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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
Procedia
Procedia Computer
Computer Science
Science 00 (2019)
171 (2020) 000–000
1708–1715 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet’19)

Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet’19)
Securing
Securing Land
Land Registration
Registration using
using Blockchain
Blockchain
Krishnapriya S, Greeshma Sarath
Krishnapriya S, Greeshma Sarath
Department Of Computer Science And Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India
Department Of Computer Science And Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, India

Abstract
Abstract
The current land registration process involves a lot of vulnerabilities and people uses it to cheat the common people and the gov-
The current
ernment. land
This registration
paper discussesprocess
about involves
a secure alandlot of vulnerabilities
registry implementedand people uses it to cheat
using blockchain whichtheworks
common people
on the basisand the gov-
of majority
ernment. This paper discusses about a secure land registry implemented using blockchain which works on
consensus. By implementing the land registry in blockchain, the security issue is resolved to a great extent. The hash value cal- the basis of majority
consensus.
culated for By
eachimplementing
block will bethe land registry
unique in blockchain,
as it is linked theof
to the hash security issue isblock.
the previous resolved
Thetoalgorithm
a great extent.
that is The
usedhash value cal-
for hashing is
culated
SHA256. forAlong
each block will be unique
with SHA256, Proof Ofas itWork(PoW)
is linked toalgorithm
the hash of the previous
is also used whichblock.
makesThethealgorithm that isrelated
information used for hashing
to each is
trans-
SHA256. Along with SHA256, Proof Of Work(PoW) algorithm is also used which makes the information
action more secure. Message digest that is generated for each block is of fixed size and each hash represents a complete set of related to each trans-
action morewithin
transaction secure. Message
a given digest
block. The that is generated
proposed for each
land registry block isnetwork
blockchain of fixedconsists
size andofeach hash which
12 nodes represents a complete
calculates set of
the proof of
transaction
work. Nodes within a given block.
are responsible for The proposed
verifying land registry
a transaction, blockchain
mining network
a new block andconsists
adding ofthe12new
nodes which
block calculates
to the the proof
blockchain. of
A total
work.
of 200Nodes are responsible
land transactions for verifying
are recorded usinga the
transaction,
blockchain mining a new block
methodology whichandoffers
adding the new
a tamper block
proof andtoupdated
the blockchain.
version ofA total
land
of 200 land transactions are recorded using the blockchain methodology which offers a tamper proof and updated
registry. Elliptic curve cryptographic algorithm is used for signature generation which is used for verifying whether the transaction version of land
registry.
is signedElliptic
by the curve
ownercryptographic
or not. Merklealgorithm is used
tree is used for signature
for linking generation using
the transactions whichhash
is used
andforin verifying
turn reduceswhether the transaction
the disk usage. The
is signed by
proposed the owner or of
implementation not. Merkle
land treeusing
registry is used for linking
blockchain theoffers
thus transactions using hash
a 99% reduction and in turn
in manual reduces
effort spent intherecord
disk usage.
keeping.The
proposed implementation of land registry using blockchain thus offers a 99% reduction in manual effort spent in record keeping.
c 2020

© 2020 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
c 2020

This is The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the
the CC
CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open
Peer-review access
under article under
responsibility of the
theCC BY-NC-ND
scientific licenseof(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
committee the Third International Conference on Computing and Network
Peer-review under(CoCoNet’19).
Communications
Communications responsibility of the scientific committee of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network
(CoCoNet’19).
Communications (CoCoNet’19).
Keywords: Blockchain; PoW; Hash; Merkle Tree
Keywords: Blockchain; PoW; Hash; Merkle Tree

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
Land registration involves collection of details like ownership and size of the property. Currently the entire process
Landregistry
of land registration involves iscollection
maintenance of details
too tedious since itlike ownership
involves and sizeofoflarge
safekeeping the property.
volumes Currently
of registersthe
inentire process
written form.
of land registry maintenance is too tedious since it involves safekeeping of large volumes of registers
The main issue with the above-mentioned method of land registry maintenance is that any future reference that needs in written form.
The main issue with the above-mentioned method of land registry maintenance is that any future
to be taken from these hard copies will involve too much labour. This process is time consuming. Current systemreference that needs
to be taken
is not securefrom
sincethese hard of
majority copies will involve
the process is not too much labour.
transparent, This
system process
is slow, andisselling
time consuming. Current
a property more system
than once
is not secure since majority of the process is not transparent, system is slow, and selling a property more than once

∗ Corresponding author.
∗ Corresponding
E-mail address:author.
kpriya1994@gmail.com
E-mail address: kpriya1994@gmail.com

1877-0509
1877-0509  c 2020
© 2020 The Authors. Published
The Authors. Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
1877-0509
This c 2020 Thearticle
 Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This isisan
anopen
openaccess under
access article the CC
under the BY-NC-ND
CC BY-NC-ND licenselicense
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under
of the
Peer-review
Peer-reviewunder
underresponsibility
responsibility ofCC
the theBY-NC-ND
scientific
scientific license
committee of (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
the Third
committee International
of the Conference on
Third International Computingon
Conference andComputing
Network Communications
and Network
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications
(CoCoNet’19).
Communications (CoCoNet’19).
(CoCoNet’19).
10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.183
 Krishnapriya S et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1708–1715 1709
2 Krishnapriya S, Greeshma Sarath / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

needs to be recorded accurately. Several approaches have been made to automate the land registry data maintenance
by eliminating the process of keeping bookish records. This is initially done by storing the data in huge databases. But
such a method is not efficient in terms of data security as the data contents are breached easily as data tampering can
happen in case of poorly maintained databases.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that keeps historical record of all transactions that have taken place
across a peer-to-peer network [5]. Implementing land registry using blockchain helps in avoiding fraudulent activities
thereby making the system more secure. Since it is difficult to duplicate the blockchain, implementing land registry
using this technology helps in avoiding any illegal activities involved in land transactions. Contracts and ownership
details are maintained in a decentralized method. It is easier to track the data transaction from the block chain imple-
mentation as it eliminates the need for physical intervention and thus improves the overall security for users of the
system. Blockchain provides an opportunity to establish a strong system for digital identity. Using blockchain, each
block in the network represents the data involved in a land transaction which includes details like property id, property
number, owner details, transaction amount, mode of payment and last transaction details such as amount that has been
paid for that transaction. By the proper use of encryption methodologies like SHA256 algorithm we can ensure data
protection as well as systematic arrangement of data collected.
Implementation of applications using blockchain guarantees the quality of digital data that is being used. Privacy
issues like data security breach and identity theft in digital domain are well addressed[7]. Present day technology uses
password-based approach for accessing confidential information. Method of storage of data in insecure systems is also
not reliable. The authentication schemes followed by blockchain based applications are based on stringent identity
verification based on public key cryptography. Cryptographic method of hashing in blockchain checks whether the
concerned transaction performed is related to the private key involved. Existing automated versions of land registries
have their databases accessible to both commercial units and general public which ensures better documentation of
transaction details. The local terrestrial maps and images of the areas under transaction are also maintained under
these databases to ensure better surveillance of areas under sale. Elliptic cryptographic curve algorithm is used in this
work for producing the signature for each block creating a pair of public private key. By using private key, hash of
the transaction is signed thus making the transaction more secure. Merkle root is also calculated in such a way that it
reduces the disk space, verifies and validates the transaction and is used for liking the blocks using the root hashes,
so that additional validity for the blockchain can be given. Merkle root hash calculation is done by integrating the
transaction from individual unit to a root unit so that the root contains the hash of entire blockchain. This merkle
root hash is also included in land block so that the hash generation will be based on data like merkle root, elliptic
cryptographic algorithm and land details which makes the transaction data more secure.PoW algorithm used in the
blockchain helps in decentralizing the events. What the poof of work algorithm does is that when a new transaction
occurs, it will first broadcast the transaction to every node in the network. Each node will calculate the PoW. One who
found the PoW announces to other nodes in the network and will add that transaction to the block [6]. Difficulty factor
is a parameter in PoW which helps to reduce the time for the creation of a new block, so that attacker cannot create or
duplicate a block within this time. Always the longest growing chain is taken as the genuine chain.
Each block in the blockchain has a unique identification number and no manual correction or any type data tam-
pering within the block is possible. Once a transaction is completed, it is added to the chain of blocks and if two
owners have the same property it is managed with the block chain in a good and secure manner. Blockchain based
land registration has the potential to increase liquidity, mitigate risk, and reduce costs, all of which would make prop-
erty investment an even more attractive prospect. Currently, registration officers and other third party people who get
involved in a land transaction deal often tend to make monetary benefits from the clients who are planning to sell the
property. The offline method of initiating a land transaction often leads to issues like double spending. Blockchain
helps mitigate the interference from third parties by offering a secure platform by means of transaction timestamp,
stored within the block.
By implementing land registry using block chain we are addressing some of the challenges involved in data collec-
tion and storage, data confidentiality, authenticity of ownership details regarding source of money. It also incorporates
the details regarding the funds provided by the financial institutions and the customers involved in land transactions
like banker details and insurance providers. Details regarding the quantity of land purchased by a person or an enter-
prise is incorporated in to the block chain. It also includes representation of previous transaction details, information
regarding financial institutions, protection of collected data, fault tolerance without data loss and details about how to
1710 Krishnapriya S et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1708–1715
Krishnapriya S, Greeshma Sarath / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

represent previous attributes. Maintaining land registry records is a tedious task. The process of referring back to all
the transactions made from a land registry ledger is again a time consuming process. The illegal practices prominent
in our society puts the integrity of data stored in the blockchain network under question. These issues have served as
a source of motivation to innovate the land record maintenance.
This paper is organised as following. Section 2 describes about Related Works. Section 3 describes about Proposed
solution which discusses about system architecture that has been adopted along with the proposed algorithm. Results
are discussed in Section 4 and conclusions are drawn in Section 5.

2. Related works

In health field, medical history of each patient must be treated with utmost confidentiality. Blockchain technology
is used as a distributed approach to provide security for the medical reports of patients. Security is implemented
in a three phased manner which includes authentication, encryption[8] and data retrieval. Quantum cryptography
and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption are used for ensuring a secure transaction for end users. Data
retrieval is realized using SHA algorithm [1].
Financial institutions have also started adopting blockchain technology to avoid issues of network attackers and
security based issues faced in online transactions. Digital currency called bitcoin ensures a peer to peer distributed and
decentralised of payment scheme. Such a network offers added advantages of immutability, reduced charges imposed
by third parties and faster transactions. Confirmation of an electronic payment is based on cryptographic proof and no
third party is involved which offers a reliable payment platform. Issue of double spending is also avoided by means
of distributed timestamp server which generated the computational proof of transaction in chronological order. Users
can validate their identity by means of digital signature. Private key will be used by each user to perform a transaction
while other nodes will check for the authenticity of the payment by checking the public key of the user. If an attacker
wants to interfere with a transaction block, PoW of all previous blocks and all blocks after it must be redone along
with suppressing the work of honest nodes. This cannot be done without the consensus of entire network and hence
attacking a blockchain network becomes a tedious task [2].
When it comes to buying and selling properties, intermediate brokerage charges incurred in a huge sum. It is a
wastage both in terms of time and cost. Blockchain based smart contracts ensures events being tracked in a sequential
manner and an online ledger will be maintained for the same. Evarium system is a digital model for real estate
investment which offers investors better cost reduction and greater profit sharing for commercial property trades.
Smart contracts is a programming language based contract whose information is maintained mainly by means of
service oriented cloud computing facilities. But developing smart contracts in the present evarium system is highly
challenging as it requires a large set of cross dependant smart contracts that must not yield concurrency conflicts.
Another problem is the issue of high distribution which is not addressed in the present work [3].
A blockchain based approach to collate and share academic data pertaining to students between universities and
industries has been implemented in EDuCTX. Credits earned by students will be updated in a chronological order
with latest education being updated in the new block created. Registered higher educational institutes act as nodes
in the network who have the access to grant credits to each student after successful completion of their course work.
PoW is implemented in EDuCTX using ARK blockchain platform. Language problems and admininstrative barriers
faced by international students pursuing course in any foreign university is reduced to a great extent by means of the
available data pool stored and shared in a secure manner. Once a student grants permission for an institute or potential
employers to view their academic data, selection procedure can be completed with less hassle [4].

3. Proposed solution

The main objective behind the implementation of land registration using block chain is to secure the land trans-
action from attacker and to easily maintain records. Proposed solution also keeps a track of double spending which
deals with scenarios related to the same land being sold multiple times to other clients. Since very less documentation
and record keeping effort is required, the time required for performing a land transaction is also less.
The hierarchy involved in organisations involving land based transactions is shown in Fig. 1, which includes one
main registration office and associated sub-register offices. Main registration office is linked to the sub-register offices
 Krishnapriya S et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1708–1715 1711
4 Krishnapriya S, Greeshma Sarath / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

Fig. 1. Main Registration Office

Fig. 2. Single Land Block

by using previous hash. Main registration office holds data related to original quantity of land present before sale while
sub-register offices have data regarding amount of land which has undergone transaction and the remaining land that
is available after a particular deal. Users having multiple lands in multiple states are also kept track off in the chain
who are also linked with their respective land. Thereby it forms a chain of users with basic transaction related details
like the previous and present owner of the property, actual price and selling price of the property along with property
size.
The network is a single main chain, which has multiple blocks linked using hash. Each transaction is verified using
Merkle tree. Fig. 2 shows the parameters available within a block associated with an individual user. Parameters at
the input and output are used to track our transactions. Input is the point from which all transactions are derived and
output is the defined as to whom we are selling the land.

Fig. 3. Overall architecture for forming multiple chain

Fig. 3 shows the block level details pertaining to multiple users. Public key of each user will be available throughout
the network in a distributed manner. Private key will be used by individuals to login to their platform so as to decide
on how much land must be put to sale and how much money must be transferred to the customers involved.During a
transaction, public key will be send throughout the network for consensus while the private key ensures that the user
involved will be able to perform the transaction in a secure manner.
1712 Krishnapriya S et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1708–1715
Krishnapriya S, Greeshma Sarath / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

Fig. 4. Land Transaction Fig. 5. Splitting of Land

Fig. 4 shows a land transaction that takes place between two users in a blockchain environment. The public key
associated with the seller block will be available to the buyer in order to validate the authenticity of the transaction.
Private key will be used by individual users to access their data within individual blocks which cannot be accessed by
any other person. Fig. 5 shows the case in which only a certain portion of land needs to be sold off. The remaining
property details remains intact within the user block which ensures reliability. In case of a property which is hav-
ing more than one owner, transaction happens only when consensus from all the owners are collected. This avoids
unnecessary hassle during a land deal.

Algorithm 1 Algorithm to sell and split land

1: function SendLandAlgorithm(senderPrvtKey, landid, cents, receiverPubKey, price)
2: inputs = get all transaction pointing to the old land from the blockchain
3: Find the specific land from the blockchain
4: oldLand = getLand(landid,chain)
5: create new Transaction t( PrvtKeySender, PubKeyreceiver,newland, oldland, inputs)
6: sign the Transaction using the eliptic curve Algorithm for ed25519
st = EdDSA(t,SenderPvtKey)
7: check to see if the transaction was signed by the owner of the land itself.
8: distribute the signed land for verification to the entire network
9: if (st==signed by owner of land) then
10: assert(verifyTranction(t.signature, land.owners)
11: else
12: return False
13: end if
14: if (user have land to sell) then
15: newland=split(oldland,cents)
16: compute hash for new land
17: add land to blockchain by poW(newLand,3)
18: end if
19: end function

Transferring and splitting of land is done by signing the land by the sender and broadcasting to entire blocks using
Edwards-curve Digital Signature algorithm. To confirm that the transaction is signed by the owner itself, the public key
 Krishnapriya S et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1708–1715 1713
6 Krishnapriya S, Greeshma Sarath / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

is distributed to the entire network which ensures its authenticity. To split a land, availability of property is checked
for the concerned user. If available, based on PoW, new block will be created for the transaction by deducting the
required land from the oldLand variable.

Algorithm 2 Algorithm for Proof Of Work

1: function ProofOfWork(block, di f f iculty)
2: difficulty factor is 3 zeros in hash value)
3: n = difficulty
4: while (hash(block) != n) do
1. increment nonce value by 1
2. recompute hash
5: repeat step 4
6: end while
7: Otherwise return the block with nonce value
8: end function

Second algorithm shows the PoW that is implemented in land registration process. It takes a block and computes
its hash until it matches a specific condition. Here the predefined condition is that hash should start with three zeros.
PoW is like a mathematical puzzle which tries to solve a condition based on difficulty factor. The nonce value is a
random value which will change every time. More the difficulty factor, more secure the network. Algorithm checks
whether hash of the block matches the difficulty factor. If not, the nonce value will be incremented in each iteration
and the computed nonce value will be returned.

Algorithm 3 Algorithm to add new peer

1: function AddPeer(port)
2: try to connect to a instance on the given port
3: if (connection == TRUE) then
add connection to peer list
4: return True
5: else
6: return False
7: end if
8: end function

Third algorithm shown is about adding the peer and establishing the communication. The network will be trying to
connect to the instance of a given port. If connection is true it will be added to the peer list. Otherwise false connection
will be reported. Other two algorithms are to process the message in which every block will get a copy of the latest
chain.

Algorithm 4 shows how to transfer data to a node once a secure connection is established to a port. Broadcasting
of message occurs throughout the network which ensures that attackers does not intrude in our system. Algorithm 5
shows how to process the data based on event type. Depending upon which chain is the longest, copy of that particular
chain will be distributed to the network. The longest chain will be requested and will be checked for its validity. All
the transactions are secured with a hash value and SHA256 algorithm is used for encryption purpose. By using this
algorithm the hash value of the particular block is calculated and these values are used for linking blocks to make the
list of blocks as chain.
1714 Krishnapriya S et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1708–1715
Krishnapriya S, Greeshma Sarath / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7

Algorithm 4 Algorithm to transfer data to nodes

Input the eventtype indicating what event it is, message a JSON string representing the contents.
1: function broadcastmsg(eventtype, message)
2: try to connect to a instance on the given port
3: if (connection == TRUE) then
4: for (for all peer in the peerlist) do
send (eventype,msg) to the peer
5: end for
6: else
7: return False
8:

Algorithm 5 Algorithm to process message

1: Algorithm processmessage(eventtype, message)
2: if the eventtype is connection check to see if connected node has a larger chain if so broadcast(REQUESTCHAIN,
null) to connected peer
3: if the eventype is REQUESTCHAIN Create a JSON representation of the blockchain and transmit it to the peer
as broadcast(CHAIN, JSON data)
4: if the eventtype is CHAIN convert JSON data to object and check to see if the given chain is valid if the given
chain is valid. Then replace the existing chain with new chain
5: if if the eventtype is BLOCK download the given block and check to see if all transactions in it are valid by
checking the signature against the private publickey
6: else return false
=0

4. Results

Table 1 shows the comparison between the features implemented in the present work with the previous ones. This
work shows a better advantage in terms of security features included and cryptographic schemes used when matched
against its predecessors.

Table 1. Comparison of implemented blockchain features.

Works compared PoW SHA256 Elliptic Curve Cryptography Merkle Tree

[3] Yes No No No
[4] Yes Yes No Yes
[5] Yes No No No
[6] Yes Yes No No
[This work] Yes Yes Yes Yes

Analysis is done to check the land transaction using blockchain technology in which using an invalid signature
using we are trying to transfer the land from main account to a dummy account. A total of 12 nodes are present in
the blockchain network with 200 valid transactions Port number and a trial output is created for the attacker node to
run. With an Edwards-curve Digital Signature algorithm, private and public key pair is generated, showing that we
are attempting for the attack. Block with signature is transferred to network with private key of the attacker and once
this private key reaches every node, it verifies public keys of all other nodes and failure occurs as a result of PoW
algorithm. Therefore every time an attacker tries to add a new block to blockchain it will lead to a failed scenario.
 Krishnapriya S et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 1708–1715 1715
8 Krishnapriya S, Greeshma Sarath / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

5. Conclusion

Land registration is implemented using blockchain which offers a more secure platform compared to its prede-
cessors. A total of 200 transactions were performed which included 12 nodes. For the land transaction to be secure,
an algorithm called SHA256 is used which helps to create a unique hash for each block. Once the hash value of a
transaction is obtained it is not possible to obtain the original message. To retrieve the original message, trial and error
or brute force methods are the only way. PoW algorithm is used to verify a transaction, mine the block, distribute the
mined block to every node, and add the block to block chain. User information is stored in a trusted third party server
which is signed by elliptic curve cryptographic algorithm. Advantages of this algorithm are high speed, independence
of the random number generator and high performance. By using a user public key, it is possible to list all the land de-
tails under that user. Registration office page is also listed which contains all the details of users and the properties he
sold and bought. By using difficulty level we have checked whether mining is happening in a secure manner. Merkle
tree is used for validity and linking of the chain and to reduce the disk space. Proper testing is also done with multiple
nodes which ensures a 99% reduction in manual effort spent in record keeping.

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