Asoratory work has special importance in the learning of science as scientific principles develop and grow on the basis of laboratory work. Chemistry is an experimental science; the concepts learned in the theory classes are better understood through experimentation. Laboratory work provides an opportunity to observe many of the chemical phenomena under controlled laboratory conditions and workout a problem through the method of inquiry. In other words, it provides you with ample opportunity to become a keen observer and to draw inferences and explain results. The training in laboratory work helps to develop skills for handling apparatus and equipment and carry out experiments. In this way, the experimental work helps to promote scientific temper and adopt a cooperative attitude. Working in the laboratory provides a platform for trying novel and creative ideas and giving them concrete shape.(L.1. Do's ano aE Peer sy cu mele. ion g The practices outlined below are designated to guide you in developing efficient laboratory techniques and to make your laboratory a pleasant place to work. You should follow the practices listed below: © Wear safety glasses, lab coat and shoes while working in the laboratory. © Check and read the label of the reagent bottle carefully before using its content. * Read procedures and precautions carefully and follow them. * Itis abad practice to leave the reagent bottles on the working table, Put the stoppers properly on the bottles and keep them on the shelf immediately after use.Ifa reagent bottle on your seat is empty, ask the laboratory attendant to fil it. If you require a reagent from the bottle kept on side shelf, take the test tube or the beaker to the shelf. Do not bring the bottle to your seat. Avoid using excessive amounts of reagents unless you are advised to do so. Never return unused chemicals to the stock bottles. If you commit a mistake in putting the material back into the correct bottle, experiments of other students will be spoiled. Never mix the chemicals unless it is required in the experiment. Failure in following this rule may result in serious accidents, Use only properly cleaned droppers, spatulas or pipettes etc. to take out the reagents from the stock solutions and reagent bottles. Do not keep the stopper of the bottle on the table. Impurities may stick to it and the content of the bottle may be contaminated. Whenever you require a chemical from the reagent bottle. pick up the bottle with one hand and remove or replace the stopper with the other hand and keep it ona clean glazed tile. To take out dry solid reagents use spatula and keep it on watch glass, never use filter papers. Do not keep the reagent on your palm or touch it with your fingers. Never throw used match sticks, litmus papers, broken glass apparatus, filter papers or any other insoluble solid material into the sink or on the floor. Dispose them off in the waste bin provided at your seat. Only waste liquids should be thrown in the sink while keeping the tap water running so that nothing stinks and sticks and the waste liquid is drained completely. Do not waste water or gas. Close the taps whenever they are not in use. Do not leave the lighted burner under the wire gauze when nothing ts being heated. Extinguish it Hot apparatus should not be placed on working table directly because it may spoil the working table. Place it on a glazed tile or a wire gauze Do not heat the apparatus which is made of thick glass. e.g., graduated cylinder, bottles, measuring flasks etc., as these break on heating. Also heating distorts the glass and calibrations on the measuring apparatus may become invalid ‘Test tubes may break if they are heated above the level of the liquid filled in them, Crucibles may be heated to red-hot. en Bp) ne =i |G) corrosive | Toxic Explosive | Oxidising REZ reatoarine Note : Look for these symbols ‘on the labels of bottles ofchemicals.BRCM = CM Wore ae Ne dae sese l=.) Heating, filtration, decantation, measuring volumes and weighing solids and liquids are some of the basic laboratory procedures, which are required frequently during the experimentations in the chemistry laboratory. Some of the specific equipment required for this purpose are shown in Fig. 1.2 and 1.3. You will learn about the use of these while performing experiments. Guidelines for using some of the common apparatus are as follows :Clay pipe triangle Crucible tongsite Buctner Reopen botie Roun baton Mekal | ienmeyer flasks ! Ses 3D Wash botle Plan flask os eee ins Crucible ane i Watch glasses Guard tube Glass} ™ greased be ca ssurring | Volumetric F] Thermo- Thistle rod | pipete Anhydrous Platinum —— Mohr - Bwete Caletum chloride wire measuring Pipette Fig. 1.3 : Common laboratory glass apparatusAim Preparation of 250 mL of 0.1M standard solution* of oxalic acid. Theory A solution of exactly known concentration is considered to be a standard solution. There are various ways of expressing the concentration of a standard solution. Standard solution of an acid/ base is used to determine the unknown concentration of a solution of bases / acids by volumetric analysis. For example, a standard solution of oxalic acid can be used to determine the unknown concentration of an alkali solution. The strength of a standard solution is usually expressed in moles per litre. The formula of hydrated crystalline oxalic acid is COOH | - 2H,0 cooHand its molar mass is 126 g, If 126 g of oxalic acid is present in one litre of the solution, it is known as one molar (1,0 M) solution. For the preparation of one litre of 0.1 M oxalic acid solution, we 126 ure: [> =12.68 of hydrated oxalic acid. Therefore, for preparing 280 mL-of 0.1 M oxalic acid solution, we require: 12.6 gx 250 mL 1000 mb In general for preparing a solution of required molarity, the amount 3.1500¢ of hydrated oxalic acid. of substance to be weighed can be calculated by using the formula given below Mass of solute is grams x 1000 Molar mass of solute (volume of solution to be prepared in mL) Molarity (M) Material Required ‘Measuring flask (250 mL) Funnel ‘Weighing tube/Wateh aes: ‘Wash bottle Iron stand with ring clamp : eeeee } Omalicacid : As per need Procedure (Weigh an empty, clean and dry watch glass/weighing tube accurately (Weight 1). (i) Weigh 3.1500 g oxalic acid by placing it on the above watch #lass/in a weighing tube (Weight 2). Always note weight up to the fourth decimal place and clean the balance before and after ‘weighing the chemical. (i) Transfer oxalic acid carefully from the watch glass/weighing tube into a clean and dry measuring flask using a funnel. Weigh the empty watch glass again (Weight 3) and find out the mass of oxalie acid transferred to the measuring flask by substracting this mass (Weight 3) from the combined mass of watch glass and oxalic acid (Weight 2). Calculate the exact molarity of solution from this mass. Wash funnel several times with distilled water by using a wash bottle to transfer the sticking particles if any into the measuring flask. While washing the funnel, add water in small amounts so that its volume in the flask does not exceed“ of the volume of the measuring flask as shown in Fig. 2.27 a, b. Ovatie acta(iv) Swirl the measuring flask till solid oxalic acid is completely dissolved, Add more distilled water with shaking, Make up the volume with distilled water to the etched mark by adding last few mL dropwise. Stopper the flask and shake it thoroughly to make the solution uniform throughout (Fig. 2.27 ¢, d), Label it as 0.1 M oxalic acid solution, (Fig. 2.27 : Making standard a solution (a) Transfering oxalic acid (b} Dituting the solution (c) Adding last few mL. dropwise (a) Standard solution STEER TETETnEEErerel idddddddddddddddddddddd Precautions fa) tb) © @ (o) oO @ ) o 0 ‘The pan of the balance should be cleaned before and after weighing. Never touch the weights with hand. Use forceps to transfer weights from the weight- box to the pan of the balance. Always use spatula to transfer the reagent from the bottle on to the watch glass. Stopper the reagent bottle immediately after withdrawing the substance. Always use distilled water to prepare the standard solution. Always check the adjustment of the balance before weighing the substance. Care should be taken while weighing the chemicals. These should not be spilled on the pan of the balance. Watch glass/weighing bottle and funnel should be washed several times by using small amounts of distilled water each time. While making the solution, water should be added carefully so that the lower part of the meniscus just touches the etched mark of the measuring flask. To ensure uniform composition of the solution, stopper the flask and shake it carefully and thoroughly.