Input and Output

C PROGRAMMING
UNIT 2
 2

I/O in C
1. Unformatted I/O (getchar(),putchar()..)
2. Formatted I/O (printf(), scanf() )
Reading a character : getchar() 3

❑ General Syntax
variable_name = getchar();
❑ E.g.
char c;
c = getchar();
Reading a character(prg301) 4

Program: prg301
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char c;
printf("Enter a character:");
c = getchar();
printf("Character %c is entered",c);
return 0;
}
Functions related to character data 5

❑ Check the type of character entered

❑ Include header file: #include<ctype.h>
❑ Use functions: isalpha() and isdigit()
Reading a character(prg302)
❑ Check the type of character entered (Program: prg302) 6
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
void main()
{
char c;
printf("Enter a character:");
c = getchar();
if(isalpha(c)!=0)
printf("Enter character is a letter.\n");
else if(isdigit(c)!=0)
printf("Enter character is a digit.\n");
else
printf("Enter character is not alpha numeric\n");
}
Writing a character (prg303) 7

❑ Function: putchar(variable_name);
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char c;
printf("Enter a character:");
c = getchar();
printf("Character entered is:");
putchar(c);
}
Changing character case (prg304) 8
❑ Changing case of character entered.(Upper & lower case)
Program: prg304
void main()
{
char c;
printf("Enter a character:");
c = getchar();
if(islower(c))
putchar(toupper(c));
else
putchar(tolower(c));
}
Formatted Input 9

❑ Refers to input data arranged in particular format.

❑ E.g.: 15.75 123 John
❑ Read to corresponding type variables.
Formatted Input: scanf 10

❑ General format:
scanf("control string",arg1,arg2,…,argn);
❑ Control string(format string): specifies order in
which data to be entered and the type of the data
expected.
❑ arg1,arg2,…,argn : variables where data is stored.
❑ E.g: scanf("%d %c %f", &num,&ch,&fno);
Formatted Input: Integers 11

Inputting Integers
❑ General format of control string: %wd
❑ w ➔ Specifies width of the data to read
❑ d ➔ Indicated we want to read an integer.
❑ E.g. scanf("%5d", &num1)
❑ Reads five digits of user entered number

❑ E.g: scanf("%d", &num1)

❑ Reads maximum possible from number entered.
Formatted Input:Integers(prg305) 12

void main()
{
int a;
printf("Enter 6 digit number:");
scanf("%5d", &a);
printf("The number is: %d",a);
}

Output:
Enter 6 digit number:678123
The number is: 67812
Formatted Input : Integers 13

Skipping a number from reading

❑ E.g. scanf("%d %*d %d", &a, &b) ;
❑ If user entered: 10 50 100
❑ Data read as: a 🡸 10, b🡸 100
❑ 50 entered by user is skipped.
Formatted Input: Real numbers 14

Inputting real number: float and double types

Common usage:
float a,b,c;
scanf("%f %f %f",&a,&b,&c);
❑ For double data type, control string is "%lf"
Formatted Input: Real numbers 15

Inputting float
❑ General format of control string: %wf for float, %wlf for
double
❑ w ➔ Specifies width of the data to read incl. decimal point.
❑ f ➔ Indicated we want to read a float.
❑ E.g. scanf("%5f", &num1)
❑ Reads first five characters of user entered number incl. decimal point

❑ E.g: scanf("%f", &num1)

❑ Reads maximum possible characters from number entered.
Formatted Input: Strings 16

❑ General format: %ws

❑ (E.g: %s , %5s)
❑ char str[10];
❑ scanf("%s",str); // Read till first space or \n found
❑ scanf("%5s",str); // Read first 5 characters
❑ scanf("%[^\n]",str); // Read until \n is found. May not
work well with all compilers.
❑ %[^x] // Read until first x appear in entered string,
excl. x.
Formatted Input 17

Reading Mixed Data Types

int a;
char b;
float c;
scanf("%d %c %f",&a, &b,&c);
Formatted Input(prg306) 18

Detecting errors in input

❑ scanf function returns number of input data successfully read.
int a; char b; float c;
int d = scanf("%d %c %f",&a, &b, &c);
printf("Inputs = %d\n",d);
if(d!=3)
printf("Input Error");
else
printf("No Input Error");
Output:
56 t rtrtt
Inputs = 2
Input Error
Formatted Output 19

❑ Most used output function: printf()

❑ General Syntax:
printf(“Control string", arg1,arg2,arg3,…,argn);
❑ E.g.: c
int a = 10,b=5,sum;
sum = a+b;
printf("The sum of %d and %d is %d. \n",a,b,sum);
❑ Output:
The sum of 10 and 5 is 15.
Formatted Output 20

Examples:
printf("hello world"); 🡺 hello world
printf(" "); 🡺 //prints a blank space
printf("\n"); 🡺 //prints a new line
printf("hello\nworld"); 🡺 hello
world
printf("a=%d \t b=%d",10,5); 🡺 a=10 b=5
(tab inserted)
Formatted Output 21

Outputting Integers:
❑ General format specification: %wd
❑ w ⇒ Specify minimum field width for the output.
❑ That much(w) space is reserved on screen for the data
displayed.
Output of Integer Numbers 22

❑ Examples:
output
1. printf("%d",9876); 9 8 7 6

2. printf("%6d",9876); 9 8 7 6

3.printf("%2d",9876); 9 8 7 6

4.printf("%-6d",9876); 9 8 7 6

5. printf("%06d",9876); 0 0 9 8 7 6

"%ld" ➔ For long int

"%hd" ➔ For short int
Output of Real Numbers 23

❑ General format specifier

%w.pf or %w.pe
(e.g 1.234e3)
❑ w🡸 width specification
❑ p 🡸 precision specification
❑ Default precision is 6.
❑ printf("%f",2.3) 🡸 2.300000
❑ printf("%.3f",2.3) 🡸 2.300
Output of Real Numbers 24

❑ Examples: float y = 98.7654;

output
1.printf("%7.4f",y); 9 8 . 7 6 5 4

2.printf("%7.2f",y); 9 8 . 7 7

3.printf("%-7.2f",y); 9 8 . 7 7

4.printf("%.4f",y); 9 8 . 7 6 5 4

5.printf("%10.2e",y); 9 . 8 8 e + 0 0 1

6.printf("%11.4e",-y); - 9 . 8 7 6 5 e + 0 1
Output of single character 25

❑ General format string: %wc

❑ W ⇒ width c ⇒ character
output
Output of Single Character 26

❑ Examples:
Output
char ch = ‘H’; H
printf("%c", ch ); H
printf("%6c",ch); H
printf("%-4c",ch);
Output of strings 27

❑ General format string : %w.ps

❑ (E.g. "%5.2s""%s")
char str[20] = "HELLO WORLD";
printf("%s",str); H E L L O W O R L D
printf("%15s",str); H E L L O W O R L D

printf("%15.5s",str); H E L L O

printf("%.5s",str); H E L L O

printf("%-15.5s",str); H E L L O
Mixed Data Output 28

❑ printf("%d %c %s %f", a,b,c,d);

❑ Commonly used format strings
Enhancing readability of output 29

Guidelines to improve output readability

❑ Provide enough blank space between two data
items.
❑ Introduce appropriate headings and variable
names.
❑ Print special messages whenever peculiar
conditions occur in output.
❑ Introduce blank lines between important sections
of output.
Enhancing readability of output(prg307a) 30

printf("\nOUTPUT RESULTS\n");
printf("==============\n");
printf("NAME \t AGE \t ID\n");
printf("Ram \t 35 \t 10434\n");
printf("Mohan \t 36 \t 104\n");
printf("Hari \t 25 \t 12\n");