Georgia Department of Education

Health Science Career Cluster

Essentials of Healthcare
Course Number: 25.44000

Course Description:
Anatomy and Physiology is a vital part of most healthcare post-secondary education programs.
The Essentials of Healthcare is a medical-focused anatomy course addressing the physiology of
each body system, along with the investigation of common diseases, disorders and emerging
diseases. The prevention of disease and the diagnosis and treatment that might be utilized are
addressed, along with medical terminology related to each system. This course provides an
opportunity to demonstrate technical skills that enforce the goal of helping students make
connections between medical procedures and the pathophysiology of diseases and disorders.
The pre-requisite for this course is Introduction to Healthcare.

Course Standard 1
HS-EHS-1
The following standard is included in all CTAE courses adopted for the Career Cluster/Pathways.
Teachers should incorporate the elements of this standard into lesson plans during the course. The
topics listed for each element of the standard may be addressed in differentiated instruction
matching the content of each course. These elements may also be addressed with specific lessons
from a variety of resources. This content is not to be treated as a unit or separate body of
knowledge but rather integrated into class activities as applications of the concept.

Standard: Demonstrate employability skills required by business and industry.

The following elements should be integrated throughout the content of this course.
1.1 Communicate effectively through writing, speaking, listening, reading, and interpersonal abilities.
Person-to-Person Telephone and Cell Phone and Communicating At Listening
Etiquette Email Etiquette Internet Etiquette Work
Interacting with Telephone Using Blogs Improving Reasons, Benefits,
Your Boss Conversations Communication Skills and Barriers
Interacting with Barriers to Phone Using Social Media Effective Oral Listening Strategies
Subordinates conversations Communication
Interacting with Making and Effective Written Ways We Filter
Co-workers Returning Calls Communication What We Hear
Interacting with Making Cold Calls Effective Nonverbal Developing a
Suppliers Skills Listening Attitude
Handling Effective Word Use Show You Are
Conference Calls Listening
Handling Giving and Receiving Asking Questions
Unsolicited Calls Feedback
Obtaining Feedback
Getting Others to
Listen

Nonverbal Written Speaking Applications and Effective

Communication Communication Résumés
Communicating Writing Documents Using Language Completing a Job Application
Nonverbally Carefully
Reading Body Language Constructive One-on-One Writing a Cover Letter
and mixed Messages Criticism in Writing Conversations
Matching Verbal and Small Group Things to Include in a Résumé
Nonverbal communication Communication
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Improving Nonverbal Large Group Selling Yourself in a Résumé

Indicators Communication
Nonverbal Feedback Making Speeches Terms to Use in a Résumé
Showing Confidence Involving the Describing Your Job Strengths
Nonverbally Audience
Showing Assertiveness Answering Questions Organizing Your Résumé
Visual and Media Aids Writing an Electronic Résumé
Errors in Presentation Dressing Up Your Résumé

1.2 Demonstrate creativity by asking challenging questions and applying innovative procedures and
methods.
Teamwork and Problem Solving Meeting Etiquette
Thinking Creatively Preparation and Participation in Meetings
Taking Risks Conducting Two-Person or Large Group Meetings
Building Team Communication Inviting and Introducing Speakers
Facilitating Discussions and Closing
Preparing Visual Aids
Virtual Meetings

1.3 Exhibit critical thinking and problem solving skills to locate, analyze and apply information in
career planning and employment situations.
Problem Customer Service The Application Process Interviewing Finding the Right
Solving Skills Job
Transferable Gaining Trust and Providing Information, Preparing for an Locating Jobs and
Job Skills Interacting with Accuracy and Double Interview Networking
Customers Checking
Becoming a Learning and Online Application Questions to Ask in Job Shopping
Problem Solver Giving Customers Process an Interview Online
What They Want
Identifying a Keeping Customers Following Up After Things to Include in Job Search
Problem Coming Back Submitting an Application a Career Portfolio Websites
Becoming a Seeing the Effective Résumés: Traits Employers Participation in Job
Critical Thinker Customer’s Point are Seeking Fairs
Managing Selling Yourself and Matching Your Talents to Considerations Searching the
the Company a Job Before Taking a Job Classified Ads
Handling Customer When a Résumé Should Using Employment
Complaints be Used Agencies
Strategies for Landing an
Customer Service Internship
Staying Motivated
to Search

1.4 Model work readiness traits required for success in the workplace including integrity, honesty,
accountability, punctuality, time management, and respect for diversity.
Workplace Personal Employer Business Etiquette Communicating at
Ethics Characteristics Expectations Work
Demonstrating Demonstrating a Behaviors Employers Language and Handling Anger
Good Work Ethic Good Attitude Expect Behavior
Behaving Gaining and Objectionable Keeping Information Dealing with
Appropriately Showing Respect Behaviors Confidential Difficult Coworkers
Maintaining Demonstrating Establishing Avoiding Gossip Dealing with a
Honesty Responsibility Credibility Difficult Boss
Playing Fair Showing Demonstrating Your Appropriate Work Dealing with
Dependability Skills Email Difficult Customers

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Using Ethical Being Courteous Building Work Cell Phone Etiquette Dealing with Conflict
Language Relationships
Showing Gaining Appropriate Work
Responsibility Coworkers’ Trust Texting
Reducing Persevering Understanding
Harassment Copyright
Respecting Handling Social Networking
Diversity Criticism
Making Showing
Truthfulness a Professionalism
Habit
Leaving a Job
Ethically

1.5 Apply the appropriate skill sets to be productive in a changing, technological, diverse workplace
to be able to work independently and apply team work skills.
Expected Work Traits Teamwork Time Management
Demonstrating Responsibility Teamwork Skills Managing Time
Dealing with Information Overload Reasons Companies Use Teams Putting First Things First
Transferable Job Skills Decisions Teams Make Juggling Many Priorities
Managing Change Team Responsibilities Overcoming Procrastination
Adopting a New Technology Problems That Affect Teams Organizing Workspace and Tasks
Expressing Yourself on a Team Staying Organized
Giving and Receiving Constructive Finding More Time
Criticism
Managing Projects
Prioritizing Personal and Work Life

1.6 Present a professional image through appearance, behavior and language.

On-the-Job Etiquette Person-to-Person Etiquette Communication Etiquette Presenting Yourself
Using Professional Meeting Business Creating a Good Impression Looking Professional
Manners Acquaintances
Introducing People Meeting People for the First Keeping Phone Calls Dressing for Success
Time Professional
Appropriate Dress Showing Politeness Proper Use of Work Email Showing a
Professional Attitude
Business Meal Functions Proper Use of Cell Phone Using Good Posture
Behavior at Work Proper Use in Texting Presenting Yourself to
Parties Associates
Behavior at Conventions Accepting Criticism
International Etiquette Demonstrating
Leadership
Cross-Cultural Etiquette
Working in a Cubicle

Support of CTAE Foundation Course Standards and Georgia Standards of Excellence

L9-10RST 1-10 and L9-10WHST 1-10:
Georgia Standards of Excellence ELA/Literacy standards have been written specifically for
technical subjects and have been adopted as part of the official standards for all CTAE courses.

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Course Standard 2
HS-EHS-2
Classify the basic structural and functional organization of the human body and identify
body planes, cavities, regions, directional terms, tissues, organs and parts of the cell.
2.1 Define anatomy, physiology, homeostasis, metabolism and cellular respiration.
2.2 Identify body planes, cavities, abdominal regions and directional terms. (These will be
utilized later in the various anatomy systems).
2.3 Describe and demonstrate anatomical position utilizing directional terms.
2.4 Classify the basic structural and functional organization of the human body beginning at
the cellular level to also include tissues, organs and systems.
2.5 Identify the structural components of a cell, and describe the function and relationship of
each component.
2.6 Explain the process of mitosis and meiosis.
2.7 Identify the major types of tissue, and provide examples of each type.
2.8 Demonstrate recognition of subjective and objective observations. Document signs and
symptoms in the simulated electronic medical record.

Course Standard 3
HS-EHS-3
Analyze the anatomy, physiology and basic pathophysiology of the integumentary
system, and evaluate and monitor body temperature.
3.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the integumentary system.
3.2 Identify and explain medical terms related to the integumentary system, and utilize
appropriately when documenting in a simulated electronic medical record.
3.3 Research common diseases, disorders and emerging diseases of the integumentary
system including the pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that might be
utilized in each.
3.4 Make observations of the skin to include: color, temperature to touch, scarring, bruising,
abrasions, lacerations, or other abnormalities.
3.5 Discuss the role of the integumentary system in homeostasis regarding body temperature.
3.6 Demonstrate measuring and recording of temperature, and identify abnormal results.

Course Standard 4
HS-EHS-4
Investigate the anatomy, physiology, and basic pathophysiology of the cardiovascular
system, and evaluate and monitor blood pressure and pulse.
4.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the cardiovascular system.
4.2 Identify and explain medical terms related to the cardiovascular system, and utilize when
documenting in electronic medical record.
4.3 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging diseases of the cardiovascular
system including the pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment (including
biomedical therapies) that might be utilized in each.
4.4 Describe the components of blood, and the functions of each. Research when blood
components are prescribed for a patient and why.
4.5 Identify and describe the functions of the chambers, valves and associated vessels of the
heart.
4.6 Distinguish differences in anatomy and pathology of blood vessels to include arteries,
arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
4.7 Identify and trace the flow of blood through the heart, and provide distinction between the
pulmonary and systemic circulation.
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4.8 Name the parts of the conduction system of the heart, and trace the impulses during
initiation and conduction.
4.9 Demonstrate measuring and recording blood pressure and pulse, and identify abnormal
results.

Course Standard 5
HS-EHS-5
Examine the anatomy, physiology and basic pathophysiology of the respiratory system,
and evaluate and monitor respirations.
5.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the respiratory system.
5.2 Identify and explain medical terms related to the respiratory system, and utilize when
documenting in electronic medical record.
5.3 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging diseases of the respiratory
system including the pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment (including
biomedical therapies) that might be utilized in each.
5.4 Differentiate between the upper and lower respiratory tract while tracing the pathway of
air into and out of the respiratory system.
5.5 Explain the physiology of breathing, to include the process of gas exchange.
5.6 Analyze the interdependence of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as they
relate to gas exchange, circulation, and the support of vital organs of the human body.
5.7 Demonstrate measuring and recording respirations, and identify abnormal results.

Course Standard 6
HS-EHS-6
Evaluate the anatomy, physiology, and basic pathophysiology of the muscular and
skeletal systems, and perform technical skills related to the systems.
6.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the muscular system.
6.2 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the skeletal system, including locating and
identifying the bones of the skeletal system and hemopoiesis.
6.3 Explain the relationship between the muscular and skeletal systems, and identify their
interdependence as they relate to body structure, movement and posture.
6.4 Identify and explain medical terms related to the muscular and skeletal systems, and
utilize when documenting in the electronic medical record.
6.5 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging disorders of the muscular and
skeletal systems including pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that
might be utilized.
6.6 Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons.
6.7 Describe the development of the skeletal system.
6.8 Locate and identify the types of joints in the skeletal system.
6.9 Locate and identify the types of muscles in the muscular system.
6.10 Perform range of motion (ROM) for joints such as the shoulder, wrist and ankle.
6.11 Differentiate between active and passive range of motion.
6.12 Demonstrate proper techniques for ambulation with assistive devices (crutches, cane,
walker); and identify limitations and abnormalities.

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Course Standard 7
HS-EHS-7
Analyze the anatomy, physiology, and basic pathophysiology of the urinary system, and
apply knowledge in performance of technical skills related to the system.
7.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the urinary system.
7.2 Identify and explain the medical terms related to the urinary system, and utilize when
documenting in the electronic medical record.
7.3 Describe the structure and function of the nephron, and explain the processes of
secretion, filtration and reabsorption including where the processes occur.
7.4 Compare and contrast the urinary system of the female with the urinary system of a male.
7.5 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging diseases of the urinary system
including pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that might be utilized.
7.6 Demonstrate measuring intake and output, and identify abnormal results (collection of
specimen) and document in an electronic medical record.

Course Standard 8
HS-EHS-8
Analyze the anatomy, physiology, and basic pathophysiology of the reproductive
system, and perform technical skills related to the system.
8.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the reproductive system.
8.2 Identify and explain medical terms related to the reproductive system, and utilize when
documenting in the electronic medical record.
8.3 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging diseases of the reproductive system
including pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that might be utilized.
8.4 Compare and contrast the reproductive system of the female with the reproductive
system of the male.
8.5 Explain the relationship of the endocrine system to the function of the reproductive system.
8.6 Demonstrate appropriate technical skills related to the reproductive system for selected
pathway.

Course Standard 9
HS-EHS-9
Examine the anatomy, physiology, and basic pathophysiology of the nervous system and
special senses, and perform technical skills related to these systems.
9.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the nervous system.
9.2 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the special sense organs (eye, ear, nose,
tongue).
9.3 Identify and explain medical terms related to the nervous system and special senses,
and utilize when documenting in the electronic medical record.
9.4 Identify the components for each type of neuron, and describe the function of each.
9.5 Identify and label the cranial nerves, and explain the function of each nerve.
9.6 Compare and contrast the sympathetic nervous system with the parasympathetic
nervous system.
9.7 Identify and label the lobes of the brain, and explain the functions associated with each
lobe.
9.8 Trace sound waves through the ear.
9.9 Explain the physiology of vision.
9.10 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging diseases of the nervous system
and special senses including pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that
might be utilized.
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9.11 Demonstrate technique for administering vision and hearing testing, and identify
abnormal results.
9.12 Demonstrate technique for cranial nerve evaluation (reflexes), and identify abnormal
responses.
9.13 Differentiate between pediatric and adult reflexes.

Course Standard 10
HS-EHS-10
Evaluate the anatomy, physiology, and basic pathophysiology of the endocrine system,
and perform technical skills related to the system.
10.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the endocrine system.
10.2 Identify the hormones secreted by each organ of the endocrine system, and describe the
role of each hormone.
10.3 Identify and explain medical terms related to the endocrine system, and utilize when
documenting in the electronic medical record.
10.4 Explain the role of the endocrine system in maintaining homeostasis.
10.5 Describe the role of the hypothalamus in linking the endocrine system and nervous system.
10.6 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging diseases of the endocrine system
including pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that might be utilized.
10.7 Demonstrate the roles and responsibilities of patient education related to endocrine
system (i.e. Diabetic patient education).
10.8 Demonstrate technique for utilizing simulated equipment and medical devices related to
the endocrine system (Ex. simulated blood glucose monitor).

Course Standard 11
HS-EHS-11
Investigate the anatomy, physiology, and basic pathophysiology of the digestive system,
and perform technical skills related to the system.
11.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the digestive system.
11.2 Identify and explain medical terms related to the digestive system, and utilize when
documenting in the electronic medical record.
11.3 Compare and contrast chemical and mechanical digestion.
11.4 Trace the path of food throughout the digestive pathway.
11.5 Identify the gastric secretions and describe the function of each.
11.6 Explain the process of absorption.
11.7 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging diseases of the digestive system
including pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that might be utilized.
11.8 Demonstrate measuring height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI), and document in
electronic medical record.

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Course Standard 12
HS-EHS-12
Analyze the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the lymphatic system, and
perform technical skills related to the system.
12.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the lymphatic system.
12.2 Identify and explain medical terms related to the lymphatic system, and utilize when
documenting in the simulated electronic medical record.
12.3 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging diseases of the lymphatic
system including pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that might be
utilized.
12.4 Compare and contrast types of immunity and identify the relationship of the WBC and
the lymphatic system.
12.5 Explain the relationship between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system.
12.6 Trace the flow of lymphatic fluid through the human body.
12.7 Demonstrate technical skill related to the lymphatic system of selected pathway.

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