Chapter 2

CE 152
Structural Theory II
Chapter 2
Approximate Analysis of Rectangular Building
Frames
2.1 Assumptions for Approximate Analysis
2.2 Analysis for Vertical Loads
2.2.1 Illustrative Problem 2-1
2.3 Analysis for Lateral Loads – Portal Method
2.3.1 Procedure for Analysis
2.4 Analysis for Lateral Loads – Cantilever Method
2.5 Review Exercises
After careful study of this chapter, students should be able to do the following:
1. Explain the assumptions for approximate analysis of rectangular frames.
2. Analyze rectangular frames loaded with vertical loads.
3. Analyze rectangular frames loaded with lateral loads.
approximate analysis
Ø the internal forces are estimated by making certain assumptions about the deformations
and/or the distribution of forces between the members of structures, thereby avoiding the
necessity of computing deflections
Ø different approximate method must be employed for the analysis of a rectangular frame
under vertical (gravity) loads than for the same frame subjected to lateral loads
Ø expected to yield results within 20% of the exact solutions
2.1 Assumptions for Approximate Analysis
1. Assumptions about the Location of Points of Inflection

point of inflection
Ø the point where the curvature of the elastic curve changes signs, or becomes zero
Ø where the bending moment is zero
ð internal hinges are inserted in the indeterminate structure at the assumed locations of
inflection points to obtain a simplified determinate structure
ð each of the internal hinges provides one equation of condition, so the number of
inflection points assumed should be equal to the degree of indeterminacy of the
structure
1 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Approximate Analysis of Rectangular Building Frames
CE 152
§it is assumed that the inflection point is located at the midpoint of the girder
§since the bending moment at an inflection point must be zero, an internal hinge
is inserted at the midpoint of the girder
2. Assumptions about Distribution of Forces among Members and/or Reactions
ð the number of assumptions required for the analysis of a structure is equal to the
degree of indeterminacy of the structure, with each assumption providing an
independent equation relating the unknown member forces and/or reactions
2.2 Analysis for Vertical Loads

For the approximate analysis of a rectangular frame subjected to vertical loads, the following
assumptions are made for each girder of the frame:
1. The inflection points are located at one-tenth of the span from each end of the girder.
2. The girder axial force is zero.
ð the middle eight-tenths of the span (0.8𝐿) of each girder can be considered to be simply
supported on the two end portions of the girder, each of which is of the length equal to one-
tenth of the girder span (0.1𝐿)

CE 152
Building Frame:
Simplified Determinate Girder:

CE 152
Simplified Determinate Frame:

Draw the approximate shear and bending moment diagrams for the girders of the frame shown.
Solution:
Ø since the span lengths and loads for the four girders of the frame are the same, the
approximate shear and bending moment diagrams for the girders will also be the same
Ø consider the segment 𝐷𝐸
§ for the middle portion
0.8𝐿 = 0.8(10) = 8 𝑚
§ for the end portions
0.1𝐿 = 0.1(10) = 1 𝑚
§ simplified determinate girder

CE 152
Solving for 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 :

(consider the middle portion)
+↺ Σ𝑀2 = 0
𝑅3 (8) − 22(8)(4) = 0
𝑅3 = 88 𝑘𝑁
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑅2 + 88 − 22(8) = 0
𝑅2 = 88 𝑘𝑁
Solving for the end shears and moments:

(consider the end portions)
• left portion
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑆../ − 88 − 22(1) = 0
𝑆../ = 110 𝑘𝑁
+↺ Σ𝑀. = 0
𝑀../ − 22(1)(0.5) − 88(1) = 0
𝑀../ = 99 𝑘𝑁𝑚
• right portion
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑆/./ − 88 − 22(1) = 0
𝑆/./ = 110 𝑘𝑁
+↺ Σ𝑀. = 0
−𝑀/./ + 22(1)(0.5) + 88(1) = 0
𝑀/./ = 99 𝑘𝑁𝑚
§ note that:
𝑀../ is a negative moment
𝑀/./ is a negative moment
𝑆../ is a positive shear
𝑆/./ is a negative shear

CE 152
Ø shear and bending moment diagram for segment 𝐷𝐸
§ for the maximum moment:

1
𝑀ABC = −99 + (110)(5) = 176 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
Ø shear diagram of the girders:
Ø bending moment diagrams of the girders:

CE 152
2.3 Analysis for Lateral Loads – Portal Method

Ø initially developed by A. Smith in 1915
Ø assumptions:
1. An inflection point is located at the middle of each member of the frame.
2. On each story of the frame, interior columns carry twice as much shear as exterior
columns.

CE 152

1. Draw a sketch of the simplified frame obtained by inserting an internal hinge at the
midpoint of each member of the given frame.
2. Determine column shears. For each story of the frame:
a. Pass a horizontal section through all the columns of the story, cutting the frame into two
portions.
b. Assuming that the shears in interior columns are twice as much as in exterior columns,
determine the column shears by applying the equation of horizontal equilibrium
(Σ𝐹C = 0) to the free body of the upper portion of the frame.
3. Draw free-body diagrams of all the members and joints of the frame, showing the external
loads and the column end shears computed on the previous step.
4. Determine column moments. Determine moments at the ends of each column by applying
the equations of condition that the bending moment is zero at the column midheight,
where an inflection point (internal hinge) has been assumed.
Σ𝑀FGF = 0
Σ𝑀FHF = 0
§ the moments at the two ends of the
column are equal in magnitude and
have the same sense
§ the magnitude of the column end
moments (𝑀I ) is equal to the
magnitude of the column shears (𝑆I )
times half the column height
ℎ
𝑀I = 𝑆I J L
2
Determine end moments for all the columns of the frame.

5. Determine girder axial forces, moments, and shears. Proceeding from the top story of the
frame to the bottom, compute axial forces, moments, and shears at the ends of the girders
of each successive story by starting at the far left joint of the story and working across to the
right, as follows:

CE 152
a. Apply the equilibrium equations, Σ𝐹C = 0 and Σ𝑀 = 0, to the free body of the joint un
der consideration to compute the axial force and moment, respectively, at the left
(adjoining) end of the girder on the right side of the joint.
b. Considering the free body of the girder, determine the shear at the girder’s left end by
dividing the girder moment by half the girder length; that is
𝑀M
𝑆M =
(𝐿⁄2)
c. By applying the equilibrium equations, Σ𝐹C = 0, Σ𝐹> = 0, and Σ𝑀 = 0 to the free body
of the girder, determine the axial force, shear, and moment respectively, at the right
end.
§ the axial forces and shears at

the ends of the girder must be
equal but opposite, whereas
the two end moments must be
equal to each other in both
magnitude and direction
d. Select the joint to the right of the girder considered previously, and repeat steps 5(a)
through 5(c) until the axial forces, moments, and shears in all the girders of the story
have been determined. The equilibrium equations Σ𝐹C = 0 and Σ𝑀 = 0 for the right end
joint have not been utilized so far, so these equations can be used to check the
calculations.
e. Starting at the far left joint of the story below the one considered previously, repeat
steps 5(a) through 5(d) until the axial forces, moments, and shears in all of the girders of
the frame have been determined.
6. Determine column axial forces. Starting at the top story, apply the equilibrium equation
Σ𝐹> = 0 successively to the free body of each joint to determine the axial forces in the
columns of the story. Repeat the procedure for each successive story, working from top to
bottom, until the axial forces in all the columns of the frame have been determined.
7. Realizing that the forces and moments at the lower ends of the bottom-story columns
represent the support reactions, use the three equilibrium equations of the entire frame to
check the calculations. If the analysis has been performed correctly, then these equilibrium
equations must be satisfied.

Determine the approximate axial forces, shears, and moments for all the members of the frame
shown by using the portal method.

CE 152
Solution:
Ø simplified frame
Ø column shears
§ FBD of the frame above a-a:
+→ Σ𝐹C = 0
60 − 𝑆 − 2𝑆 − 𝑆 = 0
𝑆 = 15 𝑘𝑁
§ shear forces at the lower ends of the columns
𝑆PP. = 𝑆 = 15 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝑆GG/ = 2𝑆 = 30 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝑆IIS = 𝑆 = 15 𝑘𝑁 ←
§ shear forces at the upper ends of the columns

CE 152
𝑆.P. = 15 𝑘𝑁 →
𝑆/G/ = 30 𝑘𝑁 →
𝑆SIS = 15 𝑘𝑁 →
Ø column moments
ℎ
𝑀I = 𝑆I J L
2
P. P.
8
𝑀P = 𝑀. = 15 J L = 60 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
2
(opposite the direction of the moment of 𝑆PP. about the hinge)
8
𝑀GG/ = 𝑀/G/ = 30 J L = 120 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
2
(opposite the direction of the moment of 𝑆GG/ about the hinge)
8
𝑀IIS = 𝑀SIS = 15 J L = 60 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
2
(opposite the direction of the moment of 𝑆IIS about the hinge)
Ø girder axial forces, moments, and shears

joint 𝐷:
+↺ Σ𝑀. = 0
𝑀../ − 60 = 0
𝑀../ = 60 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
+→ Σ𝐹C = 0
60 − 15 − 𝑄../ = 0
𝑄../ = 45 𝑘𝑁 ←
girder 𝐷𝐸:
𝑀M
𝑆M =
(𝐿 ⁄2)

CE 152
𝑀../ 60
𝑆../ = = = 12 𝑘𝑁 ↓
(𝐿⁄2) 5
(downward to produce counterclockwise moment about the hinge)
+↻ Σ𝑀/ = 0
𝑀/./ + 60 − 12(10) = 0
𝑀/./ = 60 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑆/./ − 12 = 0
𝑆/./ = 12 𝑘𝑁 ↑
+→ Σ𝐹C = 0
45 − 𝑄/./ = 0
𝑄/./ = 45 𝑘𝑁 ←
joint 𝐹:
+↺ Σ𝑀/ = 0
𝑀//S + 60 − 120 = 0
𝑀//S = 60 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
+→ Σ𝐹C = 0
45 − 30 − 𝑄//S = 0
𝑄//S = 15 𝑘𝑁 ←
girder 𝐸𝐹:
𝑀//S 60
𝑆//S = = = 12 𝑘𝑁 ↓
(𝐿 ⁄2) 5
(downward to produce counterclockwise moment about the hinge)
𝑀S = 𝑀//S = 60 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
/S
(same direction)
𝑆S/S = 12 𝑘𝑁 ↑
(by inspection)
/S
𝑄S = 15 𝑘𝑁 ←
(by inspection)
Ø column axial forces

joint 𝐷:

CE 152
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
12 − 𝑄.P. = 0
𝑄.P. = 12 𝑘𝑁 ↓
joint 𝐸:
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
12 − 12 + 𝑄/G/ = 0
𝑄/G/ = 0
joint 𝐹:
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑄SIS − 12 = 0
𝑄SIS = 12 𝑘𝑁 ↑
by inspection:
𝑀SIS = 60 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
𝑆SIS = 15 𝑘𝑁 ←

CE 152
2.4 Analysis for Lateral Loads – Cantilever Method

Ø initially developed by A.C. Wilson in 1908
Ø generally considered to be appropriate for the approximate analysis of relatively tall
building frames
Ø assumptions:
1. An inflection point is located at the middle of each member of the frame.
2. On each story of the frame, the axial forces in columns are linearly proportional to their
distances from the centroid of the cross-sectional areas of all the columns on that story.

1. Draw a sketch of the simplified frame obtained by inserting an internal hinge at the
midpoint of each member of the given frame.
2. Determine column axial forces. For each story of the frame:
a. Pass a horizontal section through the internal hinges at the column midheights, cutting
the frame into two portions.
b. Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the frame above the section. Because the
section passes through the columns at the internal hinges, only internal shears and axial
forces (but no internal moments) act on the free body at the points where the columns
have been cut.
c. Determine the location of the centroid of all the columns on the story under
consideration.
d. Assuming that the axial forces in the columns are proportional to their distances from
the centroid, determine the column axial forces by applying the moment equilibrium
equation, Σ𝑀 = 0, to the free body of the frame above the section. To eliminate the

CE 152
unknown column shears from the equilibrium equation, the moments should be
summed about one of the internal hinges at the column midheights through which the
section has been passed.
3. Draw free-body diagrams of all the members and joints of the frame showing the external
loads and the column axial forces computed in the previous step.
4. Determine girder shears and moments. For each story of the frame, the shears and
moments at the ends of girders are computed by starting at the far left joint and working
across to the right (or vice versa), as follows:
a. Apply the equilibrium equation Σ𝐹> = 0 to the free body of the joint under
consideration to compute the shear at the left end of the girder that is on the right side
of the joint.
b. Considering the free body of the girder, determine the moment at the girder’s left end
by multiplying the girder shear by half the girder length; that is,
𝐿
𝑀M = 𝑆M J L
2
c. By applying the equilibrium equations Σ𝐹> = 0 and Σ𝑀 = 0 to the free body of the
girder, determine the shear and moment, respectively at the right end.
d. Select the joint to the right of the girder considered previously, and repeat steps 4(a)
through 4(c) until the shears and moments in all the girders of the story have been
determined. Because the equilibrium equation Σ𝐹> = 0 for the right end joint has not
been utilized so far, it can be used to check the calculations.
5. Determine column moments and shears. Starting at the top story, apply the equilibrium
equation Σ𝑀 = 0 to the free body of each joint of the story to determine the moment at
the upper end of the column below the joint. Next, for each column of the story, calculate
the shear at the upper end of the column by dividing the column moment by half the
column height; that is,
𝑀W
𝑆W =
(ℎ⁄2)
Determine the shear and moment at the lower end of the column by applying the
equilibrium equations Σ𝐹C = 0 and Σ𝑀 = 0, respectively, to the free body of the column.
Repeat the procedure for each successive story, working from top to bottom, until the
moments and shears in all the columns of the frame have been determined.
6. Determine girder axial forces. For each story of the frame, determine the girder axial forces
by starting at the far left joint and applying the equilibrium equation Σ𝐹C = 0 successively to
the free body of each joint of the story.
7. Realizing that the forces and moments at the lower ends of the bottom-story columns
represent the support reactions, use the three equilibrium equations of the entire frame to
check the calculations. If the analysis has been performed correctly, then these equilibrium
equations must be satisfied.

Determine the approximate axial forces, shears, and moments for all the members of the frame
shown by using the cantilever method.

CE 152
Solution:
Ø simplified frame
Ø consider section a-a:

CE 152
§ solving for 𝑥̅ :
𝐴.[ = 𝐴/F = 𝐴S\ = 𝐴
Σ𝐴𝑥 𝐴(0) + 𝐴(10) + 𝐴(16) 26𝐴 26
𝑥̅ = = = = 𝑚
Σ𝐴 𝐴+𝐴+𝐴 3𝐴 3
§ by ratio and proportion:
𝑄..[ 𝑄//F 2 .[
= ⟹ 𝑄//F = 𝑄
26
10 −
26 13 .
3 3
𝑄..[ 𝑄SS\ 11 .[
= ⟹ 𝑄SS\ = 𝑄
26
16 −
26 13 .
3 3
§ solving for the axial forces:
summing moments about the lowest leftmost internal hinge(+↻)
45(2) − 𝑄//F (10) − 𝑄SS\ (16) = 0
2 .[ 11
90 − 𝑄. (10) − 𝑄..[ (16) = 0
13 13
𝑄..[ = 5.969 𝑘𝑁 ↓
2 .[ 2
𝑄//F = 𝑄. = (5.969) = 0.918 𝑘𝑁 ↑
13 13
11 .[ 11
𝑄SS\ = 𝑄 = (5.969) = 5.051 𝑘𝑁 ↑
13 . 13
Ø consider section b-b:

CE 152
§ solving for 𝑥̅ :
𝐴.[ = 𝐴/F = 𝐴S\ = 𝐴
Σ𝐴𝑥 𝐴(0) + 𝐴(10) + 𝐴(16) 26𝐴 26
𝑥̅ = = = = 𝑚
Σ𝐴 𝐴+𝐴+𝐴 3𝐴 3
§ by ratio and proportion:
𝑄PP. 𝑄GG/ 2 P.
= ⟹ 𝑄GG/ = 𝑄
26
10 −
26 13 P
3 3
𝑄PP. 𝑄IIS 11 P.
= ⟹ 𝑄IIS = 𝑄
26
16 −
26 13 P
3 3
§ solving for the axial forces:
summing moments about the lowest leftmost internal hinge(+↻)
45(6.5) + 90(2.5) − 𝑄GG/ (10) − 𝑄IIS (16) = 0
2 11
517.5 − 𝑄PP. (10) − 𝑄PP. (16) = 0
13 13
𝑄PP. = 34.324 𝑘𝑁 ↓
2 P. 2
𝑄GG/ = 𝑄P = (34.324) = 5.281 𝑘𝑁 ↑
13 13
11 P. 11
𝑄IIS = 𝑄 = (34.324) = 29.043 𝑘𝑁 ↑
13 P 13
Ø girder shears and moments

CE 152
§ consider joint 𝐺:
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑆[[F − 5.969 = 0
𝑆[[F = 5.969 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider girder 𝐺𝐻:
𝐿
𝑀M = 𝑆M J L
2
10
𝑀[[F = 5.969 J L = 29.845 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
2
𝑀F[F = 29.845 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
𝑆F[F = 5.969 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider joint 𝐻:
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑆FF\ − 5.969 + 0.918 = 0
𝑆FF\ = 5.051 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider girder 𝐻𝐼:
6
𝑀FF\ = 5.051 J L = 15.153 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
2
𝑀\F\ = 15.153 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
𝑆\F\ = 5.051 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider joint 𝐷:

CE 152
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑆../ + 5.969 − 34.324 = 0
𝑆../ = 28.355 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider girder 𝐷𝐸:
10
𝑀../ = 28.355 J L = 141.775 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
2
𝑀/./ = 141.775 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
𝑆/./ = 28.355 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider joint 𝐸:
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑆//S + 5.281 − 28.355 − 0.918 = 0
𝑆//S = 23.992 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider girder 𝐸𝐹:
6
𝑀//S = 23.992 J L = 71.976 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
2
𝑀S/S = 71.976 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
𝑆S/S = 23.992 𝑘𝑁 ↑
Ø column moments, axial forces, and shears

CE 152
§ consider joint 𝐺:
+↺ Σ𝑀[ = 0
29.845 − 𝑀[.[ = 0
𝑀[.[ = 29.845 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
§ consider column 𝐷𝐺:
𝑀W
𝑆W =
(ℎ⁄2)
29.845
𝑆[.[ = = 14.922 𝑘𝑁 →
4
2
𝑀..[ = 𝑀[.[ = 29.845 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
𝑆..[ = 14.922 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝑄..[ = 5.969 𝑘𝑁 ↓
§ consider joint 𝐻:
+↺ Σ𝑀F = 0
29.845 − 𝑀F/F + 15.153 = 0
𝑀F/F = 44.998 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
§ consider column 𝐸𝐻:
44.998
𝑆F/F = = 22.499 𝑘𝑁 →
4
2
𝑀//F = 44.998 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
𝑆//F = 22.499 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝑄//F = 0.91 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider joint 𝐼:

CE 152
+↺ Σ𝑀\ = 0
15.153 − 𝑀\S\ = 0
𝑀\S\ = 15.153 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑄\S\ − 5.051 = 0
𝑄\S\ = 5.051 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider column 𝐹𝐼:
15.153
𝑆\S\ = = 7.576 𝑘𝑁 →
4
2
𝑀SS\ = 15.153 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
𝑆SS\ = 7.576 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝑄SS\ = 5.051 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider joint 𝐷:
+↺ Σ𝑀. = 0
141.775 − 𝑀.P. − 29.845 = 0
𝑀.P. = 111.93 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
§ consider column 𝐴𝐷:
111.93
𝑆.P. = = 44.772 𝑘𝑁 →
5
2
𝑀PP. = 111.93 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
𝑆PP. = 44.72 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝑄PP. = 34.324 𝑘𝑁 ↓
§ consider joint 𝐸:

CE 152
+↺ Σ𝑀/ = 0
141.775 + 71.976 − 44.998 − 𝑀/G/ = 0
𝑀/G/ = 168.753 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
§ consider
column 𝐵𝐸:
168.753
𝑆/G/ = = 67.501 𝑘𝑁 →
5
2
𝑀GG/ = 168.753 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
𝑆GG/ = 67.501 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝑄GG/ = 5.281 𝑘𝑁 ↑
§ consider joint 𝐹:
+↺ Σ𝑀S = 0
71.976 − 15.153 − 𝑀SIS = 0
𝑀SIS = 56.823 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
+↑ Σ𝐹> = 0
𝑄SIS − 5.051 − 23.992 = 0
𝑄SIS = 29.043 𝑘𝑁 ↑

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§ consider column 𝐶𝐹:
56.823
𝑆SIS = = 22.729 𝑘𝑁 →
5
2
𝑀IIS = 56.823 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
𝑆IIS = 22.729 𝑘𝑁 ←
𝑄IIS = 29.043 𝑘𝑁 ↑

CE 152
Ø summary

CE 152
2.5 Review Exercises
1. Draw the approximate shear and bending moment diagrams for the girders of the frame
shown.
Answers:
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 90 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 90 𝑘𝑁 ↑
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 48.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↺
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 48.6 𝑘𝑁𝑚 ↻
shown.
Answers:
𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝑬:
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 80 𝑘𝑁
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 80 𝑘𝑁
𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝑭:
shown.

CE 152
Answers:
𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝑬:
𝑮𝒊𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝑰:
4. Determine the approximate axial forces, shears, and moments for all the members of the
frame shown by using the portal method.
Answers:
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝑫:
𝑄 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑩𝑬:
𝑄=0

CE 152
𝑆 = 112.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 337.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑬𝑭:
𝑄 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Answers:
𝑄 = 75 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 67.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝑭:
𝑄 = 75
𝑆 = 67.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑫𝑬:
𝑄 = 45 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 60 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 225 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝑰:
𝑄 = 67.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 15 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁𝑚

CE 152
Answers:
𝑄 = 47.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 45 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 81 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑄 = 63 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 45 𝑘𝑁
𝑄 = 28.125 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 37.125 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 111.375 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑄 = 50.625 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 13.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 30.375 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Answers:
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝑬:
𝑄 = 34.22 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 29.17 𝑘𝑁

CE 152
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝑮:
𝑄 = 45.11 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 58.34 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 140 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑄 = 58.33 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 24.89 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 112 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑱𝑲:
𝑄 = 35 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 28 𝑘𝑁
frame shown by using the cantilever method.
Answers:
𝑄 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑩𝑬:
𝑄=0
𝑆 = 112.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 337.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑄 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚

CE 152
Answers:
𝑄 = 75 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 67.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑄 = 75
𝑆 = 67.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑄 = 45 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 60 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 225 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑄 = 67.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 15 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 56.25 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Answers:
𝑄 = 47.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 45 𝑘𝑁

CE 152
𝑄 = 63 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 45 𝑘𝑁
𝑄 = 28.125 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 37.125 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 111.375 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑄 = 50.625 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 13.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 30.375 𝑘𝑁𝑚
Answers:
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝑬:
𝑄 = 34.22 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 29.17 𝑘𝑁
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝑮:
𝑄 = 45.11 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 58.34 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 140 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑄 = 58.33 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 24.89 𝑘𝑁
𝑀 = 112 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝑱𝑲:
𝑄 = 35 𝑘𝑁
𝑆 = 28 𝑘𝑁

CE 152


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CE 152

2.1 Assumptions for Approximate Analysis

1. Assumptions about the Location of Points of Inflection

1 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

2.2 Analysis for Vertical Loads

2 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Simplified Determinate Girder:

3 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

2.2.1 Illustrative Problem 2-1

4 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Solving for 𝑅2 and 𝑅3 :

Solving for the end shears and moments:

5 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

§ for the maximum moment:

Ø bending moment diagrams of the girders:

6 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

2.3 Analysis for Lateral Loads – Portal Method

7 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

2.3.1 Procedure for Analysis

Determine end moments for all the columns of the frame.

8 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

§ the axial forces and shears at

2.3.2 Illustrative Problem 2-2

9 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

10 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Ø girder axial forces, moments, and shears

11 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Ø column axial forces

12 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

13 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

2.4 Analysis for Lateral Loads – Cantilever Method

2.4.1 Procedure for Analysis

14 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

2.4.2 Illustrative Problem 2-3

15 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Ø consider section a-a:

16 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Ø consider section b-b:

17 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

Ø girder shears and moments

18 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

§ consider girder 𝐺𝐻:

§ consider girder 𝐻𝐼:

19 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

§ consider girder 𝐷𝐸:

§ consider girder 𝐸𝐹:

Ø column moments, axial forces, and shears

20 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

§ consider column 𝐷𝐺:

§ consider column 𝐸𝐻:

21 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

§ consider column 𝐴𝐷:

22 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

23 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

24 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

25 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

26 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

27 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

28 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP

29 Chapter 2 MARLON T. ACOBA, MSCE, M.ASEP