paying cheques drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting
cheque deposited to customers’ current accounts. Banks also
enable customer payments via other payment methods such
as Automated Clearing House (ACH) ‫ غرفة المقاصة اآللية‬or
telegraphic transfer ‫التحويالت البرقية‬, EFTPOS (electronic funds
transfer at point of sale) ‫تحويل األموال الكترونيًا عند نقاط البيع‬,
and automated teller machine (ATM) ‫ ص ّراف آلي‬.

 Beneficiary ‫ المنتفع‬is a person who is entitled to receive the

benefits or proceeds of a will, trust, insurance policy, retirement
plan, annuity, or other contract.

 Check (cheque) ‫ شيك‬is a written order instructing a financial

institution to pay immediately on demand a specified amount of
money from the check writer's account to the person named on the
check or, if a specific person is not named, to whoever bears the
check to the institution for payment.

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 Canceled check ‫ شيك ملغي‬is a check that a bank has paid, charged
to the account holder's account, and then endorsed. Once canceled,
a check is no longer negotiable.

 Certified check (‫ شيك مضمون (مكفول‬is a personal check drawn by

an individual that is certified (guaranteed) to be good. The face of
the check bears the words ‘certified’ or ‘accepted’, and is signed
by an official of the bank or thrift institution issuing the check.
The signature signifies that the signature of the drawer is genuine,
and sufficient funds are on deposit and earmarked for payment of
the check.

 Collateral ‫ أصول ارتهانية‬is your assets that are offered to secure a

loan or other credit. For example, if you get a real estate mortgage,
the bank's collateral is typically your house. Collateral becomes
subject to seizure on default.

 Collection agency ‫ وكالة تحصيل الديون‬is a company hired by a

creditor to collect a debt that is owed. Creditors typically hire a
collection agency only after they have made efforts to collect the
debt themselves, usually through letters and telephone calls.

 Credit card issuer: ‫ الجهة المص ّدرة لبطاقات االئتمان‬is any financial
institution that issues bank cards to those who apply for them.

 A debit ‫ دين‬may be an account entry representing money you owe

a lender or money that has been taken from your deposit account.

 A debit card ‫ بطاقة سحب أو بطاقة خصم‬allows the account owner to

access their funds electronically. Debit cards may be used to
obtain cash from automated teller machines or purchase goods or
services using point-of-sale systems. The use of a debit card
involves immediate debiting and crediting of consumers' accounts.

ّ ‫ مح‬is any person who regularly collects

 Debt collector ‫صل الديون‬
debts owed to others.

 Debtor ‫ مدين‬is someone who owes monies to another party.

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 ّ
 Deferred Payment )‫مؤخر‬ ،‫ دفع مؤجل (آجل‬is a payment postponed
until a future date.

 Direct deposit )‫ إيداع مباشر (الكتروني‬is a payment that is

electronically deposited into an individual’s account at a
depository institution.

 Draft ‫ حوالة‬is a signed, written order by which one party (the

drawer) instructs another party (the drawee) to pay a specified sum
to a third party (the payee), at sight or at a specific date. Typical
bank drafts are negotiable instruments and are similar in many
ways to checks.

 Drawee ‫ مسحوب عليه أو مسحوب من حسابه‬is the person (or bank) who
is expected to pay a check or draft when it is presented for
payment.

 Drawee bank ‫ بنك مسحوب عليه‬is the bank upon which a check is
drawn.

 Drawer )‫ك‬ ّ ‫ ساحب (منشيء السند أو الص‬is the person who writes a
check or draft instructing the drawee to pay someone else. The
drawer of a check (cheque) ‫ساحب الشيك‬.

 Electronic banking: ‫عمليات بنكية (مصرفية) الكترونية‬is a service that

allows an account holder to obtain account information and
manage certain banking transactions through a personal computer
via the financial institution’s Website on the Internet (This is also
known as Internet or online banking).

 Forgery ‫ تزوير أو تزييف‬is the fraudulent signing or alteration of

another's name to an instrument such as a deed, mortgage, or
check. The intent of the forgery is to deceive or defraud.

 Guarantor ‫ كفيل‬is a party who agrees to be responsible for the

payment of another party's debts should that party default.

 Interest ‫ فائدة‬is a term used to describe the cost of using money, a

right, share, or title in property.

12
 Interest rate ‫ معدل أو نسبة الفائدة‬is the amount paid by a borrower to
a lender in exchange for the use of the lender's money for a certain
period of time. Interest is paid on loans or on debt instruments,
such as notes or bonds, either at regular intervals or as part of a
lump sum payment when the issue matures.

 Loan fee ‫ رسوم االقتراض‬is a fee charged by a lender to make a loan

(in addition to the interest charged to the borrower).

 Maturity ‫ تاريخ االستحقاق‬is the date on which the principal balance

of a loan, bond, or other financial instrument becomes due and
payable.

 Mortgage ‫ رهن عقاري‬is a debt instrument used in a real estate

transaction where the property is the collateral for the loan. A
mortgage gives the lender a right to take possession of the
property if the borrower fails to pay off the loan. In a mortgage
loan ‫ قرض عقاري‬relationship, the mortgagee ‫ مانح القرض العقاري‬is
the lender and the mortgagor ‫ المرتهن‬is the borrower (property is
used as collateral to make payment).

Collocation:
Mortgage: to pay off a mortgage ‫ك رهنًا عقاريًا‬ ّ ‫ ;يف‬to create a mortgage
‫ ;يرتهن عقارً ا‬to recast a mortgage ‫تعديل شروط الرهن العقاري‬.

 Overdraft: ‫سحب على المكشوف أو سحب فوق الرصيد أو فرط في السحب‬

When the amount of money withdrawn from a bank account is
greater than the amount actually available in the account, the
excess is known as an overdraft, and the account is said to be
overdrawn.

 Payee: ‫ المدفوع في حسابه أو المدفوع له أو المستفيد‬is the person or

organization to whom a check, draft, or note is made payable.

 Payment due date: ‫ تاريخ استحقاق الدين‬is the date on which a loan
or installment payment is due. It is set by a financial institution.
Any payment received after this date is considered late; fees and
penalties can be assessed.

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  Payoff ‫إيفاء الدين أو سداد القرض‬. The complete repayment of a loan,
including principal, interest, and any other amounts due. Payoff
occurs either over the full term of the loan or through
prepayments.

 Payoff statement: ‫ كشف سداد القرض أو إيفاء الدين‬is a formal statement

prepared when a loan payoff is contemplated. It shows the current
status of the loan account, all sums due, and the daily rate of
interest.

 Payor )‫ دافع (المال أو الكمبيالة إلخ‬is the person or organization who

pays.

 Refinancing ‫ إعادة تمويل الدين أو القرض‬is a way of obtaining a better

interest rate, lower monthly payments, or borrow cash on the
equity in a property that has built up on a loan. A second loan is
taken out to pay off the first, higher-rate loan.

 Usury: ‫ ربا‬means charging an illegally high interest rate on a

loan. Usury Rates ‫ فوائد ربوية‬are the maximum rate of interest
lenders may charge borrowers.

Self-study: the importance of reading

Translators working in this area need to be familiar with commonly used
words, expressions, phrases and structures prior to embarking on the
actual act of translating. Let us read these three texts and then translate
them. However, while reading try your hand at:
identifying the difficult/new words
identifying the main verb of each sentence/clause
identifying the relationship between the sentences

Text 1: be familiar with the area

The Origin of the word ‘bank’
The word bank was borrowed in Middle English from Middle French
banque, from Old Italian banca, from Old High German banc, bank
‘bench, counter’. Benches were used as desks or exchange counters
during the Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their
transactions desks covered by green tablecloths.

12
‫‪Text 2: be familiar with the area‬‬
‫أنشئت المصارف الحديثة خالل النهضة األوروبية في مدينة البندقية في إيطاليا في عام ‪2231‬‬
‫تحت عنوان بانكو ريالتو‪ .‬إن لفظة "بنك" هي لفظة ذات منشأ إيطالي وهي محرّ فة من لفظة‬
‫"بانكو" باإليطالية )‪ (Banco‬والتي تعني المنضدة التي كان الصيارفة يستعملونها في معامالتهم‬
‫مع المراجعين‪.‬‬

‫وفي عام ‪ 2223‬تم تأسيس في إيطاليا أيضا مصرف آخر يدعى ((بانكو دي جيرو)) أي مصرف‬
‫الحوالة واستحدث هذا المصرف طريقة خاصة لتسهيل المعامالت‪ ،‬فأصدر ايصاالت لقاء نقود‬
‫الذهب أو الفضة المودعة لديه‪ ،‬وصارت هذه االيصاالت تتداول في األسواق وكأنها أوراق نقدية‪.‬‬
‫إال أن مصرف أمستردام الذي تأسس عام ‪ 2263‬أي قبل بانكو دي جيرو بعشر سنوات في‬
‫هولندا‪ ،‬كان المصرف األول الذي أصدر هذه اإليصاالت‪.‬‬

‫ومع م ّر األجيال‪ ،‬تعددت أنواع المصارف‪ ،‬وأهم المصارف اليوم في أي بلد هو المصرف‬
‫المركزي الذي يت ّولى واجب إصدار النقود واألوراق النقدية وتداولها وحفظها والتح ّكم في السوق‬
‫المالية تب ًعا للسياسة المالية التي تختطها الحكومة وتنفي ًذا لها‪.‬‬

‫أما فيما يتعلّق بالمصرف األول الذي يذكره التاريخ فقد تأسس في بابل في العراق القديم‪ ،‬وإن لم‬
‫يحمل اس ًما معينًا‪ ،‬بل حمل اسم األسرة التي تسيطر على أعمال الصيرفة‪ ،‬وخاصة أسرة اجيبي‬
‫البابلية المالية‪.‬‬

‫‪Notes:‬‬
‫‪ is in the passive voice; therefore, it can be‬أنشت المصارف الحديثة ‪‬‬
‫‪translated into ‘modern banks were founded’.‬‬
‫‪ is ‘Venice’.‬مدينة البندقية ‪‬‬
‫‪) can be translated into ‘cashier’. A cashier is‬صيرفي ‪ (also‬صرّ اف ‪‬‬
‫العمالء ‪,‬المراجعون ‪the person in a bank, shop, etc. that customers‬‬
‫‪pay money to or get money from.‬‬
‫‪ can be translated into a passive voice.‬تم تأسيس ‪‬‬

‫‪Text 3: be familiar with the area‬‬

‫‪The origins of modern banking can be traced to medieval and early‬‬
‫‪Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the north like Florence, Genoa and‬‬
‫‪Venice. The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th‬‬
‫‪century, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. One of the‬‬
‫‪most famous Italian banks was the Medici Bank, set up by Giovanni di‬‬
‫‪Bicci de' Medici in 1397. The earliest known state deposit bank, Banco di‬‬
‫‪San Giorgio (Bank of St. George), was founded in 1407 at Genoa, Italy.‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
Modern banking practice, including fractional reserve banking and the
issue of banknotes, emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries. Merchants
started to store their gold with the goldsmiths of London, who possessed
private vaults, and charged a fee for that service. In exchange for each
deposit of precious metal, the goldsmiths issued receipts certifying the
quantity and purity of the metal they held as a bailee; these receipts could
not be assigned, only the original depositor could collect the stored goods.

Gradually the goldsmiths began to lend the money out on behalf of the
depositor, which led to the development of modern banking practices;
promissory notes (which evolved into banknotes) were issued for money
deposited as a loan to the goldsmith. The goldsmith paid interest on these
deposits. Since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the
advances (loans) to the goldsmith's customers were repayable over a
longer time period, this was an early form of fractional reserve banking.
The promissory notes developed into an assignable instrument which
could circulate as a safe and convenient form of money backed by the
goldsmith's promise to pay, allowing goldsmiths to advance loans with
little risk of default. Thus, the goldsmiths of London became the
forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit.

The importance of text analysis

Text 4: translate into Arabic:

It was stated in a report by Lloyds bank, one of the largest banks in the
UK, that the world demand for oil would increase only slightly during the
two coming years. This is because of the weakness of the expected upturn
and the measures that have actually been taken to conserve and
economize on energy.

1. Visual recognition of lexical items:

Any technical or difficult words, expressions, phrases … ?
2. Syntactic parsing:
It [subject] was stated [main verb + passive] in a report by Lloyds bank,
one of the largest banks in the UK, that [connector] the world demand for

11
oil [subject] would increase [helping verb + main verb] only slightly
during the two coming years.
This [subject] is [main verb/simple present tense] because of [connector +
followed by a phrase] the weakness of the expected upturn and the
measures that [relative pronoun + no subject] have actually been taken
[main verb + passive] to [connector (purpose)] conserve and economize
on energy.

3. Mechanisms of lexical search:

It was stated (‫ )ذكر‬in (‫ )في‬a report (‫ )تقرير‬by Lloyds bank (‫بنك لويدز‬/‫)مصرف‬,
one (‫ )واحد‬of (‫ )من‬the largest (‫ )أكبر‬banks (‫البنوك‬/‫ )المصارف‬in the UK ( ‫المملكة‬
‫)المتحدة‬, that (‫بأن‬/‫ )أن‬the world (‫ )العالم‬demand (‫ )طلب‬for (‫ )لـ‬oil (‫ )النفط‬would
increase (‫ )سيزداد‬only (‫ )فقط‬slightly (‫ )قليال‬during (‫ )خالل‬the two (‫)اثنين‬
coming (‫ )يأتي‬years (‫)سنوات‬. This (‫ )هذا‬is (…) because of (‫ )بسبب‬the
weakness (‫ )ضعف‬of the expected (‫ )المتوقع‬upturn (‫ )ارتفاع‬and (‫ )و‬the
measures (‫ )االجراءات‬that (‫ )التي‬have (‫ )قد‬actually (‫فعال‬/‫ )حقا‬been taken
(‫تم اتخاذها‬/‫ )اتخذت‬to (‫لكي‬/‫كي‬/‫ )لـ‬conserve (‫ )يحافظ‬and economize (no
equivalent) on (‫ )على‬energy (‫)الطاقة‬.

4. semantic and pragmatic processing (literal translation)

‫ بأن الطلب العالمي على‬،‫ واحد من أكبر البنوك في المملكة المتحدة‬،‫ذكر في تقرير لبنك لويدرز‬
‫ هذا بسبب الضعف في االرتفاع المتوقع‬.‫النفط سيزداد فقط قليال خالل السنتين القادمتين‬
.‫واالجراءات التي اتّخذت فعال للحفاظ واالقتصاد في الطاقة‬

5. Encoding the draft semantically, pragmatically and lexico-

grammatically in the TL (post-editing)
Here, translators are asked to encode the draft semantically,
pragmatically, lexico-grammatically and stylistically. Consider the two
versions below:

Before …
‫ بأن الطلب العالمي على‬،‫ واحد من أكبر البنوك في المملكة المتحدة‬،‫ذكر في تقرير لبنك لويدرز‬
‫ هذا بسبب الضعف في االرتفاع المتوقع‬.‫النفط سيزداد فقط قليال خالل السنتين القادمتين‬
.‫واالجراءات التي اتّخذت فعال للحفاظ واالقتصاد في الطاقة‬

12
‫… ‪After‬‬
‫جاء في تقرير بنك لويدرز‪ ،‬واحد من أكبر البنوك في المملكة المتحدة‪ ،‬أن الطلب العالمي على‬
‫البترول لن يزداد إال قليال في غضون السنتين القادمتين‪ ،‬وذلك بسبب ضعف االزدهار االقتصادي‬
‫المرتقب واالجراءات التي ت ّم اتّخاذها بالفعل من أجل المحافظة على الطاقة وتوفيرها‪.‬‬

‫‪Attention‬‬
‫‪In translating passive forms from English into Arabic, translators‬‬
‫‪normally resort to the following:‬‬
‫‪Passive forms can be translated into passive forms. Consider the‬‬
‫‪following two examples:‬‬
‫… ‪- It was stated in a report by Lloyds bank‬‬
‫… ‪- The measures that have actually been taken to‬‬

‫ذكر في تقرير لبنك لويدز ‪...‬‬

‫اإلجراءات التي اتخذت ‪...‬‬
‫‪Passive forms can be translated into active forms, as in:‬‬
‫ذكر تقرير بنك لويدز ‪...‬‬
‫اإلجراءات التي اتّخذتها ‪.....‬‬
‫‪ + noun, as in:‬ت ّم ‪Passive forms can be translated into‬‬
‫ت ّم ذكر هذا في تقرير بنك لويدز‬
‫اإلجراءات التي ت ّم اتّخاذها ‪...‬‬
‫جاء ‪Note 1: In media, some passive forms are translated into‬‬
‫في (تقرير بنك لويدز) ‪...‬‬
‫من قبل ‪Note 2: In Arabic, try to avoid the forced passive, i.e.‬‬

‫‪Text 5: translate into Arabic:‬‬

‫صرّح مصدر مقرّب من الحكومة الماليزية أن الحكومة الماليزية قد وافقت مؤخرً ا على إقامة أوّ ل‬
‫مصرف إسالمي في ماليزيا ال يتقاضى فائدة على القروض والسيّما على الودائع‪.‬‬

‫وفي هذا الصدد‪ ،‬صرّح وزير المالية أن المصرف الذي يتوقع أن يفتح في الشهر المقبل سيقيم‬
‫عالقات مع مصار ف إسالمية خارجية‪ .‬وأضاف الوزير أن الهدف الرئيس من إقامة مثل هذا‬
‫المصرف هو بغرض خلق مؤسسة مالية تعمل على وفق المبادئ اإلسالمية‪.‬‬

‫وسيبدأ المصرف الماليزي اإلسالمي برأسمال مصرّح به قوامه ‪ 166‬مليون دوالر‪ ،‬هذا وذكر‬
‫المصدر الذي نقل الخبر أن الحكومة ستكون من أكبر حملة األسهم في المصرف اإلسالمي الجديد‬
‫باإلضافة إلى بعض المنظمات اإلسالمية التي تشمل مجالس دينية إسالمية‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 Notes:
a source close to … ‫مصدر مق ّرب‬ -
the Malaysian government ‫الحكومة الماليزية‬ -
not charge ‫ال يتقاضى‬ -
interest ‫فائدة‬ -
loan ‫قرض‬ -
deposit(s) )‫وديعة (ودائع‬ -
in this regard, in this respect, in this context … ‫في هذا الصدد‬ -
the minister of finance (financial adj.) ‫وزير المالية‬ -
capital ‫رأسمال‬ -
further, furthermore, etc. ‫هذا و‬ -
shareholders ‫حملة األسهم‬ -
share ‫سهم‬ -

Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text

connectors:
Banks & Financial System
A bank is a financial intermediary ‫ وسيط مالي‬that accepts deposits ‫ودائع‬
and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly by
loaning or indirectly through capital markets. A bank links together
customers that have capital deficits ‫ عجز مالي أو قلّة رأس المال‬and customers
with capital surpluses ‫فائض مالي‬.

Due to their importance in the financial system and influence on national

economies, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most nations
have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking,
under which banks hold liquid assets )‫ أصول سائلة (سيولة‬equal to only a
portion of their current liabilities. In addition to other regulations intended
to ensure liquidity ‫سيولة‬, banks are generally subject to ‫تخضع إلى‬
minimum capital requirements based on an international set of capital
standards.

Attention:
‘due to’, ‘owing to’ and ‘because of’ are synonyms. They are followed by
a phrase, i.e. a group of words, and can be translated into ‫ بسبب‬, ‫نظ ًرا لـ‬, etc.

26
Text 7: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text
connectors
Defining matters …
The definition of a bank varies from one country to another.
Under English common law, a banker ‫ موظف في المصرف‬is defined as a
person who carries on the business of banking, which is specified as:

 conducting current accounts for his/her customers,

 paying cheques drawn on him/her, and
 collecting cheques for his/her customers.

In most common law jurisdictions ‫نطاق قضائي‬, there is a Bills of

Exchange Act ‫ قانون الكمبياالت‬that codifies the law in relation to negotiable
instruments, including cheques, and this Act contains a statutory
definition ‫ تعريف قانوني‬of the term ‘banker’. Banker includes a body of
persons, whether incorporated or not, who carry on the business of
banking. Although this definition seems circular, it is actually functional,
because it ensures that the legal basis for bank transactions ‫المعامالت‬
‫المصرفية‬, such as cheques.

Text 8: translate into English, paying special attention to text

connectors

‫ تهدف إلى تسهيل المعامالت المالية‬financial institution ‫المصرف هو مؤسسة مالية‬

‫ والمكان‬،‫ وهو المكان المناسب لحفظ النقود فيه‬.‫ وحفظ األموال وتشغيلها‬customers ‫للعمالء‬
‫الذي يمكن االقتراض منه عند الحاجة لقاء ضمان ما يغطي قيمة القرض أو لقاء تعهد شخص‬
‫ ويدار المصرف من صيرفي‬.‫ضامن يكفل تغطية أو إعادة أصل القرض عند تأخر المدين بالسداد‬
.‫(صاحب المصرف أو مديره) ومجموعة من الموظفين‬

‫المصرف هو المكان األمين الدخار المال الفائض به وعادة ما يدفع المصرف فوائد سنوية‬
‫ على أصل المال الم ّدخر وفي حالة عدم تحريك المال الم ّدخر لفترة يتفق‬annual interests
.‫عليها يمكن أن تكون الفائدة مر ّكبة‬

‫ وهذا‬،‫إن المصارف عادة ما تقرض الناس المبالغ التي يحتاجون إليها لقاء فائدة للمصرف‬
‫ ويستعاض عنه في المصارف اإلسالمية بسد حاجة العميل المقترض‬،‫األسلوب مح ّرم في اإلسالم‬
‫ أو واسطة نقل‬real estate ‫عن طريق شراء المصرف حاجة العميل المقترض منه مثل عقار‬
‫ بسعر أعلى يقوم فيما بعد بسداد‬selling on credit ‫نق ًدا وبيعها إلى العميل المقترض باآلجل‬
.‫القرض دفعة واحدة في وقت الحق يتفق على تحديده أو بتقسيط المبلغ على دفعات‬

22
‫تقوم المصارف بأعمال مصرفية أخرى كثيرة مثل خصم السندات ووصوالت القبض‬
‫ ومن األعمال األخرى تحويل وتصريف العمالت من‬،‫(الكمبياالت) لقاء عمولة معينة يتفق عليها‬
.‫عملة إلى أخرى‬

Text 9: translate into Arabic

Standard activities:
• Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current
accounts, by accepting term deposits ‫ودائع مؤقتة‬, and by issuing
debt securities ‫ إصدار سندات دين‬such as banknotes ‫أوراق‬
‫ مالية‬and bonds ‫سندات‬. Banks lend money by making advances to
customers on current accounts ‫حسابات جارية‬, by making
installment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities
and other forms of money lending.

• Banks can create new money when they make a loan. New loans
throughout the banking system generate new deposits elsewhere in
the system. The money supply ‫ تزويد المال‬is usually increased by
the act of lending ‫إقراض‬, and reduced when loans are repaid faster
than new ones are generated. In the United Kingdom between
1997 and 2007, there was a big increase in the money supply,
largely caused by much more bank lending, which served to push
up property prices and increase private debt.

Text 10: translate into English

Central Bank ‫البنك المركزي‬
‫ عامة تحتّل مركز الصدارة في‬monetary authority ‫البنك المركزي هو مؤسسة نقدية‬
‫ وتضمن بوسائل‬banknotes ‫الجهاز المصرفي وهو الهيئة التي تتولى إصدار األوراق النقدية‬
: ‫ يتمتع البنك المركزي بالصالحيات التالية‬. ‫شتى سالمة أسس النظام المصرفي‬

non- ‫ وغير التجارية‬commercial banks ‫ البنوك التجارية‬oversee ‫ يقوم بمراقبة‬:‫أوال‬ ً

‫ القدرة على تحويل األصول الحقيقية إلى أصول نقدية‬:‫ ثانيًا‬.commercial banks
‫ ينفرد من دون غيره من المصارف في كونه مؤسسة عامة تقوم بتنظيم‬:‫ ثالثًا‬.‫وبالعكس‬
monetary policy ‫المصارف وتشرف عليها وتشترك مع الحكومة في رسم السياسة النقدية‬
‫ ال يتخذ المصرف المركزي من خالل‬:‫ رابعًا‬.‫وتنفيذها عن طريق التدخل والتوجيه والمراقبة‬
‫ هدفا وإن حصل على الربح فيكون ذلك على سبيل األعمال العارضة وليس‬profit ‫عملياته الربح‬
‫إن هدف المصرف المركزي الرئيس هو المصلحة العامة‬ ّ ‫األساسية التي وجد من أجلها؛ إذ‬
.‫ واالقتصادية‬banking ‫ والمصرفية‬monetary ‫ وتنظيم النشاطات النقدية‬public interest
21
 ‫‪Quiz 2‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into Arabic‬‬

‫‪Before picking up the phone, switching over to your bank's website, or‬‬
‫‪physically heading over to your bank, make sure you qualify for a bank‬‬
‫‪account by preparing some ID first.‬‬

‫‪Further, you have to know that you have to be at least 18 years of age to‬‬
‫‪open a bank account. There, you will be asked to provide them with your‬‬
‫‪address, so take with you a phone bill, driver's license, or any other‬‬
‫‪official document with your name and address.‬‬

‫‪In some countries, the bank will also ask for your social security number‬‬
‫‪ to ensure that you exist, so have those digits handy.‬رقم الضمان االجتماعي‬

‫‪In addition to these requirements, do not forget to take with you an ID‬‬
‫‪with your picture, an ID with your signature, or anything else you've got‬‬
‫‪a passport is always‬ـــــ لك الحق (الشرعي) في ‪that tells the bank you're legit‬‬
‫‪nice.‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into English‬‬

‫أنواع المصارف‬
‫يمكن تصنيف المصارف إلى أنواع مختلفة‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫أول ‪ :‬المصارف التجارية ‪:commercial banks‬‬

‫هي المصارف التي تمارس األعمال المصرفية من قبولها للودائع وتقديم القروض وخصم‬
‫ً‬
‫أعماال‬ ‫األوراق التجارية وتحصيلها وفتح االعتمادات المستندية‪ ،‬وقد تمارس هذه المصارف‬
‫أخرى غير مصرفية‪ ،‬مثل المشاركة في المشاريع االقتصادية وبيع وشراء األسهم والسندات‪.‬‬
‫وفي الوطن العربي يوجد نوعان رئيسان من المصارف التجارية‪ :‬المصارف التقليدية (أو‬
‫الربوية) والمصارف اإلسالمية‪.‬‬
‫ثانيًا ‪ :‬المصارف اإلسالمية ‪:Islamic banks‬‬

‫أما المصارف اإلسالمية‪ ،‬فهي تتبع نظام تحريم الربا من الناحية الدينية وهو ما يس ّمى بالفائدة في‬
‫عرف المصارف التقليدية‪ .‬فالمصارف اإلسالمية عند عمل عقد القرض تضيف له نسبة من‬
‫الفائدة ألصل القرض ومق ّسط لمدة محدودة مستقبلية‪ ،‬وهذا القرض ال يستطيع العميل أن يوقفه‬
‫عند التسديد المبكر‪ ،‬فهو ملزم بدفع القرض والفائدة المدموجة مع أصل القرض حتى لو سدد قيمة‬
‫القرض مبك ًرا على عكس المصارف التقليدية‪.‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
 :Specialized banks ‫ مصارف متخصصة‬: ‫ثالثًا‬

‫هي نوع من أنواع المصارف التي تخدم نو ًعا من النشاط االقتصادي والتي تنفرد بالقيام بالعمليات‬
‫ بل تخدم‬،‫ وال يكون قبول الودائع من أنشطتها األساسية‬،‫المصرفية لهذا النشاط االقتصادي بالذات‬
‫ القطاع العقاري أو الزراعي أو الصناعي أو‬،‫قطاعات أساسية في االقتصاد الوطني مثل‬
short- ‫ وليس من أهداف هذه المصارف االستثمار قصير األجل‬.housing sector ‫اإلسكاني‬
.‫ ولكن معظم تمويلها يكون لالستثمار طويل األجل‬،term investment

EX: translate the following words and expressions into English

‫فتح حساب‬ ‫عمليات مصرفية‬

‫رهن عقاري‬ ‫صيرفي‬
‫قرض‬ ‫ص ّراف آلي‬
‫بطاقة ائتمان‬ ‫حوالة‬
‫سحب على المكشوف‬ ‫حساب جار‬
‫شيك مضمون‬ ‫تحويل حساب‬
‫دين‬ ‫سندات‬
‫فوائد ربوية‬ ‫أوراق مالية‬
‫إيداع‬ ‫كشف حساب‬

EX: translate the following passages into Arabic (choose TWO only)
1. In a free banking system, market forces control the supply of total
quantity of banknotes and deposits that can be supported by any
given stock of cash reserves.
2. An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank
account and the available balance goes below zero. In this
situation the account is said to be ‘overdrawn’. If there is a prior
agreement with the account provider for an overdraft, and the
amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit, then
interest is normally charged at the agreed rate. If the negative
balance exceeds the agreed terms, then additional fees may be
charged and higher interest rates may apply.
3. The underbanked are people or businesses that have poor access to
mainstream financial services normally offered by retail banks.
They are a distinct group from the unbanked, who are
characterized by having no banking facilities at all. Along with the

22
 underbanked, they may rely on alternative financial services for
their financial needs, where these are available.

EX: proofread, revise and edit the following translation offered by a

translation trainee

Source text:
Debit card (also known as a bank card or check card) is a plastic payment
card that provides the cardholder electronic access to their bank
account(s) at a financial institution. The card, where accepted, can be
used instead of cash when making purchases.
Debit cards usually also allow for instant withdrawal of cash, acting as the
ATM card for withdrawing cash. In many countries, the use of debit cards
has become so widespread that their volume has overtaken or entirely
replaced cheques and, in some instances, cash transactions.

Target text:
‫بطاقة السحب المباشر من الرصيد أو بطاقة المدين هي بطاقة بالستيكية صغيرة تم ّكن حاملها من‬
‫ يتم استخدامها لدفع األموال أو شراء‬،‫ وعندما يتم قبول البطاقة‬.‫معرفة حسابه بشكل الكتروني‬
ً ‫البضائع‬
.‫بدال من التعامل بالنقود‬

‫ فهي تعمل عمل بطاقة الـ (أي تي‬،‫وتم ّكن هذه البطاقة حاملها أن يسحب نقودًا مباشرة من حسابه‬
‫ وفي العديد من البلدان فإن بطاقات السحب المباشر قد انتشرت بشكل‬.‫أم) بالنسبة لسحب النقود‬
.‫واسع بحيث قضت على استخدام الشيكات وحتى التعامل بالنقود في بعض األحيان‬

22
CHAPTER 3
MARKETING
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with marketing-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis.
 we will highlight the importance of text cohesion.

Self-study: warming up …
Be familiar with the following definitions:
 To be successful, a marketing plan ‫ خطة تسويقية‬should focus on
consumer preferences and current market trends ‫ما هو سائد في‬
‫السوق‬. For example, many large retailers ‫ت ّجار التجزئة أو بائع مفرد‬
have decided to adapt to consumers’ increasing enthusiasm for
social media by establishing corporate Twitter accounts and
opening online storefronts ‫ واجهات المحال‬in Facebook.

 Your budget ‫ ميزانية‬has a role in your marketing decisions. It

dictates how much advertising ‫ إعالن‬you buy and where you can
afford to place it. The overall economy also has a massive
influence on your marketing decisions ‫قرارات التسويق‬. If you are
marketing in a down economy ‫اقتصاد منخفض‬, your consumers will
not be willing to pay a premium for your product, and your
advertising should probably point out that the product saves your
customers’ money, costs less than your competitor’s product ‫منتج‬
‫المنافس‬, or lasts a long time and is therefore a good value. In a
strong economy ‫اقتصاد قوي‬, your strategy probably will change.
You will be able to charge more, and your ad message ‫رسالة إعالنية‬
may stress the pleasure or convenience your product offers your
customers.
Note :
Premium (N/C) is an amount of money that people pay regularly to a
company for insurance ‫قسط التأمين‬, or an extra payment ‫دفعة إضافية‬.
 A marketing information system ‫ نظام المعلومات التسويقية‬is a
management information system designed to support marketing
decision making. It can be defined as a system in which marketing
data is formally gathered, stored, analyzed and distributed to
managers in accordance with their informational needs on a
regular basis.

 In marketing, price analysis ‫ تحليل األسعار‬refers to the analysis of

consumers’ response ‫ استجابة المستهلكين‬to theoretical prices ‫أسعار‬
‫ افتراضية‬in survey research. In general business, price analysis is
the process of examining and evaluating a proposed price without
evaluating its separate cost elements and proposed profit/fee.

 A market (also called marketplace) ‫ سوق‬is a public place where

products or services are bought and sold, directly or through
intermediaries ‫ وسطاء‬. It also refers to public places, such as a
stock exchange )‫ سوق األوراق المالية (بورصة‬where trading ‫المعامالت‬
‫ التجارية‬takes place. It implies the presence of market makers who
are willing to buy or sell for their own account, or for customers,
at quoted prices.

 Market demands ‫ متطلبات السوق‬refers to the total amount of

consumer’s purchases ‫ مشتريات المستهلك‬of a particular product in a
specific market over a specific period of time within a specific
marketing environment under clearly defined levels of marketing
expenditure ‫ مصروفات تسويقية‬and effort. They also mean the sums
of the quantities demanded by each consumer at every price; they
are used to determine the level of demand experienced by the
entire market at each price.

 A market-mapping study ‫ دراسة خارطة السوق‬is any study

conducted concerning attitudes of consumers, product
comparisons, or marketing evaluations, or any combination of
marketing factors, where the results are charted on a graph to
show a correspondence among variables (wherein one variable is
dependent on another and a change in one will effect a change in
the other).

 A marketing mix ‫ المزيج التسويقي‬refers to a combination of

marketing elements used in the sale of a particular product. The
73
 marketing elements centre around four distinct functions,
sometimes called the Four Ps: product, price, place (of
distribution), and promotion. All these functions are considered in
planning a marketing strategy, and any one may be enhanced,
deducted, or changed in some degree in order to create the strategy
necessary to efficiently and effectively sell a product.

 Marketing channels ‫ قنوات السوق‬are avenues used by marketers to

make products available to consumers. Wholesalers ‫بائعو الجملة أو‬
‫ت ّجار الجملة‬, distributors, sales agents ‫وكالء البيع‬, retailers, and all
other sources used in getting the product to consumers are
included in the category of marketing channels.

 Market growth rates ‫ معدالت نمو السوق‬refer to the annual increase

in product sales or population within a given market. The market
growth rate is a factor to be considered when evaluating the
performance of a particular product in a particular market.
Sometimes marketers establish a marketing campaign ‫حملة تسويقية‬
based solely on increasing a specific market’s growth rate. This
can be done through generic advertising to make consumers more
aware of the product or more conscious of their need for a
particular product.

 There are many different factors that contribute to market

attractiveness ‫جاذبية السوق‬. These include: 1) market factors such
as growth rate and size of the market; 2) economic factors such as
investment potential and industry saturation ‫ تشبيع صناعي‬or rates
of inflation ‫ تض ّخم مالي‬affecting consumers’ purchasing power ‫قوة‬
‫ ;شرائية‬3) technological factors such as availability of raw
materials ‫ ;مواد أولية‬4) competitive factors ‫ عناصر تنافسية‬including
the types of rival business and the bargaining power of suppliers;
and 5) environmental factors, such as the existing regulatory
climate and the degree of social acceptance for a product within a
particular market.

 Market targeting ‫ استهداف السوق‬means choosing an appropriate

market for a given product. Marketers of a given product need to
evaluate the different market segments and decide which and how
many to serve. To do this effectively, they must examine three
general factors: 1) the impact of competitors ‫ تأثير المنافسين‬and 2)
73
 the company’s objectives and resources. Market targeting differs
from target marketing ‫ السوق الهدف أو المستهدف‬in that a product is
already established and decisions must be made as to which
market is most appropriate for it. In target marketing, a company
finds a market it wants to serve and then develops a product
appropriate for that market.

Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

People have their own unique perceptions of the world based on their
belief system. The most innovative ideas, the greatest products, or a
superior service succeed only when you market within the context of
people's perceptions.

Context can be many things, singly or simultaneously. To name a few,

you may market to your customers within the context of their wants,
needs, problems solved, or situation improved. Entrepreneurs need to be
aware of many other contexts, such as social and economic trends or
governmental regulations.

People don’t just ‘buy’ a product; they ‘buy’ the concept of what that
product will do for them, or help them do for themselves. People who are
overweight don’t join a franchise diet centre to eat pre-packaged micro-
meals. They ‘buy’ the concept of a new, thin, happy and successful self.
Before you become consumed with entrepreneurial zeal and invest your
life savings in a new venture, become a smart marketer. Take time at the
beginning to discover who your potential customers are, and how to
effectively reach them.

Text 2: be familiar with the area

‫التسويق‬
‫التسويق هو مجموعة من العمليات أو األنشطة التي تعمل على اكتشاف رغبات العمالء وتطوير‬
‫مجموعة من المنتجات أو الخدمات التي تشبع رغباتهم وتحقق للمؤسسة الربحية خالل فترة‬
.‫ إال إ ّن المبيعات هي جزء من العملية‬،‫ ويمكن تعريف التسويق بفن البيع‬.‫مناسبة‬

‫ التسويق هو الرابط بين االحتياجات المادية للمجتمع وبين االستجابة‬،‫من الناحية المجتمعية‬
‫ ويمكن اعتبار التسويق‬.‫ألنماط االقتصاد من خالل توصيل قيمة منتوج أو خدمة إلى العمالء‬

73
‫ وكذلك التعامل مع العمالء بطريقة‬،‫مجموعة من اآلليات التي تخلق وتوصل القيمة إلى العمالء‬
‫ فهو عملية تحديد السوق‬،‫ أ ّما التسويق كعلم‬.‫تصب في مصلحة المساهمين في رأسمال المؤسسة‬
‫المستهدف من خالل القيام بتحليل وتجزئة السوق وفهم تو ّجهات العمالء وذلك من خالل تقديم‬
.‫قيمة عالية لهم‬

ّ ‫هناك خمسة مفاهيم متضادة يمكن أل‬

‫ وهي‬،‫ي مؤسسة أن تتبع إحداها عند اعتماد سياسات التسويق‬
ّ
.‫ ومفهوم التسويق الكلي‬،‫ ومفهوم التسويق‬،‫ ومفهوم البيع‬،‫ ومفهوم المنتج‬،‫مفهوم اإلنتاج‬
،‫ والتسويق المتكامل‬،‫ والتسويق الداخلي‬،‫ تسويق العالقات‬:‫ أربعة عناصر هي‬،‫ولألخيرة‬
‫ أما مجموعة التشابكات الالزمة إلدارة عملية تسويق ناجح‬.‫والتسويق استجابة لمطلب اجتماعي‬
،‫ وبناء عالمات تجارية قوية‬،‫ والتواصل مع العمالء‬،‫ تكوين فكرة واضحة عن التسويق‬:‫فت شمل‬
‫ ووضع‬،‫ وخلق نمو طويل األجل‬،‫ وتطوير القيمة وتوصيلها‬،‫وتشكيل نمو طويل األجل‬
.‫استراتيجيات وخطط مناسبة للتسويق‬

Text 3: be familiar with the area

Marketing
Marketing includes diverse disciplines like sales, public relations, pricing,
packaging and distribution. Let us consider this comparison to distinguish
marketing from other related professional services. If a man tells his wife
she’s intelligent, looks lovely, and is a great conversationalist, he’s saying
the right things to the right person and that's marketing. If the wife tells
her husband how handsome, smart and successful he is— that's
advertising. If someone else tells the woman how handsome, smart and
successful her husband is— that’s public relations. You might think of
marketing this way. If business is all about people and money and the art
of persuading others, then marketing is all about finding the right people
to persuade.

Marketing is your strategy for allocating resources (time and money) in

order to achieve your objectives (a fair profit for supplying a good
product or service).

The importance of text analysis

Text 4: translate into Arabic:

Consumer Psychology
All elements of marketing are driven by consumers’ psychology and
behaviour. Marketers have learned that consumers can be influenced in a

04
‫‪number of ways to make specific purchase decisions, and a desire for a‬‬
‫‪product or service can actually be kindled in a consumer who would‬‬
‫‪otherwise have no such desire. Every marketing tactic has its roots in this‬‬
‫‪concept. Every minute detail of advertisements, for example, is carefully‬‬
‫‪constructed to have a psychological impact, whether it be a specific‬‬
‫‪colour, image, celebrity, words or phrasing.‬‬

‫‪Your task‬‬
‫‪Try to identify‬‬
‫;‪ the technical words/expressions‬‬
‫;‪ how many sentences in the text‬‬
‫‪ the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex‬‬
‫;)‪or compound-complex‬‬
‫‪ the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each‬‬
‫‪sentence/clause; and‬‬
‫‪ the connectors used in the text.‬‬

‫‪Text 5: translate into English‬‬

‫مفاهيم أساسية‬
‫ي مهتم بمجال التسويق أن يعرفها‪ّ .‬‬
‫إن التسويق ال‬ ‫هناك بعض المفاهيم األساسية والتي ال ب ّد أل ّ‬
‫يعني أشياء كثيرة‪:‬‬
‫التسويق ال يعني اإلعالن‪:‬‬
‫يؤ ّكد علماء االقتصاد على أنه من أكثر أنواع البلبلة شيوعا هي النظرة إلى التسويق والبيع على‬
‫أنهما شيء واحد‪ ،‬وهذه النظرة ليست شائعة عند الكثير من عامة الناس فحسب‪ ،‬بل هي نظرة‬
‫إن البيع جزء من التسويق غير أن التسويق يشمل أشياء غير‬ ‫العديد من رجال األعمال أيضا‪ّ .‬‬
‫أن التسويق يشمل البيع وغيرها من األعمال‪.‬‬ ‫البيع‪ ،‬بمعنى آخر ّ‬

‫التسويق ال يعني البريد المباشر‪:‬‬

‫تظن أنها تستطيع الحصول على الحجم الذي تحتاجه من التجارة بالبريد‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الكثير من الشركات‬
‫ّ‬
‫المباشر‪ ،‬ول ّعل شركات الطلبيات البريدية محقة في ذلك‪ ،‬ولكن معظم الشركات تحتاج إلى وفرة‬
‫من أسلحة التسويق األخرى لدعم البريد المباشر وإلنجاح البريد المباشر‪.‬‬

‫التسويق ال يعني المنشورات الدعائية‪:‬‬

‫تتسابق معظم الشركات إلنتاج منشور دعائي عن المنافع التي يوفرونها‪ ،‬ثم يثنون على أنفسهم‬
‫إلبداع منشور عالي الجودة‪ .‬فهل ذلك المنشور هو التسويق؟ إنه جانب مهم من جوانب خطتك‬
‫عندما يمتزج بعشرة أو خمسة عشر جزءا مهما‪.‬‬

‫‪04‬‬
 :‫التسويق ليست بصناعة ترفيهية‬
ّ ‫ أ‬،‫المس ّوقون ال يعملون في صناعة الترفيه‬
.‫ي أن التسويق ليس مقصودا به الترفيه‬

:‫مسرحا للفكاهة‬
ً ‫التسويق ليس‬
ّ
‫ فإن الناس سيتذكرون فكاهتك المرحة من دون‬،‫إذا كنت تستخدم الفكاهة في عمليتك التسويقية‬
‫ فإن حملتك ستكون ممتعة في الم ّرة األولى وربما في‬،‫ وإذا كنت تستخدم الفكاهة‬.‫عرضك الج ّذاب‬
،‫ وستعوق المفهوم األساسي وراء نجاح التسويق‬،‫ وبعد ذلك ستكون فكاهتك مزعجة‬.‫الم ّرة الثانية‬
.‫أال وهو التكرار‬

:‫التسويق ال يصنع المعجزات‬

ّ‫الكثير من األموال ت ّم تبديدها أل ّن المس ّوقين كانوا يتوقعون حدوث معجزات وليس بسبب أي‬
ّ .‫مفهوم خاطئ آخر‬
‫إن التسويق يعد أفضل استثمار في العالم إذا قمت به على النحو الصحيح؛ إذ‬
‫ أي شيء ال يحقق نتائج ليس‬،‫ في الواقع‬.‫أن أداءه على النحو الصحيح يتطلّب تخطيطا وصبرا‬ ّ
ّ
.‫ وهراء مكلف‬،‫ بل هو هراء‬،‫بتسويق‬

Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

Marketing plans
Without a plan, your entrepreneurial dream is really wishful thinking.
While a marketing plan can be a map for success, remember that the map
is not the territory. A strategy that ignores the customer isn't an accurate
reflection of the landscape.

A good marketing plan can help you focus your energy and resources.
But a plan created in a vacuum, based solely on your perceptions, does
not advance the agenda. That's why market research, however simple or
sophisticated, is important.

Just keep in mind that research attempts to predict the future by studying
the past. It reveals what people have done, and extrapolates what people
might do— not what people will do.

Planning is imperative, research is important, but there’s no substitute for

entrepreneurial insight.

04
‫‪Text 7: translate into English, paying special attention to text‬‬
‫‪cohesion‬‬

‫يتألف النشاط التسويقي من أربعة عناصر أساسية حددها جيروم ماكارتي األستاذ واالستشاري‬
‫وصاحب الجوائز الذي نادى بالمزيج التسويقي ‪ Marketing Mix‬وجميع هذه العناصر تبدأ‬
‫بالحرف ‪ P‬في اللغة اإلنكليزية وهي‪:‬‬
‫‪ .4‬المنتج ‪ Product‬ويعني ما يعرضه السوق نفسه‪ ،‬وبخاصة المنتج والتغليف‬
‫ومجموعة الخدمات التي يتح ّ‬
‫صل عليها المشتري عند شرائه المنتج‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬المكان ‪ Place‬ويشير إلى الترتيبات التي تعمل على جعل المنتج في متناول يد‬
‫المشتري ووصوله إلى السوق المستهدف‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫‪ .7‬الترويج ‪ Promotion‬ويعني نشاطات االتصال‪ ،‬مثل اإلعالن وترويج المبيعات‬
‫والبريد المباشر أو تذكير السوق المستهدف فيما يخص توفّر المنتج وفوائده‪.‬‬
‫‪ .0‬السعر ‪ Price‬ويعني سعر المنتج باإلضافة إلى الرسوم األخرى التي تستقطع مقابل‬
‫التوصيل والتصريح‪ ،‬إلخ‪.‬‬

‫ثم جاء عمالق التسويق كوتلر وأضاف عنصرين أساسيين آخرين وهما‪:‬‬
‫‪ .5‬السياسات ‪ Politics‬فالدولة التي تحظر إعالنات السجائر‪ ،‬مثال‪ ،‬سوف تؤثر سلبا في‬
‫إنتاج السجائر‪ ،‬األمر الذي يؤدي إلى تقليل مبيعاته ومردوده‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬الرأي العام ‪ Public Opinion‬فالمجتمعات األمريكية‪ ،‬على سبيل المثال‪ ،‬كانت في‬
‫فإن على شركات‬ ‫وقت من األوقات تنظر إلى لحوم األبقار نظرة غير محببة‪ ،‬وبالتالي ّ‬
‫منتجي لحوم األبقار أن تقوم بدفع أموال زائدة من أجل تغيير صورة منتجها أمام الرأي‬
‫العام‪.‬‬

‫‪Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion‬‬

‫‪Marketing & advertising‬‬
‫‪You will often find that many people confuse marketing with advertising‬‬
‫‪or vice versa. While both components are important, they are very‬‬
‫‪different. Knowing the difference and doing your market research can put‬‬
‫‪your company on the path to substantial growth.‬‬

‫‪Let’s start off by reviewing the formal definitions of each and then I'll go‬‬
‫‪into the explanation of how marketing and advertising differ from one‬‬
‫‪another:‬‬

‫‪Advertising: The paid, public, non-personal announcement of a‬‬

‫‪persuasive message by an identified sponsor; the non-personal‬‬

‫‪07‬‬
presentation or promotion by a firm of its products to its existing and
potential customers.

Marketing: The systematic planning, implementation and control of a

mix of business activities intended to bring together buyers and sellers for
the mutually advantageous exchange or transfer of products.

Advertising is a single component of the marketing process. It is the part

that involves getting the word out concerning your business, product, or
the services you are offering. It involves the process of developing
strategies such as ad placement, frequency, etc. Advertising includes the
placement of an ad in such mediums as newspapers, direct mail,
billboards, television, radio, and of course the Internet. Advertising is the
largest expense of most marketing plans, with public relations following
in a close second and market research not falling far behind.

Text 9: translate into English

‫العوامل المؤثرة في سوق األوراق المالية‬
‫ فهو مرتبط ارتباطا وثيقا باالقتصاد سواء أكان داخليا‬،‫يتأثر سوق األوراق المالية بجملة عوامل‬
‫ في هذه المقالة سنستعرض أهم العوامل المؤثرة في سوق األوراق المالية بشكل‬.‫أم خارجيا‬
:‫مختصر‬
ّ
‫ إن انخفاض سعر الصرف يدفع المستثمر فى األوراق‬:exchange rate ‫ سعر الصرف‬.4
.‫المالية إلى بيع األوراق المالية وشراء أوراق مالية بعملة ذات سعر صرف مرتفع‬

.‫ ويشير إلى االرتفاع فى األسعار والذي يقابله انخفاض فى الشراء‬:inflation ‫ التضخم‬.4

‫ تنخفض األسعار فى البورصة‬،‫ عندما يزداد سعر الفائدة‬:interest rate ‫ سعر الفائدة‬.7
،‫ انخفض السعر فى البورصة‬،‫ أي أنه كل ّما زاد سعر الفائدة‬،stock exchange
‫ وبالتالي تنخفض أسعار‬،‫والزيادة فى سعر الفائدة يعمل على زيادة نفقات الشركات‬
.‫ وتنخفض كذلك أرباح الشركات‬،‫ الشركات‬share ‫أسهم‬

‫ وهي الوسائل التى تمارسها الدولة كى تتح ّكم‬:monetary policy ‫ السياسة النقدية‬.0
ّ ‫في المعروض من النقود؛ إذ‬
‫إن زيادة عرض النقود يؤدى إلى انخفاض أسعار الفائدة‬
.‫في السوق‬

،‫ كأيّ سوق آخر‬،‫ يتأثر سوق األوراق المالية‬:world events ‫ األحداث العالمية‬.5
.on the international stage ‫باألحداث التي تحدث على المسرح العالمي‬

00
Text 10: translate into Arabic
Marketing is the business discipline concerned with developing brands,
informing the public about products and services, convincing consumers
to buy specific products, facilitating transactions and providing after-sale
service. Marketing provides the face of a business, and the only
component that most consumers ever come into contact with. Although
marketing encompasses a broad set of concepts and techniques, there are
a number of basic elements that tie all marketing concepts together.
Understanding the underlying fundamentals of marketing can boost your
effectiveness as a marketer or a small business owner.

Quiz 3

EX: translate the following text into Arabic

Ethics
The psychological influence marketers exert on the public introduces a
world of ethical challenges and legal guidelines. Marketers must be very
careful, when dealing with any component of the marketing mix, to be
honest and straightforward with consumers. Marketers should also be
wary of stimulating consumers’ demand that can turn into destructive
habits, as can be the case with things like alcohol and junk food.

The Marketing Mix

The marketing mix encompasses all of the various elements of marketing,
each of which is influenced by the basic concepts described above.
Advertising and sales are the facets of marketing that most customers are
familiar with. The marketing mix includes public relations, promotions,
product packaging, pricing and a bit of product development, as well.

EX: translate the following text into English

‫ير ّكز هذا البحث على دراسة العوامل التي تؤثر في سلوك األفراد وت ِّشكل أنماطهم‬
‫ األمر الذي يجب أن يوليه كل من المنتجين وال ُمسوقين‬،purchasing manners ‫الشرائية‬
‫ نظرا لما لهذه العوامل من دور كبير في تحليل العملية الشرائية التي‬،‫ أهمية خاصة‬marketers
‫إن هدف البحث هو إيجاد تفسيرات للسلوك الذي يتّبعه المستهلك في عملية‬ ّ .‫يقوم بها المستهلك‬
purchasing decision ‫الشراء بناء على جملة العوامل المؤثرة في اتخاذه القرار الشرائي‬
.‫ ألن ذلك سيساعدهم في تصريف سلعهم بصورة مناسبة ومرضية للمستهلك‬،making
05
‫ من أهمها ضرورة تركيز الشركات المصنّعة للسلع‬،‫وقد خرج البحث بجملة نتائج ومقترحات‬
‫ فضال عن التركيز على العوامل‬،‫على اإلعالن بوصفه عنصرا هاما في المزيج التسويقي‬
‫ لما لها‬social classes ‫ والطبقات االجتماعية‬demographic factors ‫الجغرافية والسكانية‬
.‫ وبالتالي في سلوكهم الشرائي‬،‫من أثر في األنماط الشرائية لألفراد‬

EX: translate the following words and expressions into English

‫تسويق الخدمات‬ ‫المزيج التسويقي‬

‫تشبيع صناعي‬ ‫حاجات الزبون ورغباته‬
‫ت ّجار التجزئة‬ ‫التسعير‬
‫ت ّجار البيع بالجملة‬ ‫تض ّخم مالي‬
‫متطلبات السوق‬ ‫دراسة خارطة السوق‬
‫معدل نمو السوق‬ ‫استهداف السوق‬
‫قوة شرائية‬ ‫االستخبارات التسويقية‬
‫عوامل تنافسية‬ ‫قاعدة بيانات المستهلكين‬

EX: translate the following sentences into Arabic

1. When you try to do your best to sell a new or existing product to a
group of consumers not previously targeted by that marketer is
called ‘market entry’. For instance, McDonald’s entered the
Moscow market by establishing a retail outlet in Moscow some
years ago.
2. There are many areas that attract mobile people from all over the
country. Therefore, some markets are used as the ultimate test of
demand for a product, because consumers there are slow to accept
a new brand or product.
3. From time to time, companies need from time to time to obtain
some information about the companies with which they compete.
This is called ‘competitive intelligence’, which might include
pricing, advertising strategies, names of clients, technical
advantages and disadvantages, market strengths and weaknesses,
and so on.
4. As a company, you need to know the characteristics of the
inhabitants of a particular region. By doing so, you will have what
is called ‘market profile’, which will cover issues, such as:
demographics, geographical data, lifestyle patterns, consumers’
06
 needs and preferences, and socioeconomic conditions within a
particular market.
5. In recent years, marketing has changed dramatically. Back in the
old days, one annual planning meeting to create a go-to-market
strategy, marketing plan and budget used to be sufficient. Today,
marketers adjust course frequently and modify plans according to
real-time customers’ insights, new media, emerging channels and
technology. Unfortunately, even the most nimble marketers today
are unable to keep pace with this ever changing marketing
environment, citing lack of resources, skills and outdated
technology as the main factors.

03
CHAPTER 4
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with business administration-related
terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis and text cohesion.

Self-study: warming up …
Be familiar with the following definitions:
 Business administration ‫ إدارة األعمال‬is the process of managing a
business or non-profit organization so that it remains stable and
continues to grow. The administration of a business includes the
performance or management of business operations and decision
making as well as the efficient organization of people and other
resources to direct activities toward common goals and objectives.

 Management ‫ اإلدارة‬is viewed as a subset of administration,

specifically associated with the technical and operational aspects
of an organization, distinct from executive or strategic
functions ‫وظائف ستراتيجية وتنفيذية‬. Alternatively, administration can
refer to the bureaucratic or operational performance of routine
office tasks, usually internally oriented and reactive rather than
proactive. Administrators, broadly speaking, engage in a common
set of functions to meet the organization’s goals.

 A board of directors ‫ مجلس اإلدارة‬is a body of elected ‫أعضاء‬

‫ مختارون‬or appointed members ‫ أعضاء معيّنون‬who jointly
oversee ‫ يشرفون على‬the activities of a company or organization. A
board’s activities are determined by the powers, duties, and
responsibilities delegated to it or conferred on it by an authority
outside itself. In an organization with voting members, the board
 acts on behalf of ‫بالنيابة عن‬, and is subordinate to, the
organization’s full group, which usually chooses the members of
the board. In a stock corporation, the board is elected by the
shareholders and is the highest authority in the management of the
corporation. In a non-stock corporation with no general voting
membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the
institution.

 A company ‫ الشركة‬is an association or collection of individuals,

whether natural persons ‫أشخاص طبيعيون‬, legal persons ‫أشخاص‬
)‫معنوية (قانونية‬, or a mixture of both. Company members share a
common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents
and organize their collectively available skills or resources to
achieve specific, declared goals ‫أهداف معلنة‬.

 An organization ‫ منظمة‬is an entity, such as an institution or an

association that has a collective goal ‫ هدف مشترك‬and is linked to an
external environment. There are a variety of legal types of
organizations, including corporations, governmental or non-
governmental organizations, international organizations, armed
forces, charities ‫جمعيات (مؤسسات) خيرية‬, not-for-profit
corporations )‫مؤسسات غير نفعية (غير ربحية‬, partnerships,
cooperatives, universities, and various types of political
organizations.

 Planning ‫ التخطيط‬is the process of thinking about and organizing

the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning involves
the creation and maintenance of a plan. As such, planning is a
fundamental property of intelligent behaviour. This thought
process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan, or
integration of it with other plans; that is, it combines forecasting
of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react
to them

 Controlling ‫ الرقابة‬is one of the managerial functions ‫;وظائف إدارية‬

it is an important function because it helps them check the errors
and take the corrective action so that deviation from standards are
94
 minimized and stated goals of the organization are achieved in a
desired manner. According to modern concepts, control is a
foreseeing action whereas earlier concept of control was used only
when errors were detected. Control in management means setting
standards, measuring actual performance and taking corrective
action

 Top-level management ‫ اإلدارة العليا‬consists of the board of

directors, president )‫رئيس (مجلس اإلدارة‬, and vice-president ‫نائب‬
)‫رئيس (مجلس اإلدارة‬. They are responsible for controlling and
overseeing the entire organization. They set a tone at the top and
develop strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on
the direction of the business. In addition, top-level managers play
a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources and are
accountable to the shareholders and general public.

 Middle-level managers consist of general managers ‫مدراء عا ّمون‬,

branch managers ‫ مدراء الفروع‬and department managers ‫مدراء‬
‫األقسام‬. They are accountable to the top management for their
department’s function. They devote more time to organizational
and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as
executing organizational plans in conformance with the
company’s policies and the objectives of the top management,
they define and discuss information and policies from top
management to lower management, and most importantly they
inspire and provide guidance to lower level managers towards
better performance.

 First-level managers consist of supervisors ‫مشرفون‬, foremen ‫رؤساء‬

‫ العمال‬and others. They focus on controlling and directing. They
usually have the responsibility of assigning employees’ tasks,
guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities,
ensuring quality and quantity production, making
recommendations, suggestions, and channeling employee
problems, to name but a few.

 Organizing is the function of management that involves

developing an organizational structure ‫ هيكلية تنظيمية‬and
05
 allocating human resources ‫ الموارد البشرية‬to ensure the
accomplishment of objectives. The structure of the organization is
the framework within which effort is coordinated. The structure is
usually represented by an organization chart ‫ميثاق المنظمة‬, which
provides a graphic representation of the chain of command within
an organization. Decisions made about the structure of an
organization are generally referred to as ‘organizational design’
decisions.

Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

In business administration, the work ‫ بالنسبة‬،‫ تعتمد بيئة العمل‬،‫في إدارة األعمال‬
environment for someone depends ‫ بشكل كبير على نوع‬،‫لبعض األشخاص‬
largely on the type of job he or she is ‫ فبالنسبة ألولئك‬،‫العمل الذي يؤديه الشخص‬
doing. Those on the lower end of the ‫ فإنهم‬،‫الذين يقبعون في أسفل السّلم الوظيفي‬
hierarchy often work in an ‫غالبًا ما يؤدون أعمالهم في بيئة تتسم‬
environment characterized by ‫ األمر الذي يؤدي إلى كثرة‬،‫بالرسمية‬
formality, thus making frequent ‫ بحيث تكثر فيها سلسلة‬،‫مراجعة رؤسائهم‬
reports to their superiors, while those ‫ أما بالنسبة ألولئك الذين في أعلى‬.‫المراجع‬
higher up may have more freedom ‫ فإنهم يتمتعون بحرية أكبر‬،‫الهرم الوظيفي‬
with their schedules. .‫فيما يتعلّق بجدول أعمالهم‬

Depending on the type of institution, ‫ فإن العمل قد يبدأ في‬،‫وبحسب نوع المؤسسة‬
work hours may start from 9 a.m. to 5 ‫تمام الساعة التاسعة صباحً ا وينتهي عند‬
p.m. However, at times, overtime is ‫ إال إنه في بعض‬.‫الساعة الخامسة مسا ًء‬
required when big projects are about ‫ بخاصة‬،‫األحيان قد يكون هناك عم ٌل إضافي‬
to be completed, or when annual ‫عندما توشك المشاريع الضخمة على االنتهاء‬
studies concerning the institution’s ‫أو عندما تكون هناك حاجةٌ ملحّ ةٌ للدراسات‬
performance are urgently needed. .‫السنوية فيما يخصّ أداء المؤسسة‬

Generally speaking, anyone in this ‫ي شخص في مثل هذا المنصب‬ ّ ‫ أ‬،‫عمو ًما‬
type of position should have excellent ّ
‫يتعيّن عليه أن يتمتع بمهارات تواصلية‬
communication skills, as he or she ،‫ ألنه قد يعمل مع مختلف األشخاص‬،‫عالية‬
might be working with a lot of ‫ وتذكيرهم‬،‫وذلك بإرسال اإليميالت‬
different people, such as sending out ‫ وكذلك‬،‫باالجتماعات المه ّمة وما شابه ذلك‬
05
‫‪emails, reminding them of important‬‬ ‫كتابة التقارير وغيرها من األعمال‪.‬‬
‫‪meetings, etc., or writing up reports,‬‬
‫‪and so on.‬‬

‫كذلك يتطلّب منهم أن يتمتعوا بقدرة على فهم ‪Another important skill is being able‬‬
‫كيفية عمل األقسام المختلفة للمؤسسة بغية ‪to understand how many different‬‬
‫تشخيص مكامن الخلل في األقسام التي ال ‪parts of a system or organization work‬‬
‫‪together, so that they can figure out‬‬ ‫تعمل بشكل جيّد‪.‬‬
‫‪what's wrong with those that don't‬‬
‫‪work well.‬‬

‫باإلضافة إلى ذلك‪ ،‬ينبغي أن يجيدوا ‪Further, they need to be very good at‬‬
‫الرياضيات ويفهموا جي ًدا علم االقتصاد ألنهم ‪math and have an understanding of‬‬
‫عادة ما ينخرطون في إعداد الميزانية ‪economics, since they usually make‬‬
‫‪budgets and analyze their office,‬‬ ‫ويقيّمون أداء مكاتبهم‪ ،‬وأقسامهم وشركتهم‪.‬‬
‫‪department,‬‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫‪company’s‬‬
‫‪performance.‬‬

‫‪Text 2: be familiar with the area‬‬

‫المنظمة غير الربحية ‪ non-profit organization‬هي منظمة تهدف في األساس إلى دعم‬
‫ربحي أو الدعوة‬
‫ّ‬ ‫نشاط أو عدد من األنشطة العامة أو الخاصة بدون أيّ مصلحة تجارية أو هدف‬
‫إليه أو االنخراط فيه‪ .‬ويكثر هذا النوع من المنظمات في مجاالت واسعة كالمساعدات اإلنسانية‬
‫والبيئة وحماية الحيوان والتعليم والفنون والرعاية الصحية والقضايا االجتماعية والمؤسسات‬
‫الخيرية والسياسة والدين والبحوث والرياضة وغيرها من المساعي‪.‬‬

‫أما فيما يخصّ المنظمات غير الربحية في الواليات المتحدة‪ ،‬فإنها تتش ّكل بالتنسيق مع الوالية التي‬
‫إن عملية التنسيق هذه تؤدي إلى خلق كيان قانوني يسمح بمعاملة‬ ‫يتوقّع أن تقوم بنشاطها داخليًا‪ .‬إذ ّ‬
‫المنظمة على أنها شركة تعاونية بموجب القانون وأن تقوم باتفاقيات العمل وإبرام التعاقدات‬
‫وامتالك العقارات كما هو حال األفراد والشركات الربحية‪.‬‬

‫وقد ينتسب لهذه المنظمات أعضاء‪ ،‬لكن بعضها ال ينتسب إليها أحد‪ ،‬كما يمكن أن تكون أمانة أو‬
‫جمعية تضم أعضاء‪ .‬ولكن في أغلب األحيان يقوم أعضاؤها بإدارة هذه المنظمات عن طريق‬
‫انتخاب مجلس إدارة أو ح ّكام أو مجلس أمناء‪ ،‬ويمكن أن تمتلك بنية من المفوّ ضين‪ ،‬مما يسمح‬
‫بتمثيل الجماعات والشركات األخرى كأعضاء في المنظمة‪ .‬ويمكن أيضً ا أن تكون منظمة ليست‬
‫لها أعضاء‪ ،‬فتقوم‪ ،‬عندئذ‪ ،‬إداراتها على تشكيل البنية اإلدارية‪.‬‬

‫‪05‬‬
Text 3: be familiar with the area
Leading ‫القيادة‬
Leading involves influencing others toward the attainment of
organizational objectives. Effective leading requires the manager to
motivate subordinates, communicate effectively, and effectively use
power. If managers are effective leaders, their subordinates will be
enthusiastic about exerting effort toward the attainment of organizational
objectives.

To become effective at leading, managers must first understand their

subordinates' personalities, values, attitudes, and emotions. Therefore, the
behavioural sciences have made many contributions to the understanding
of this function of management. Personality research and studies of job
attitudes provide important information as to how managers can most
effectively lead subordinates.

Studies of motivation and motivation theory provide important

information about the ways in which workers can be energized to put
forth productive effort. Studies of communication provide direction as to
how managers can effectively and persuasively communicate.

Attention
How would you translate the lexical item ‘energize’? Try to find similar
lexical items.

The importance of text analysis

Text 4: translate into Arabic:

Amazon.com officially opened for business on July 6th, 1995. For the first
few days, orders came mostly from family and friends. Ten days later, the
first ‘real’ customer ordered an obscure science book entitled ‘Fluid
Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental
Mechanisms of Thought’ by Douglas R. Hofstadter. From then on, orders
began pouring in despite little publicity. Within a month, Amazon.com
had sales in all fifty states and forty-five countries. Most had heard about
the company by word of mouth or stumbled across it while surfing the
Internet.

05
 ‫‪ Your task‬‬
‫‪Try to identify‬‬
‫;‪ the technical words/expressions‬‬
‫;‪ how many sentences in the text‬‬
‫‪ the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex‬‬
‫;)‪or compound-complex‬‬
‫‪ the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each‬‬
‫‪sentence/clause; and‬‬
‫‪ the connectors used in the text.‬‬

‫‪Text 5: translate into English‬‬

‫الوظائف اإلدارية‬
‫ينخرط اإلداريون بصفة عامة في مجموعة مشتركة من الوظائف لتلبية أهداف المنظمة‪ ،‬ومن‬
‫أهم هذه الوظائف هي‪:‬‬

‫التخطيط ‪ planning‬وهو التقرير مسبقًا لما يجب القيام به‪ ،‬وكيفية القيام بذلك‪ ،‬ومتى فعل‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫إن وظيفة التخطيط تنطوي على تحديد األهداف‬ ‫ذلك‪ ،‬ومن الذي ينبغي أن يقوم بذلك‪ّ .‬‬
‫وترتيبها ترتيبًا منطقيًا؛ إذ يسهم اإلداريون في كال النوعين من الخطط‪ ،‬قصيرة األمد منها‬
‫وطويلة األمد‪.‬‬
‫التنظيم ‪ organizing‬ينطوي على تحديد المسؤوليات التي يتعيّن القيام بها‪ ،‬وي ّ‬
‫وزع‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫المسؤوليات على اإلدارات أو األقسام‪ ،‬ويح ّدد العالقات التنظيمية‪ .‬والغرض من هذا هو‬
‫تحقيق تنسيق الجهود بين جميع العناصر في التنظيم (التنسيق ‪ .)coordinating‬والتنظيم‬
‫يجب أن يأخذ بعين االعتبار تفويض السلطة والمسؤولية ونطاق المراقبة داخل الوحدات‬
‫اإلشرافية‪.‬‬
‫التوجيه ‪ directing‬أو القيادة ‪ commanding‬وهو قيادة مجموعة من الناس بطريقة تحقق‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫أهداف المنظمة‪ .‬ومن بين األعمال التوجيهية التخصيص السليم للموارد وتوفير نظام الدعم‬
‫الف ّعال‪ .‬وتجدر اإلشارة إلى أن التوجيه يتطلّب مهارات شخصية استثنائية وقدرة على تحفيز‬
‫الناس‪ .‬وواحدة من القضايا الجوهرية في التوجيه هي إيجاد التوازن الصحيح بين التركيز‬
‫على احتياجات الموظفين والتركيز على اإلنتاج االقتصادي‪.‬‬
‫الرقابة ‪ controlling‬وهي الوظيفة التي من خاللها يقيّم المديرون الجودة في جميع‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫المجاالت وكذلك تكشف االنحرافات المحتملة أو الفعلية قي خطة المنظمة‪ .‬وهذا يضمن أداء‬
‫عالي الجودة ونتائج مرضية مع الحفاظ على بيئة منظمة خالية من المشاكل‪ .‬وتشمل مراقبة‬
‫وإدارة المعلومات‪ ،‬وقياس األداء‪ ،‬ومؤسسة من اإلجراءات التصحيحية‪.‬‬

‫‪09‬‬
Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion
Types of planning
There are three main types of planning. They are strategic planning,
tactical planning and operational planning.

 Strategic planning
Strategic planning involves analyzing competitive opportunities and
threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and
then determining how to position the organization to compete effectively
in their environment. Strategic planning has a long time frame, often three
years or more. Strategic planning generally includes the entire
organization and includes formulation of objectives. Strategic planning is
often based on the organization's mission, which is its fundamental reason
for existence. An organization’s top management most often conducts
strategic planning.

 Tactical planning
Tactical planning is intermediate-range planning that is designed to
develop relatively concrete and specific means to implement the strategic
plan. Middle-level managers often engage in tactical planning. Tactical
planning often has a one- to three-year time horizon.

 Operational planning
Operational planning generally assumes the existence of objectives and
specifies ways to achieve them. Operational planning is short-range
planning that is designed to develop specific action steps that support the
strategic and tactical plans. Operational planning usually has a very short
time horizon, from one week to one year.

Text 7: translate into English, paying special attention to text

cohesion
‫نظام اإلدارة العلمية الصناعية لفريدريك تايلور‬
‫ وهو مهندس ومخترع أمريكي وخبير في تحسين‬،Frederick Taylor ‫اشتهر فريدريك تايلور‬
‫ في نظام اإلدارة العلمية الصناعية؛ إذ كان لنظامه هذا األثر البالغ في تنمية جميع‬،‫فعالية العمل‬
‫ أدخل فريدريك تايلور‬،‫ ففي الخامسة والعشرين من عمره‬.‫البلدان التي دخلتها الصناعة العصرية‬
‫ وبناء على‬.‫دراسة الزمن في الشركة التي تدرّج فيها من عامل يدوي عادي إلى كبير المهندسين‬
‫ تأسّست وظيفة ومهنة دراسة الزمن في الشركات‬،‫النجاح الذي حققه مشروعه في دراسة الزمن‬
‫ وظهرت مبادئ نظرية تايلور في اإلدارة العلمية الصناعية القائمة على أساس أن‬،‫الصناعية‬

00
‫تح ّس ن فعالية اإلنتاج وتحسين األداء في المصانع والمعامل مرتبطان بفرض رقابة دقيقة على‬
.‫الع ّمال اليدويين وحذف الوقت الضائع والحركات غير الضرورية في العمل‬

‫ وعكف بقية‬،‫الصحي‬
ّ ‫تقاعد تايلور من عمله في الخامسة واألربعين من عمره بسبب وضعه‬
‫حياته على تطوير نظريته في اإل دارة العلمية وفي التنظيم العلمي للعمل من خالل تقديم المشورة‬
‫أن من واجبات اإلدارة‬ ّ ‫ وقد رأى تايلور‬.‫ وكذلك إلقاء المحاضرات في الجامعات‬،‫للشركات‬
:‫العلمية ما يلي‬
‫ إحالل األسلوب العلم ّي في ح ّل المشكالت اإلدارية محل األسلوب االعتباطي الذي‬-
.‫ينصب على المحاولة التي قد تصيب أو تخطئ‬
.‫ اختيار العاملين وتدريبهم علميًا‬-
ً
.‫ تحقيق التعاون األخوي بين العمال واإلدارة بدال من الحقد والكراهية‬-
.‫ تقسيم العمل بين اإلدارة والعاملين بما يتناسب مع كفاءات ك ّل منهم‬-

Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

Microsoft Corporation
In 1994, Jeff Bezos left his $1 million a year job as a manager at the New
York City firm with a view to starting a business. In a story he has told in
numerous interviews, Bezos said he drew up a list of the best products to
sell on-line and books topped the list.

Once the product was decided on, Bezos and his wife moved from Texas
to the Seattle, Washington, home to dozens of computer software
companies, including the ‘Microsoft Corporation’. Bezos figured that
there he would have access to a large pool of high-tech professionals.
With his wife, Bezos wrote a business plan on his laptop computer. The
plan included naming the company Amazon, after the world's largest
river.

Bezos soon rented a two-bedroom house in the Seattle and set up

operations in his garage with four employees. Bezos financed the
operation with his own money and a $300,000 loan from his parents. But
realizing he needed much more, Bezos contacted former co-workers and
family friends and convinced fifteen of them to invest in his start-up,
bringing his total capital to $1 million. With his initial investment, and
after a month of successfully beta testing the Web site, Bezos was ready
for business.

05
‫‪Text 9: translate into English‬‬
‫مبادئ اإلدارة لهنري فايول ‪Henri Fayol’s management principles‬‬
‫حدد هنري فايول مجموعة من المبادئ اإلدارية التي يجب أن تقوم على أساسها اإلدارات‪ ،‬وهي‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬تقسيم العمل‪ :‬بحيث يقوم ك ّل فرد بعمل محدد كي تتراكم لديه الخبرات ويرتقي بمهاراته‬
‫ويصبح أكثر إنتاجية‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬السلطة‪ :‬الحق بإصدار تعليمات‪ ،‬مع وجود مسؤولية متوازنة لوظائف السلطة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬االنضباط‪ :‬الموظفين ينبغي أن يكونوا مطيعين‪ ،‬شريطة أن تلعب اإلدارة دورً ا قياديًا إيجابيًا‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬وحدة القيادة‪ :‬ك ّل موظف له مدير (مسؤول) واحد‪ ،‬بدون وجود نزاع في خطوط السلطة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬وحدة اإلتجاه‪ :‬ينبغي أن يكون للعاملين في مجال معيّن الهدف نفسه الذي يعملون على تحقيقه‬
‫إن وحدة اإلتجاه ضرورية لتحقيق الوحدة والتنسيق في العمل‪.‬‬ ‫ضمن خطة متفق عليها؛ إذ ّ‬
‫ّ‬
‫‪ -‬خضوع المصالح الفردية للمصلحة العامة‪ :‬ينبغي أن تتقدم أهداف المؤسسة على كافة‬
‫األولويات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬التعويض المادي‪ :‬ينبغي أن تقوم المؤسسة بدفع رواتب وتعويضات ومنافع أخرى ومكافآت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬المركزية أو الالمركزية‪ :‬تحديد درجة المركزية أو الالمركزية بحسب ظرف المؤسسة‬
‫ونوعية موظفيها‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬مسار السلطة‪ :‬من الضروري وجود تراتبية في السلطة من أجل وحدة اإلتجاه‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬النظام المادي واإلجتماعي‪ :‬فالنظام المادي ضروريّ للحفاظ على الموارد وتوظيفها بأفضل‬
‫ي لتطوير المهارات وتنمية المواهب بالتوظيف‬ ‫طريقة ممكنة‪ ،‬والنظام االجتماعي ضرور ّ‬
‫والتدريب والتنظيم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬العدالة‪ :‬في إدارة أي مؤسسة ينبغي أن تع ّم العدالة وهي مزيج من المعاملة الحسنة والمعاملة‬
‫المنصفة في التعامل مع الموظفين‪.‬‬
‫ي للموظف ليعمل بشكل‬ ‫‪ -‬األمان الوظيفي‪ :‬إ ّن ضمان حد معقول من األمان الوظيفي ضرور ّ‬
‫أفضل‪ ،‬فإحساس الم ّوظف بعدم األمان ووجود نسبة تدوير عالية تؤثر سلبًا في أداء المؤسسة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬المبادرة‪ :‬إعطاء المجال لجميع الموظفين أن يبادروا في عملهم‪ ،‬وهذا يع ّد مصدر قوة‬
‫للمؤسسة‪ ،‬األمر الذي قد ال يروق لكثير من المدراء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬الروح المعنوية ‪ :‬على اإلدارة العمل على إبقاء الروح المعنوية للعاملين مرتفعة فهذا ينعكس‬
‫على أدائهم إيجابيًا‪.‬‬

‫‪Quiz 4‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into Arabic‬‬

‫‪Organizations & Adaptation‬‬
‫‪It is worth noting that organizations actively adapt to their environments.‬‬
‫‪When facing complex, or highly uncertain environments, organizations‬‬
‫‪typically differentiate so that each organizational unit is facing a smaller,‬‬
‫‪more certain problem. For example, if Japanese tastes in cars are quite‬‬
‫‪different from European tastes, then it will be hard to make a single car‬‬

‫‪05‬‬
‫‪that appeals to both markets. Thus, it will be easier to create two separate‬‬
‫‪business units, one that makes cars for the Japanese market, and the other‬‬
‫‪for the European market. As such, organizations whose structures are not‬‬
‫‪fitted to the environment (which includes other organizations,‬‬
‫‪communities, customers, etc.) will not perform well and will fail. Most‬‬
‫‪new organizations fail within the first few years. If the environment is‬‬
‫‪stable, this selection process will lead to most organizations being well-‬‬
‫‪adapted to the environment, not because they all changed themselves, but‬‬
‫‪because those that were not well-adapted will have died off.‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into English‬‬

‫مواصفات اإلدارة الناجحة‬
‫كي تكون مدي ًرا ناح ًجا وتحقّق إنتاجية عالية‪ ،‬عليك أن تتمتع بمجموعة من الصفات‪ ،‬أهمها‪:‬‬
‫أوال‪ :‬العدالة والنزاهة في العمل‪ ،‬فالمدير العادل والنزيه سيكتسب احترام وتقدير جميع العاملين‬ ‫ً‬
‫معه‪ ،‬مما يزيد فاعلية اإلنتاج‪.‬‬
‫ثانيًا‪ :‬القدرة على ابتكار الحلول والبدائل للمشكالت اإلدارية‪.‬‬
‫ثالثًا‪ :‬اإللمام بالتخصص الذي يعمل فيه المدير‪ ،‬األمر الذي يتطلّب من بعض المدراء حضور‬
‫مؤتمرات وورش عمل وغيرها من األمور التي من شأنها تطويرهم وتزيد إلمامهم في‬
‫التخصص‪.‬‬
‫راب ًعا‪ :‬االطالع المستم ّر على كل ما هو جديد في التخصص لمواجهة المنافسة العالمية الشديدة‪.‬‬
‫سا‪ :‬المرونة في التعامل‪ ،‬فالمدير الناحج هو من يتمتّع بمرونة عالية في التعامل مع جميع‬ ‫خام ً‬
‫العاملين من أجل ديمومة العمل وضمان جودته‪.‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following words and expressions into English‬‬

‫ميزانية سنوية‬ ‫اإلدارة العلمية‬
‫رئيس مجلس إدارة‬ ‫تحسين األداء‬
‫أداء المؤسسة‬ ‫التعويض‬
‫دراسة جدوى‬ ‫مبدأ المبادرة‬
‫إدارة األعمال‬ ‫مهارات شخصية‬
‫منظمات غير ربحية‬ ‫مبادئ اإلدارة‬
‫مجلس إدارة‬ ‫البنية اإلدارية‬
‫الرقابة‬ ‫تقسيم العمل‬
‫رئيس ع ّمال‬ ‫التعويض المادي‬
‫جمعية خيرية‬ ‫المركزية والالمركزية‬

‫‪05‬‬
‫‪EX: translate the following text into English‬‬

‫أهمية التعرف على المخاطر اإلدارية‬

‫ينبغي على اإلدارة الناجحة أن تش ّخص المخاطر اإلدارية التي قد تتع ّرض لها المؤسسة وتقديم‬
‫الحلول الناجعة لتفاديها‪ ،‬ويتم ذلك عن طريق‪:‬‬
‫إن المنظمات والفرق العاملة على مشروع ما جميعها‬ ‫‪ -‬التحديد المعتمد على األهداف‪ّ :‬‬
‫ي حادث يعترض تحقيق هذه األهداف إلى خطر سواء أكان جزئيًا أم‬ ‫لديها أهداف‪ ,‬فأ ّ‬
‫كليًا يع ّد خطورة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬التحديد المعتمد على السيناريو‪ :‬في عملية تحليل السيناريو يت ّم خلق سيناريوهات مختلفة‬
‫قد تكون طرائق بديلة لتحقيق هدف ما أو تحليل للتفاعل بين القوى في سوق أو معركة‪,‬‬
‫فإن أي حدث يولد سيناريو مختلف عن الذي ت ّم تص ّوره وغير مرغوب فيه‪ ,‬يعرف‬ ‫لذا ّ‬
‫على أنه خطورة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬التحديد المعتمد على التصنيف‪ :‬وهو عبارة عن تفصيل جميع المصادر المحتملة‬
‫للمخاطر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬مراجعة المخاطر الشائعة‪ :‬في العديد من المؤسسات هناك قوائم بالمخاطر الشائعة‪ ،‬لذا‬
‫ينبغي مراجعة هذه القوائم كي تسهّل مه ّمة توقّع الخطورة‪.‬‬

‫‪04‬‬
CHAPTER 5
COMPANY STRUCTURE
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with company structure-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis and text cohesion.
 we will highlight the importance of pre-transferring adjustment.

Self-study: warming up …
Be familiar with the following definitions:
 An organizational structure ‫ هيكلية تنظيمية‬refers to the way that an
organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be
performed and its goals can be met. When a work group ‫فريق عمل‬
is very small and face-to-face communication is frequent, formal
structure may be unnecessary, but in a larger organization
decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks.
Thus, procedures are established that assign responsibilities for
various functions. It is these decisions that determine the
organizational structure.

 The matrix organizational structure ‫ الهيكلية التنظيمية المصفوفية‬is a

typical structure because it brings together employees and
managers from different departments to work toward
accomplishing a goal. The matrix structure is a combination of the
functional and divisional structures ‫ هيكلية قطاعية‬. The former
divides departments within a company by the functions
performed, while the latter divides them by products, customers or
geographical location. Small business owners should understand
the benefits and limitations of the matrix structure before
implementing it in their businesses.
 Employees' responsibilities are typically defined by what they do,
who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. Over
time, these definitions are assigned to positions in the organization
rather than to specific individuals. The best organizational
structure for any organization depends on many factors, including
the work it does; its size in terms of employees, revenue ‫عائدات‬,
and the geographic dispersion of its facilities; and the range of its
businesses.

 A General Partnership is composed of two or more persons

(usually not a married couple) who agree to contribute money,
labour or skill to a business. Each partner shares ‫يشترك في‬/‫يتشارك‬
the profits, losses and management of the business, and each
partner is personally and equally liable for ‫ مسؤول عن‬debts ‫ ديون‬of
the partnership ‫شركة تضامنية‬. Formal terms ‫الشروط (البنود) الرسمية‬
of the partnership are usually contained in a written partnership
agreement.

Note:
- ‘liable for’ means ‘responsible in law for something’; therefore,
it can be translated into ‫مسؤول قانوينًا عن‬, as in:
e.g. The husband is liable for his wife’s debts.
َّ
.‫إن الزوج مسؤو ٌل قانونيًا عن ديون زوجته‬
- ‘liable to’ means ‘to suffer from something’; therefore, it can
be translated into ‫مع ّرض لـ‬/‫عرضة لـ‬, as in:
e.g. The city is liable to floods.
.‫إن المدينةَ مع ّرضةٌ للفيضانات‬
َّ

 The structure of any business organization can be described as

either tall ‫ (سلسلة مراجع) كثيرة‬or flat ‫(سلسلة مراجع) قليلة‬, which refers
to the levels of management in the organization’s hierarchy and
the corresponding distance between front-line or entry-level
employees and top management. Any business, whether it has a
tall or a flat structure, can have important impacts on a variety of
elements within the organization.

 A Limited Partnership ‫ شركة محدودة‬is composed of one or more

general partners and one or more limited partners. The general
partners manage the business and share fully in its profits and
losses. Limited partners share in the profits of the business, but
16
 their losses are limited to the extent of their investment ‫استثمار‬.
Limited partners are usually not involved in the day-to-day
operations of the business.

 A functional structure ‫ هيكلية وظيفية‬is one of the most common

organizational structures. Under this structure, the employees
work according to a specialized or similar set of roles or tasks.
While functional structures operate well in stable environments
‫ بيئة مستقرة‬where business strategies are less inclined to changes or
dynamism, the level of bureaucracy makes it difficult for
organizations to respond to changes in the market quickly.

 One of the newest organizational structures developed in the 20th

century is ‘team’ which is related to the concept ‘team
development’ or ‘team building’. In small businesses, the team
structure can define the entire organization. Teams can be both
horizontal and vertical. While an organization is constituted as a
set of people who synergize ‫يتكاتف في توظيف‬/‫يتآزر‬/‫ يتعاون‬individual
competencies ‫ كفاءآت شخصية‬to achieve newer dimensions, the
quality of organizational structure revolves around the
competencies of teams in totality.

Note:
- ‘to revolve around’ is a phrasal verb that means to have
something or somebody as the most important part; therefore, it
can be translated into ‫يتر ّكز في‬, ‫يدور حول‬, etc.

 Reporting structure ‫ سلسلة مراجع‬refers to the authority

relationships in a company‫ ــــ‬who reports to whom? For small
businesses with only a couple of employees, that structure is often
self-evident: everyone reports to the owner ‫المالك‬. With enough
new employees, though, coordinating everyone’s efforts will
likely demand a formal organizational structure ‫هيكلية تنظيمية‬
‫رسمية‬. This framework establishes who is in charge of different
tasks, departmental areas and the organization as a whole. These
authority boundaries and the relationships among people in
authority serve to create the reporting structure.

16
  As an entrepreneur ‫صاحب مشروع‬/‫رجل أعمال‬, you make tough
decisions every day. Whatever the challenges you face, from
cutting costs ‫ تقليل التكاليف‬to entering new markets, your company’s
founding principles ‫ مبادىء التأسيس‬are the bedrock ‫ حجر األساس‬that
will help you make good choices and gain a competitive edge. A
founding principle is a statement of what you stand for. Today, it
is not enough to simply outline your values in the 'About Us'
section of your website or print them in an employee manual.

Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

An organizational structure ‫ هيكلية تنظيمية‬defines how activities such as
task allocation ‫تحديد المهام‬, coordination ‫ التنسيق‬and supervision ‫اإلشراف‬
are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims. It can also
be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which
individuals see their organization and its environment. An organization
can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives.
The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which it
operates and performs. An organizational structure allows the expressed
allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to
different entities, such as the branch ‫فرع‬, department ‫قسم‬, workgroup
‫ فريق عمل‬and individual. It affects organizational action in two big ways.
First, it provides the foundation ‫ المؤسسة‬on which standard operating
procedures and routines rest. Second, it determines which individuals get
to participate in which decision-making processes ‫عمليات اتخاذ القرارت‬, and
thus to what extent their views shape the organization’s actions.

Text 2: be familiar with the area

:‫ أهمها‬،‫يمكن تصنيف الهياكل التنظيمية للمؤسسات إلى عدة أصناف‬
‫ وهي إحدى أنواع الهياكل التنظيمية‬:functional structure ‫ الهيكلية الوظيفية‬-
‫ فيكون هناك إدارة مالية‬،‫ وفيها يت ّم تجميع كلّ تخصص وظيفي في إدارة واحدة‬،‫للمؤسسات‬
‫ ويعاب على هذا‬.‫واحدة وإدارة هندسية واحدة وإدارة مخازن واحده وإدارة صيانة واحدة‬
‫ بمعنى‬،‫ وطول الهرم الوظيفي‬،‫ وسوء العالقة بين التخصصات المختلفة‬،‫النظام قلّة المرونة‬
‫ ولكن ما يميّز هذا النظام هو أنه اقتصادي ألننا ال نحتاج ألكثر‬.‫أ ّن مستويات اإلدارة كثيرة‬
‫من مخزن واحد وورشة واحدة؛ إذ ك ّل شيء فيه يكون مركزيًا مما يتيح لكلّ موظف اإلفادة‬

16
‫ وذلك ألنهم يعملون في اإلدارة نفسها أو القطاع‬،‫من خبرات زمالئه في التخصص نفسه‬
.‫نفسه‬
‫ وفيها يت ّم تجميع العاملين المختصين بمجال‬:divisional structure ‫ الهيكلية القطاعية‬-
‫ كأن يكون هناك مصن ٌع ينتج‬،‫ وخير مثال على هذا‬.‫معيّن أو خدمة معيّنة في قطاع واحد‬
‫ فيت ّم تقسيم الشركة على قطاعين؛ إذ يكون لك ّل قطاع خدماته الخاصة‬،‫منتجيَن أو له مصنعيَن‬
‫ قد يت ّم أحيانًا اإلبقاء على‬،‫ الحظ أنه في هذا النظام‬.‫به من إنتاج وصيانة ومالية ومخازن إلخ‬
.‫ مثل إدارة الموارد البشرية‬،‫بعض اإلدارات المركزية‬
‫ في‬،‫ كل بحسب وظيفته‬،‫ وفيها يت ّم تقسيم العاملين‬:matrix structure ‫ الهيكلية المصفوفية‬-
‫ بحيث يكون هناك مدي ٌر لمجموعة‬،‫ وكذلك يت ّم اختيار مسؤول عن ك ّل منتج‬،‫هيكلية وظيفية‬
‫ وخير‬.‫ أن يكون للموظف رئيسان‬،‫ ومن المحتمل في هذه الحالة‬.‫عاملين في وظائف مختلفة‬
)‫مسؤوال ذا مستوى عال عن المنتج (أ‬ ً ‫ فيعيّن‬،)‫ مصنع ينتج منتجيَن (أ) و (ب‬،‫مثال على هذا‬
‫ وكلّ منهم له رئيس‬،‫ وهذا المسؤول يتبعه ع ّمال من إدارات مختلفة‬،)‫وآخر عن المنتج (ب‬
‫ ويعاب على هذا النظام صعوبة تنظيم العمل بالنسبة للعاملين الذين يتبعون‬.‫آخر في إدارته‬
.‫ ولكنه يتميز بجمع الكثير من مميزات التنظيم الوظيفي والقطاعي‬،‫رئيسين‬

Text 3: be familiar with the area

Disadvantages of Matrix Organizational Structure
One of the disadvantages of the matrix structure is that it can result in
internal complexity. Some employees may become confused as to who
their direct supervisor is. For example, an employee may receive different
directions concerning the same thing from supervisors in different
departments. The dual authority and communication problems may cause
division among employees and managers. Miscommunication and
ineffective managing can result in employee dissatisfaction. Prolonged
issues may cause an organization to experience high employee turnover.
Another disadvantage of the matrix organizational structure is that it is
expensive to maintain. A company's overhead cost typically increases
because of the need for double management. The extra salaries an
organization must pay can put a strain on its resources. The sharing of
employees may cause unhealthy competition between managers within a
company. The expertise that employees bring to the table makes them
valuable, which causes managers to seek their assistance.

16
 The importance of text analysis

Text 4: translate into Arabic:

Functional units often perform with a high level of efficiency; however,
their level of cooperation with each other is sometimes compromised.
Therefore, such groups may have difficulty working well with each other
as they may be territorial and unwilling to cooperate. The occurrence of
infighting among units may cause delays, reduced commitment due to
competing interests, and wasted time, making projects fall behind
schedule. This ultimately can bring down production levels overall, and
the company-wide employee commitment toward meeting organizational
goals.

Your task
Try to identify
 the technical words/expressions;
 how many sentences in the text;
 the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex
or compound-complex);
 the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each
sentence/clause; and
 the connectors used in the text.

Text 5: translate into English, paying special attention to text

cohesion
centralization and decentralization ‫الفرق بين المركزية والالمركزية‬
‫إن المركزية تعني أن السلطات مرك ّزة بيد جهة معيّنة من جهات المؤسسة؛ بمعنى أن السلطات‬ ّ
‫ وخير مثال‬.‫المخ ّولة للعاملين قليلة والقرارات دائ ًما ما تحتاج مدي ًرا ذا مستوى رفيع العتمادها‬
.‫على ذلك هو أن تكون سلطة اعتماد طلب شراء (قيمته ضئيلة) من اختصاص رئيس الشركة‬
.‫ ولكنها تزيد من ش ّدة الرقابة‬،‫فالمركزية عادة ما تجعل القرارات بطيئة‬

‫ فتعني أن السلطات يتم توزيعها على جميع مستويات الهيكلية التنظيمية؛ أي أن‬،‫أما الالمركزية‬
‫ وخير مثال على ذلك هو أن يتمتع كل مدير‬.‫كل طبقة من المديرين تتمتع بصالحيات كبيرة‬
‫ضا أن الالمركزية تسرع في‬ ً ‫ ويذكر أي‬.‫ شريطة أن يتحكم فيها بما يراه مناسبًا‬،‫بميزانية محددة‬
.‫ تقلل من شدة الرقابة‬،‫ في الوقت نفسه‬،‫ ولكنها‬،‫اتخاذ القرارات‬

16
Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion
Understanding organizations
Scholars present a six-box model for understanding organizations:
(i) Purposes: the organization members are clear about the
organization’s mission and purpose and goal agreements;
(ii) Structure: how is the organization's work divided up? The question
is whether there is an adequate fit between the purpose and the
internal structure;
(iii) Relationship: what is the relationship between individuals, between
units or departments that perform different tasks, and between the
people and requirements of their jobs;
(iv) Rewards: the consultant should diagnose the similarities between
what the organization formally rewarded or punished members for;
(v) Leadership: it is to watch for blips among the other boxes and
maintain balance among them; and
(vi) Helpful mechanism: it is a helpful organization that must attend to
in order to survive which as planning, control, budgeting, and other
information systems that help organization member accomplish.

11
‫‪Text 7: translate into English, paying special attention to text‬‬
‫‪cohesion‬‬
‫مما ‪,‬أما إذا ‪ ،...‬فإنه ‪, ...‬األمر الذي ‪,‬بمعنى آخر ‪ How would you translate‬‬
‫إن ‪,‬أما فيما يتعلّق بـ ‪ ،...‬فإنه ‪, ...‬هذا من ناحية ‪ ...‬ومن ناحية آخرى ‪,‬وذلك ‪,‬يؤدي‬
‫‪,‬إال ّ‬
‫?وكذلك ‪ and‬أما فيما يخصّ ‪ ،...‬فإنه‪, ...‬وتجدر اإلشارة إلى‬

‫أنواع أخرى من الهيكلية التنظيمية‬

‫عندما تكون سلسلة المراجع ‪ reporting structure‬في شركة أو مؤسسة ما كثيرة‪ّ ،‬‬
‫فإن الهرم‬
‫طويال من الناحية الرأسية ‪ tall structure‬؛ بمعنى آخر أن عدد‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الوظيفي ‪ hierarchy‬يكون‬
‫طبقات المديرين كثيرة‪ ،‬األمر الذي يجعل عملية اتخاذ القرارات بطيئة‪ .‬أما إذا امتازت الشركة أو‬
‫فإن الهرم الوظيفي يكون قصي ًرا من الناحية الرأسية ‪flat‬‬ ‫المؤسسة بقلّة سلسلة المراجع فيها‪ّ ،‬‬
‫أن عدد طبقات المديرين قليلة‪ ،‬مما يؤدي إلى سرعة اتخاذ القرار‪،‬‬ ‫‪structure‬؛ بمعنى آخر ّ‬
‫وذلك لما يتمتع به المديرون من صالحيات تسهّل عملية اتخاذ القرار‪.‬‬

‫هذا من ناحية‪ ،‬ومن ناحية أخرى فإنه يمكن تقسيم الهيكلية التنظيمية بحسب درجة مرونتها‪،‬‬
‫ومركزيتها‪ ،‬ونوع هرمها الوظيفي على نوعين آخرين‪ ،‬هما الهيكلية الميكانيكية والهيكلية‬
‫الحيوية ‪.mechanistic and organic structures‬‬

‫أما فيما يتعلق بالهيكلية الميكانيكية‪ ،‬والتي يُطلق عليها أي ً‬

‫ضا بالهيكلية اآللية‪ ،‬فإنه على الرغم من‬
‫امتيازها بقلة المرونة‪ ،‬إال إن ما يميزها هو الرقابة الشديدة‪ .‬وتجدر اإلشارة إلى أن هذه الهيكلية‬
‫ُت فضل في حالة استقرار المؤثرات الخارجية واألعمال التي تتكرر بدون تغيير‪ .‬هذا من ناحية‪،‬‬
‫ومن ناحية أخرى‪ ،‬فإنها تمتاز بالرسمية والمركزية وكثرة سلسلة المراجع فيها‪.‬‬

‫أما فيما يخص الهيكلية الحيوية‪ ،‬والتي ُيطلق عليها أي ً‬

‫ضا بالهيكلية العضوية‪ ،‬فإنها تتسم بالكثير‬
‫من المرونة والالمركزية‪ ،‬األمر الذي يقلل من الرقابة فيها‪ .‬ويفضّ ل هذا النوع من الهيكلية في‬
‫الحاالت التي تتغيّر فيها المؤثرات الخارجية بسرعة‪ ،‬وكذلك في حالة الشركات التي ترغب في‬
‫أن تكون خدماتها أو منتجاتها متميّزة‪ .‬وتتسم هذه الهيكلية بالالمركزية والالرسمية وقلّة سلسلة‬
‫المراجع فيها‪.‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
 Attention:
Pay extra attention to the following expressions and their cohesive
functions:
............. ‫ فـ‬/‫ فإنّه‬،................................................... ‫أما فيما يتعلّق بـ‬
............. ‫ فـ‬/‫ فإنّه‬،..................................................... ُّ‫أما فيما يخص‬
............. ‫ فـ‬/‫ فإنّه‬،....................................................... ‫أما بالنسبة لـ‬
............. ‫ فـ‬/‫ فإنّه‬،...................................................... ‫وفيما يتعلّق بـ‬
............. ‫ فـ‬/‫ فإنّه‬،........................................................ ُّ‫وفيما يخص‬
............. ‫ فـ‬/‫ فإنّه‬،.......................................................... ‫وبالنسبة لـ‬

Example:
. ‫ فإنه يمكن أن يستعمل في البحث عن المعلومات‬،‫أما فيما يتعلّق بفوائد استعمال االنترنت‬
As for the advantages of using the Internet, it can be used by people to
search for information.

Note:
These expressions can be translated into ‘as for’, ‘with respect to’,
‘with regard to’, ‘in respect of’, ‘regarding’, ‘concerning’, etc.
However, special attention needs to be paid to their use. They are used
in English as follows:

 As for
 With respect to
 With regard to
 In respect of phrase , subject verb/tense …...
 Regarding
 Concerning

Assignment:
Write 10 sentences on different ideas in Arabic using expressions such as
‫أما فيما يتعلّق‬, ّ‫أما فيما يخص‬, ‫أما بالنسبة لـ‬, ‫وفيما يتعلّق‬, ّ‫وفيما يخص‬, ‫ وبالنسبة لـ‬and then
translate them into English.

16
Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion
Topics in Organizational Behaviour
Organizational behaviour studies the impact that individuals, groups and
structures have on human behaviour within organizations. It is an
interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology,
communication, and management. Organizational behaviour
complements organizational theory, which focuses on organizational and
intra-organizational topics, and complements human-resource studies,
which is more focused on everyday business practices.

Organizational behaviour ‫ السلوك التنظيمي‬is particularly relevant in the

field of management ‫ اإلدارة‬due to the fact that it encompasses many of
the issues managers face on a daily basis. Concepts, such as leadership
‫قيادة‬, decision making ‫صناعة القرار‬, team building ‫بناء الفريق‬, motivation
‫حافز‬/‫تحفيز‬, and job satisfaction are all facets of organizational behaviour
and responsibilities of management. Understanding not only how to
delegate tasks and organize resources but also how to analyze behaviour
and motivate productivity is critical for success in management.
Organizational behaviour also deals heavily in culture. Company or
corporate culture is difficult to define but is extremely relevant to how
organizations behave. A Wall Street Stock-trading Company, for
example, will have a dramatically different work culture than an academic
department at a university. Understanding and defining these work
cultures and the behavioural implications they embed organizationally is
also a central topic in organizational behaviour.

Text 9: translate into English, paying special attention to text

cohesion
subsidiary ‫ والشركات التابعة‬Partnership ‫الشركات التضامنية‬
‫إن الشركات التضامنية هي نوع من أنواع الشركات التي يتشارك في تأسيسها وإدارتها شخصان‬ ّ
‫أو أكثر؛ إذ يتقاسم األشخاص ــــ باإلضافة إلى المساهمة في ممتلكاتها وإدارتها ــــ أرباحها‬
.‫ويتح ّملون خسائرها بشكل متساو كل بحسب نصيبه‬

ّ ،‫أ ّما من حيث المعامالت الضريبية‬

‫فإن ما يميّز الشركات التضامنية هو إعفائها من الضريبة‬
ّ
‫ وتفرض على كل شريك بعد توزيع األرباح‬،‫صل عليها الشركة‬ ّ ‫المباشرة على األرباح التي تتح‬
‫ وتكون مسؤولية الشركاء أكبر في الشركات التضامنية من‬.‫ك ّل بحسب نصيبه من أسهم الشركة‬
ّ ‫؛ إذ‬stock company ‫مسؤليتهم في الشركات المساهمة‬
‫إن ك ّل شريك في الشركات التضامنية‬
ً
.‫مسؤوال عن ديون الشركة‬ ‫يكون‬

16
‫أ ّما الشركات التابعة ‪ ،subsidiary‬فهي نوع من أنواع الشركات التي تكون تابعة إلى شركة‬
‫مستقلة أكبر منها‪ .‬وقد تكون الشركة التابعة شركة خاصة ‪ private company‬أو شركة‬
‫محدودة ‪ ،limited company‬وتس ّمي الشركة المالكة "الشركة األم" ‪parent company‬‬
‫وتمتلك الشركة األم إما جميع أسهم ‪ shares‬الشركة أو معظم أسهم رأس المال‪ .‬وليس من‬
‫الضرور ّ‬
‫ي أن تعمل الشركة األم وشركتها التابعة في المكان ذاته أو العمل التجاري ذاته‪ ،‬بل من‬
‫الممكن أن تكون الشركتان متنافستين في السوق‪.‬‬

‫‪Quiz 5‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into Arabic‬‬

‫‪One of the advantages of implementing the matrix organizational‬‬
‫‪structure in a business is that it can lead to an efficient exchange of‬‬
‫‪information. Departments work closely together and communicate with‬‬
‫‪each other frequently to solve issues. Efficient lines of communication‬‬
‫‪enhance productivity and allow for quick decision-making. For example,‬‬
‫‪in a matrix structure, individuals from the marketing, finance and product‬‬
‫‪departments may confer with one another to formulate strategies. The‬‬
‫‪specialized information exchange allows managers to respond quickly to‬‬
‫‪the needs of customers and the organization.‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into English‬‬

‫أسباب انقضاء الشركات‬
‫هناك أسباب عديدة النقضاء الشركات‪ ،‬فمنها أسباب عامة وأخرى خاصة‪ .‬سنلخصها هنا في‬
‫النقاط اآلتية‪:‬‬
‫ً‬
‫أوال‪ :‬األسباب العامة‪ ،‬وتتلخص في‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬انتهاء األجل المحدد للشركة والغرض الذي قامت من أجله‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬هالك مال الشركة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إتفاق الشركاء على إنهاء الشركة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إفالس الشركة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬حل الشركة بحكم قضائي‪.‬‬
‫ثانيًا‪ :‬األسباب الخاصة ويمكن إيجازها بـ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬موت أحد الشركاء أو الحجر عليه أو إفالسه‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬انسحاب أحد الشركاء من الشركة غير محددة المدة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬فصل أحد الشركاء من الشركة‪.‬‬

‫‪67‬‬
EX: translate the following words and expressions into English

‫سلوك تنظيمي‬ ‫هيكلية تنظيمية‬

‫تحديد المهام‬ ‫هيكلية تنظيمية طويلة‬
‫صناعة القرارات‬ ‫هيكلية تنظيمية قصيرة‬
‫شركة أم‬ ‫هيكلية قطاعية‬
‫شركة مساهمة‬ ‫هيكلية مصفوفية‬
‫شركة محدودة‬ ‫هيكلية وظيفية‬
‫شركة تضامنية‬ ‫المركزية والالمركزية‬
‫شركة تابعة‬ ‫مصالح متصارعة‬

EX: translate the following passages into Arabic (choose Two only)
1. Employee motivation is a key factor in any organizational
structure. While employees in a flat organization may feel as
though they have more direct influence on the company, they may
also feel as though they have no room for advancement. On the
other hand, employees at a tall organization have many layers
through which to advance their careers, but may become frustrated
at their relative lack of influence at lower levels within the
company.
2. One advantage a flat organizational structure has over a tall one is
the level of flexibility. Decisions can often be made and carried
out more quickly in flat structures because there are few layers of
communication between the employees doing the work and those
making the decisions. Therefore, directives and feedback can be
communicated more quickly to allow for necessary changes.
3. When companies use a functional organizational structure, people
with similar knowledge and skills are grouped together. This
makes it possible for employees to become specialists in their
field. It requires a performance management system that allows
for the promotion, development and visibility of individual skills
within their functional area. The specialization that functional
structures hone helps to bring about in-depth knowledge and skill
development among the employees, and this can help you achieve
your company's functional goals.
66
‫‪EX: before translating the following text, try to make a pre-transferring‬‬
‫‪adjustment at lexical, syntactic and textual levels in order to bring‬‬
‫‪the text in line with your translation competence (for more details,‬‬
‫‪see Chapter 1 in this book):‬‬

‫عرفت المجتمعات المختلفة على م ّر العصور فكرة الشركة‪ ،‬ففكرة الشركة ليست وليدة العصر‬
‫الحديث‪ .‬إال إنه نتيجة لتطور المشاريع االقتصادية التي أصبحت كبيرة وبحاجة إلى رؤوس أموال‬
‫ضخمة‪ ،‬وأمام عجز األفراد عن القيام بهذه المشاريع االقتصادية الضخمة وإحجامهم عن تح ّمل‬
‫عناء القيام بها ك ّل لوحده‪ ،‬ازدادت الحاجة إلى مختلف أنواع الشركات التي أصبحت تلعب دورً ا‬
‫ها ًما في الحياة االقتصادية للمجتمعات الحديثة‪ .‬وأصبحت بذلك األداة المثلى للنهوض االجتماعي‬
‫واالقتصادي‪ ،‬بل وتعاظمت هذه األهمية إلى درجة أصبحت معها الكثير من هذه الشركات تتمتع‬
‫بإمكانيات كبرى ال نجدها إال عند الدول‪ .‬وشكلّت هذه الشركات‪ ،‬وبخاصة التجارية منها‪ ،‬قوة‬
‫اقتصادية هامة‪ ،‬مما اضطرت الدول إلى مراقبتها وتوجيهها بما يخدم المصلحة العامة‪ ،‬وسنّت‬
‫لهذا الغرض قوانين خاصة‪.‬‬

‫‪66‬‬
CHAPTER 6
MONEY MATTERS
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with money-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis and text cohesion.

Self-study : warming up …
Be familiar with the following definitions:
 In finance, investment ‫ استثمار‬is the purchase ‫ شراء‬of an asset ‫أصل‬
or item with the hope that it will generate income ‫ دخل‬or
appreciation ‫ ارتفاع في القيمة‬in the future and be sold at a higher
price. It generally does not include deposits ‫ ودائع‬with a bank or
similar institution. The term investment is usually used when
referring to a long-term outlook. This is the opposite of trading
‫ متاجرة‬or speculation ‫مضاربة‬, which are short-term practices
involving a much higher degree of risk. Financial assets ‫أصول مالية‬
take many forms and can range from the low return government
bonds ‫ سندات‬to much higher risk reward international stocks ‫أوراق‬
‫مالية‬. A good investment strategy will diversify the portfolio
according to the specified needs.

 The market in which shares ‫ أسهم‬of publicly held companies are

issued and traded either through exchanges ‫ التبادل‬or over-the-
counter markets ‫متاجرة خارج سوق التبادل أو البورصة‬. It is also known
as the equity market ‫سوق األوراق المالية‬, the stock market ‫سوق‬
)‫ األوراق المالية (بورصة‬is one of the most vital components of a free-
market economy ‫اقتصاد السوق الحرة‬, as it provides companies with
access to capital in exchange for giving investors ‫ مستثمر‬a slice of
ownership in the company.
 A pension ‫ الراتب التقاعدي‬is a fixed sum to be paid regularly to a
person, typically following retirement from service. There are
many different types of pensions, including defined benefit plans,
defined contribution plans, as well as several others. Pensions
should not be confused with severance pay ‫تعويض أو مكافأة نهاية‬
‫ ;الخدمة‬the former is paid in regular installments, while the latter is
paid in one lump sum.

 In business, when an investor purchases debt issued by companies

or governments which promises to pay an annual return until the
debt is repaid is called a bond ‫سند‬. The value of the investment
changes as the level of general interest rates fluctuates ‫تضارب‬,
causing the bond to become more or less valuable.

 In cash investing ‫استثمار النقود‬, money is typically invested in short-

term, low-risk investment vehicles like certificates of
deposit, money market funds.

 Investment in residential real estate ‫ عقار‬is the most common

form of real estate investment measured by number of participants
because it includes property purchased as a primary residence.

 Shares refers to the process of purchasing a share in the equity of

a company ‫ حق الملكية في الشركة‬in the hope that the share price will
increase. Purchasing a share in the company is as good as owning
part of the company.

 Stock investing ‫ استثمار األوراق المالية‬can come in the form of buying

individual stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds. The
stock market is one of the most vital components of a free-market
economy, as it provides companies with access to capital in
exchange for giving investors a slice of ownership in the
company.

 It is not easy to become wealthy on the basis of a salary alone.

Since income is taxed at the highest possible rate in your country,
you may be left with no more than half a salary.

‫ حصة أرباح (من األسهم ا‬is a payment by a company to

 A dividend )‫مثًل‬
its shareholders, usually as a share of profits. Some companies pay
47
 dividends regularly, others pay dividends sometimes or not at all.
Some companies also allow you to reinvest dividends into new
shares.

Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

What is investment?
An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate
income or appreciation in the future. In an economic sense, an investment
is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the
future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset
purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or
appreciate and be sold at a higher price.

Investment is time, energy, or matter spent in the hope of future benefits

actualized within a specified date or time frame. It is worth noting,
investment has different meanings in economics and finance.

In economics, investment is the accumulation of newly produced physical

entities, such as factories, machinery, houses, and goods inventories. In
finance, investment however is putting money into an asset with the
expectation of capital appreciation, dividends, and/or interest earnings.
This may or may not be backed by research and analysis. Most or all
forms of investment involve some form of risk, such as investment in
equities, property, and even fixed interest securities which are subject,
among other things, to inflation risk. It is indispensable for project
investors to identify and manage the risks related to the investment.

In the financial sense, investments include the purchase of bonds, stocks

or real estate property.

Note:
The noun ‘appreciation’ ‫ ارتفاع في القيمة‬which means ‘the increase in the
value of an item’ derives from the verb ‘appreciate’. A common example
of this is house prices. Its opposite is ‘depreciation’ ‫ انخفاض في القيمة‬which
refers to ‘the decrease in the value of an item’.

47
Text 2: be familiar with the area
‫ مع‬،‫تضاربت توقعات المحللين االقتصاديين بشأن اتجاه مؤشر سوق األسهم القطرية اليوم‬ -
‫ وترجح األوساط االقتصادية أن يستمر‬.‫استئناف نشاطه بعيد إجازة عيد األضحى المبارك‬
‫أداء مؤشر السوق في التحرك أفقياا بدون تسجيل تحركات كبيرة سواء أكانت صعوداا أم‬
‫ا‬
.‫نزوال‬

،‫يتفق الخبراء في السوق العقاري على أنه ال يوجد ما يسمى بفشل االستثمار في العقار‬ -
‫ وال تنحصر بفترة‬،‫وحجتهم في ذلك أن الحاجة إلى المسكن والمكتب ليست وليدة اليوم‬
‫ لكن حجم الطلب على السلعة العقارية هو الذي‬،‫ بل هي قائمة على الدوام‬، ‫زمنية معينة‬
‫ أبرزها‬،‫ بحسب عوامل مختلفة ومتنوعة وأسباب أخرى ساندة‬،‫يختلف بين حين وآخر‬
.‫التسويق العقاري الذي يخلط بعضهم بينه وبين الترويج‬

‫ أهمها أن صاحب السند ال يحق له التصويت‬،‫تختلف السندات عن األسهم في جملة أمور‬ -

‫ بينما صاحب السهم يحق له التصويت؛ إذ إنه يشارك في‬،‫وكذلك يتقاضى نسبة مئوية سنوياا‬
‫ كذلك يختلف االستثمار في السندات‬.‫ملكية الشركة ويتقاضى أربا احا غير محددة بنسبة مئوية‬
‫عن االستثمار في األسهم في كون االستثمار في السندات يكون مصحوباا بمخاطرة أقل من‬
.‫تلك التي تصاحب االستثمار في األسهم‬

Text 3: be familiar with the area

Shares
People invest in shares with the objective of generating wealth either
through potential share price growth, via income paid as dividends or a
combination of both. Shares can be bought and sold on ASX's
market. Further, you do not need large amounts of money to get started ‫ـــ‬
you can buy as little as $500 worth of shares. As with any investment,
shares also carry risk and investors need to inform themselves of these.

If the company performs well, you can benefit from share price growth
and/or income paid as dividends. Equally, if the company performs
poorly, your shares could decrease in value and/or the company may pay
no dividends.

As a shareholder in a listed company, you will have the right to receive

company information and to vote at annual general meetings. You can
also have the right to participate in some further share issues by the
company. Your rights may vary depending on the type of shares that you
hold.

47
There is risk involved in any investment in shares. For instance, if you
invest in a small number of companies or a single sector, then you can be
more exposed to the risk of losing money due to falls in the share prices
of those companies or market events impacting on that sector. One way to
reduce this risk is by spreading your investments across different types of
companies in different sectors.

Note:
The abbreviation ‘ASX’ stands for ‘Australian Stock Exchange’ or
‘Australian Securities Exchange’.

The importance of text analysis

Text 4: translate into Arabic:

Investments are often made indirectly through intermediaries, such as
pension funds, banks, brokers, and insurance companies. These
institutions may pool money received from a large number of individuals
into funds such as investment trusts, unit trusts, etc. to make large scale
investments. Each individual investor then has an indirect or direct claim
on the assets purchased, subject to charges levied by the intermediary,
which may be large and varied. It generally, does not include deposits
with a bank or similar institution. Investment usually involves
diversification of assets in order to avoid unnecessary and unproductive
risk.

Your task
Try to identify
 the technical words/expressions;
 how many sentences in the text;
 the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex
or compound-complex);
 the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each
sentence/clause; and
 the connectors used in the text.

44
‫‪Text 5: translate into English paying special attention to modal verbs‬‬

‫المشجعة على االستثمار‬

‫ّ‬ ‫العوامل‬
‫هناك جملة من العوامل التي تؤثر إيجاباا في االستثمار وتشجع المستثمرين على استثمار أموالهم‪،‬‬
‫سنلخصها فيما يلي‪:‬‬
‫ً‬
‫أوال السياسة االقتصادية المًلئمة‪:‬‬
‫يجب أن تتسم السياسة االقتصادية بالوضوح واالستقرار‪ ،‬وأن تنسجم القوانين والتشريعات معها‬
‫ويكون هناك إمكانية لتطبيق هذه السياسة‪ ،‬ومن الجدير باإلشارة كذلك أن الظروف االقتصادية‬
‫الخارجية لها دورها في االستثمار الداخلي مثل أسعار الفائدة العالمية‪ ،‬ومعدل األرباح‪ ،‬وظروف‬
‫االستثمار من حيث حرية خروج رأس المال ونقل الملكية في الدول األخرى‪.‬‬

‫ثانيًا البنية التحتية‪:‬‬

‫صا المناطق الصناعية المًلئمة من حيث توفر‬
‫يجب توفر البنية التحتية الًلزمة لًلستثمار وخصو ا‬
‫الكهرباء والماء والمواصًلت واالتصاالت بدرجة أفضل إن لم تكن مساوية ألغلب دول العالم‪.‬‬

‫ثالثًا بنية إدارية مناسبة‪:‬‬

‫يجب أن تكون هناك بنية إدارية مناسبة بعيدة عن روتين إجراءات التأسيس والترخيص وطرق‬
‫الحصول على الخدمات المختلفة‪ ،‬كالحصول على تراخيص مختلفة من وزارة الكهرباء‬
‫والصناعة والتموين والبلديات‪.‬‬

‫راب ًعا ضرورة ترابط وانسجام القوانين مع بعضها البعض‪:‬‬

‫يجب أن تترابط القوانين مع بعضها وال تتناقض فيما بينها ويجب أن تتسم أيضا ا بالوضوح وعدم‬
‫اختًلفها مع القرارات والسياسات المختلفة‪ ،‬وكذلك ضرورة تبسيط تلك القوانين وإنهاء إمكانية‬
‫االجتهاد في تفسير نصوصها‪.‬‬

‫‪Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion‬‬

‫?‪What is stock market‬‬
‫‪ makes it possible to grow‬سوق األوراق المالية (بورصة) ‪The stock market‬‬
‫‪small initial sums of money into large ones, and to become wealthy‬‬
‫‪without taking the risk of starting a business or making the sacrifices that‬‬
‫‪often accompany a high-paying career. The stock market can be split into‬‬
‫‪two main sections: the primary market and the secondary market. The‬‬
‫‪primary market is where new issues are first sold through initial public‬‬
‫‪offerings. Institutional investors typically purchase most of these shares‬‬
‫‪from investment banks. All subsequent trading goes on in the secondary‬‬
‫‪market where participants include both institutional and individual‬‬
‫‪investors.‬‬

‫‪47‬‬
Stocks are traded through exchanges. The two biggest stock exchanges in
the United States are the New York Stock Exchange, founded in 1792,
and the Nasdaq, founded in 1971. Today, most stock market trades are
executed electronically, and even the stocks themselves are almost always
held in electronic form, not as physical certificates.

Text 7: translate into English, paying special attention to text

cohesion
‫االستثمار‬
‫االستثمار على مستوى االقتصاد القومي يتعلق باإلنفاق الرأسمالي على المشروعات الجديدة في‬
‫ مثل مشروعات شق الطرق الرئيسة‬infrastructure ‫القطاعات العامة والبنية التحتية‬
‫ وتهيئة المخططات‬sewerage ‫ومشروعات تمديدات المياه وتمديدات الصرف الصح ّي‬
‫ ومشروعات البناء واإلسكان وتمديدات الكهرباء وتوليد الطاقة وكذلك‬structural ‫العمرانية‬
‫ باإلضافة إلى‬،‫مشروعات التنمية االجتماعية في مجاالت التعليم والصحة واالتصاالت‬
‫المشروعات التي تتعلق بالنشاط االقتصادي إلنتاج السلع والخدمات في القطاعات اإلنتاجية‬
.‫والخدمية كالصناعة والزراعة واإلسكان والصحة والتعليم والسياحة‬

‫ اإلنتاجية‬assets ‫ضا على أنه إضافة طاقات إنتاجية جديدة إلى األصول‬‫ويمكن تعريفه أي ا‬
‫ أو إحًلل أو‬،‫الموجودة في المجتمع بإنشاء مشروعات جديدة أو التوسع في مشروعات قائمة‬
‫ وكذلك شراء األوراق المالية‬،product life ‫تجديد مشروعات انتهى عمرها االفتراضي‬
.‫ المصدرة إلنشاء مشروعات جديدة‬stocks

Note:
Sewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage. It
encompasses components such as receiving drains, manholes, pumping
stations, storm overflows, and screening chambers of the combined
sewer or sanitary sewer.

Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

Severance Pay
The compensation that an employer provides to an employee who has
been laid off, whose job has been eliminated, who through mutual
agreement has decided to leave the company, or who has parted ways
with the company for other reasons is called ‘severance pay’. Typically,
severance pay amounts to a week or two of pay for every year that the
employee was with the company. Executives may receive a month’s pay
for each year of service and senior executives generally receive severance
pay as outlined in the employment contract. In addition to pay, severance
47
‫‪packages can include extended benefits, such as health insurance and‬‬
‫‪outplacement assistance to help the employee secure a new position.‬‬

‫‪Text 9: translate into English‬‬

‫أنواع أخرى من التقاعد‬
‫‪ -‬التقاعد التقليدي ‪traditional retirement/pension‬‬
‫معظم التقاعدات يتم دفعها بشكل ثابت وبانتظام لشخص عندما يبلغ سناا معينة‪ ،‬إال وهي سن‬
‫التقاعد (عادة ‪ 77‬عا اما)؛ إذ يتم دفع التقاعد حتى وفاة الشخص‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬تقاعد مب ّكر ‪early retirement‬‬

‫في أحيان كثيرة يسمح لألفراد بالتقاعد قبل سن التقاعد التقليدي‪ .‬ولكي تستطيع الشركات أو الفئات‬
‫تمويل الكلفة الزائدة‪ ،‬يخفض التقاعد بنسبة تسمى فاعل التقاعد المبكر ‪early retirement‬‬
‫‪.factor‬‬

‫‪ -‬تقاعد المعاقين ‪disability retirement/pension‬‬

‫إذا تضرر أحد الموظفين وأصبح غير قادر على العمل‪ ،‬يحصل على تقاعد فور إعاقته وال‬
‫يخفض بسبب ابتدائه قبل سن التقاعد التقليدي‪ .‬وتجدر اإلشارة إلى إنه قد يضاف ملحق إلى‬
‫التقاعد‪ ،‬ولكن الملحق يتوقف في سن التقاعد التقليدي‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬تقاعد المنتفع ‪beneficiary retirement/pension‬‬

‫من حق الشخص إضافة منتفع إلى التقاعد‪ .‬والمنتفع عادة ما يكون الزوج أو الزوجة‪ ،‬ولكن ممكن‬
‫إن يكون أحد األبناء‪ .‬وبعد وفاة الشخص‪ ،‬يتم دفع نسبة من التقاعد (عادة ‪ )78%‬إلى المنتفع‪.‬‬
‫ويستمر هذا التقاعد حتى وفاة المنتفع‪.‬‬

‫لكي تستطيع الشركات أو الفئات تمويل الكلفة الزائدة‪ ،‬يخفض التقاعد بنسبة تعتمد على عمر‬
‫الشخص والمنتفع‪ ،‬فكلما كان المنتفع صغيرا ا في السن‪ ،‬ازدادت النسبة التي يخفض بها التقاعد‪.‬‬
‫وللتقليل من االحتيال أو التزوير‪ ،‬يجب أن يمضي على الزواج أكثر من سنة حتى يكون المنتفع‬
‫ا‬
‫مؤهًل إلى التقاعد‪.‬‬

‫‪Text 10: translate into Arabic‬‬

‫‪Types of pensions‬‬
‫‪There are three main types of pensions, namely:‬‬
‫)‪1. Employment-based pensions (retirement plans‬‬
‫‪A retirement plan is an arrangement to provide people with an income‬‬
‫‪during retirement when they are no longer earning a steady income from‬‬
‫‪employment. Often retirement plans require both the employer and‬‬
‫‪employee to contribute money to a fund during their employment in order‬‬
‫‪to receive defined benefits upon retirement.‬‬

‫‪78‬‬
 2. Social and state pensions
Many countries have created funds for their citizens and residents to
provide income when they retire (or in some cases become disabled).
Typically this requires payments throughout the citizen's working life in
order to qualify for benefits later on. A basic state pension is a
‘contribution based’ benefit, and depends on an individual’s contribution
history.

3. Disability pensions
Some pension plans will provide for members in the event they suffer
a disability. This may take the form of early entry into a retirement plan
for a disabled member below the normal retirement age.

Quiz 6

EX: translate the following text into Arabic, paying special attention to
text cohesion
Everyone wants to become rich, but few people actually know what they
need to do in order to get there. Becoming rich is a combination of luck,
skill, and patience. You have to be at least a little lucky; you build on that
luck with your skillful decisions, and then you continue weathering the
storm as your wealth grows. It is not enough to be just a successful
entrepreneur in order to become rich. However, you have to find a way to
turn the equity you have locked up in your business into liquidity. To put
this differently, you need to sell all or part of your company. When it
comes to selling your business, the three most common options are:
a) Acquisition: this is the headline-popping way some
entrepreneurs choose to trade their shares for cash.
b) Re-capitalization: a minority or majority ‘re-cap’ occurs when
you sell a stake in your company (often to a private equity
firm) yet continue to run your business as both a manager and
part owner with a chunk of your wealth in liquid assets outside
of your business.
c) Management buyout which means that you invite your
management team (or a family member) to buy you out over
time, usually with a mixture of some cash from the profits of
your business and debt that the managers take on.
78
EX: translate the following text into English
‫الراتب التقاعدي‬
‫ هو أداة استثمارية توفر ا‬pension ‫إن الراتب التقاعدي أو ما يطلق عليه في اللغة اإلنجليزية‬
‫دخًل‬
‫ إن الهدف من التقاعد هو توفير‬.‫ أو بسبب تقاعده من العمل‬،‫إلى شخص ما عندما يبلغ سناا معينة‬
‫ فإن الراتب التقاعدي يكون مضموناا حتى وفاة‬،‫ وفي معظم الحاالت‬.‫ضمان مالي للفرد وعائلته‬
.‫ فيتم دفع نسبة منه إلى المنتفع بعد وفاة الشخص‬،‫ وإذا كان الشخص متزو اجا‬.‫الشخص‬

‫ يجب أن يشترك‬،‫مؤهًل للحصول على التقاعد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وتجدر اإلشارة إلى أنه كي يكون الشخص‬
،‫في خطة تقاعد؛ إذ تقوم الشركات أو الحكومات أو شركات التأمين بتوفير الرواتب التقاعدية‬
.‫األمر الذي يسبب عبئاا كبي ارا على الشركات أو الحكومات التي تعد بتوفيرها‬

EX: translate the following words and expressions into English

‫متقاعد‬ ‫سيولة‬
‫حصة من أرباح األسهم‬ ‫سندات‬
‫تقاعد المنتفع‬ ‫بورصة‬
‫مكافأة نهاية الخدمة‬ ‫استثمار عقاري‬
‫تضارب‬ ‫أسهم‬
‫اقتصاد السوق الحرة‬ ‫ارتفاع في القيمة‬
‫متاجرة خارج البورصة‬ ‫استثمار في العقارات‬
‫ودائع‬ ‫راتب تقاعدي‬

EX: translate the following sentences into Arabic

1. An over-the-counter market is a decentralized market, without a
central physical location, where market participants trade with one
another through various communication modes such as the
telephone, email and proprietary electronic trading systems. An
over-the-counter (OTC) market and an exchange market are the
two basic ways of organizing financial markets.
2. The phrase traditional investments refer to bonds, cash, real estate,
and stocks and shares. Traditional investments are to be contrasted
with alternative investments.
3. It is possible to calculate how much an item has appreciated or
depreciated, simply by finding the difference in value as a
percentage of the original value.

78
4. Our equity markets provide customers with leading technology,
unique partnerships and value-added trading techniques from
electronic to block to anonymous order executions – all done
within our open, regulated exchange environment. Our markets
provide customers a choice of two distinct models that offer a
combination of open outcry trading with advanced electronic
capabilities.
5. There are many good reasons to build a business, and for you,
wealth creation may not be as important as making an amazing
product or leading a great team. But if money is what you're after,
there is no better way to get rich than to start and sell a successful
business.

78
CHAPTER 7
ECONOMIC AFFAIRS
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with economics-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis and text cohesion.
 We will learn how to deal with translating framing verbs.

Self-study : warming up …

Be familiar with the following definitions:

 The Jordanian government agreed to the request of the
International Monetary Fund concerning the devaluation ‫تخفيض‬
‫ قيمة‬of the currency ‫ عملة‬after it had refused the previous proposal
in respect of floating ‫ تعويم‬the Jordanian dinar to bring about an
alignment ‫ تكامل‬of the official rate on the open market.

 Commercial (trade) exchanges ‫ التبادالت التجارية‬between Kuwait

and the UK remarkably increased in the previous year, thus
registering a 15% increase compared with the previous year. The
Kuwaiti Trade Minister ‫ وزير التجارة‬made it clear that trade
exchange between the two countries was satisfactory and in the
process of developing positively with European countries,
especially the UK.

 The French Trade Minister declared that during the fourth five-
year plan ‫ خطة خمسية‬of 1994-1999, the volume of French foreign
trade ‫ التجارة الخارجية‬had doubled.

 The price of dollar rose against the main European currencies in

the currency exchange markets ‫ سوق تبادل العمالت‬yesterday
morning, while the price of gold fluctuated ‫تضارب‬.
 The European Council ‫ االتحاد األوربي‬expressed its determination
to continue the constructive dialogue between the EEC ‫السوق‬
‫ األوربية‬and UAE to establish firmer and more secure relations.

 Some confusion commonly results from the use of both leading

and lagging indicators in analyzing whether an economic
recovery ‫انتعاش اقتصادي‬/‫ ازدهار‬is in progress. Leading
indicators ‫مؤشرات (اقتصادية) توجيهية‬, such as the stock market, often
rise ahead of economic recovery. This is because stocks are priced
based on future expectations. On the other hand, employment is
typically a lagging indicator ‫ مؤشرات (اقتصادية) متأخرة أو الحقة للحدث‬.
Unemployment ‫ البطالة‬often remains high even as the economy
begins to recover because many employers will not hire additional
personnel until they are confident there is a long-term need for
new hiring.

 An economic recession ‫ ركود اقتصادي‬is when growth slows,

usually due to a fall-off in consumer demand. As sales drop off,
businesses stop expanding. Soon afterwards, they stop hiring new
workers. By this time, the recession is usually underway.
However, it does not affect most people until layoffs ‫االستغناء عن‬
‫تسريح الموظفين‬/‫ الموظفين‬begin. As unemployment rises, and consumer
purchases fall off even more, housing prices usually decline.

 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) ‫ صندوق النقد الدولي‬is an

organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary
cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international
trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic
growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

 The International Monetary Fund encouraged the Egyptian

government to balance its budget ‫ ميزانية‬as soon as possible with
the help of the Central Bank ‫ البنك المركزي‬of Egypt within tighter
limits as necessary. This may necessitate a 20% reduction in the
volume of public spending ‫ االنفاق العام‬over the financial year.

 Unlike inflation ‫تضخم مالي‬, deflation ‫ انكماش مالي‬is a general

decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in the supply of
money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease in
government, personal or investment spending. Deflation has the
58
 side effect of increased unemployment since there is a lower level
of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic
depression (concession) ‫كساد اقتصادي‬/‫ركود‬. Central banks attempt
to stop severe deflation, along with severe inflation, in an attempt
to keep the excessive drop in prices to a minimum.

Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

Economic crises and recession
The financial crisis happens when banks create too much money and too
quickly to push up house prices and speculate on financial markets.

Every time a bank makes a loan, new money is created. In the run up to
the financial crisis, banks created huge sums of new money by making
loans. Lending large sums of money into the property market pushes up
the price of houses along with the level of personal debt. Interest has to be
paid on all the loans that banks make, and with the debt rising quicker
than incomes, eventually some people become unable to keep up with
repayments. At this point, they stop repaying their loans, and banks find
themselves in danger of going bankrupt.

After the crisis

Banks lend when they’re confident that they will be repaid. So when the
economy is doing badly, banks prefer to limit their lending. However,
although they reduce the amount of new loans they make, the public still
have to keep up repayments on the debts they already have.

The problem is that when money is used to repay loans, that money is
‘destroyed’ and disappears from the economy. So when people repay
loans faster than banks are making new loans, it’s like draining the oil
from the engine of a car: the economy slows down and prices decrease.
As a result, wages and prices fall but people’s debts do not change in
value, leading to debts becoming relatively more expensive in ‘real’
terms.

58
Text 2: be familiar with the area
foreign ‫ بسبب تباين وجهات النظر حول اإلجراءات المتعلّقة بالمديونية الخارجية‬-
‫ الديون وكذلك‬reschedule ‫ تجم ّدت كل االتفاقيات بشأن إعادة جدولة‬،indebtedness
‫تم تأجيل البت في المناقشات الرسمية الجديدة مع مصر فيما يتعلّق بالديون التي تق ّدر في‬
‫ توقعت األوساط‬،‫وفي سياق منفصل‬. ‫ مليارات دوالر‬8‫ و‬4 ‫الوقت الراهن بما يترواح ما بين‬
‫ أن تخفيض قيمة العملة في األردن للمرة الثالثة خالل ما يزيد‬banking circles ‫المصرفية‬
.‫عن العام إلى وجود سعر رسمي جديد للدينار األردني على أساس سعر الصرف‬

‫ ليدخل بذلك ثالث أكبر‬،‫ انكمش اقتصاد اليابان على نحو غير متوقع للربع الثاني على التوالي‬-
‫ وتراجع الناتج المحلي اإلجمالي على أساس سنوي‬.‫اقتصاد في العالم ما يعرف بالركود الفني‬
‫ وذلك بعكس التوقعات التي‬،‫أيلول‬/‫تموز وحتى سبتمبر‬/‫ في المئة في الفترة من يوليو‬6.8
‫ في‬8.7 ‫ وجاء هذا نتيجة النكماش االقتصاد في الربع الثاني‬.‫ في المئة‬1.6 ‫تنبأت بارتفاعه‬
1166 ‫ آذار‬/‫ وهو ما يع ّد أكبر تراجع منذ أحداث الزلزال الذي ضرب البالد في مارس‬،‫المئة‬
‫ وأكد الخبراء أن بيانات االقتصاد الضعيفة قد تدفع‬.)‫وتسبب في أمواج الم ّد العاتية (تسونامي‬
.‫الحكومة لتأجيل زيادة ضريبة المبيعات‬

Text 3: be familiar with the area

Lagging and leading indicators
Lagging indicators are used to measure performance and allow the
business leadership team to track how things are going. Because output
(performance) is always easier to measure by assessing whether your
goals were achieved, lagging indicators are backward-focused or
“trailing”—they measure performance data already captured. Just about
anything you wish to monitor will have lagging indicators: returns on
investments, a budget to plan variances, number of sick days, bags moved
per day, equipment support incidents, etc.

Leading indicators, on the other hand, change quickly and are generally
seen as a precursor to the direction something is going. For example,
changes in building permits may affect the housing market, an increase in
new business orders could lead to increased production, interest rate
changes will impact spending and investments, a diminishing of demands
for natural resources will often indicate work slowdowns, and aging baby
boomers may indicate future stresses on the healthcare system. Because
leading indicators come before a trend, they are considered business
drivers. Identifying specific, focused leading indicators should be a part of
each business’s strategic planning.

58
 The importance of text analysis

Text 4: translate into Arabic:

In the light of integration with the countries of the region, and in
responding to the development requirements and strengthening national
industry, the Union of the Chambers of Commerce in Iraq recently
decided to adopt a long-term development plan for the country. Because
the Union of Chambers of Commerce had asked all member chambers to
instigate on-site fact-finding about industry in the country and submitted
it to the Ministries of Industry and Trade in order to be used as a basis for
national industrial development.

Your task
Try to identify
 the technical words/expressions;
 how many sentences in the text;
 the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex
or compound-complex);
 the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each
sentence/clause; and
 the connectors used in the text.

Text 5: translate into English

‫ صرّح وزير العمل والشؤون االجتماعية في دولة الكويت أمس أن سوق العمل ال يمكن أن‬-
ّ ‫ كذلك‬.‫تنتعش في ظل الركود االقتصادي‬
‫ وفي‬.‫حذر من االستخدام المتزايد للعمالة األجنبية‬
‫هذا الصدد ذكر أن بالده قد بدأت وضع قيود على استخدام العمالة األجنبية في محاولة للحد‬
‫ هروب الع ّمال من‬،‫ على ح ّد قوله‬،‫من اآلثار السلبية المصاحبة لهذه الظاهرة والتي من بينها‬
‫هذا وأوضح وزير العمل أن هذه االجراءات قد اتخذت تجاه المقيمين‬.‫متعهديهم األصليين‬
. ‫بصورة شرعية وبدون أذونات اإلقامة المطبقة في جميع الدول‬

‫ ألف‬11 ‫ ذكر وزير العمل في ألمانيا أن حجم البطالة في ألمانيا قد س ّجل زيادة ملحوظة بلغت‬-
‫ وأضاف أن األحوال الجوية السيئة أسهمت‬.‫أبريل الماضي‬/‫عاطل عن العمل في نيساان‬
‫ وعلى الرغم من أن االقتصاد األلماني قد شهد أضعف‬. ‫جزئيًا في ارتفاع البطالة في البالد‬
‫إن بيانات رسمية أظهرت أمس أن عدد األلمانيين العاطلين‬ ّ ‫ إال‬،‫معدل نمو في العام الماضي‬
.‫ضا غير متوقع في النصف األول من هذا العام‬ً ‫عن العمل قد سجل انخفا‬

55
 Attention:
Pay attention to the translation of framing verbs, such as:
... ‫ ذكر‬،‫ مضى إلى القول‬،‫ أضاف‬،‫ بيّن‬،‫ صرّح‬،‫ أوضح‬،‫قال‬
- In Arabic, all of them are followed by ‫ أن‬except ... ‫ يقول‬،‫ قال‬which
should be followed by ‫ إن‬or ‫بأن‬.
- In English, attention needs to paid to their structures, as in:

Subject + framing verb + that + another clause [subject + verb …]

e.g. He said that he would travel to the US soon.

- Further, there should be an agreement between the framing verb

and the verb of that-clause in terms of tenses (read reported
speech in preparation for a quiz).

Consider the translation of the following sentence:

. ‫ذكر مصدر مطلع أن الرئيس األمريكي سيزور القاهرة قريبًا لمناقسة األوضاع الراهنة‬
An informed source (subject) declared (framing verb + in the past) that
(connector) the American president (subject) would visit (modal verb/
in the past + main verb) Cairo soon to discuss the current circumstances.

Assignment:
Write meaningful sentences by using the following framing verbs and
then translate them into English:
... ‫ بأن‬/‫نقال عن مصادر موثوق بها إن‬ ً ‫وقالت الصحيفة‬
... ‫ بأن‬/‫وقال بيان مقتضب إن‬
... ‫ بأن‬/‫وقال معلقًا إن‬
... ‫ بأن‬/‫وقال منتقدًا إن‬
ً ‫وأضاف‬
... ‫ بأن‬/‫قائال إن‬
...‫ بأن‬/‫قائال (ومضى يقول) إن‬ ً ‫ومضى‬
ً ‫وأردف‬
... ‫ بأن‬/‫قائال إن‬
ً ‫واسترسل‬
... ‫ بأن‬/‫قائال إن‬
... ‫ بأن‬/‫ مشددًا إن‬/‫وقال مؤك ًدا‬
... ‫ بأن‬/‫وقال مند ًدا إن‬

Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

Zimbabwe announced a week ago a 10% devaluation in the value of its
currency that would be valid immediately. The Minister of Finance,
Economics, Planning and Development in Zimbabwe made it clear that

58
the devaluation of the dollar had been carried out due to the current
economic circumstances in the country and the needs of the national
development plan of that year.

The US dollar has remained close to its original value in recent years
because of the strict control the authorities have imposed on imports. In
the last few months, while the US has opted for the devaluation of the
dollar, the pound sterling has remained at a high level.

Note:
The expressions ‘be valid’, ‘enter fore’ and ‘take effect’ are synonyms.
How would you translate them?

Assignment:
Translate the following sentences, paying special attention to the
translation of framing verbs and their structures:
- This was announced in a communique about strengthening the
relations, issued in Muscat immediately after the ending of the
GCC countries’ business.
- The Kuwaiti news agency pointed out that the discussion during
this meeting dealt with current Arab subjects and bilateral
relations between the two countries and ways of strengthening
them.
- It was reported by the Saudi news agency that the meeting of the
Soviet leaders with the Arab delegates had been warm.
- It was reported by the central bank that the current year would be
the fourth in succession to witness a fall in demand for oil from
the industrial countries.
- Oil circles announced that it was expected that the production for
this October would reach 1, 200, 000 barrels a day.

Text 7: translate into English, paying special attention to text

cohesion
‫أن العام الحالي يحمل بين طياته الكثير من التحديات في األسواق العالمية؛ وذلك ألنه افتتح‬ّ ‫شك‬
ّ ‫ال‬
‫ ولكن سرعان‬،%1.6 ‫االقتصاد األمريكي العام بشكل ضعيف وانكمش خالل الربع األول بنسبة‬
.‫ما حقق انتعا ًشا ومعدالت نمو جيدة خالل الربعين الثاني والثالث‬

‫كما وإننا نعتقد بأن قيام الحكومة األمريكية برفع أسعار الفائدة خالل العام القادم سيش ّكل فرصة‬
‫قوية للدوالر بتحقيق المزيد من االرتفاعات وتعزيز مكاسبه التي حققها في الشهرين األخيرين‬

81
‫ليصل الى أعلى مستوياته في األعوام السبعة األخيرة‪ ،‬ولكن سيكون هذا االرتفاع متباينًا مقابل‬
‫العمالت الرئيسة كاليورو والين من جهة‪ ،‬والجنيه االسترليني من جهة اخرى‪.‬‬

‫كما أن استمرار األداء التصاعدي لالقتصاد األمريكي سيرفع العوائد على سندات الخزينة‬
‫إن وصول مؤشرات األسهم‬ ‫األمريكية‪ ،‬األمر الذي سيجعل المستمثرين األجانب يفضلّونه؛ إذ ّ‬
‫األمريكية إلى مستويات قياسية يرتبط ربما بتوفير مستويات السيولة الهائلة والرخيصة باإلضافة‬
‫إلى األداء الجيد لالقتصاد األمريكي في الربعين الثاني والثالث كما ذكرنا سابقًا‪.‬‬

‫‪Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion‬‬

‫‪The spokesman for the Organization of the Arab Petroleum Exporting‬‬
‫‪Counties declared that the Organization would study a number of‬‬
‫‪industrial projects in cooperation with the Gulf Organization for Industrial‬‬
‫‪Guidance within the framework of a joint cooperation between the two‬‬
‫‪organizations. One of the most important projects is the building of a‬‬
‫‪petrochemical refinery which will convert crude oil into chemical‬‬
‫‪products directly without producing normal products for refining such as‬‬
‫‪petrol (benzene) and other products.‬‬

‫‪Text 9: translate into English‬‬

‫خطط وبرامج جديدة‬
‫طا محددة في‬‫سيتبنى اتحاد غرف التجارة والصناعة في دولة اإلمارات العربية المتحدة خط ً‬
‫المستقبل بعد اتضاح كل الخيارات الموجودة أمام الصناعيين حتى تتبل ّور الصورة الكاملة‬
‫وتستطيع في ضوئها التق ّدم بمشروعات مدروسة ومنسقة تكون بعيدة عن التكرار والمضاربة‪.‬‬

‫هذا وتجدر اإلشارة إلى إنه في السنوات الثالث األخيرة‪ ،‬بدأ الرئيس األمريكي برنامجً ا اقتصاديًا‬
‫من شأنه تخفيض الضرائب وزيادة النفقات ‪ expenditure‬العسكرية وموازنة الميزانية‬
‫‪ ،balance the budget‬إال إن البرنامج لم يؤت ثماره حتى اآلن‪ .‬وتجاوز العجز في الميزانية‬
‫‪ budgetary deficit‬هذا العام مئة مليار دوالر؛ إذ إن خفض ‪ %61‬من معدالت الضرائب على‬
‫الدخل لم يحقق آمال اإلدارة في انعاش االستهالك وبالتالي االقتصاد‪.‬‬

‫‪Notes:‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ can be translated into an additive‬هذا و ‪In media, the connector‬‬
‫‪connector, such as ‘further’, ‘furthermore’, ‘moreover’, ‘also’,‬‬
‫‪etc. or left without any translation.‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫;’‪ can be translated into an adjective ‘speculative‬مضاربة ‪The word‬‬
‫‪ ‘i.e. speculate’ and its noun is‬ضارب ‪it is derived from the verb‬‬

‫‪86‬‬
 ‫مضاربة‬/‫‘ تضارب‬speculation’.
- The word ‫( أمام‬line 2) can be translated into ‘for’.
- The expression ‫ وتجدر اإلشارة إلى‬can be translated into ‘it is worth
noting …’ or left without any translation.
- The expression ‫ من شأنه‬can be translated into ‘that would + verb 1’.
- The idiomatic expression ...‫ لم يحقق آمال‬can lend itself to ‘not
realize the hope of …’.

Text 10: translate into Arabic

Economic development
Economic development refers to the qualitative measure of progress in an
economy. This progress is usually measured in terms of advancement in
technology that improves comfort and productivity, the rate of shift from
an agrarian to an industrialized economy and the elevation in living
conditions for the population across all socio-economic stratifications.

The factors affecting economic development are diverse and include

issues that might seem at first to have little to do with advancement of
technology, industry and living conditions. These factors include:

 Social and Cultural Values

Social and cultural values affect economic development through attitude
toward progress. Societies that value achievement, personal gain and
accumulation of wealth and things generally realize a greater level of
economic development faster than societies that discourage personal and
group achievement.

 Governmental Policies
Governmental policies affect economic development by providing a
friendly environment for businesses to move into and operate with a
community. Policies key to this welcoming philosophy are the adequate
funding of community infrastructure, such as public works projects,
favorable business taxation laws and the availability of financing through
bond initiatives.

81
 ‫‪Quiz 7‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into Arabic, paying special attention to‬‬
‫‪text cohesion‬‬
‫‪As the banking circles expected, the devaluation of the Jordanian‬‬
‫‪currency for the third time in just over a year led to the establishment of a‬‬
‫‪new official rate for the Jordanian dinar.‬‬

‫‪Because of the disagreement over the measures connected with foreign‬‬

‫‪indebtedness, all agreements on debt rescheduling were frozen. Further,‬‬
‫‪the decision on the new official discussions with Egypt over the debts,‬‬
‫‪presently assessed at between 4 and 6 billion dollars, was similarly‬‬
‫‪postponed.‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into English‬‬

‫‪ -‬حث صندوق النقد الدولي الحكومة األردنية على وضع خطة مدروسة ومنسقة من أجل‬
‫موازنة الميزانية بأسرع ما يمكن‪ ،‬وذلك باالستعانة بالمصرف المركزي األردني إن دعت‬
‫الضرورة إلى ذلك‪ .‬هذا وذكر مصدر مقرّب من وزارة التجارة األردنية أن هذا األمر قد‬
‫يستلزم تخفيض حجم االنفاق العام بمعدل ‪ %68‬خالل السنة المالية الحالية‪.‬‬

‫وفي سياق متصل‪ ،‬أخذت الحكومة األردنية مقترح صندوق النقد الدولي بشأن تخفيض قيمة‬
‫العملة بعين االعتبار‪ ،‬وذلك بعد أن رفضت االقتراح السابق بشأن تعويم الدينار األردني‬
‫والذي ربما يحقق تكامل السعر الرسمي‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬في ضوء التكامل مع دول المنطقة واستجابة لمتطلبات التنمية وتدعيم الصناعة الوطنية‪ ،‬قرر‬
‫اتحاد غرف التجارة في الكويت مؤخ ًرا تبني خطة من شأنها تنمية التجارة في ربوع البالد‬
‫وعلى المدى البعيد‪ .‬ومن أجل تحقيق أهداف هذه الخطة‪ ،‬طلب اتحاد غرف التجارة من جميع‬
‫الغرف األعضاء القيام بحصر ميداني للصناعة في البالد لتقديم النتائج إلى وزاراتي‬
‫الصناعة والتجارة حتى تكون أساسًا لتمنية الصناعة الوطنية‪.‬‬

‫‪87‬‬
EX: translate the following words and expressions into English

‫عجز الميزانية‬ ‫اتحاد غرف التجارة‬

‫حجم االنفاق العام‬ ‫انتعاش اقتصادي‬
‫تخفيض قيمة العملة‬ ‫ركود اقتصادي‬
‫مؤشرات اقتصادية توجيهية الحقة‬ ‫صندوق النقد الدولي‬
‫االستغناء عن الموظفين‬ ‫خطة عشرية‬
‫تخفيض الضرائب‬ ‫وزير الصناعة‬
‫تعويم الدينار الكويتي‬ ‫وزارة التخطيط‬
‫رفع سعر الفائدة‬ ‫موازنة الميزانية‬

EX: translate the following sentences into Arabic

1. The Soviet Trade Minister praised the development of trade
relations of the Soviet Union with its partner in the four
continents, and expressed his belief that this co-operation would
constitute an important element for peace.
2. The price of gold fell unexpectedly when the market opened, and
an ounce sold at 9 dollars after its price had been 10 dollars.
However, the price of gold was steady in Paris where the ounce
sold at 10.5 dollars.
3. Before you do layoffs, consider all of the other options that an
employer has to save money and produce efficiently. Your
employees will appreciate your efforts, even if they are
unsuccessful. You do need to communicate what you are
considering and implementing, however, or employees will never
know that you thoughtfully pursued other options before settling
on layoffs as the appropriate alternative.
4. Just as taking out a new loan creates money, the repayment of
bank loans destroys money. Banks making loans and consumers
repaying them are the most significant ways in which bank
deposits are created and destroyed in the modern economy.
5. Economic growth means there is an increase in national output
and national income; it is caused by two main factors: a) an
increase in aggregate demand and b) an increase in aggregate
supply (productive capacity).

84
EX: proofread, revise and edit the following translation offered by a
translation trainee:

Source Text:
The price of dollar rose against the main European currencies in the
currency exchange markets yesterday morning, while the price of gold
fluctuated. Further, the price of gold remained steady in London yesterday
at 120 dollars per ounce after the price of the price had fluctuated during
the day. The price of gold fell unexpectedly when the market opened, and
an ounce sold at 100 dollars after its price had been 120 dollars. However,
the price of gold was steady in Paris where the ounce sold at 110 dollars.

Target t Text:
‫أرتفع سعر الدوالر ضد العمالت األوربية في أسواق تبادل العمالت أمس عندما تخربط سعر‬
61 ‫ إال إن سعر المرة الواحدة للذهب في لندن أمس بقي ثابت في سعر‬.‫الذهب بشكل ملحوظ‬
‫ وكذلك هبط سعر الذهب في لندن عندما فتّح السوق وتم بيع‬.‫دوالر بعد أن تخربط السعر في اليوم‬
‫ ولكن سعر الذهب كان ثابت في باريس‬611 ‫ دوالرا بعد أن كان سعره‬611 ‫المرة الواحدة بـ‬
.‫ دوالرا‬611 ‫حيث بيعت المرة الواحدة بـ‬

88
CHAPTER 8
RECRUITMENT
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with recruitment-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis and text cohesion.
 we will highlight the importance of pre-transferring adjustment.

Self-study: warming up …
Be familiar with the following definitions:
 Recruitment ‫تشغيل‬/‫ توظيف‬refers to the overall process of
attracting ‫عملية استقطاب‬, selecting and appointing ‫ تعيين‬suitable
candidates for jobs within an organization, either permanent ‫دائمي‬
or temporary ‫مؤقت‬. Recruitment can also refer to processes
involved in choosing individuals for unpaid ‫ بال أجر‬positions, such
as voluntary roles or training programmes ‫برامج التدريب‬.

 The individual who works to fill job openings in businesses or

organizations is called ‘recruiter’ ‫ َمن يُشرف على التوظيف‬/‫موظِّف‬.
Recruiters will work from resumes or by actively soliciting
individuals qualified for positions. A recruiter’s job includes
reviewing candidate’s job experiences ‫خبرة عمل المتر ِّشح للوظيفة‬,
negotiating salaries, and placing candidates in agreeable
employment positions. Recruiters typically receive a fee ‫ أجر‬from
the hiring employers.

 Recruitment advertising ‫إعالن توظيف‬/‫ إعالن عن وظيفة‬includes all

communications used by an organization to attract talent people to
work within it.
 Internet recruitment services ‫ خدمات التوظيف عبر اإلنترنت‬include
recruitment websites and job search engines ‫محركات البحث عن العمل‬
used to gather as many candidates as possible by advertising a
position ‫ منصب‬over a wide geographic area. In addition, social
network sourced recruitment has emerged as a major method of
sourcing candidates.

 Many people do not realize that it is possible to explore different

career possibilities by temporarily changing roles within the same
company. This is often known as ‘going on secondment' and is
especially prevalent in the commercial sector ‫ قطاع تجاري‬where
companies are adept at making the best use of the various skills
and interests of their staff. However, some public sector bodies,
including universities, do operate secondment systems ‫نظام اإلعارة‬,
although this does not really apply to academic staff ‫األكاديميون‬,
who have been employed because they are experts in a particular
field.

Attention
- Adapt (V. ‫ـــــ‬adapted, adapted) means to change your behaviour
because the situation you are in has changed ‫يتكيّف مع‬. Or, it
means to change something so that you can use it in a different
situation ‫ يُع ّدل‬،‫يُكيّف‬.
- Adept (Adj.‫ـــــ‬adept at something) means very good or skillful at
something ‫ حاذق‬،‫ بارع‬،‫ماهر‬.
- Adopt (V.‫ـــــ‬adopted, adopted) means to take and use something
ّ‫ يقر‬،‫ يتّخذ‬،‫يتبنّى‬. Or, it means to take a child into your family ‫يتبنّى‬
‫ا‬
)‫(طفال‬.

 Employers ‫ أرباب العمل‬try to do their best to appoint ‫ يُعيّن‬the

suitable person to fill the vacant post ‫الوظيفة الشاغرة‬. To this end,
they often carry out an application and interview process.
However this will not tell how an employee ‫العامل‬/‫ الموظّف‬will do
in a job in practice, or whether they will fit in with an existing
team. Employers therefore have a ‘probation period’ ‫ فترة تجربة‬. A
probation period is a trial period of employment. The employee is
employed subject to satisfactory completion of this trial period.

79
 Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

 Recruitment may be undertaken in-house by managers, human
resource generalists and/or recruitment specialists. Alternatively,
parts of the process may be undertaken by public-sector
employment agencies, commercial recruitment agencies, or
specialist search consultancies. The use of internet-based services
and computer technologies to support all aspects of recruitment
activity and processes has become widespread.

 Internal recruitment refers to the process of a candidate being

selected from the existing workforce to take up a new job in the
same organization, perhaps as a promotion, or to provide career
development opportunity, or to meet a specific or urgent
organizational need. Advantages of this approach include the
organization's familiarity with the employee and their
competencies. It can also be quicker and can have a lower cost to
hire someone from another part of the same organization. A
temporary internal appointment for a period of a few months
sometimes occurs, after which the employee would normally be
expected to return to their previous job. This is known as a
secondment; someone on a secondment is said to be seconded ‫يُعار‬
to the new team. Secondments may also take place between
related organizations.

Text 2: be familiar with the area

‫آلية استقطاب الموظفين‬
‫من المعايير التي تقدمها المؤسسات في استقطاب العاملين هو اختبار الكفاءة النفسي أو ما يُس ّمى‬
employers ‫ من أرباب العمل‬٪97 ‫ إذ تشير اإلحصائيات إلى أ ّن أكثر من‬."‫بـ "سايكو متريك‬
‫في العالم يستخدمون اختبارات الكفاءة النفسية والعقلية كجزء من عملية تحديد الكفاءات الجديدة‬
.‫المناسبة والتأكد من استعدادها للعمل‬

‫وتجدر اإلشارة إلى أن هذه االختبارات تحاول قياس جوانب موضوعية في القدرة العقلية‬
‫ بحيث يمكن االعتماد عليها لتحديد أنسب المتقدمين للوظائف أو المرشحين للترقية؛‬،‫والشخصية‬
‫إذ إن معظم المؤسسات والشركات تلجأ إلى هذه االختبارات وتستخدم المعلومات التي ت ّم جمعها‬
‫للتع ّرف على الجوانب الخفية في المرشحين والتي يصعب استخراجها من خالل المقابالت‬
‫ فالعديد من الدراسات والتجارب أثبتت بأن االختبارات النفسية موثوقة جداا في‬.‫الشخصية معهم‬

79
‫إن في معظم تقارير االختبارات تقيّم تقيي اماا‬
ّ ‫ت ّوقع أداء المرشحين بعد استالم وظائفهم الجديدة؛ إذ‬
.applicant ‫دقيقا ا لمقدّم الطلب‬

‫مبادئ التوظيف ومراحله‬

:‫ فإنه يشمل المبادئ اآلتية‬،‫أ ّما فيما يتعلّق بمبادئ التوظيف ومراحله‬
.‫ إي إ ّن التوظيف هو عملية إدارية مستم ّرة‬:‫ مبدأ الديمومة‬
.‫ إي إعطاء فرصة متساوية لجميع المتق ّدمين للعمل‬:‫ مبدأ المساواة وتكافؤ الفرص‬
‫ أي اختيار أفضل األشخاص المتق ّدمين للوظائف ال ُمعلن عنها وأكثرهم‬: ‫ مبدأ الكفاءة‬
.‫قدرة على القيام بها‬

:‫ فهي ثالث مراحل أساسية‬،‫أ ّما مراحل التوظيف‬

attraction ‫ االستقطاب‬
selection ‫ االختيار‬
appointment ‫ التعيين‬

Text 3: be familiar with the area

Recruitment websites ‫مواقع التوظيف‬
Such sites have two main features: job boards and a résumé/curriculum
vitae (CV) database. Job boards allow member companies to post job
vacancies. Alternatively, candidates can upload a résumé to be included in
searches by member companies. Fees are charged for job postings and
access to search résumés.

Since the late 1990s, the recruitment website has evolved to encompass
end-to-end recruitment. Websites capture candidate details and then pool
them in client accessed candidate management interfaces (also online).
Key players in this sector provide e-recruitment software and services to
organizations of all sizes and within numerous industry sectors, who want
to e-enable entirely or partly their recruitment process in order to improve
business performance.

The online software provided by those who specialize in online

recruitment helps organizations attract, test, recruit, employ and retain
quality staff with a minimal amount of administration. Online recruitment
websites can be very helpful to find candidates that are very actively
looking for work and post their résumés online, but they will not attract
the ‘passive’ candidates who might respond favorably to an opportunity
that is presented to them through other means. Also, some candidates who
are actively looking to change jobs are hesitant to put their résumés on the
77
job boards, for fear that their companies, co-workers, customers or others
might see their résumés.

The importance of text analysis

Text 4: translate into Arabic:

Your best source of information on any candidate is a former employer.
On-the-job performance is the most useful predictor of future success.
Personal references (relatives, teachers, and clergy) generally have limited
value. Information available from a human resource office is usually
limited to dates of employment and reason for leaving. Human Resources
people generally do not have enough day-to-day contact with employees
to rate their on-the-job performance and ability. However, the supervisor
can specify the quality and quantity of work, reliability, potential problem
areas and job behaviors. Do not rely on written references presented to
you by candidates. Many are written at the time of termination and some
employers may over-inflate the applicant's qualifications.

Your task
Try to identify
 the technical words/expressions;
 how many sentences in the text;
 the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex
or compound-complex);
 the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each
sentence/clause; and
 the connectors used in the text.

077
Text 5: translate into English
‫إعالنات التوظيف‬
‫ ويُنصح أال يحوي‬.‫ينبغي أن يكون اإلعالن عن وظيفة معينّة بسيطاا وملفتاا لالنتباه في آن واحد‬
‫ ويُذكر أن هنالك بعض العوامل الضرورية‬.‫ي غموض أو معلومات غير مجدية‬ ّ ‫النص على أ‬
:‫لكتابة أي إعالن توظيف بطريقة جيدة‬
‫ باإلضافة إلى شعار‬،)‫ وعنوانها‬،‫ وميدان عملها‬،‫ مقدمة بسيطة عن الشركة (اسم الشركة‬-
.‫الشركة‬
‫ ونوع العقد‬،‫ وساعات العمل‬،‫ والواجبات‬،‫ وصف موجز عن طبيعة العمل (العنوان‬-
.)… ‫ومدته‬
.‫ الشهادات والمهارات الفنية والسلوكية المطلوبة‬-
.‫ ومن الممكن أن يذكر أيضا ا تاريخ بدء العمل‬،‫ الموعد األخير للتقديم لهذه الوظيفة‬-
.‫ اسم الشخص المسؤول عن عملية التوظيف ووسائل التواصل معه‬-

ّ ‫كذلك يُنصح باالبتعاد عن ذكر أ‬

:‫ي من هذه األمور‬
‫ والوضع‬،‫ فيما يتعلّق بنمط الحياة‬،‫ تفضيل فئة معيّنة من األشخاص على حساب أخرى‬-
.‫العائلي وغيرها من األمور‬
.)‫ تفضيل فئة معيّنة فيما يتعلّق بجنس المرشح (إال في حاالت معيّنة‬-
،‫ ومعتقداته الدينية‬،‫ ونشاطاته‬،‫ تفضيل فئة معيّنة فيما يتعلّق بتوجهات المرشح السياسية‬-
.‫وميوله الجنسي‬
.‫ضل عدم وجود أي إعاقة‬ ّ ‫ متطلبات معينة عن الوضع الصح ّي للمرشح كأن يُذكر بأنه يُف‬-
.‫ وضع حد أقصى لعمر المرشح‬-

Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

Recruitment approaches
There are a variety of recruitment approaches and most organizations will
utilize a combination of two or more of these as part of a recruitment
exercise or to deliver their overall recruitment strategy. There are six
common models:

 In-house or human resources personnel may in some cases still

conduct all stages of the recruitment process. In smaller
organizations, recruitment may be done by individual managers or
recruiters. More frequently, whilst managing the overall
recruitment exercise and the decision-making at the final stages of
the selection process, external service providers may undertake the
more specialized aspects of the recruitment process.

 Social Media Recruitment is the new trend which can implement

in the current recruitment process. Social media helps to drive
passive candidates and indirectly helps to create brand awareness
070
 about the company. A few tools commonly used by social media
recruiters are LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Google+, etc.

 Outsourcing of recruitment to an external provider may be the

solution for some small businesses and at times for large
organizations.

 Employment agencies are established as both publicly funded

services and as commercial private sector operations. Services
may support permanent, temporary, or casual worker recruitment.
They may be generic agencies that deal with providing unskilled
workers through to highly skilled managerial or technical staff or
so-called niche agencies that specialize in a particular industrial
sector or professional group.

Executive search firms recruit for executive and professional positions.

These firms operate across a range of models such as contingency or
retained approaches, and also hybrid models where advertising is also
used to ensure a flow of candidates alongside relying on networking as
their main source of candidates.

Text 7: translate into English, paying special attention to text

cohesion
‫إعارة الم ّوظفين‬
‫ في العرف االجتماعي قيام الشخص بتسليم شيء يملكه إلى شخص آخر‬lending ‫تعني اإلعارة‬
‫ وذلك بحكم ما بينهما‬،‫بنا اء على طلبه بدون مقابل مادي مدة معينة ثم إعادته لصاحبه مرة أخرى‬
.‫من قرابة أو صداقة‬

‫ تف ّرغ الموظف التابع للقطاع العام‬secondment ‫ فيقصد باإلعارة‬،‫أما في مجال القوى العاملة‬
‫ للقيام بعمل آخر تابع لجهة أخرى غير‬private sector ‫ أو القطاع الخاص‬public sector
‫ موّ ظفاا‬seconded employed ‫ إذا كان الموظف المعار‬non-governmental ‫حكومية‬
.‫حكومياا أو لجهة حكومية إذا كان الموظف ال ُمعار تاب اعا لمؤسسة أهلية‬

‫وإن كانت األنظمة الوظيفية الحكومية تكيّف اإلفادة من م ّوظف ّي القطاع األهلي بغير مفهوم‬
‫ فاألجهزة الحكومية من وزارات ومصالح ومؤسسات عامة بحسب هذه األنظمة تعير‬،‫اإلعارة‬
‫ ذلك أن الجهاز الحكوم ّي عند رغبته في اإلفادة من خدمات أو خبرات أحد العاملين‬،‫وال تستعير‬
.‫ فإن ذلك يت ّم عن طريق التعاقد مع ذلك الشخص على أحد البنود المناسبة‬،‫في القطاع األهلي‬

‫كما إ ّن إعارة القوى العاملة سواء أكانت في القطاع العام أم القطاع الخاص تت ّم للمنظمات الدولية‬
‫ ومجلس‬Arab league ‫ وجامعة الدول العربية‬United Nations ‫واالقليمية كاألمم المتحدة‬
071
‫ ومنظمة المؤتمر اإلسالمي‬Gulf Co-operation Council ‫التعاون لدول الخليج العربي‬
.‫ وغيرها من المنظمات‬Organization of Islamic Conference

Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

Recruitments and interviews
A good interviewer will be an active listener and use both verbal and
nonverbal cues to encourage the applicant to divulge pertinent
information. Nonverbal skills include smiling, nodding your head, or
leaning forward in your chair. Another nonverbal cue is silence. It is an
effective tool to indicate to the candidate that more information is desired.
If the candidate does not offer additional information, you should provide
verbal cues or ask for the information directly.

Verbal cues can be interjected when you wish the applicant to continue a
discussion of a particular subject. Positive verbal cues can also be used to
assist an applicant in talking about matters that may be embarrassing or
produce other emotional responses. Examples are: "Oh, I see," "Of
course." The tone of voice used should be appropriate for the situation. In
an embarrassing or emotional situation, your tone should be supportive
and understanding and the voice low-keyed. If additional information is
desired, your voice should be lighter and the tone interested or quizzical.

Text 9: translate into Arabic

Employment processes
Recruitment and selection are the two phases of the employment process.
However, there are some differences between them. To begin with,
recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and
stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization, whereas selection
involves the series of steps by which the candidates are screened for
choosing the most suitable persons for vacant posts. It is worth noting that
the basic purpose of recruitments is to create a talent pool of candidates to
enable the selection of best candidates for the organization, by attracting
more and more employees to apply for the post advertised on by the
organization, whereas the basic purpose of selection process is to choose
the right candidate to fill the various positions in the organizations.

071
 ‫‪Quiz 8‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into Arabic‬‬

‫‪Recruitment principles‬‬
‫‪Our company supports a working environment where the contribution of‬‬
‫‪each individual is appreciated and valued. Our recruitment principles are‬‬
‫‪as follows:‬‬
‫‪- Each vacant post is filled by the most qualified and suitable‬‬
‫‪candidate who meets the highest standards of efficiency,‬‬
‫‪competence and integrity.‬‬
‫‪- Selection for vacancies is made on the basis of qualifications and‬‬
‫‪demonstrated competence.‬‬
‫‪- Recruitment of staff is from as wide a geographic basis as‬‬
‫‪possible.‬‬
‫‪- Our company is an equal opportunities employer and welcomes‬‬
‫‪applications from all fully qualified candidates, irrespective of‬‬
‫‪gender, marital or parental status, racial, ethnic or social origin,‬‬
‫‪color, religion, belief, or sexual orientation.‬‬
‫‪- We are committed to achieving gender balance at all levels.‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into English‬‬

‫طرائق التوظيف‬
‫إن التوظيف يشير إلى عملية‬ ‫قبل أن نتناول طرائق التوظيف‪ ،‬علينا أن نع ّرف آلية التوظيف‪ّ .‬‬
‫الجذب‪ ،‬والفحص‪ ،‬واالختيار‪ ،‬والتمهيد لتوظيف شخص مؤهل لوظيفة معيّنة ت ّم اإلعالن عنها‪.‬‬
‫صا من خبراء مختصين في‬ ‫ولهذا الغرض تخصص بعض الشركات والمؤسسات الكبيرة قس اما خا ا‬
‫مجال اختيار العاملين الجدد في حالة توسيع نشاط الشركة‪ ،‬وقد تت ّوجه الشركة أحياناا إلى إحدى‬
‫وكاالت التوظيف التي تسجل أسماء الذين فقدوا عملهم وتسجل كذلك كفاءاتهم ومهارتهم‪.‬‬
‫أما فيما ي ّخص آلية التوظيف‪ ،‬فإنها تشمل‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬التحليل الوظيفي وتطوير المواصفات الشخصية‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬استقطاب المرشحين بالتواصل أو عن طريق اإلعالنات أو أي طريقة بحث أخرى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬مطابقة المرشحين لالحتياج الوظيفي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬فرز األفراد باستخدام االختبارات المهارية أو الشخصية‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬تقييم حوافز المرشحين ومالئمتهم إلى احتياجات المنظمة بواسطة المقابالت وتقنيات‬
‫تقييم أخرى‪.‬‬

‫وفي بعض األحيان تقوم بعض الشركات باستهداف بعض الموظفين الذين يعملون في شركات‬
‫منافسة أخرى‪ ،‬وذلك بإغرائه براتب أفضل ووعد بفرص وظيفية أفضل‪ .‬وعند التحاق الموظّف‬
‫الجديد بالشركة‪ ،‬تقوم الشركة بمساعدة الموظف الجديد ليكون عض اوا منت اجا في الشركة‪.‬‬

‫‪071‬‬
EX: translate the following words and expressions into English

‫مواصفات العمل‬ )‫إعارة (موظّف‬

‫ساعات العمل‬ ‫تكافؤ الفرص في العمل‬
‫إجازة أمومة‬ ‫تعيين‬
‫إجازة مرضية‬ ‫استقطاب الموظفين‬
‫مبدأ الكفاءة ومبدأ الديمومة‬ ‫أرباب العمل‬
‫حوافز عمل‬ ‫وظيفة شاغرة‬
‫مخصصات سكن‬ ‫خدمات التوظيف عبر اإلنترنت‬
‫عقد عمل‬ ‫مؤهالت المتق ّدم للوظيفة‬
‫منظمة المؤتمر اإلسالمي‬ ‫جامعة الدول العربية‬
‫إضراب العمال‬ ‫الترقية في العمل‬

EX: translate the following text into Arabic

After completing the selection process including evaluation of written
materials, interview, work samples, and reference checking, you need to
review all information gathered about your applicants. It is your task to
rate job-related skills and the candidate’s fit with your department. Try to
match applicant data with the skills and qualities identified at the
beginning of the selection process. In most cases, the basis for selection
decision should be guided by the candidate's predicted skill in doing the
job. If it is impossible to make a selection at this point, you may want to
consider scheduling an additional interview or conducting additional
reference checks. If you feel none of the applicants are qualified, you may
choose to recruit.

Internet recruitment services

‫خدمات التوظيف عبر االنترنت‬
Competence & permenant principles
‫مبدأ الكفاءة ومبدأ الديمومة‬
Organization of Islamic Conference
‫منظمة املؤتمر اإلسالمي‬

071
CHAPTER 9
EMPLOYMENT
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with employment-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis and text cohesion.
 we will highlight the importance of pre-transferring adjustment.

Self-study: warming up …
Be familiar with the following definitions:
 Employment ‫وظيفة‬/‫ تشغيل‬is a relationship between two
parties ‫طرف‬, usually based on a contract ‫عقد‬, one being the
employer )‫ صاحب العمل (ربّ العمل‬and the other being the
employee ‫عامل‬/‫موظّف‬. An employee contributes labor and/or
expertise to an endeavor of an employer and is usually hired to
perform specific duties which are packaged into a job.

 An Employee is a person who is hired ‫ يُستأجر‬to provide services

to a company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation
‫ تعويض‬and who does not provide these services as part of an
independent business ‫عمل مستقل‬. Managerial control ‫التح ّكم اإلداري‬
within an organization rests at many levels and has important
implications for staff ‫ موظفون‬and productivity ‫ اإلنتاجية‬alike, with
control forming the fundamental link between desired outcomes
)‫ النتائج المطلوبة (المرغوب فيها‬and actual processes. Employers must
balance interests ‫ يوازن المصالح‬such as decreasing wage
constraints with a maximization of labor productivity in order to
achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship ‫عالقة‬
‫عمل‬.

 In some developed countries ‫الدول المتق ّدمة‬, the standard

employment relationship is considered to be at-will ‫بمحض إرادة‬
 )‫(الطرفين‬, meaning that the employer and employee are both free
to terminate )‫ ينهي (عقدًا‬the employment at any time and for any
cause, or for no cause at all. However, if a termination of
employment )‫ إنهاء الخدمة (عقد العمل‬by the employer is deemed
unjust ‫مجحف‬/‫ غير عادل‬by the employee, there can be legal
recourse ‫ لجوء قانوني‬to challenge ‫ لالعتراض على‬such a termination.

 Unjust termination ‫ إنهاء الخدمة المجحف‬may include termination

due to racial discrimination ‫تفريق عنصري‬, i.e. because of an
individual’s race. Or it might be due to an individual’s national
origin ‫عرقه‬/‫أصله‬, sex ‫جنسه‬, pregnancy ‫ حالة الحمل‬, age , physical or
mental disability ‫قدرته العقلية‬, religion, or military status ‫وضعه‬
‫العسكري‬.
 Unemployment rate ‫ مع ّدل البطالة‬in Egypt decreased to 13.10
percent in the third quarter of 2014 from 13.30 percent in the
second quarter of 2014. In Egypt, the unemployment rate
measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a
percentage of the labour force.
 Regardless of the type of the agreement ‫اتفاقية‬/‫ اتفاق‬that an
employer makes with an employee for the employee’s wages, the
employee is entitled ‫ يحق له‬to certain minimum wages set by the
county’s government. In the US, for instance, some states may set
their own minimum wage that is higher than the federal
government's to ensure higher standards of living ‫ متطلبات العيش‬or
living wage for those who are employed.

 Earlier for a task, a great number of people were required to do a

work but now due to the advanced technology only one person can
do many people’s work. With the advanced technology,
companies are hiring ‫يش ّغل‬/‫ يوّظف‬few persons to operate the
machine.

 The International Labour Organization (ILO) ‫منظمة العمل الدولية‬

estimates that as many as 40% of workers as poor, not earning
enough to keep their families above the $2 a day poverty
line ‫(مستوى) خط الفقر‬. For instance, in India most of the poor ‫الفقراء‬
are wage earners in formal employment, because their jobs are
insecure and low paid and offer no chance to accumulate wealth to
701
 avoid risks. Both increased employment opportunities and
increased labor productivity are needed to tackle poverty.
Increases in employment without increases in productivity leads to
a rise in the number of ‘working poor’, which is why some experts
are now promoting the creation of ‘quality’ and not ‘quantity’ in
labour market policies ‫سياسات سوق العمل‬.

Note:
Adjectives preceded by the definite article ‘the’ are used as plural
nouns, thus taking a plural verb. By way of explanation, let us
consider the following examples:
 The rich should help the ‫يتعيّن على األغنياء مساعدة‬ 
poor. .‫الفقراء‬
 In some countries, the ‫في بعض البلدان يواجه الفقراء‬ 
poor face a real . ‫ضائقة مالية حقيقية‬
hardship.

Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

 Equal opportunity ‫تساوي الفرص‬
It is a stipulation ‫تشترط‬/‫ شرط‬that all people should be treated similarly,
unhampered by artificial barriers or prejudices or preferences, except
when particular distinctions can be explicitly justified. The aim according
to this often complex concept is that important jobs should go to those
most qualified and not go to persons for arbitrary or irrelevant reasons,
such as circumstances of birth, upbringing, friendship ties ‫ أواصر الصداقة‬to
whoever is in power, religion, sex, ethnicity, race, or involuntary personal
attributes such as disability, age, gender, or sexual orientation ‫ميول‬.
Chances for advancement should be open to everybody interested such
that they have an equal chance to compete within ‫ يتنافس مع‬the framework
of goals and the structure of rules established.

 Employment certificate ‫شهادة عمل‬

The employment certificate is an integral part of the employment
relationship and should thus be delivered to each employee upon
termination of their employment contract. It is also the company’s duty to
701
‫‪issue an intermediary certificate at the employee’s request. This document‬‬
‫‪must in any case be produced in writing and printed on a sheet of paper‬‬
‫‪that clearly mentions the company's name and location. Moreover, it‬‬
‫‪should contain the following information:‬‬
‫‪- The detailed description of the employee’s curriculum within the‬‬
‫;‪company and the different positions he/she has held‬‬
‫‪- The dates of the employee’s arrival and departure from the‬‬
‫‪company; and‬‬
‫‪- An assessment of the departing employee's performance and‬‬
‫‪behaviour.‬‬

‫‪Text 2: be familiar with the area‬‬

‫البطالة‬
‫تع ُّد البطالة ‪ unemployment‬من أخطر المشاكل التي تهدد استقرار المجتمع وتزعزع أمنه‪،‬‬
‫لكن بعضهم يجد أن أسباب البطالة تختلف من مجتمع إلى آخر‪ ،‬وكذلك تختلف من منطقة إلى‬
‫أخرى ومن بيئة إلى أخرى‪ ،‬فهناك أسباب اقتصادية ‪ economic reasons‬وأخرى اجتماعية‬
‫‪ social‬وأخرى سياسية ‪ ،political‬ولك ّل من هذه األسباب السلبيات المؤثرة والناتجة عنها‬
‫والمتفاقمة في المجتمع‪.‬‬

‫األسباب االقتصادية والسياسية التى تزيد من مشكلة البطالة‬

‫‪ ‬تكاثر االعتماد على التكنولوجيا واآلالت واالستغناء عن العمالة البشرية ‪manpower‬‬
‫في عملية إتمام وإنجاز العمل‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬انخفاض الطلب على العنصر البشري للقيام ببعض األعمال‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬انتقال عدد من الصناعات الموجودة في بعض البلدان‪ ،‬والتي تملك رؤوس مال عالية‪،‬‬
‫إلى دول فقيرة لتدني أجور العمل فيها‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬الكثير من الحكومات الرأسمالية أصبحت تنتهج سياسات تحجيم وتقليل اإلنفاق من‬
‫األموال على مشاريع االستثمار في مختلف المجاالت‪ ،‬األمر الذي أ ّدى إلى انخفاض‬
‫الطلب على العمال‪.‬‬

‫‪Text 3: be familiar with the area‬‬

‫‪Employment contact‬‬
‫‪TT:‬‬ ‫‪ST:‬‬
‫‪Employee’s Duties‬‬ ‫التزامات الموظف‬
‫‪ The Employee shall during the‬‬ ‫‪ ‬يلتزم الم ّوظف خالل مدة سريان‬
‫‪continuance of this Contract serve‬‬ ‫هذا العقد بالعمل لدى الشركة وفق‬
‫‪the Company to the best of his ability‬‬ ‫أفضل ما لديه من قدرات‪ ،‬في‬
‫‪in the position stated above or any‬‬ ‫الوظيفة المذكورة أعاله أو أية‬

‫‪701‬‬
 other capacity as may be determined .‫وظيفة أخرى قد تحددها الشركة‬
by the Company.
 For the terms of this Contract, the ‫ يقرّ الم ّوظف‬،‫ خالل مدة هذا العقد‬
Employee acknowledges that he .‫بالتزامه بالعمل لدى الشركة فقط‬
shall be employed solely by the
Company.
 The Employee shall faithfully and ‫ يلتزم الم ّوظف بالقيام بإخالص‬
diligently perform such duties and ‫وإتقان بتأدية مهامه والتزاماته‬
exercise such powers consistent with ‫التي قد تسندها إليه الشركة من‬
them as the Company may from time ‫حين إلى آخر وممارسة‬
to time properly assign to or confer ‫الصالحيات التي تتناغم معها‬
upon him. ‫والتي قد تكلّفه بها أو تخ ّوله إياها‬
.‫الشركة من حين إلى آخر‬
 The Employee agrees to surrender ‫ يوافق الم ّوظف على تسليم جواز‬
his/her passport to the Authority if ‫ إذا طلبت منه‬،‫سفره إلى السلطة‬
requested at any time by the .‫ي وقت‬ ّ ‫السلطة فعل ذلك في أ‬
Authority to do so.
 The Employee will perform work for ‫ يت ّولى الم ّوظف مباشرة العمل‬
the Company at the Company’s ‫لصالح الشركة في مكتب الشركة‬
office or such place within the ‫أو أي مكان داخل منطقة‬
.............Zone as the Company shall ‫ واإلعالم وفق ما‬.............
from time to time require. .‫تطلبه الشركة من حين إلى آخر‬

Basic Salary, Allowances and Ticket ‫الراتب األساسي والبدالت وتذكرة‬

The Company shall pay to the Employee ‫السفر‬
a basic salary and the allowances as ‫تدفع الشركة للم ّوظف الراتب األساسي‬
specified herein below, which shall be ،‫والبدالت وفق ما هو مذكور أدناه‬
payable on a monthly basis in arrears. ‫ويلزم دفع هذه المستحقات في نهاية كل‬
.‫شهر‬

 The normal working hours shall be ‫ تكون ساعات العمل االعتيادية‬

eight (8) hours a day or forty eight ‫) ساعات يوميًا أو ثمانية‬1( ‫ثمانية‬
(48) hours a week. The working . ‫) ساعة أسبوعيًا‬81( ‫وأربعين‬
hours may be increased as the ‫ويجوز زيادة ساعات العمل وفق‬
Company may from time to time ‫ما تراه الشركة من حين إلى آخر‬

770
 deem necessary. Where the ‫ إذا ما طُلِب من‬. ‫ضروريًا‬
Employee is called upon to work ،‫الم ّوظف العمل لوقت إضافي‬
overtime, the Employee shall be paid ‫يلزم دفع أجر الم ّوظف وفق نسبة‬
as per the wage rate prescribed in the ‫األجر المحددة في القانون‬
Federal Law No. (1) of 1987 in 7117 ‫ لسنة‬1 ‫االتحادي رقم‬
respect of Organizing Labor ‫الخاص بتنظيم عالقات العمل‬
Relationships and its amendments. .‫وتعديالته‬

The importance of text analysis

Text 4: translate into Arabic:

Unemployment levels are increasing dramatically in many parts of the
world. Why is this, and can it be avoided? The permanently unemployed
have no income, and many choose the alternative of income by crime.
Would you rather live in a country with no unemployment? Here is a sure
way to eliminate unemployment!! Unemployment is an unbalance
between the supply and the demand of working hours. We all know that
the efficiency of all types of machines is increasing yearly. We need
fewer people to produce the same goods. Work time has been reduced in
the past 200 years from about 12 hours a day to less than 8 hours per day
and the working week from 7 to 5 days.

Your task
Try to identify
 the technical words/expressions;
 how many sentences in the text;
 the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex
or compound-complex);
 the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each
sentence/clause; and
 the connectors used in the text.

777
Text 5: translate into English

‫طلب وظيفة‬
‫ي من الوظائف التي ترونها‬ ّ ‫ أو أ‬............................. ‫يس ّرني أن أتق ّدم بطلبي هذا لشغل وظيفة‬
، ............................. ‫مناسبة لتخصصي في األدب اإلنجليزي والذي تحصلّت عليه من كلية‬
:‫ باإلضافة الى مؤهالتي األخرى وهي‬.............................. ‫جامعة‬
.‫ دورة في اللغة اإلنجليزية‬-
.‫ دورة شاملة في برامج الكمبيوتر‬-
:‫ تضمنت‬............................. ‫ فترة تدريبية بشركة‬-
.‫ أعمال الطباعة باللغتين العربية واإلنجليزية‬-
.‫ أعمال الترجمة للرسائل الواردة للشركة والصادرة منها‬-
.‫ األعمال المكتبية األخرى‬-

:‫أرفق مع طلبي هذا نسخ عن جميع أوراقي الدراسية والثبوتية المتضمنة على ما يلي‬
.‫ السيرة الذاتية‬-
.............................. ‫ شهادة البكالوريس‬-
.‫ كشف درجات للمواد التخصصية من الكلية‬-
.‫ وشهادة حسن السلوك‬،‫ شهادة الثانوية العامة‬-
.‫ شهادة دورة اللغة اإلنجليزية‬-
.‫ تقرير دورة الكمبيوتر الشاملة‬-
.‫ نسخة من جواز السفر‬-
.‫ نسخة من البطاقة الشخصية‬-
.‫ ثالث رسائل تزكية‬-

Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

The importance of job analysis
One of the main purposes of conducting job analysis is to prepare job
descriptions and a job specification ‫ مواصفات العمل‬which in turn help hire
the right quality of workforce into an organization. The general purpose
of job analysis is to document ‫ يوثّق‬the requirements of a job and the work
performed. Job and task analysis is performed as a basis for later
improvements, including: definition of a job domain; description of a job;
development of performance appraisals, personnel selection ‫اختيار‬
‫الموظفين‬, selection systems, promotion criteria ‫معايير الترقية‬, training needs
assessment, legal defense of selection processes, and compensation plans.
The human performance improvement industry uses job analysis to make
sure training and development activities are focused and effective. In the
fields of human resources (HR) ‫ الموارد البشرية‬and industrial psychology,

771
job analysis is often used to gather information for use in personnel
selection, training classification and/or compensation.

Text 7: translate into English, paying special attention to text

cohesion
‫صندوق التنمية والتشغيل‬
‫يقوم صندوق التنمية والتشغيل بتقديم مجموعة من البرامج االقتراضية التي تهدف إلى تمكين‬
‫األفراد واألسر والجماعات الفقيرة أو متدنية الدخل أو العاطلين عن العمل لترسيخ ثقافة العمل‬
‫ وذلك انطالقًا من مسؤولية الصندوق في تعزيز التنمية المستدامة والمساهمة في ح ّل‬،‫الح ّر‬
.‫مشكلتي الفقر والبطالة ودعم التنمية المحلية في مختلف مناطق البالد‬

‫هذا وتجدر اإلشارة إلى أنه يت ّم تمويل األفراد المؤهلين مهنيًا أو من حملة الشهادات الجامعية من‬
‫ دوالر‬100000 ‫خالل هذا البرنامج إلقامة مشاريع بشتى القطاعات وبسقف مادي أعلى يصل‬
‫ وبحسب التكاليف الفعلية للمشروع التي يعرضها المتق ّدم بدراسة الجدوى االقتصادية‬،‫أمريكي‬
.‫ضا مع معايير التمويل المعتمدة لدى الصندوق‬ً ‫ وبما يتماشى أي‬،‫التي يرفقها مع طلبه‬

‫ويت ّم سداد القرض خالل فترة تتراوح بين خمس سنوات إلى سبع مع مهلة سداد لغاية ستة أشهر‬
‫ سنويًا ورسوم طلب خمسة‬%5 ‫تبدأ من تاريخ توقيع االتفاقية للقرض ويتقاضى الصندوق مرابحة‬
.‫ شريطة أن يت ّم ترخيص المشروع وتسجيله حسب األصول‬،‫دوالرات أمريكية‬

Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

Unemployment
Unemployment means a person willing to work but unable to find a
qualified job. Our country is facing many problems, but unemployment is
one of the serious problems. Many graduates, doctors, engineers, scientist
are unemployed or working underemployed. Due to unemployment we
are wasting our country’s human resources.

In India, for instance, the unemployed rate in between age group 15- 29
has been increased since 2009-2010. According to the Global
Employment Trends 2014, the unemployment rate has raised to 3.8%, last
year while it was 3.7% in the previous years. The International Labour
Organisation (ILO) has said in the recent report that India has shown rise
in the unemployment in the last two years.

If the problem of unemployment is solved, it will help in development of

771
the country. Here are some of the reasons why there is unemployment in
some countries:
- There are employment opportunities, but the rising population
problem creates the unemployment.
- People do not like to work in jobs which are below their grades.
Many find it difficult to work at the below qualification level.
- There is a corruption in Government sector ‫فساد في القطاع الحكومي‬
and in some private sectors, thus people get the job by giving the
bribe ‫رشوة‬. Even though the candidate is not that qualified but if he
gives the bribe he gets the job.
- Many Employers give preference to the experienced candidates only
and not the fresher.
- Advanced technology.
- Low wages or salary below the market.
- Slow business expansion.
- Inflation and recession.

Text 9: translate into Arabic

Problems and solutions to unemployment
Unemployment causes a number of problems, such as:
- Unemployment and poverty goes side by side. The problem of
unemployment gives rise to the problem of poverty.
- Young people after a long time of unemployment find the wrong way
to earn money.
- To get rid of the unemployment stress, they accept alcohol or drugs.
- Unemployed young people commit suicide as the last option of their
life
- As the employed young people do not have anything to do, they start
doing robbery, murder etc., hence the increase in crimes.
- Health issues i.e. it affects mentally as well as physically.
To solve such a problem, governments should encourage and develop the
agriculture-based industries in rural areas so that the rural candidates do
not migrate to the urban areas. Further, governments should encourage
more foreign companies to invest in their counties so that more

778
employment opportunities will be available. Also today’s youth should
join the institute or select the course where proper training is given and
the course is as per the current industries requirements.

Quiz 9

EX: translate the following text into Arabic

Experience Letter

Dated

To Whom It May Concern

This is to certify that Mr/Ms ......................................, worked in our

organization as ...................................... in our ......................................
department at ...................................... from ...................................... to
........................................ We found him/her sincere, punctual, well-
organized and hardworking. Further, s/he has a friendly, outgoing
personality, a good sense of humour and works well as part of a team. We
take this opportunity to thank him/her for his contribution and wish
him/her success in his future endeavours.

EX: translate the following text into English

‫البطالة في بالد المغرب العربي‬
‫ حسب إحصائيات وكالة المخابرات‬1001 ‫بلغت نسبة البطالة في بالد المغرب العربي في عام‬
،‫ األمر الذي تسبب في الكثير من الكوارث في مجتمعات ذكية مثل المغرب‬، %11.5 ‫المركزية‬
‫ وزيادة الهجرة غير الشرعية إلى الدول األوروبية وإقبال عدد من‬،‫نحو زيادة نسبة الجرائم‬
.‫ وعدم قدرتهم على إعالة أسرهم‬،‫الشباب على االنتحار للشعور باليأس بسبب البطالة‬

‫ أعلنت إحدى المراكز في المغرب تأسيس أول رابطة أُطلِق‬،‫ على سبيل المثال‬،1001 ‫وفي عام‬
‫عليها "رابطة العاطلين عن العمل" في محاولة للحد من البطالة والدفاع عن حقوق اإلنسان من‬
.‫ وفي محاولة لتغيير حياتهم من خالل توفير فرص العمل لهم من جهة أخرى‬،‫جهة‬

775
‫ وذلك بسبب عدم توّ فر‬،‫هذا ويذكر أن نسبة البطالة قد ارتفعت في عصرنا الحاضر ارتفا ًعا كبي ًرا‬
‫ مما أدى إلى انحراف الشباب عن الطريق الصحيح وذلك لوجود وقت فراغ كبير‬،‫وظائف شاغرة‬
.‫يضيّعه الشباب في غير فائدة‬

EX: translate the following words and expressions into English

‫معايير الترقية‬ ‫ازدياد حجم البطالة‬

‫متطلبات العيش‬ ‫بطالة مقنّعة‬
‫سياسات سوق العمل‬ "‫رابطة "العاطلين عن العمل‬
‫تهديد االستقرار‬ ‫وظيفة شاغرة‬
‫زعزعة األمن‬ ‫الموارد البشرية‬
‫الهجرة غير المشروعة‬ ‫انهاء خدمة موظف ما‬
‫دراسة جدوى‬ ‫تفريق عنصري‬
‫ازدياد نسبة الجرائم‬ ‫صندوق التنمية والتشغيل‬

EX: translate the following text into Arabic

Volunteering in developing countries
An increasingly popular form of volunteering among young people,
particularly gap year students, is to travel to communities in the
developing world to work on projects. Activities include teaching
English, working in orphanages, conservation, and so on. International
volunteering is said to give participants valuable skills, knowledge, and
the experience of a lifetime. However, volunteering has been criticized by
some as being paternalistic and reinforcing historic power imbalances.
Some critics argue that in many cases, volunteering does more harm to
communities than good.

EX: before translating the following text, try to make a pre-transferring

adjustment at lexical, syntactic and textual levels in order to bring it
at your translation competence:

‫يطمح بعض المديرين إلى تطوير أداء مؤسساتهم واإلبداع في إنتاجيتها من أجل الوصول بها إلى‬
‫ ويدرك هؤالء القادة أن‬.‫ محلية كانت أم عالمية‬،‫أعلى مستوى من التط ّور والقدرة على المنافسة‬
‫ يجيدون العمل الجماعي مع‬،‫اإلبداع في األداء واإلنتاج ال يتحقق إال على أيدي موظفين متميّزين‬
‫ ابتدا ًء من ق ّمة الهرم إلى أدنى مرتبة في هيكلها‬،‫جميع العناصر البشرية العاملة في المؤسسة‬
.‫ فعبء العمل المتميّز مسؤولية الجميع‬.‫التنظيمي‬

771
‫ويُدرك المديرون حقيقة أن إبداع الموظّفين في إنتاجهم وأدائهم يتطلّب بيئة عمل متطوّ رة في‬
‫نظمها وأساليب العمل فيها‪ ،‬ناهيك عن ت ّوفر األجواء الصالحة التي تعين الموظف على العمل‪،‬‬
‫وت ّوفر له وسائل اإلبداع في أدائه كالتدريب والتأهيل والتحفيز والتشجيع‪ ،‬على العكس من أجواء‬
‫العمل التي تنتشر فيها األساليب اإلدارية التسلطية المتخلفة‪ ،‬كالترهيب والتخويف والتهديد‬
‫والوعيد‪.‬‬

‫‪771‬‬
CHAPTER 10
ADVERTISING
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with advertising-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis and text cohesion.

Self-study: warming up …
Be familiar with the following definitions:
 Product promotion ‫ ترويج المنتج‬is one of the necessities for getting
your brand ‫ عالمة أو ماركة تجارية‬in front of the public and attracting
new customers. There are numerous ways to promote a product or
service. Some companies use more than one method, while others
may use different methods for different marketing
purposes ‫أغراض تسويقية‬. Regardless of your company's product or
service, a strong set of promotional strategies can help position
your company in a favorable light with not only current customers
but new ones as well.

 Contests ‫منافسات‬/‫ مسابقات‬are frequently used promotional

strategies. Many contests do not even require a purchase. The idea
is to promote your brand and put your logo ‫ شعار‬and name in front
of the public, rather than make money through a hard-sell
campaign ‫ حملة‬. People like to win prizes. Sponsoring ‫رعاية‬/‫تمويل‬
contests can bring attention to your product.

 Social media websites ‫ مواقع وسائل التواصل االجتماعي‬such as

Facebook and Google offer companies a way to promote products
and services in a more relaxed environment. This is direct
marketing ‫ تسويق مباشر‬at its best. Social networks ‫شبكات التواصل‬
‫ االجتماعي‬connect with a world of potential customers ‫ زبائن‬that can
view your company from a different perspective. Instead of seeing
 your company as ‘trying to sell’ something, the social network can
see a company that is in touch with people on a more personal
level. This can help bridge the gap ‫سد الفجوة‬/‫ ردم الهوة‬between the
company and the buyer, which in turn presents a more appealing
and familiar image of the company.

 Customers who come into your business are not to be overlooked.

These customers have already decided to purchase ‫ يشتري‬your
product. What can be helpful is getting personal information from
these customers. Try to offer a free product or service in exchange
for the information. These are customers who are already familiar
with your company and represent the target audience you want to
market your new products to.

 Points of sale ‫ نقاط البيع‬are ways of selling product and promoting

items in stores. The idea behind this promotional strategy
‫ االستراتيجية الترويجية‬is convenience and impulse.

 The customer referral incentive program ‫برنامج الجوائز التشجيعية‬

‫ للزبائن المحالين‬is a way to encourage current customers to refer new
customers to your store. Free products, big discounts ‫خصومات كبيرة‬
and cash rewards ‫ جوائز نقدية‬are some of the incentives ‫جوائز أو‬
‫ حوافز تشجيعية‬you can use. This is a promotional strategy that
leverages your customer base as sales forces ‫قوة شرائية‬.

 Promoting your products while supporting a cause can be an

effective promotional strategy. Giving customers a sense of being
a part of something larger simply by using products they might
use anyway creates a win/win situation ‫ربح‬/‫موقف ربحي‬. Customers
get a product they can use and the sense of helping a cause. One
way to do this is to give a percentage of product profit to the cause
your company has committed to helping.

 Giving away functional branded gifts ‫ هدايا بماركات تجارية‬can be a

more effective promotional move than handing out simple
business cards. Put your business card on a magnet, ink pen or key
chain. These are gifts you can give to your customers that they
may use.

111
 An in-store customer appreciation event ‫فعالية أو احتفالية شكر‬
‫المتجر‬/‫ الزبائن داخل المؤسسة‬with free refreshments and door prizes will
draw customers into the store. Emphasis on the appreciation part
of the event, with no purchase of anything necessary, is an
effective way to draw not only current customers, but also
potential customers through the door. Pizza, hot dogs and soda are
inexpensive food items that can be used to make the event more
attractive. Setting up convenient product displays before the
launch of the event will ensure the products you want to promote
are highly visible when the customers arrive.

 After-Sale Surveys ‫مسوحات أو استبيانات ما بعد الشراء‬: contacting

customers by telephone or through the mail after a sale is a
promotional strategy that puts the importance of customer
satisfaction first while leaving the door open for a promotional
opportunity. Skilled salespeople make survey calls to customers to
gather information that can later be used for marketing by asking
questions relating to the way the customers feel about the products
and services purchased. This serves the dual purpose of promoting
your company as one that cares what the customer thinks and one
that is always striving to provide the best service and product.

 Word-of-mouth advertising ‫ إعالن شفاهي‬is important for every

business, as each happy customer can steer dozens of new ones
your way. And it is one of the most credible forms of advertising
because a person puts their reputation ‫ سمعة‬on the line every time
they make a recommendation and that person has nothing to gain
but the appreciation of those who are listening.

Attention :
‘Regardless’ (or ‘irrespective of’) means paying no attention to
something or somebody and can be translated into:
... ‫بصرف النظر عن‬/ ‫بغض النظر عن‬
‘Instead of’ (or ‘in place of’) can be translated into:
...‫ضا عن‬
‫ عو ا‬/‫بدال عن أو من‬‫ا‬
‘In turn’ can be translated into:
... ‫ في المقابل‬/‫بدوره‬

121
 Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

There are many functions that can be achieved by advertising, such as:
1. To differentiate the product from their competitors. An important
function of advertising is to identify a product and differentiate it
from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides
a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other
products.
2. To provide information about the product. Another function of
advertising is to provide information about the product, its
attributes, and its location of sale; this is the information function.
Product information communicated to the customers in a manner
that meets their information needs. Most consumers tend to
underestimate the information in advertising because they feel that
the purpose of advertising is to persuade people.
3. To urge product used. The third function of advertising is to
encourage consumers to try new products and to suggest the reuse
of the product as well as some products and services; this is the
persuasion function. The basic function of advertising is to
provide constant reminders and reinforcements to generate the
desired behavior the advertiser wants from them.
4. To expand the product distribution. When the consumer comes to
know about the particular product from the advertisement he/she
wants to try that new product. They go to shops to buy the
product; if the new product is not available in shops then the
shopkeeper consults the distributor to make that product available
in his/her shop.
5. To increase brand preference and loyalty. As your needs are
changed from time to time, your preferences are changed too.
When the product delivers the promised quality, service and value,
it creates satisfied customers who become instrumental in
spreading a favorable word-of-mouth. Satisfied customers also
develop brand preference; each product features and uses are
written on the product.
6. To reduce overall sales cost. When a product is selling, you have
to teach the people about the product. Like if we would advertise
through newspapers, TV, Internet, and the liek, it would cater

121
 ‫‪huge sum of masses and if you do individually it would be more‬‬
‫‪costly and time consuming.‬‬

‫‪Text 2: be familiar with the area‬‬

‫إن صاحب أي مؤسسة يدرك جيداا تأثير اإلعالنات في نجاح مؤسسته‪ ،‬فال بديل عنها لترويج‬
‫السلع أو المنتجات أو الخدمات التي تقدمها المؤسسة للمجتمع‪.‬‬
‫ويحتل اإلعالن عن منتجات أو خدمات المؤسسة أهمية بالغة في عملية التسويق كمقدمة لبيع هذه‬
‫السلع أو الخدمات‪ ،‬لذلك على المدير الناجح أن يلم إلما اما جيداا بعملية اإلعالن ونواحيها اإلدارية‬
‫والفنية كي يستطيع أن يوظفها توظيفاا ناج احا في تحقيق نتائج اقتصادية كبيرة للمؤسسة‪.‬‬
‫يقوم اإلعالن بجملة وظائف‪ ،‬من بينها‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اإلخبار‪ ،‬بمعنى جعل المستهلك على علم ومعرفة بالسلع والخدمات المختلفة في السوق‪،‬‬
‫وكذلك إخبار المستهلك بمزايا ومكونات السلعة ومنافعها واستخداماتها وأسعارها‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬اإلقنا‪ ،،‬بمعنى إقنا‪ ،‬المستهلك بررورة شراء السلعة أو استخدام الخدمة ولو على‬
‫سبيل التجربة‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬التذكير‪ ،‬بمعنى تذكير المستهلك بوجود المنتج الهدف مما يساعد في عملية شراء‬
‫السلعة؛ إذ كلما كانت السلعة مألوفة للمستهلك‪ ،‬زادت فرصة االستجابة لها‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬المساعدة في تحقيق أهداف أنشطة االتصاالت التسويقية األخرى‪ ،‬وذلك من خالل‬

‫تسهيل التعرف على االسم التجاري للسلعة‪ ،‬وشكل المنتج وتصميمه الذي تم اإلعالن‬
‫عنه‪ ،‬وتدعيم الصورة الذهنية‪ ،‬وتأكيد السمعة والشهرة لمنافذ البيع‪.‬‬

‫‪Text 3: be familiar with the area‬‬

‫‪Five Most Common Advertising Techniques‬‬
‫‪A successful advertisement creates a desire in viewers, listeners or‬‬
‫‪readers. It also provides information on how to fulfill that desire and‬‬
‫‪makes the potential customer feel good about doing so. With so many‬‬
‫‪products and service providers in the marketplace, using a proven‬‬
‫‪technique in your advertising increases the likelihood that your ad dollars‬‬
‫‪will return value. Basic techniques used in propaganda transfer‬‬
‫‪successfully to advertising and remain the most frequently employed.‬‬

‫‪122‬‬
 1. Repetition
Repetition ‫ التكرار‬is a simple yet effective technique used to build
customer memory. Even advertisements using other successful
approaches mention the product or company name more than once,
particularly in television because its combination of sight and sound,
allows the advertiser ‫ المعلن‬to disguise ‫ يخفي‬the repetition by changing its
delivery (from visual to audio).

Note:
Disguise (N./U.) means clothes or items, such as false hair, glasses, etc.
that people wear to change their appearance ‫ مالبس تنكرية أو شعر مستعار‬.

Collocation:
The expression ‘sight and sound’ can be translated into ‫ صوت وصورة‬in
Arabic.

2. Claims
Advertising that promotes specific features or makes claims about what a
product or service can do for the potential customers provides successful
results by informing, educating and developing expectations in the buyer.
Claims can state facts or simply use hype, such as calling one brand of
orange juice ‘the best’ when nutritionally it is identical to other brands.
Claims may mislead through omission or by using what some advertisers
and political campaigners ‫ مروجي الحمالت السياسية‬call ‘weasel words’ ‫كلمات‬
‫أو عبارات ترويجية‬. These are subtle statement modifiers that render the claim
meaningless if studied closely.

Note :
 hype (N./U.) is a type of advertisement that tell customers how
good and important a new product or service is ‫دعاية أو ترويج‬.
 hype (V./transitive) to exaggerate how good or important
something is ‫يبالغ في الدعاية‬.

3. Association
Associating a product or company with a famous person, catchy jingle,
desirable state of being or powerful emotion creates a strong
psychological connection in the customer. For example, sporting
equipment companies ‫ شركات األدوات (التجهيزات) الرياضية‬use successful
athletes ‫ نجوم الرياضة‬in their ads ‫إعالنات‬. These ads encourage an emotional
123
response in customers, which then is linked to the product being
advertised, making it attractive through transference.

4. Bandwagon
The bandwagon ‫ تقليد اآلخرين‬technique sells a product or service by
convincing the customer that others are using it and they should join the
crowd. Other bandwagon advertisements suggest that the customer will be
left out if they do not buy what is being sold.

5. Promotions
Coupons ‫قسيمة‬/‫كوبون‬, games with prizes and gifts with purchases create
excitement, and participation encourages customers to build a relationship
with the sponsoring product or service. The attraction of getting
something ‘free’ or earning ‘rewards’ makes promotions successful.
Limited-time offers ‫ عرض محدد المدة‬and entry deadlines add urgency to
this advertising technique’s call to action.

The importance of text analysis

Text 4: translate into Arabic:

The primary function of advertising is to persuade people to buy
something. Consequently, understanding how advertising influences
people is an exercise in understanding how persuasion techniques are
used in advertising to trigger buying decisions. Persuasion techniques can
be either rational, irrational or a combination of both.

Your task
Try to identify
 the technical words/expressions;
 how many sentences in the text;
 the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex
or compound-complex);
 the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each
sentence/clause; and
 the connectors used in the text.

124
‫‪Text 5: translate into English‬‬
‫وظائف اإلعالنات‪:‬‬
‫أول‪ :‬وظائف مادية ‪ :material functions‬فلإلعالن عوائد ‪ revenue‬مادية لكل من المعلن‬ ‫ً‬
‫‪ advertiser‬والمستقبل ووكالت اإلعالن ‪ ،advertising agency‬ومن ثمة المجتمع بكامله‪.‬‬

‫أما فيما يتعلق بالمعلن؛ فإن اإلعالن يساعده على الوصول إلى الماليين من الجماهير المترامية‬
‫جغرافياا‪ ،‬ومن ثم فتح األبواب لتسويق المنتجات في أكبر عدد ممكن من األسواق‪.‬‬

‫وفي ما يخص الجمهور المستهدف؛ فإن اإلعالن يقوم بمجموعة من الوظائف التي تعود بالمنفعة‬
‫عليه مع اختالف مستويات المنفعة‪ ،‬فاإلعالن ا‬
‫مثال يساعد على إتاحة الفر المتكافةة لمختلف‬
‫الفةات للحصول على المنتج‪.‬‬

‫وبالنسبة لوكاالت اإلعالن؛ فإن اتساع النشاط اإلعالني وتخصصه‪ ،‬كان السبب الرئيس في‬
‫ظهورها وهو السبب الرئيس في استمرارها أيرا ا‪ ،‬فال وجود لها من دونه‪ ،‬بل إن عمل وكاالت‬
‫اإلعالن خاصة العالمية منها يدر أربا احا طائلة وخيالية انطالقاا من تعاملها مع شركات عالمية‬
‫كبيرة‪ ،‬وقيامها ليس بتصميم أنوا‪ ،‬الرسائل اإلعالنية المختلفة فحسب‪ ،‬بل تقوم بتخطيط وتقييم‬
‫الحمالت اإلعالنية ذات األهداف المختلفة وتنفيذها‪.‬‬

‫أما فيما يتعلق بالمجتمع؛ فاإلعالن يزيد من تسويق المنتجات‪ ،‬مما يحقق أرباحا ا للمعلنين الذين‬
‫بدورهم سيجدون أنفسهم يوسعون من حجم مؤسساتهم‪ ،‬األمر الذي يؤدي إلى البحث عن موظفين‬
‫جدد‪ .‬وكلما اتسعت المؤسسات‪ ،‬زاد حجم الررائب التي تذهب إلى خزينة الدولة‪.‬‬

‫ثانيًا‪ :‬وظائف آيديولوجية ‪ :ideological functions‬فاإلعالن عادة ما يعكس آيديولوجية‬

‫معينة‪ ،‬قد تكون هذه اآليديولوجية واضحة‪ ،‬وقد ال تكون كذلك‪ ،‬وقد يتقصد المعلن نشرها من‬
‫خالل اإلعالن‪ ،‬وقد ال يتقصد ذلك‪.‬‬

‫ثالثا‪ :‬وظائف جمالية ‪ :aesthetic functions‬إذ إن اإلعالن هو عمل إبداعي ‪creative‬‬

‫‪ work‬يقوم بترجمة األفكار ترجمة إبداعية عند تصميم الرسالة اإلعالنية‪.‬‬

‫‪Assignment:‬‬
‫‪Write 10 sentences on different ideas in Arabic using expressions such as‬‬
‫‪ and then‬وبالنسبة لـ ‪,‬وفيما يخص ‪,‬وفيما يتعلق ‪,‬أما بالنسبة لـ ‪,‬أما فيما يخص ‪,‬أما فيما يتعلق‬
‫‪translate them into English (for more details, see Chapter 5 in this book).‬‬

‫‪121‬‬
Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion
 How would you translate ‘so-called’, ‘because’, ‘to’, ‘as opposed
to’, ‘as for’, ‘however’, ‘it is worth noting that’ and ‘unlike’
(highlighted for you)?

Informational Vs. Transformational Advertising

Rational techniques are used in so-called informational advertising
because information is used to help people make informed buying
decisions. A defining characteristic of informational advertising is that it
is product-centered as opposed to user-centered advertising. As for
informational advertising, it provides factual and relevant information
about a product or service. Irrational techniques in advertising, however,
appeal to people’s emotions. Emotional appeals attempt to substitute
intuitive judgment for logic in the purchase decision-making process.

It is worth noting that irrational techniques are used in so-called

experiential advertising. Unlike informational advertising that is product-
centered advertising, transformational advertising is user-centered
advertising. This form of advertising is based on the promise of a
singularly unique user experience that the product or service delivers to
users, which cannot be replicated by competing brands.

Text 7: Translate into English, paying special attention to text

cohesion
 How would you translate connectors like ‫إذ‬, ‫مما‬, ‫وكذلك‬, ‫وبالتالي‬,
‫باإلضافة إلى‬,‫األمر الذي‬, ‫ألن‬, ‫ ناهيك عن‬and ‫?على سبيل المثال ال الحصر‬

‫وسائل اإلعالنات‬
‫ الوسائل اإلعالنية التي قد تفيد المؤسسات في تسويق منتجاتها أو‬،‫نستعرض في هذه المقالة أنوا‬
:‫ وأهم هذه الوسائل‬،‫خدماتها‬

‫ الذي يجمع بين الصوت والصورة والحركة ويرفي الحيوية على الرسالة‬،‫ التلفزيون‬:‫أول‬ ً
‫اإلعالنية؛ إذ يتيح التلفزيون رؤية السلعة في شكلها المادي ويركز على التفاصيل البصرية‬
.‫ويصل إلى أعداد كبيرة ج ادا من المشاهدين‬

‫ واالنخفاض النسبي في‬،‫ ويتم اختيار هذه الوسيلة بسبب تغطيتها الجغرافية الواسعة‬،‫ الراديو‬:‫ثانيًا‬
‫ وكذلك يسمح بتكرار‬،‫ مما يحقق مرونة عالية لدى المعلن‬،‫ وسهولة الرسالة اإلعالنية‬،‫التكلفة‬
.‫اإلعالن بمعدل عال‬

121
‫ وبالتالي‬،‫ أهمها أن اإلعالن الصحفي يكون مكتوباا‬،‫ ويتم اختيارها لعدة أسباب‬،‫ الصحف‬:‫ثالثًا‬
‫ باإلضافة إلى االنخفاض النسبي للتكلفة وإمكانية تغيير‬.‫ إلية ألكثر من مرة‬،‫يمكن الرجو‬
.‫مرمون الرسالة اإلعالنية بسرعة‬

‫ مما يتيح انتشار‬،‫ منها أن دورة حياة اإلعالن تكون أطول‬،‫ ولها عدة مميزات‬،‫ المجالت‬:‫راب ًعا‬
.‫ األمر الذي يتيح قراءة النسخة من أكثر من شخص‬،‫ وكذلك يمكن تبادل المجالت‬،‫اإلعالن‬

‫ الملصقات والالفتات واللوحات اإلعالنية والتي يتم اختيارها كونها تركز على المناطق‬:‫سا‬ ً ‫خام‬
.‫ وكذلك انخفاض تكلفتها‬،‫المحلية المستهدفة‬
‫ والذي يتم اللجوء إليه ألنه يستطيع أن يوصل الرسالة اإلعالنية إلى الماليين‬،‫ األنترنت‬:‫سا‬ ً ‫ساد‬
‫ ناهيك عن توفير‬،‫مع إقامة عالقة دائمة ومستمرة مع العمالء وفي أحيان كثيرة يكون مجاناا‬
.‫استخدام الوسائط التقنية والفنية المتعددة التي تلفت انتباه المشاهد‬

‫ وتشمل على سبيل المثال ال الحصر إعالنات المواصالت والمباني‬،‫ وسائل أخرى‬:‫ساب ًعا‬
.‫واألرصفة والمنشورات‬

Assignment:
Try to find at least 50 connectors in English. First, try to learn how to use
them in English, and then translate them into Arabic.

Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

 How would you translate connectors like ‘fortunately’, ‘such as’

and ‘just to name two’?

Implications for Small-Business Owners

If you want to grow the profitability of your business by commanding
higher prices for what you sell, use experiential advertising to build your
brand. Fortunately, you no longer have to use costly mass-media
advertising to build a brand. The Internet and digital marketing techniques
now make it possible to gain trust and build a brand by targeting smaller
audiences that could be ideal for your business. You can find these
audiences in online social media communities, such as Facebook and
Twitter, just to name two.

121
‫‪Text 9: translate into English‬‬
‫إن صاحب أي مؤسسة يدرك جيداا تأثير اإلعالنات في نجاح مؤسسته‪ ،‬فال بديل عنها لترويج‬
‫السلع أو المنتجات أو الخدمات التي تقدمها المؤسسة للمجتمع‪.‬‬
‫ويحتل اإلعالن عن منتجات أو خدمات المؤسسة أهمية بالغة في عملية التسويق كمقدمة لبيع هذه‬
‫السلع أو الخدمات‪ ،‬لذلك على المدير الناجح سواء أكان مديراا عاماا للمؤسسة أم مديرا ا لقسم‬
‫التسويق بها أن يلم إلما اما جيداا بعملية اإلعالن ونواحيها اإلدارية والفنية حتى يستطيع أن يوظفها‬
‫توظيفاا ناج احا في تحقيق نتائج اقتصادية كبيرة للمؤسسة‪.‬‬
‫يقوم اإلعالن بجملة وظائف‪ ،‬من بينها‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اإلخبار‪ ،‬بمعنى جعل المستهلك على علم ومعرفة بالسلع والخدمات المختلفة في السوق‪،‬‬
‫وكذلك إخبار المستهلك بمزايا ومكونات السلعة ومنافعها واستخداماتها وأسعارها‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬اإلقنا‪ ،،‬بمعنى إقنا‪ ،‬المستهلك بررورة شراء السلعة أو استخدام الخدمة ولو على‬
‫سبيل التجربة‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬التذكير‪ ،‬بمعنى تذكير المستهلك بوجود المنتج الهدف مما يساعد في عملية شراء السلعة‬
‫إذ كلما كانت السلعة مألوفة للمستهلك‪ ،‬زادت فرصة االستجابة لها‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬المساعدة في تحقيق أهداف أنشطة االتصاالت التسويقية األخرى‪ ،‬وذلك من خالل‬

‫تسهيل التعرف على االسم التجاري للسلعة‪ ،‬وشكل وتصميم المنتج الذي تم اإلعالن‬
‫عنه‪ ،‬وتدعيم الصورة الذهنية‪ ،‬وتأكيد السمعة والشهرة لمنافذ البيع‪.‬‬

‫‪Quiz 10‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following text into Arabic, paying special attention to‬‬
‫‪modal verbs‬‬

‫‪To start a business, you must make potential customers aware that your‬‬
‫‪services are available for a price. You could have one-page fliers printed‬‬
‫‪to advertise your business and pass them out. You could also buy‬‬
‫‪advertising space in the local newspaper. Every business, regardless of‬‬
‫‪size, involves four elements: expenses, advertising, receipts and record‬‬
‫‪keeping, and risk.‬‬

‫‪121‬‬
‫‪EX: translate the following text into English‬‬
‫أي إعالن ناجح ال بد من توفره على عدة شروط‪ ،‬أهمها‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬السهولة في التعبيرعن المنتج بطريقة تتماشى مع مختلف األعمار ومختلف المستويات‬
‫الفكرية لعقول المشاهدين أو القارئين لإلعالن ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬في الدعاية عن المنتج‪ ،‬يجب استخدام عبارات بسيطة وواضحة وتشد االنتباه في الوقت‬
‫نفسه ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬التميز في استخدام أساليب العرض واإلبهار لجذب المشاهد أو القارئ لإلعالن ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إظهار المنتج نفسه بشكل واضح وجذاب ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬استخدام الموضوعية والدقة والوضوح في عرض األفكار أو الرسائل التى يهدف إليها‬
‫اإلعالن ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬متوسط التكلفة والميزانية بالنسبة لصاحب المنتج المعلن عنه‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬سهولة الوصول إلى جميع الناس وكل طبقات المجتمع ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ال يحتوى على عبارات مسيةة لألديان أو عبارات تخدش الحياء والذوق العام ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬استخدام األلوان المتعددة الزاهية المتناسقة كخلفية لإلعالن ألن ذلك سيزيد من جماله‪.‬‬

‫‪EX: translate the following words and expressions into English‬‬

‫ملصق‬ ‫معلِن‬
‫إعالنات مبوبة‬ ‫شراء السلع‬
‫إعالنات مجانية‬ ‫ترويج المنتج‬
‫اسم تجاري‬ ‫إعالن مدفو‪ ،‬الثمن‬
‫عالمة تجارية‬ ‫إعالن جذاب‬
‫ممول اإلعالن‬ ‫لوحة إعالنية‬

‫)‪EX: translate the following sentences into Arabic (choose Three only‬‬
‫‪1. Radio advertising is one of the oldest forms of advertising. In the‬‬
‫‪early 20th century, as radio began to take center stage in a lot of‬‬
‫‪American homes, businesses realized that they could use this‬‬
‫‪medium to reach a huge audience for their products, and not‬‬
‫‪merely rely on print media such as newspapers and pamphlets.‬‬
‫‪2. Although the audience is getting smarter and smarter, and the‬‬
‫‪modern-day consumer is getting immune to the exaggerated‬‬
‫‪claims made in a majority of ads, there exists a section of‬‬
‫‪advertisers that still bank upon celebrities and their popularity for‬‬
‫‪121‬‬
 advertising their products. Using celebrities for advertising
involves signing up celebrities for campaigns, which consist of all
sorts of advertising, including television or even print ads. How
effective these ads are is something that each consumer
him/herself can determine.
3. The world of smartphones is an ever-growing and changing one.
The mobile connectivity it offers to consumers makes it fertile
ground for advertising. Applications from both network carriers
and phone manufactures carry branding and product information
for services they offer. Also, games downloaded to mobile
platforms display ads when connected to the internet.
4. In-store advertising is a popular advertising method for large
malls and departmental stores, popularized by stores such as
Walmart. Also known as 'point of purchase advertising', the
products are usually displayed prominently at checkout counters
and packaged attractively. They aim to influence the customer to
make an impulse purchase, rather than actively create a need for
the product. Other forms of in-store advertising can be placing the
product where the customer can easily see them, and banners
inside the store announcing price cuts or new launches.
5. Public service advertising is a technique that makes use of
advertising as an effective communication medium, to convey
socially relevant messages about important matters and social
causes like AIDS, energy conservation, political integrity,
deforestation, illiteracy, poverty, and so on.

131
CHAPTER 11
TRADE & INDUSTRY
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with trade-and industry-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis and text cohesion.

Self-study : warming up …

Be familiar with the following definitions:

 Trading ‫اتجار‬/‫ متاجرة‬is a value-added function: it is the economic
process by which a productّ ‫ منتّج‬finds its end user, in which
specific risks are borne by the traderّ‫تاجر‬. Trading can also refer
to the action performed by traders and other market agents in the
financial markets.

 Barter ‫ مقايضة‬is a system of exchange by which goods ‫بضائع‬/‫ سلع‬or

services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without
using a medium of exchangeّ‫وسيلةّتبادل‬, such as money.

 Workers in the textile industry ‫ صناعةّالنسيج‬are also exposed to a

number of chemicals, especially those engaged in the activities of
dyeing, printing and finishing.

 Primary industries ‫ الصناعاتّاالولية‬refer to extract raw materials

‫ المواد ّاألولية‬which are natural products ‫ منتوجات ّطبيعية‬extracted
from the land or sea, such as oil, iron ore, timber, fish, mining,
quarrying, fishing, forestry, and farming.

 Secondary industries ّ ‫ الصناعات ّالثانوية‬which are sometimes

referred to as ‘manufacturing industry’ involve the manufacture
 ‫ تصنيع‬of raw materials into another product by manual labour or
machines.

 When goods and services produced in one country and sold in

other countries in exchange for goods and services, gold, foreign
exchange, and the like, it is called exportّ ‫تصدير‬, as opposed to
importّ ‫استيراد‬. Countries devote their domestic resources to
exports because they can obtain more goods and services with the
international exchange they earn from the exports than they would
from devoting the same resources to the domestic production of
goods and services.

 Electronic tradingّ‫التجارةّاإللكترونية‬, sometimes called ‘etrading’, is

a method of trading securities, such as stocks, and bonds, foreign
exchange or financial derivatives electronically. Information
technology is used to bring together buyers and sellers through an
electronic trading platform and network to create virtual market
places such as NASDAQ, NYSE Arca and Globex which are also
known as electronic communication networks (ECNs). Electronic
trading is rapidly replacing human trading in global securities
markets.

Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

ّ‫ ّوالمكان ّالذي ّيتمّ ّبه ّتبادل‬.‫ ّأو ّكليهما ّمعّا‬،‫ ّأو ّالخدمات‬،‫التجارة ّهي ّالتبادل ّالطوعي ّللبضائع‬
ّ‫البضائعّيدعىّتقليديّاّالسوقّثمّأصبحتّكلمةّسوقّتدلّّعلىّمجملّالمجالّالذيّيمكنّللتاجرّبيع‬ ّ
ّ.‫ّوإنماّيشملّكافةّالخياراتّالمتاحةّلهّللبيع‬،‫ّفلمّيعدّّمحصورّاّفيّمكانّواحد‬،‫بضاعتهّفيه‬

ّ‫ ّيتمّ ّالتفاوضّعلىّسعرّالبضاعة ّالتيّتقدرّقيمتهاّسلفاّأو‬،‫ّأثناء ّعمليةّالبيع‬،‫فيّالوقتّالحاضر‬

ّ‫ّبدالّ ّمنّالشكل‬،‫أثناءّالبيعّويتمّدفعّسعرها ّعنّطريقّوسائلّالتبادلّالتجاريّالتيّتّدعىّالنقود‬
.)‫التقليديّللبيعّالذيّكانّعبارةّعنّمقايضةّ(بضاعةّمقابلّأخرى‬

ّ‫ّفالتبادالتّقدّتـحدثّبينّطرفينّ(تجارةّثنائية)ّأَو‬،‫تتركّزّالتجارةّعلىّتبادلّالسلعّأَوّالخدمات‬
.)‫بينّأكثرّمنّطرفينّ(تجارةّمّتعددةّالجوانب‬

ّ‫ ّوفي ّالعصر ّالحديث ّأّدخّلت‬،‫وتجدر ّاإلشارة ّإلى ّأنه ّتمّ ّاختراع ّالمال ّلتسهيل ّعملية ّالتجارة‬
.‫بطاقاتّاالئتمانّوالتجارةّاإللكترونيةّلتسهيلّتداولّاألسهمّالتجاريةّوعملياتّالشراءّالفورية‬
123
Text 2: be familiar with the area
Trade involves the transfer of the ownership of goods or services from
one person or entity to another in exchange for other goods or services or
for money. Linguistically speaking, possible synonyms of ‘trade’ include
‘commerce’ and ‘financial transaction’. A network that allows trade is
called a market.

The original form of trade, barter ‫مقايضة‬, saw the direct exchange of
goods and services for other goods and services. Later one side of the
barter started to involve precious metals, which gained symbolic as well
as practical importance.

Modern traders generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such

as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning.
The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and non-physical
money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders
is called bilateral ‫ ثنائي‬trade, while trade between more than two traders is
called multilateral ‫ متعدّد‬trade.

Trade exists due to the specialization and division of labor, in which most
people concentrate on a small aspect of production, trading for other
products. Trade exists between regions because different regions may
have a comparative advantage (perceived or real) in the production of
some trade-able commodity, or because different regions' size may
encourage mass production. As suchّ‫ وعليه‬, trade at market prices between
locations can benefit both locations.

Note:
In economics, a ‘commodity’ is a marketable item produced to satisfy
wants or needs. Economic commodities comprise goods and services;
therefore, it can be translated into ‫سلعة‬/‫سلع‬.

Text 3: be familiar with the area

‫الصناعات الغذائية في الوطن العربي‬
ّ‫ ّفي ّالوطن ّالعربي ّالتي ّيمكن ّاإلفادة ّمنها ّفي‬raw materialsّ ‫تتوّفر ّمعظم ّالمواد األولية‬
ّ‫؛ّإذ ّإنّ ّهذه ّالصناعاتّتعتمدّفيّالدرجة ّاألساس‬food industry ‫مختلفّالصناعات الغذائية‬
122
‫على ّالزراعة ّ‪ّ agriculture‬والمنتجات الحيوانية ‪ّ animal products‬واألسماك ّوالدواجنّ‬
‫وكل ّهذه ّاألشياء ّمتوفرة ّفي ّالوطن ّالعربي‪ّ .‬كذلك ّيتميز ّالوطن ّالعربي‪ّ ،‬وبخاصة ّفي ّمصرّ‬
‫وسوريا ّوالعراق ّوالسودان ّبصناعة ّالسكر ّالتي ّأخذت ّتتوسع ّبشكل ّملفت ّفي ّالعقود ّالفائتة‪ّ.‬‬
‫ويتوقّعّفيّقابلّاأليامّأنّتحققّهذهّالصناعةّفائضاّيمكنّاإلفادةّمنهّألغراضّالتصدير‪ّ .‬‬

‫صناعة تعليب األغذية ‪Canning industry‬‬

‫ّتتوفرّأيضاّفيّالوطنّالعربيّصناعةّتعليبّاألغذيةّوالتيّتشملّتعليبّالخضروات‪ّ،‬والفواكه‪ّ،‬‬
‫والتمورّواألسماك‪ّ،‬واللحوم‪ّ،‬ومنتجات األلبانّ‪ّdairy products‬وغيرهاّمنّالمنتجات‪ّ ّ.‬‬

‫صناعة النسيج ‪Textile Industry‬‬

‫يتوّ فر ّفي ّالوطن ّالعربي ّكل ّالخامات ّالالزمة ّلصناعة ّالنسيج ّكالصوف‪ّ ،‬والقطن‪ّ ،‬واأللياف‬
‫الطبيعية ‪ّ natural fibers‬األخرى‪ّ ،‬فضال ّعن ّالنفط ّالذي ّيعد ّمن ّالمواد ّاألولية ّالهامة ّفيّ‬
‫صناعةّالنسيج‪ّ ّ.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ولقدّبدأتّصناعةّالنسيجّتحتلّمكانةّهامةّفيّاالقتصادّالعربيّمنذّأكثرّمنّّثمانينّعاماّعندماّ‬
‫استوردتّالمغازل )األنوال( الميكانيكيةّ‪ّautomatic loom‬ومنّبينّأشهرّالمنسوجاتّالعربيةّ‬
‫نسيج ّالقطن ّوالصوف ّوالحرير ّالصناعي‪ّ .‬هذاو ّقد ّخطت ّهذه ّالصناعة ّخطوات ّكبيرة ّبحيثّ‬
‫أصبحّبمقدورهاّأنّتسد ّمعظمّحاجاتّالوطنّالعربيّمنّالمنسوجاتّوبماّيحققّإمكانيةّتصديرّ‬
‫الغزولّ‪ّyarn‬والمنسوجاتّإلىّالخارج‪ّ.‬‬

‫ّ‬
‫‪Note:‬‬
‫‪The word ‘yarn’ is an uncountable noun which means a thread (usually of‬‬
‫‪. However, it can be also used‬غزل ‪wood or cotton) used for knitting, etc.‬‬
‫‪as a countable noun to mean a story that somebody tells, especially one‬‬
‫‪.‬قصةّفيهاّمبالغة ‪that is exaggerated‬‬

‫‪The importance of text analysis‬‬

‫‪Text 4: translate into Arabic:‬‬

‫‪Ever since activists started accusing the textile industry of running‬‬
‫‪sweatshops in developing countries, leading brands have been working to‬‬
‫‪eradicate child labour, poor conditions and excessive overtime in supplier‬‬
‫‪factories. But since monitoring and training have had limited effect, some‬‬
‫‪are looking deeper into their supply chains – and have found the source of‬‬
‫‪the problem often lies in their own practices. This kind of internal‬‬

‫‪121‬‬
‫‪scrutiny is a recent development. Since the 1990s, brands have generally‬‬
‫‪put the onus on supplier factories to comply, developing thousands of‬‬
‫‪codes of conduct.‬‬

‫‪Your task‬‬
‫‪Try to identify‬‬
‫;‪ the technical words/expressions‬‬
‫;‪ how many sentences in the text‬‬
‫‪ the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex‬‬
‫;)‪or compound-complex‬‬
‫‪ the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each‬‬
‫‪sentence/clause; and‬‬
‫‪ the connectors used in the text.‬‬

‫‪Text 5: translate into English‬‬

‫التجارة اإللكترونية‬
‫إن ّالتجارة ّاإللكترونية ّهي ّنظام ّيتيح ّعبر ّاإلنترنت ّعمليات ّبيع ّوشراء ّالسلع ّوالخدماتّ‬
‫والمعلومات‪ّ ،‬كما ّيتيح أيضّا ّالعمليات ّاإللكترونية ّالتي ّتدعم ّتوليد ّالعوائد ّمثل ّعمليات ّتعزيزّ‬
‫الطلب ّعلى ّتلك السلع ّوالخدمات ّوالمعلومات؛ ّإذ ّإنها ّ– ّأي ّالتجارة ّاإللكترونية ّ‪ّ -‬تتيح ّعبرّ‬
‫اإلنترنت ّعمليات ّدعم ّالمبيعات ّوخدمة ّالعمالء‪ّ .‬ويمكن ّتشبيه ّالتجارة ّاإللكترونية ّبسوق‬
‫إلكترونيّيتواصلّفيهّالبائعونّ(الموردون‪ّ،‬أوّالشركات‪ّ،‬أوّالمحالت‪ّ ،‬والوسطاء‪ ،‬والسماسرة)ّ‬
‫والمشترون‪ّ،‬وتق َّدمّفيهّالمنتّجات ّوالخدماتّفيّصيغةّافتراضيةّأوّرقمية‪ ،‬كماّيدفَعّثمنهاّبالنقودّ‬
‫اإللكترونية‪ّ ّ.‬‬

‫ويمكنّتقسيمّنشاطاتّالتجارة اإللكترونيةّبشكلهاّالحاليّعلىّقسمينّرئيسينّهما‪:‬‬
‫تجارة ّإلكترونية ّمن ّالشركات إلى ّالزبائن ّاألفراد ّ‪ Business-to-Consumer‬وهي ّتمثِّلّ‬
‫التبادلّالتجاريّبينّالشركاتّمنّجهةّوالزبائنّاألفرادّمنّجهةّأخرى‪ّّ.‬‬
‫تجارة ّإلكترونية ّمن ّالشركات ّإلى ّالشركات ّ‪ّ Business-to-Business‬وهي ّتمثِّل ّالتبادلّ‬
‫التجاريّاإللكترونيّبينّشركةّوأخرى‪ّ.‬‬
‫وتجدرّالمالحظةّأنّالتجارةّاإللكترونيةّتقدِّمّالعديدّمن المزاياّالتيّيمكنّأنّتفيدّمنهاّالشركاتّ‬
‫بشكلّكبيرّمثل‪ّ:‬‬
‫‪ -‬تسويق أكثر فعالية وأرباح أكثر‪ ّ :‬إنّ ّاعتمادّالشركاتّعلىّاإلنترنتّفيّالتسويق‪ّ،‬يتيحّلهاّ‬
‫عرضّمنتجاتها وخدماتهاّفيّمختلفّأصقاعّالعالمّدونّانقطاعّ‪-‬طيلةّساعاتّاليومّوطيلةّ‬
‫أيام ّالسنة ‪-‬مما ّيوفِّر ّلهذه ّالشركات ّفرصة ّأكبر ّلجني ّاألرباح‪ّ ،‬إضافة ّإلى ّوصولها ّإلىّ‬
‫المزيدّمن الزبائن‪ّ.‬‬

‫‪ -‬تخفيض مصاريف الشركات‪ :‬تعدّّعمليةّإعدادّوصيانةّمواقعّالتجارةّاإللكترونيةّعلىّالويبّ‬

‫أكثرّاقتصاديةّمن بناءّأسواقّالتجزئةّأوّصيانةّالمكاتب‪ّ.‬والّتحتاجّالشركاتّإلىّاإلنفاقّ‬
‫الكبيرّعلى األمورّالترويجية‪ّ،‬أوّتركيبّتجهيزاتّباهظةّالثمنّتستخدَمّفيّخدمةّالزبائن‪ّ.‬‬

‫‪121‬‬
 ‫وال تبدو ّهناك ّح اجة ّفي ّالشركة ّالستخدام ّعدد ّكبير ّمن ّالموظفين ّللقيام ّبعمليات ّالجرد‬
‫واألعمال ّاإلدارية‪ّ ،‬إذ ّتوجد ّقواعد ّبيانات ّعلى ّاإلنترنت ّتحتفظ ّبتاريخ ّعمليات ّالبيع فيّ‬
‫الشركة ّوأسماء ّالزبائن‪ّ ،‬ويتيح ّذلك ّللشخص ّإمكانية ّاسترجاع ّالمعلومات ّالموجودة ّفي‬
‫قاعدةّالبياناتّلتفحّصّتواريخّعملياتّالبيعّبسهولة ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬تواصل فعال مع الشركاء والعمالء‪ّ :‬تطوي ّالتجارة ّاإللكترونية المسافات ّوتعبر ّالحدود‪ّ،‬‬
‫مماّيوفرّطريقةّفعّالةّلتبادلّالمعلوماتّمعّالشركاء ‪.‬وتوفِّرّالتجارةّاإللكترونيةّفرصةّجيدةّ‬
‫للشركاتّلإلفادةّمنّالبضائعّوالخدمات المق َّدمةّمنّالشركاتّاألخرىّ(أيّالموردين)‪.‬‬

‫‪Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion‬‬

‫الصناعات الحرفية ‪Craft industries‬‬
‫ّالهيئة ّالعامة ّللصناعات ّ )‪The Public Authority for Craft Industries (PACI‬‬
‫‪ will administer two Royal Grants conferred on craftspeople by‬الحرفية‬
‫‪Sultan Qaboos on 19th October 2008. The first grant is in support of craft‬‬
‫‪industries and craftspeople, providing them with necessity equipment,‬‬
‫‪maintenance of craft sites and covering the cost of research. The second‬‬
‫‪grant provides for the setting up of crafts production and training centres.‬‬

‫‪PACI does much to uphold the cultural heritage of Oman with its‬‬
‫‪enthusiastic promotion of local handicrafts. The authority provides‬‬
‫‪guidance, training and technical support for artists working in the crafts‬‬
‫‪sector. It documents and conserves the crafts of different regions, while‬‬
‫‪carrying out research to identify the present and future needs of Omani‬‬
‫‪artists. Schemes to introduce new economically viable crafts are ongoing.‬‬

‫‪Text 7: translate into English, paying special attention to text‬‬

‫‪cohesion‬‬
‫قطاع التعدينّ‪ّ Mineral Sector‬‬
‫يعدّقطاع الصناعة ّ‪ّindustrial sector‬ركيزةّمهمةّمنّركائزّاستراتيجيةّالتنميةّطويلةّالمدىّ‬
‫(‪ّ،)3030-3001‬ومنّالمنتظرّأنّتصلّمساهمةّقطاعّالصناعةّفيّالناتجّالمحليّاإلجماليّإلىّ‬
‫(‪ّ)%11‬بحلولّعامّ‪3030‬م‪.‬‬

‫وتسعىّالمملكةّالعربيةّالسعوديةّخالل ّالخطةّالخمسيةّالسابعةّإلىّتحقيقّمعدلّنموّسنويّفيّ‬
‫القيمة المضافة ّ ‪ added value‬لألنشطة ّالصناعية ّغير ّالنفطية ّبنسبة ّ‪ّ 21.3‬بالمائة ّفي ّعامّ‬
‫‪ّ3001‬مقارنةّبمستواهاّفيّعامّ‪ّ ّ.3001‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫وفيّسياقّمتصل‪ّ،‬شهدّقطاعّالتعدين خاللّالسنواتّالماضيةّنموّاّمطردّا‪ّ،‬وتشيرّالمسوحاتّ‬
‫والد راساتّالتقنيةّإلىّوجودّفرصّلقيامّمشروعاتّتعدينيةّكبيرةّكمشروعّإنتاجّالملحّوالصوداّ‬
‫باستثمارّقدّيصلّإلىّ‪ّ 120.1‬مليونّلايرّ(حواليّ‪ّ 21‬مليون ّدوالر ّأمريكي)‪ّ،‬ومشروع ّإنتاجّ‬
‫المغنيسيوم ّ ‪ّ magnesium‬والذي ّمن ّالمتوقّع ّأن ّيستقطب ّرأسمال ّيبلغ ّ‪ّ 300‬مليون ّلايرّ‬
‫‪121‬‬
ّ‫ّباإلضافةّإلىّالصناعاتّالقائمةّعلىّخامات الحجر الجيري‬،)‫ّمليونّدوالرّأمريكي‬10ّ‫(حوالي‬
ّ ّ.marbleّ‫ ّوالرخام‬silica ‫ّوالسيليكا‬limestone

Notes:
- The expression ّ‫ بحلولّعام‬can be translated into ‘by’
- Phrases like ّ‫ خطةّخمسية‬and ‫ خطةّعشرية‬can be translated into ‘five-year
plan’ and ‘ten-year plan’ respectively.
- The phrase ّ‫ معدلّنموّسنوي‬can lend itself to ‘annual growth rate’.
- The word ‫ مسوحات‬can be translated intoّ‘surveys’
- The phrase ّ‫ مشروعّإنتاجّالملحّوالصودا‬can lend itself to ‘a salt and soda
production project’.

Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

Types of trading
Basically, there are two types of trade, viz. retail trade ‫ّتجارةّالبيع ّبالمفرد‬
and wholesale tradeّ‫تجارةّالبيعّبالجملة‬.

As for retail trade, it mainly consists of the sale of goods or merchandise

from a very fixed location, such as a department store, boutique or by
mail, in small or individual lots for direct consumption or use by the
purchaser.

On the other hand, wholesale trade is defined as the sale of goods that are
sold as merchandise to retailersّ‫البائعّبالمفرد‬, and/or industrial, commercial,
institutional, or other professional business users, or to other wholesalers
and related subordinated services.

Note:
The word ‘merchandise’ is an uncountable noun in English which means
goods that are for sale; therefore, it can be translated into ‫ بضاعة‬or ‫سلعة‬.

Text 9: translate into English

‫واقع الصناعات في سلطنة عُمان‬
ّ‫يوجد ّفي ّسلطنة ّعمان ّعدد ّمن ّالمناطق ّالصناعية ّالتى ّتهدف ّإلى ّاالرتقاء ّبالقطاع ّالصناعي‬
ّ‫حيث ّتسعى ّإلى ّاستقطاب ّصناعات ّنوعية ّتعتمد ّقدر ّاإلمكان ّعلى ّاستغالل ّالخامات ّالمحلية‬
ّ–ّ ‫ ّبمحافظة ّمسقط‬Al-Rusaylّ‫ ّفباإلضافة ّإلىّالمنطقة ّالصناعيةّفي ّالرسيل‬،‫المتوفّرة ّحولها‬
ّSoharّ ‫والتي ّتعدّ ّأولى ّالمناطق ّالصناعية ّفي ّالسلطنة ّ– ّهناك ّمناطق ّصناعية ّفي ّصحار‬

121
ّ‫ إضافة ّإلى ّالمنطقة‬Buraimi ّ ‫ ّوالبريمي‬Nizwaّ ‫ ّونزوى‬Salalahّ ‫ ّوصاللة‬Surّ ‫وصور‬
.‫الصناعيةّبميناءّصحارّوالتيّتعدّمنطقةّللصناعاتّالثقيلةّوصناعاتّالبتروكيمياويات‬
ّ
ّ‫وفي ّإطار ّتشجيع ّالمصانع ّالعمانية ّعلى ّالتطوير ّالمستمر ّلقدراتها ّالتقنية ّوعلى ّااللتزام‬
ّ‫بالمواصفاتّالقياسيةّللجودةّوزيادةّنسبةّالتعمينّيتم ّسنويّاّتنظيمّمسابقةّكأس ّجاللة ّالسلطان‬
ّ‫ ّمصنعّاّتمّ ّاختيار‬21ّ‫ ّتنافس‬3001ّ‫ّوشهدتّالمسابقةّخاللّعام‬،‫قابوسّألفضلّخمسةّمصانع‬
ّ.‫أفضلّخمسةّمنهاّوتكريمهاّبكأسّجاللته‬

Text 10: translate into Arabic

Pencils
The most important ingredient in a pencil is the graphiteّ ‫جرافيت‬, which
most people continue to call leadّ‫رصاص‬. Virtually all graphite used today
is a manufactured mixture of natural graphite and chemicals. The wood
used to manufacture pencils must be able to withstand repeated
sharpening and cut easily without splintering. Most pencils are made from
cedar ‫( خشب ّاألرز‬specifically, California cedar), the choice wood for
many years. Cedar has a pleasant odor, does not warp or lose its shape,
and is readily available. Some pencils have erasers, which are held on
with a ferrule, a metal case that is either glued or held on with metal
prongsّ ‫أسنان ّمعدنية‬. The erasers themselves consist of pumice ّ ‫ خفان‬and
rubberّ‫مطاط‬.

After the pencils have been cut, their surfaces are smoothed by sanders,
and varnish ‫ورنيش‬/‫طالء‬/‫ دهان‬is applied and dried. This is done with
varnishing machines. After drying, the pencils are put through the process
again and again until the desired colour is achieved. Finally, the pencils
receive a finishing coat.ّ

The pencils once again are sent on a conveyor belt ‫ حزام ّحامل‬through
shaping machines, which remove any excess varnish that has accumulated
on the ends of the pencils. This step also ensures that all of the pencils are
the same length.

Erasers are then attached, held to the pencil by a round, metal case which
is first attached to the pencil either with glue or with small metal prongs,
and then the eraser is inserted.

121
 Quiz 11

EX: translate the following text into Arabic

Sugar confectionery
Sugar confectionery refers to a large range of food items, commonly
known as sweets. Boiled sweets and toffees are all examples. Sweets are a
non-essential commodity, but are consumed by people from most income
groups. The variety of products is enormous, ranging from cheap,
individually-wrapped sweets, to those presented in boxes with
sophisticated packaging.

The main ingredient used in the production of sweets is sugar. There is a

danger that if sweets are consumed in excess over a prolonged period of
time they may contribute to obesity. Unless good dental care is practiced,
over-consumption can also lead to tooth decay.

By varying the ingredients used, the temperature of boiling, and the

method of shaping, it is possible to make a wide variety of products.

EX: translate the following text into English

‫صناعة أقالم الرصاص‬
‫تعد ّصناعةّأقالمّالرصاصّمنّالصناعاتّغيرّالمعقدةّالتيّالّتحتاجّإلىّتكنولوجياّمتقدمة‬
ّ‫ّّوتتصفّبالتنوعّفيّأشكالهاّونوعيتهاّباإلضافةّإلى استمرار‬.‫للتصنيعّأوّإلىّخاماتّمّستوردة‬
ّ‫ ّاألمر ّالذي ّشجع ّبعض ّالدول ّإلى ّإقامة ّمشاريع ّصغيرة ّفي ّهذا ّالمجال لسد‬،‫الطلب ّعليها‬
ّ .‫االحتياجاتّالمتزايدةّإلىّهذهّالسلعة‬
ّ
ّ‫ويعود ّالسبب ّفي ّازدياد ّالحاجة ّإلى ّهذه ّالسلعة ّإلى ّالتوسع ّفي ّإنشاء ّالمدارس ّوازدياد ّعدد‬
ّ‫ّناهيكّعنّاالستخداماتّاألخرىّلهذهّالسلعةّفيّاألعمالّاألخرى‬،‫التالميذّفيّجيمعّ أنحاءّالعالم‬
ّ .‫مثلّالرسمّالهندسيّوإعدادّالرسوماتّاألوليةّلطالبّالمدارسّوالكلياتّالفنيةّالمختلفة‬
ّ
ّ‫ ّهي ّالخشبّوهوّجسمّالقلمّالذيّيكون‬،‫وأهم ّالخاماتّالمستخدمةّفيّصناعة ّأقالمّالرصاص‬
ّ.‫ّباإلضافةّإلىّألوانّالدهانّالخارجية‬،‫بداخلهّالرصاصّالمصنوعّمنّالجرافيت‬

123
EX: translate the following words and expressions into English
ّ‫مقايضة‬ )‫حرفيّ(شخص‬
ّ‫قطاعّالتعدين‬ ّ‫الهيئةّالعامةّللصناعاتّالحرفية‬
ّ‫مغازل‬ ّ‫صناعةّالنسيجّوصناعةّالتعليب‬
ّ‫منتّجاتّحيوانية‬ ّ‫منتّجاتّاأللبان‬
ّ ّ‫صناعاتّثقيلةّوصناعاتّخفيفة‬ ّ‫تجارةّالبيعّبالمفرد‬
ّ‫تجارةّالبيعّبالمفرد‬ ّ‫خطةّخمسيةّوخطةّعشرية‬
‫التصنيع‬ ّ‫المغنسيومّوالرخام‬
ّ‫التجارةّاإللكترونية‬ ّ‫بضائع‬

EX: translate the following text into Arabic

The term ‘heavy’ refers to the fact that the items produced by ‘heavy
industry’ used to be products such as iron, coal, oil, ships, etc. Today the
reference also refers industries that cause disruption to the environment in
the form of pollution, deforestation, etc. Another characteristic of heavy
industry is that it most often sells its goods to other industrial customers,
rather than to the end consumer. Heavy industries tend to be a part of the
supply chain of other products. As a result, their stocks will often rally at
the beginning of an economic upturn and are often the first to benefit
from an increase in demand. Industries that are typically considered heavy
include:
- Chemicals and plastics
- Oil refining
- Mining
- Industrial machinery
- Mass transit (railways, airlines, shipbuilders, and so on)

EX: prior to translating the following text, try to identify

- how many sentences in the text ;
- the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex
or compound-complex);
- the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each
sentence/clause; and
- the connectors used in the text.

Simulation in heavy industry

The problems are very different when you are constructing a ship, casting
steel slabs or building a generator set for the power industry when
compared to say manufacturing a washing machine or TV set. Firstly, the
110
item is often so large that it requires huge material handling systems in
order to transport it. Commonly the requirements are such that the
equipment may need to be transported around the site rather than moving
the item being built. Secondly, the physical infrastructure of the site is
often required to be more flexible than in high volume industries. These
unique aspects of heavy industry are where we begin to start to appreciate
the need to understand and manage the whole material handling and
logistics systems.

111
CHAPTER 12
OIL & ENERGY
In this chapter
 we will be familiar with oil-and energy-related terminology.
 we will learn how to prepare ourselves prior to translating any text.
 we will highlight the importance of text analysis and text cohesion.
 we will highlight the importance of pre-transferring adjustment.

Self-study: warming up …
Be familiar with the following definitions:
 The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
‫الدول العربية المص ّدرة للنفط‬/‫( منظمة األقطار‬OAPEC ‫ )أوابك‬is a multi-
governmental organization headquartered ‫ مق ًرا رئيسًا لها‬... ‫تتخذ من‬
in Kuwait which coordinates energy policies ‫ سياسات الطاقة‬between
oil–producing Arab nations ‫الدول العربية المنتّجة للنفط‬, and whose
main purpose is developmental.

 Crude oil ‫ النفط الخام‬is the most important natural resource ‫مصدر‬
‫ طبيعي‬of the industrialized nations. It can generate heat, drive
machinery and fuel vehicles and airplanes. Its components are
used to manufacture ‫ تصنيع‬almost all chemical products ‫المنتجات‬
‫الكيمياوية‬, such as plastics, detergents ‫منظّفات‬, paints, and even
medicines.

 The official spokesman for the Organization of the Arab

Petroleum Exporting Counties declared that the Organization
would study a number of industrial projects in cooperation with
the Gulf Organization for Industrial Guidance within the
framework of a joint cooperation between the two organizations.
One of the most important projects is the building of a
 petrochemical refinery ‫ مصفاة بتروكيمياوية‬which will convert ‫يح ّول‬
crude oil ‫ نفط خام‬into chemical products directly without producing
normal products for refining such as petrol (benzene) and other
products.

Note:
Note that the word ‘spokesman’, which is commonly used in
media, is followed by the preposition ‘for’. In its translation to
Arabic, it lends itself to .... ‫الرسمي باِسم‬
ّ ‫ الناطق‬, ... ‫المتح ّدث عن‬.

 Energy savings are an important environmental benefit of

recycling )‫إعادة تدوير (الطاقة‬. The steps in supplying recycled
materials ‫ مواد أُعيد تدويرها‬to industry (including collection,
processing and transportation) typically use less energy than the
steps in supplying virgin materials ‫ مواد غير مستعملة‬to industry
(including extraction ‫استخراج‬, refining ‫تصفية‬/‫تكرير‬, transporting
‫ نقل‬and processing ‫)تشغيل‬.

 Asphalt ‫األسفلت‬, also known as bitumen, is a semi-solid form of

petroleum and can be either natural or refined. Its main purpose is
to act as the glue ‫مادة الصقة‬/‫ ِغراء‬between various minerals, creating
a material known as asphalt concrete. There over 11 million miles
of paved road ‫ الطرق ال ُمعبّدة‬in the world, which equates to a fair
amount of oil. The sticky substance ‫ مادة الصقة‬is sometimes
confused with tar ‫قير‬/‫قار‬, which is a similar black material
produced during the distillation of coal ‫تقطير الفحم‬.



Self-study: the importance of reading

Text 1: be familiar with the area

In view of the slight increase in oil ،‫نظ ًرا للزيادة البسيطة في أسعار النفط‬
prices, and despite the fall in domestic ‫وعلى الرغم من انخفاض االنتاج المحلّي‬
crude oil production, the government ‫ فإن حكومة قطر تت ّوقع‬،‫من النفط الخام‬
of Qatar has forecast oil earnings up to %13 ‫زيادة عائداتها من البترول بنسبة‬
341
 ‫‪………..‬مقارنة بـ ‪13 per cent this year to ………..‬‬ ‫لتصل إلى‬
‫‪compared with ……….. in 2030.‬‬ ‫‪………..‬في عام ‪.8330‬‬

‫ذكرت مصادر وثيقة الصلة بالوفد‬

‫‪Sources close to the British delegation‬‬ ‫البريطاني أن وزير التجارة الخارجية‬
‫‪declared that the British Foreign Trade‬‬ ‫البريطاني قد أجرى محادثات مغلقة‬
‫‪Minister had conducted closed-door,‬‬
‫مط ّولة مع محافظ شركة البترول‬
‫‪long talks with the Director General of‬‬
‫‪the Saudi Oil Company ‘Petromin’,‬‬ ‫السعودية "بترومين" التي أبرمت العقد‬
‫‪which had signed the contract with the‬‬ ‫مع بريطانيا‪ .‬ثم أعقبتها جلسة عمل‬
‫‪Britain. These were then followed by a‬‬ ‫قصيرة على مستوى الخبراء‪.‬‬
‫‪short working session at the level of‬‬
‫‪experts.‬‬
‫‪Oil circles announced that Kuwaiti oil‬‬ ‫أعلنت األوساط البترولية أن انتاج‬
‫‪production increased by 80 thousand‬‬ ‫البترول لدولة الكويت زاد بمقدار ثمانين‬
‫‪barrels per day last month, amounting‬‬ ‫ألف برميل يوميًا خالل الشهر الماضي؛‬
‫‪to an average of six million barrels in‬‬
‫إذ بلغ في شهر أبريل‪/‬نيسان متوسطًا‬
‫‪April.‬‬
‫قدره ستة ماليين برميل يوميًا‪.‬‬

‫‪The Venezuelan Minister of Mines and‬‬ ‫أعلنت وزارة المناجم والطاقة في‬
‫‪Energy announced that the average‬‬ ‫فنزويال أن متوسط االنتاج بلغ األشهر‬
‫‪production in the first three months of‬‬ ‫الثالثة األولى من عام ‪ 3801‬مليونين‬
‫‪1985 had reached two million barrels a‬‬
‫برميل يوميًا أي بزيادة قدرها ألفين‬
‫‪day, that is, an increase of two‬‬
‫‪thousand barrels a day over the quota‬‬ ‫برميل يوميًا من الحصة المحددة تشرين‬
‫‪set in November 1985.‬‬ ‫الثاني (نوفمبر) من عام ‪.3801‬‬

‫‪Text 2: be familiar with the area‬‬

‫‪ ‬منظمة الدول العربية المصدرة للنفظ (أوابك)‬
‫أولت ‪ to give priority to‬الجامعة العربية ‪ Arab league‬منذ نشأتها اهتما ًما خاصً ا بشؤون‬
‫البترول‪ ،‬فلم تغب عن أذهان المسؤولين العرب فكرة إنشاء منظمة عربية للبترول‪ ،‬تعني بشؤون‬
‫البترول‪.‬‬

‫فأُلِفّت لجنة خبراء البترول العرب عام ‪ ،3813‬ثم أنشأت مكتبًا للبترول في هيكلها التنظيمي‬
‫‪ organizational structure‬عام ‪ ،3814‬وتط ّور هذا المكتب ليصبح إدارة من إدارات الجامعة‬
‫العربية عام ‪.3818‬‬

‫‪344‬‬
‫وتبلورت فكرة إنشاء المنظمة في أواسط الستينيات من القرن العشرين‪ ،‬عندما تق ّدمت مصر في‬
‫أغسطس ‪ 3894‬إلى لجنة خبراء البترول العرب التابعة لجامعة الدول العربية باقتراح إلنشاء‬
‫منظمة عربية للبترول تعمل على تنسيق السياسات العربية البترولية‪ .‬ومن ثم تقديم مشروع‬
‫إلنشاء منظمة عربية للبترول تض ّم كافة الدول العربية المص ّدرة للبترول‪ ،‬غير إ ّن هذا المشروع‬
‫لم يُكتب له النجاح وذلك بسبب اندالع الحرب العربية ـ اإلسرائيلية في يونيو ‪.3891‬‬

‫‪ ‬إحالل الغاز الطبيعي محل المازوت في مصر‬

‫تق ّدم خبراء قطاع الكهرباء والطاقة ‪ electricity and energy sector‬في مصر قبل ستة‬
‫أشهر بخطة من شأنها ترشيد الطاقة ‪ ،the proper use of energy‬وذلك بإحالل ‪replace/‬‬
‫‪ substitute‬الغاز الطبيعي ‪ natural gas‬محل السوالر ‪ solar‬والمازوت ‪ fuel oil‬في تشغيل‬
‫محطات التوليد ‪ power stations‬بغية توفير السوالر للتصدير‪.‬‬

‫وفي هذا الصدد‪ ،‬ص ّرح وزير الكهرباء بأنّه ت ّمت الموافقة على المقترح وبدأ العمل في تنفيذ‬
‫أن البنك الدولي لإلنشاء والتعمير ‪the International Bank of Building‬‬ ‫الخطة‪ .‬وأضاف ّ‬
‫‪ and Construction‬قد وافق على تمويل ‪ fund/finance‬إنشاء ثالث محطّات لتوليد‬
‫الكهرباء‪ ،‬وأن بنك التعمير األلماني قد وقّع اتفاقية لتمويل إنشاء محطة كهرباء السويس ‪Suez‬‬
‫بمبلغ قدره ‪ 43‬مليون يورو وسيبدأ تشغيل الوحدة األولى منها في غضون عشرين شه ًرا‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬أسعار النفط‬
‫وفيما يتعلّق بالفائض الحالي للبترول الخام ‪ crude oil‬في السوق الذي يباع بأسعار أقل من‬
‫األسعار الرسمية لمنظمة أوبك ‪ OPEC‬التي تبيع بها قطر‪ ،‬أبدت إحدى الشركات الفرنسية التي‬
‫تشتري ‪ %81‬من كمية البترول الخام رغبتها في إعادة التفاوض بخصوص االتفاقية قبل‬
‫تجديدها‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬وفد إنكليزي يزور السعودية‬
‫وفي مباحثات أُحيطت بقدر من السرية ‪ ،In talks shrouded in some secrecy‬أعلن‬
‫المتح ّدث الرسمي عن منظ ّمة الدول المصدرّة للبترول أن زيارة الوفد اإلنكليزي ‪English‬‬
‫‪ delegation‬للسعودية كانت زيارة خاصة‪ ،‬تلبية لدعوة وزير البترول السعودي ‪the Saudi‬‬
‫‪ Oil Minister‬وأنها سمحت بتبادل وجهات النظر بين الطرفين‪.‬‬

‫‪Text 3: be familiar with the area‬‬

‫‪The advantages and disadvantages of solar power‬‬
‫‪Everything has its advantages and disadvantages, its pluses and minuses.‬‬
‫‪So, naturally, there must be a number of solar power advantages and solar‬‬
‫‪power disadvantages too. Here are some of the advantages and‬‬
‫‪disadvantages:‬‬
‫‪ Advantages:‬‬
‫‪ is free although there is a cost in the‬الطاقة الشمسيّة ‪- Solar energy‬‬
‫‪building of ‘collectors’ and other equipment required to convert solar‬‬
‫‪energy into electricity or hot water.‬‬
‫‪341‬‬
- Solar energy does not cause pollution ‫تلوّث‬. However, solar
collectors ‫ أدوات تجميع الطاقة الشمسيّة‬and other associated
equipment/machines are manufactured in factories that in turn cause
some pollution.
- Solar energy can be used in remote areas where it is too expensive to
extend the electricity power grid ‫شبكة الطاقة الكهربائية‬.
- Many everyday items, such as calculators and other low power
consuming devices can be powered ‫ يمكن تزويدها بالطاقة‬by solar energy
effectively.
- It is estimated that the world’s oil reserves ‫ احتياطي النفط‬will last for
30 to 40 years. On the other hand, solar energy is infinite.
 Disadvantages:
- Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime and sunny.
- Solar collectors, panels and cells are relatively expensive to
manufacture although prices are falling rapidly.
- Solar power stations ‫ محطات الطاقة الشمسيّة‬can be built but they do not
match the power output of similar sized conventional power stations.
They are also very expensive.
- In some countries, such as the UK, the unreliable climate means that
solar energy is also unreliable as a source of energy. Cloudy skies
reduce its effectiveness.
- Large areas of land are required to capture the solar energy.
Collectors are usually arranged together especially when electricity is
to be produced and used in the same location.
- Solar power is used to charge batteries ‫ تشحن البطاريات‬so that solar
powered devices can be used at night. However, the batteries are
large and heavy and need storage space. They also need replacing
from time to time.

349
 ‫‪The importance of text analysis‬‬

‫‪Text 4: translate into English:‬‬

‫أعلنت األوساط البترولية النيجيرية أن إنتاج البترول لنيجيريا قد انخفض بنسبة ‪ %83‬ع ّما كان‬
‫عليه في الفترة المقابلة من العام الماضي‪ .‬وعزت األوساط البترولية هذا االنخفاض إلى قرار‬
‫الحكومة النيجيرية بتخفيض معدل انتاجها خالل شهر أيلول (سبتمبر) من عام ‪ 3800‬من مليون‬
‫ونصف إلى مليون برميل يوميًا‪ ،‬وذلك لرغبتها في المحافظة على مستوى أسعار البترول في‬
‫السوق العالمية‪.‬‬

‫‪Your task‬‬
‫‪Try to identify‬‬
‫;‪ the technical words/expressions‬‬
‫;‪ how many sentences in the text‬‬
‫‪ the types of the sentences in the text (simple, compound, complex‬‬
‫;)‪or compound-complex‬‬
‫‪ the subject and verb (along with its tense and voice) of each‬‬
‫‪sentence/clause; and‬‬
‫‪ the connectors used in the text.‬‬

‫‪Text 5: translate into English‬‬

‫استخدام الطاقة الشمسية‬
‫إ ّن فكرة استخدام الطاقة الشمسية ‪ solar power/energy‬موجودة منذ القدم‪ ،‬ولكن في‬
‫أواخر ‪ 3813‬ظهرت التكنلولوجيا لتجعل ذلك الحلم يقترب من الواقع‪ّ .‬‬
‫إن العملية األساسية‬
‫بسيطة؛ إذ تقوم أدوات تجميع األشعة ‪ collectors‬بتركيز ضوء الشمس اآلتي إليها وتحويله إلى‬
‫طاقة ‪ .energy‬ويمكن فعل هذا بطرائق عديدة‪ ،‬لكن األمر يعتمد على طبيعة الهدف المنشود‪ ،‬فإذا‬
‫كان الهدف هو إنتاج الكهرباء ‪ producing electricity‬لمنطقة ما أو تدفئة ماء بركة السباحة‬
‫ً‬
‫مثال‪ ،‬فهنا ستختلف الطريقة‪.‬‬

‫إن العقبة األساسية في استخدام الطاقة الشمسيّة هو تكلفة التركيب‪ ،‬فمع ّدات الطاقة الشمسيّة تكلّف‬
‫ّ‬
‫أكثر بكثير من مع ّدات الطاقة التقليدية‪ ،‬وكذلك تستغرق سنوات من االستعمال لتسديد تكلفة هذا‬
‫إن الطاقة الشمسيّة طريقة عملية لتزويد المدن‬ ‫االستثمار‪ .‬وعلى الرغم من التكلفة العالية‪ ,‬إال ّ‬
‫بطاقة إضافية‪ .‬أما في المناطق الريفية ‪ ,rural areas‬حيث ترتفع كلفة تركيب‬
‫فإن استخدام الطاقة الشمسيّة يصبح هو الخيار‬ ‫خطوط الكهرباء ‪ّ ,electricity power grid‬‬
‫األفضل لتوليد الكهرباء‪.‬‬

‫‪341‬‬
Text 6: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion
Oil reserves in Iraq
Oil reserves in Iraq are considered the world’s fifth-largest proven oil
reserves, with 140 billion barrels. As a result of military occupation and
civil unrest, the official statistics have not been revised since 2001.
International geologists and consultants have estimated that unexplored
territory may contain vastly larger reserves.
After more than a decade of sanctions and two Gulf Wars, Iraq’s oil
infrastructure needs modernization and investment. Despite a large
reconstruction effort, the Iraqi oil industry has not been able to meet
hydrocarbon production and export targets. The World Bank estimates
that an additional $1 billion per year would need to be invested just to
maintain current production. Long-term Iraq reconstruction costs could
reach $100 billion or higher, of which more than a third will go to the oil,
gas and electricity sectors.
On June 30 and December 11, 2009, the Iraqi Ministry of Oil awarded
contracts to international oil companies for some of Iraq's many oil fields.
The winning oil companies entered joint ventures with the Iraqi Ministry
of Oil, and the terms of the awarded contracts include extraction of oil for
a fixed gain of $1.40 per barrel for the oil companies with the remainder
going to Iraq. The fees will only be paid once a production threshold set
by the Iraqi Ministry of Oil is reached.

Text 7: translate into English, paying special attention to text

cohesion

‫معدل استهالك النفط‬

ّ ‫تشير الدراسات المختّصة في النفط واستهالكه إلى‬
‫ مليون برميل نفط يوميًا؛‬01 ‫أن العالم يستهلك‬
%81 ‫ من سكان العالم يستهلكون نحو‬%4 ‫أن‬ ّ ‫ أي‬،%83 ‫إذ تستهلك الواليات المتحدة وحدها نحو‬
.‫من اإلنتاج العالمي للبترول‬

‫وتستهلك السيارات والعربات والمواصالت األخرى في الواليات المتحدة النصيب األكبر من تلك‬
‫ وطبقا إلحصائيات هيئة‬.‫ منها‬%13 ‫ وتستهلك الصناعة والتجارة واالستهالك المنزلي‬،‫الكمية‬
.8333‫ و‬8330 ‫ العالمية أن إنتاج البترول العالمي قد وصل ذروته خالل األعوام بين‬EWG

340
‫ إلى أنه سوف يقل استهالك النفط تدريجيًا في‬petroleum circles ‫وتشير األوساط البترولية‬
‫ وتضيف‬.‫المستقبل؛ إذ ستختلف الحاجة إلى البترول في العالم بشكل كبير عن معدل اإلنتاج‬
‫ مليون برميل في اليوم في‬333 ‫ سيكون‬8383 ‫األوساط البترولية أن احتياج العالم للبترول عام‬
‫ فمن المنتظر أن يرتفع سعر البترول‬.‫ مليون برميل يوميًا‬93 ‫حين لن يزيد اإلنتاج عن نحو‬
‫ كما تتنبأ بعض اإلحصائيات أن إنتاج البترول سيظل ينخفض حتى يصبح اإلنتاج‬.‫مستقبال‬
‫ مليون‬331 ‫ مليون برميل يوميًا في حين أن االستهالك سوف يزيد إلى نحو‬44 ‫العالمي نحو‬
.‫برميل يوميًا‬

Text 8: translate into Arabic, paying special attention to text cohesion

OAPEC ‫أوابك‬
The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) was
originally intended to be a conservative Arab political organization which,
by restricting membership to countries whose main export was oil, would
exclude governments seen as radical.

This organizational exclusivity was bolstered by an additional rule in the

organization’s charter ‫ ميثاق‬requiring the three founders’ approval ‫موافقة‬
‫ (األعضاء) المؤسسين‬all new members. The original aim was to control the
economic weapon of potential oil embargo ‫ حظر‬and prevent its use
caused by popular emotion.

Iraq initially declined to join, preferring to work under the umbrella ‫تحت‬
‫ مظلّة‬of the Arab League ‫جامعة الدول العربية‬, considering OAPEC too
conservative.

Equally the three founders considered Iraq too radical to be desirable as a

member. However, by early 1972, the criteria for admission changed to
oil being a significant source, rather than the principal source of revenue
‫ عائدات‬of a prospective member nation and Algeria, Iraq, Syria and Egypt
had been admitted. Consequently the OAPEC became a much more
activist organization, contrary to the original intention.

Your task:
- Try to find synonyms to the cohesive devices: ‘equally’,
‘however’, ‘rather than’, ‘consequently’ and ‘contrary to’, used
in the last paragraph.
- Suggest more than one translation to the adverbs: ‘originally’ and
‘initially’ used in the text.
- How would you translate ‘preferring’ and ‘considering’ used in
348
 the third paragraph?

Text 9: translate into Arabic

Is life possible without oil?
Oil is used almost everywhere. For example, 18 million tonnes of crude
oil are processed into synthetic materials in Germany every year. Many of
today’s medications are derived from benzene, and benzene in turn is
derived from petroleum. Almost all over-the-counter pain medications,
such as aspirin, are based on this petrochemical. Although it seems
counterintuitive, petroleum based products are used extensively in
homeopathy. Some have related the rise in petroleum engineering to the
rise of modern medicine.

If you look at the list of ingredients on a cleaning product, you will find a
list of things you’ve never heard of and probably can’t pronounce. With
components that can kill you or just make your table shine, the average
cleaning solution is a mixture of some seriously synthetic chemical
substances (their labels contain poison warnings for a reason). Many of
these substances are petrochemicals – like glycerin, for example, which is
commonly found in laundry and dish detergents.

Quiz 12

EX: translate the following text into Arabic

Oil and natural gas
Oil and natural gas provide the energy source or raw material to make a
wide range of products. In fact, it is nearly impossible to get through a
day without using multiple products that contain oil or gas. Shampoo,
toothpaste, contact lenses, shaving foam, lipstick, washing powder and
clothing all contain petroleum products.

For its turn, natural gas is also the raw material for plastics, a material
found everywhere from personal electronics, such as mobile phones and
computers, to safety equipment, including bicycle helmets and airbags, to
sterile medical equipment.

313
‫‪EX: translate the following text into English‬‬
‫تأثيرات النفط في البيئة والمجتمع‬
‫للنفط تأثير ملحوظ على الناحية البيئية واالجتماعية‪ ،‬وذلك لما يولّده من نفايات ملوّثة‪ .‬هذا‬
‫ويصاحب استخراج النفط وتشغيله عدد من الحوادث والنشاطات مثل االنفجارات الزلزالية‬
‫وغيرها من الحوادث‪.‬‬

‫أن استخراج البترول عملية مكلّفة وأحيانًا تض ّر البيئة وتزعج الكائنات البحرية الحيّة إن ت ّم‬
‫كما ّ‬
‫أن استخراج النفط قد يح ّرك قاع البحر‪ ،‬مما‬ ‫استخراجه بالقرب من الشواطئ‪ .‬هذا باإلضافة إلى ّ‬
‫يقتل النباتات البحرية التي تحتاجها الكائنات البحرية للحياة ‪.‬‬

‫وبالنسبة لنفايات الزيت الخام والوقود المقطّر التي تنتشر جراء حوادث ناقالت البترول‪ ،‬فإنّها‬
‫ضا بشكل كارث ّي في بيئة الكائنات الحيّة‪.‬‬
‫تؤثر أي ً‬

‫‪EX: translate the following words and expressions into English‬‬

‫استخراج النفط وتكريره‬ ‫أوبك وأوابك‬
‫ارتفاع أسعار النفط‬ ‫أوساط بترولية‬
‫مصفاة نفط‬ ‫ترشيد الطاقة‬
‫إعادة تدوير الطاقة‬ ‫ا ّدخار الطاقة‬
‫مواد كيمياوية‬ ‫بئر نفط‬
‫النفط الخام‬ ‫برميل نفط‬
‫الغاز الطبيعي‬ ‫عائدات النفط‬
‫فوائد استخدام الطاقة‬ ‫البنك الدولي لإلنشاء‬
‫الشمسيّة‬ ‫والتعمير‬

‫‪EX: revise, proofread and edit the following text offered by a translation‬‬
‫‪trainee‬‬

‫‪Source text :‬‬

‫‪The 1990 statistical bulletin of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency stated‬‬
‫‪that the average production of Saudi Arabian crude oil had reached about‬‬
‫‪eight million barrels per day during the first half of the current year, 1990.‬‬

‫‪Target text :‬‬

‫ذكر منشور إحصائي صدر عن وكالة النقد العربي السعودي لعام ‪3888‬إن معدل إنتاج المملكة‬
‫العربية السعودية من البترول خالل النصف األول من العام الحالي ‪ 1990‬نحو ثمان ماليين‬
‫برميل باليوم‪.‬‬

‫‪313‬‬
‫‪EX: before translating the following text, try to make a pre-transferring‬‬
‫‪adjustment at lexical, syntactic and textual levels in order to bring it‬‬
‫‪at your translation competence‬‬

‫ي ّتسم النفط العراقي بتنوّ ع صفاته ومواصفاته‪ ،‬فمنه الخفيف كنفط كركوك ومنه الثقيل كنفط‬
‫بغداد‪ ،‬ومنه الذي يحوي كبريتيد الهيدروجين والذي يحتاج إلى معالجته بوحدات التركيز‬
‫لتخليصه من كبريتيد الهيدروجين وهي متوفرّة في محافظة كركوك‪.‬‬

‫ضا النفط الرطب الحاوي على الماء المالح والذي يحتاج إلى وحدات عزل‬ ‫وين ّتج العراق أي ً‬
‫الماء قبل أن يكون صالحً ا للتصدير عبر خط األنبوب العراقي التركي إلى ميناء جيهان في‬
‫تركيا أو عبر الموانئ الجنوبية في البصرة‪.‬‬

‫‪318‬‬
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