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DLLec8d Notes

Shift registers are sequential logic circuits used to store and transfer digital data. There are several types of shift registers including serial-in serial-out (SISO), serial-in parallel-out (SIPO), and parallel-in serial-out (PISO). SISO shift data in and out one bit at a time. SIPO shifts data in serially but outputs in parallel. PISO shifts data in parallel but outputs serially. Ring counters are a type of circular shift register where the output of the last register is fed back to the first register input.

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24 views5 pages

DLLec8d Notes

Shift registers are sequential logic circuits used to store and transfer digital data. There are several types of shift registers including serial-in serial-out (SISO), serial-in parallel-out (SIPO), and parallel-in serial-out (PISO). SISO shift data in and out one bit at a time. SIPO shifts data in serially but outputs in parallel. PISO shifts data in parallel but outputs serially. Ring counters are a type of circular shift register where the output of the last register is fed back to the first register input.

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Chintan Mandal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 8d

Digital Logic - Sequential Logic


Applications of Flip-Flops
Shift Registers
Chintan Kr Mandal

1 Registers
Definitions
• Registers are data storage devices that are more sophisticated than latches.
• A register is a group of binary cells suitable for holding binary information.

• A group of cascaded flip flops used to store related bits of information is known as a register.

Uses and Applications


Uses :
• Registers are used primarily for the storage of digital data.
• The storage capability of a register makes it an important type of memory device.
• They typically do not possess a characteristic internal sequence of states as do counters.

• They have two basic functions: data storage and data movement.
Applications :
• Temporary storage

• Data transferring
• Data manipulation
• As counters

2 Basic Shift Registers


• The Shift Register is another type of sequential logic circuit that can be used for the storage or the transfer of data in
the form of binary numbers.
• This sequential device loads the data present on its inputs and then moves or “shifts” it to its output once every clock
cycle, hence the name “shift register”.

• Shift registers are a type of sequential logic circuit closely related to digital counters.
• A Shift Register, unlike a counter, has no specified sequence of states, except in certain very specialized applications.

• Shift registers consist of arrangements of flip-t1ops and are important in applications involving the storage and transfer
of data in a digital system.
• A register, in general, is used solely for storing and shifting data (1s and Os) entered into it from an external source
and typically possesses no characteristic internal sequence of states.

1
Types of Shift Registers

3 SERIAL IN/SERIAL OUT SHIFT REGISTERS

• The serial in/serial out shift register accepts data serially-that is, one bit at a time on a single line.
• It produces the stored information on its output also in serial form.

SISO Waveform

The states of the 5-bit register for a specified data input and clock waveforms.
The register are assumed to be initially cleared (all Os).

2
4 SERIAL IN/PARALLEL OUT SHIFT REGISTERS

• Data bits are entered serially (right-most bit first) into this type of register in the same manner as for SISO.
• The difference is the way in which the data bits are taken out of the register; in the parallel output register, the output
of each stage is available.
• Once the data are stored, each bit appears on its respective output line, and all bits are available simultaneously, rather
than on a bit-by-bit basis as with the serial output.

SIPO Waveform

SIPO Details

The unused input (either A or B) should be pulled high to enable the other input.

5 PARALLEL IN/SERIAL OUT SHIFT REGISTERS

3
• For a register with parallel data inputs, the bits are entered simultaneously into their respective stages on parallel lines rather
than on a bit-by-bit basis on one line as with serial data inputs.

• The serial output is the same as in SISO, once the data are completely stored in the register.

Working Principal
• There are four data-input lines, D0 , D1 , D2 and D3 , and a SHIF T /LOAD input, which allows four bits of data to
load in parallel into the register.
• When SHIF T /LOAD is LOW, gates G1 . . . G4 are enabled, allowing each data bit to be applied to the D input of its
respective flip-flop.
• When a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flops with D = 1 will set and those with D = 0 will reset, thereby storing all
four bits simultaneously.
• When SHIF T /LOAD is HIGH, gates G1 . . . G4 are disabled and gates G5 . . . G7 are enabled, allowing the data bits
to shift right from one stage to the next.
• The OR gates allow either the normal shifting operation or the parallel data-entry operation, depending on which AND
gates are enabled by the level on the SHIF T /LOAD input.
Note FFO has a single AND to disable the parallel input, D0 .
It does not require an AND/OR arrangement because there is no serial data in.

6 PARALLEL IN/PARALLEL OUT SHIFT REGISTERS


The PARALLEL IN/PARALLEL OUT SHIFT REGISTERS employs both the methods for PARALLEL Inputs procedures
of PISO and PARALLEL output from SIPO.

Question : Give a solution to the BIDIRECTIONAL SHIFT REGISTERS

7 Ring Counters
7.1 Introduction
• A ring counter is a type of counter composed of a type circular shift register.
• The output of the last shift register is fed to the input of the first register.

Straight Ring Counter / Overbeck Counter


• This connects the output of the last shift register to the first shift register input and circulates a single one (or zero)
bit around the ring.
E.g. In a 4-register counter, with initial register values of 1000, the repeating pattern is: 1000, 0100, 0010, 0001, 1000
....
• Note that one of the registers must be pre-loaded with a 1 (or 0) in order to operate properly.

4
Twisted ring counter / Johnson counter / Möbius counter (also Moebius)
• This connects the complement of the output of the last shift register to the input of the first register and circulates a
stream of ones followed by zeros around the ring.
E.g. In a 4-register counter, with initial register values of 0000, the repeating pattern is: 0000, 1000, 1100, 1110, 1111, 0111,
0011, 0001, 0000 . . . .

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