• Paragraph - Its message is unclear and the statements seem

- Group of closely related sentences that develop a unrelated

central idea - Doesn’t give much information about the topic
- A subdivision of a written composition that
consists of one of more sentences, deals with one • Essay
point or gives the words of one speaker, and - Michel de Montaigne – father of modern essay
begins on a new indented line - Prose composition of moderate length, usually
expository in nature
• Topic Sentence - Aims to explain an idea, theory, an impression, or
- Main idea of the paragraph a point of view
- Most important sentence in the paragraph - Short literary composition on a particular theme or
subject
• Supporting Sentences - Simple paper of several paragraphs, rather than
- Facts, statements, examples-specifics which guide one paragraph, that supports a single point
us to a full understanding of the main idea.
- They clarify, illuminate, explain, describe, expand, • Different Parts of Essay
describe, expand, and illustrate the main idea  Introduction
- Contains the thesis statement (main idea of
• Concluding Sentence essay
- Marks the end of the paragraph and often - Introduces that main idea of your essay
summarizes or raises the key point of the - Captures the interest of readers and tells why
paragraph your topic is important
- Provide background information about your
• Qualities of a good paragraph topic
 Unity
- The entire paragraph must be unified on its  Body
structure and all the sentences within the - Supporting paragraphs – make up the main
paragraph should focus on the topic sentence body of the essay; develops the main idea of
your essay.
 Coherence - How to write supporting paragraphs:
- All the sentences and ideas in the paragraph - List the points that develop the main idea of
flow smoothly together to make clear and your essay
logical points about the topic - Place each supporting point in its own
paragraph
- A. A natural or easily recognized order: - Develop each supporting point with facts,
- Chronological/ Time Order – arranging details, and examples
details as they happen according to time; used
in writing narratives  Conclusion
- Spatial/ Space/ Direction Order – arranging - The summary paragraph at the end of the essay
evidence in relation to space, direction/ after developing the ideas
location - Summarizes or restates the main idea of the
- Emphatic/ Importance Order – arranging essay. It leaves readers with a sense of
details in order of importance or emphasis completeness
- Sequential/ Procedural/ Step-by-Step – - How to write a conclusion:
arranging information according to numbers - Restate the strongest points of your essay that
support your main idea
- B. Transition Words or Phrases – used to - Conclude your essay by restating the main
show the connection from one sentence to idea in different words
another, or to signal a new train of thoughts - Give your personal opinion or suggest a plan
- For continuing a common line of reasoning: for actions
consequently, clearly, then, furthermore,
additionally, and, in addition, because, besides • Formal Essay
that, in the same way, also, in the light of… - Deals with a serious & important topic
- To change the line of reasoning: however, on - Derived from philosophy, theology, science,
the other hand, but, yet, nevertheless, on the politics, etc.
contrary - Authoritative and scholarly in treatment
- For the final points of a paragraph or essay: - Objective and impersonal
finally, lastly - Clear and straightforward
- Transitional chains (to use in separating - Teaches or instructs
sections of a paragraph which is arranged
chronologically): first, second, third..., • Informal Essay
generally, furthermore, finally, in the first - May deal with any subject
place, also, lastly/finally, basically, similarly, - Subjective in handling the topic
as well as - Reveals the personality of the author
- To signal conclusion: therefore, this, hence, in - More on the imagination
conclusion, indeed - Entertains and amuses
- To restate a point within a paragraph in - Light, friendly, humorous
another way or in a more exacting way:
after, afterwards, as soon as, at first, at last, • Types of Essay
before, before long, finally, in the first place,  Narrative
in the meantime, later, meanwhile, next, soon, - Anecdotal, experiential, personal
then - Allows writer to express themselves in a
creative, moving way
 Emphasis - Telling a story about real-life experiences
- The principle of the paragraph composition in
which the important ideas are made to stand  Expository
- It is very important that the main points of the - Investigates an idea, evaluates evidence,
writer should be evident inside the paragraph expounds on the idea, and sets forth an
argument concerning that idea in a clear and
• Bad paragraph concise manner
- It doesn’t lead to any main point of view; it’s - Through comparison and contrast, definition,
scattered example, analysis of cause and effect, etc.
 - Explains a topic using facts, statistics, &  Listen well to your teacher, __________ you will
examples fail in the exams.
 We went to the market __________ bought some
fresh fruits and vegetables.
 Leah is afraid of deep water, __________ she does
 Persuasive not know how to swim.
- Investigates a topic, generates, and evaluates  Would you rather have coffee __________ tea?
evidence, and establishes a position on the
topic in a concise manner
- The goal is to convince the reader to accept the • Subordinating Conjunction
writer’s point of view or recommendation - Links a dependent clause to an independent clause
- Indicates that a clause has informative value to add
 Descriptive to the sentence’s main idea, signaling a cause-
- Describes an object, person, place, experience, and-effect relationship or a shift in time and
emotion, situation, etc. place between two places
- Uses colorful words and sensory details
 Independent clause
• Outlining - Group of words that can stand on its own as a
- General plan of you are going to write complete sentence
- Helps make your essay more organized and saves  Dependent/subordinate clause
time for writer - Has 2 specific qualities:
- 1. It doesn’t express a complete unit of thought
• Types of Outline on its own
 Roman-Numeral System Format - 2. It depends upon an independent clause to
- I. II. III. IV. A. B. form a complete idea
 Arabic-Number System Format  Example:
- 1.0, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.2.1, 2.2.2 - Peter was not allowed to enter the mall /
because he was not wearing a face shield.
• Process
 Making an Outline • Subordinating conjunctions showing cause-and-
- Roman numerals – represents paragraphs effect
- Capital letters – supporting details - As, since, because, so that
 Thesis Statement - Examples:
- Guide throughout the process of writing your - His colleagues admire him because he is an
essay honest man.
 Topic Sentences - As he was feeling unwell, James didn’t go to
- Supports the thesis statement; agrees with the work yesterday.
main idea or subpoints in the thesis statement
 Supporting Details • Subordinating Conjunctions signaling relationships
- Ideas you want to include in each paragraph of time or place
- Once, while, when, whenever, as soon as, where,
• Coordinating Conjunctions wherever, before, after
- Joins 2 elements of equal grammatical form - Examples:
- Can join 2 verbs, nouns, adjectives, phrases, or - As soon as he heard the good news, he
independent clauses immediately called his parents.
- For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so - The program was almost over when they
- FANBOYS arrived.
- The baby gets very grumpy whenever he’s
- For – reason (I am happy, for I was able to pass tired.
the test)
- And – addition (I need a paper and a pen) • Correlative Conjunctions
- Nor – negative options (I don’t like singing nor - Works in pairs to join words, phrases, or clauses
dancing) - Parallel structure must be kept intact
- Or – positive options (You can have pizza or
pasta)  Joining words (My uncle is not only a doctor but
- But – contradiction (I like to play outside, but it is also a pharmacist.)
raining)  Joining phrases (All of these clothes are either
- Yet – similar to but (She is intelligent yet too small or worn out.)
boastful)  Joining clauses (Either Monica will bring drinks,
- So – consequence (She didn’t study, so she failed) or she will bring brownies.)

- Examples:  Either/or (I want either the cheesecake or the

- (verb) The children ran and jumped all over the chocolate cake.)
playground.  Both/and (We’ll have both the cheesecake and
- (noun) Do you prefer cereal or toast for the chocolate cake.)
breakfast?  Whether/or (I didn’t know whether you’d want
- (adj.) The toy is really nice but expensive. the cheesecake or the chocolate cake, so I got
- (adv.) Slowly but surely, the turtle won the race. both.)
 Neither/nor (Oh, you want neither the
• Coordinating Conjunctions (answer) cheesecake nor the chocolate cake? No problem.)
 This is a useful lesson, __________ it is difficult  Not only/but also (I’ll eat them both – not only
to remember. the cheesecake but also the chocolate cake.)
 She always actively listens during class  Not/but (I see you’re in the mood not for desserts
discussion, __________ she easily understands the but appetizers. I’ll help you with those too.)
lesson.
 He always wakes up early, __________ he still • Conjunctive Adverbs
comes to class late everyday. - Creates a logical connection between 2
 My brother has never been interested in computer independent clauses or sentences
__________ in video games.  To add:
 Uncle Bob is feeling sick today, __________ he - Additionally, also, moreover, furthermore,
did not go to work. further
 The janitor was given an award, __________ he  To compare:
has served the company for a decade already.
 - Accordingly, likewise, similarly, in the same - Next, afterward, finally, later, last, lastly, at
way last, now, subsequently, then, when ,soon,
 To contrast: thereafter, after a short time, a minute later, at
- However, unlike, whereas, conversely, instead, length, the next week/month/day etc.,
despite that, otherwise, nevertheless, in spite ultimately, presently
of  Place
 To order: - There, beside, here, behind, underneath, in
- Next, now, meanwhile, afterward, so far, front of, nearby, adjacent
subsequently  Addition
- Moreover, furthermore, in addition, and, also,
too, besides, then
 Conclusion
 To emphasize: - In conclusion, to sum up, all in all, to
- Anyway, indeed, specifically, hence, namely, conclude, in the final analysis
undoubtedly, regardless, until now, of course
 To conclude:  Examples:
- Overall, in all, still, thus, therefore - Before Lucas and I went to the concert, Mom
 To illustrate: made dinner.
- For example, for instance, namely - Mom made dinner after/while Lucas and I
 To present cause or effect: went to the concert.
- Therefore, hence, then, thus, accordingly, - Lucas and I went to the concert. Later, Mom
consequently made dinner.
- First, Mom made dinner. Then, Lucas and I
• Rules in punctuating sentences with conjunctive went to the concert.
adverbs
 The first independent clause is followed by a • Transitional Devices (answer) (so, finally, for
semicolon (;), then the conjunctive adverb example, but, still, beyond)
followed by a comma, then the second - I would like to see you tomorrow, __________
independent clause let’s have lunch together. I love to eat.
- Example: - __________ I don’t care much about food. When
- The employee disagrees with his boss; you begin an exercise program, you must be
however, he still obeyed. careful not to overdo it.
- My father, __________, hurt his back by
 Conjunctive adverbs can also be placed at the exercising to hard without warming up first.
beginning of an independent clause. If it occupies - She had looked everywhere for a job;
the beginning of an independent clause, the __________, she was called for an interview.
conjunctive adverb must be followed by a comma.
- Example: • Sentence Structures
- The committee members have varied opinions  Simple Sentence
regarding the proposed project. Hence, the - Has a subject and a predicate
project needs some modification. - Made of 1 independent clause and therefor
form a complete thought
• Conjunctive adverbs (answer) (hence, then, - Examples:
nevertheless, in fact, for instance) - Mass testing started last April 14, 2020.
 I like your personality a lot; __________, I think - Nurses and doctors risk their lives for all of us.
we should be best friends.
 My car payments are high; __________, I really - Examples: simple sentences with compound
enjoy driving such a nice vehicle. parts
 She gets irritated when corrected. __________, - Compound subject: Doctors and nurses are
when the teacher corrected her grammatical errors, real-life heroes.
she suddenly acted differently. - Compound predicate: Scientists observe and
 The thesis was not approved. __________, they study the COVID-19 virus.
need to think of another topic. - Compound subject and Compound predicate:
 We went to the mall to buy a gift. __________, we Mayor Isko and Mayor Vico Sotto gave and
helped in preparing for my grandmother’s birthday sparked hope in the Philippines.

• Transitional Devices  Compound Sentence

- Words, phrases, or sentences that help to connect - Made of 2 independent clauses joined in one
thoughts, qualify information and/or establish of the following ways:
cause-and-effect relationships. - A coordinating conjunction with a comma
- These devices can be used to guide the reader - A semicolon (;) with a conjunctive adverb
through ideas, smooth over transitions, build an - A semicolon only
argument, draw conclusions, and compare or
contrast elements. - Examples:
- Helps the reader to interpret ideas a paper - The government announced ECQ for the entire
develops Manila but many citizens still go out.
- Assist in the logical flow of ideas as they signal - I want to travel but we need to follow the
the relationship between sentences and paragraphs ECQ.

 Comparison - Conjunctive/floating adverbs can be positioned

- In the same way, similar to, likewise, alike, at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of
equally, as, compared to a clause
 Contrast - Moreover, however, otherwise, therefore
- Conversely, although, otherwise, though, - Examples:
otherwise, but, yet, on the other hand, rather - Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
than, nonetheless, in spite - Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.
 Cause - Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover
- Due to, if, because, since, on account of
 Effect  Complex Sentence
- Thus, consequently, hence, since, as a result, - Contains 1 independent and 1 subordinate
therefore, because of this (dependent) clause
 Time - The subordinate clause begins with a
subordinate conjunction
 - The clauses can appear in any order

- Examples:
- Bob is popular even though he is shy.
- We went to San Juan yesterday since we
wanted to have fun.
- Because the virus can affect anyone, people
should stay home.

 Compound-Complex Sentence
- Contains 2 or more independent and at least 1
subordinate (dependent) clause

- Examples:
- Since the government announced the travel
ban too late, people were affected by the virus,
and a lot of front-liners died.
- Though he prefers watching romantic films, he
rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it
very much.
- Laura forgot her friend’s birthday, so she sent
her a card when she finally remembered.