Gse Solution10 Pro

Today’s Discussion Points
– Hooks law
– Fluid friction
Atoms – the Big Idea
- Atoms, elements and compounds
- Atomic structure: different models
- How electrons are arranged
Hooke's law
Hooke's law states that the force required to extend or
compress a spring is proportional to the amount of
stretch or compression. Hooke's Law can be
summarized as "the more you stretch or compress a
spring, the more force it will exert back in the
opposite direction."
Mathematically, Hooke's Law is expressed as:
F = -k * x
Where:
F is the force applied to the spring or elastic material,
k is the spring constant (a measure of the stiffness of the spring or material), and
x is the amount of deformation (the change in length) of the spring.
the spring constant is a measure of the stiffness of the spring. A spring with a high spring
constant is more difficult to stretch or compress than a spring with a low spring constant.
Here are some examples of Hooke's law:
• When you stretch a rubber band, the force required to stretch it is proportional to
the amount of stretch. The greater the stretch, the greater the force required.
• When you compress a spring, the force required to compress it is proportional to
the amount of compression. The greater the compression, the greater the force
required.
1. Atoms and Force: Now, let's dive a little deeper. All objects are made up of tiny building
blocks called atoms. When you stretch or compress an object, these atoms move from their
normal positions. Hooke's Law tells us that the amount of these tiny movements is directly
related to the force we apply. If we push or pull lightly, the atoms move only a little bit. If
we push or pull harder, the atoms move more.
2. Hooke's Law works best for materials that are elastic, like rubber or
certain
Elastic metals. Elastic materials can handle these tiny atomic movements and return to
Materials:
their original shape once the force is gone. It's like a "bounce-back" effect: they deform under
the force, but they want to get back to their original arrangement when the force is removed.
What is fluid friction?

The resistance to an object’s motion in a fluid is called
fluid friction. However, the resistance is not restricted
to solid objects only. It also occurs within the different
layers of the fluid, which can be liquid or gas. When it
occurs within the fluid, the friction of fluid flow is called
viscosity. A high viscosity fluid will be more viscous
than a low viscosity fluid. For example, honey is more
viscous than water and does not flow as smoothly as
water.
the amount of fluid friction depends on a number of

factors, including the viscosity of the fluid, the speed of
the fluid, and the surface roughness of the two surfaces.
• Viscosity: Viscosity is a measure of how much a
fluid resists flow. The higher the viscosity, the
more fluid friction there will be
• Speed: The faster the fluid is moving, the more
fluid friction there will be.
• Surface roughness: The rougher the surface, the
more fluid friction there will be.
• The design of ships and airplanes. The shape of a ship or airplane is

designed to reduce fluid friction, which helps to improve fuel efficiency.
Here are some examples of fluid friction:
• When you swim, you feel the resistance of the water against your body.
This is fluid friction.
• When you drive a car, you feel the drag of the air against the car. This is
also fluid friction.
• When you pour a glass of water, the water flows slowly down the side of
the glass. This is because of the fluid friction between the water and the
glass.
Property Compound Element Molecule
Substance made up of two

or more different elements Substance that cannot be
Smallest unit of a
broken down into
Definition that are chemically compound that can
simpler substances by
bonded exist independently
chemical means
together
Water (H2O), table salt Water molecule

(NaCl), carbon dioxide Hydrogen (H), oxygen (H2O), carbon dioxide
Examples (CO2) (O), gold (Au) molecule (CO2)
atomic structure
• Atoms are the basic unit of matter. They are made up of three types of
subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom. The
nucleus is very small, but it contains most of the atom's mass. Protons have
a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative
charge.
• Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. The shells are arranged in
concentric circles, and each shell can hold a certain number of electrons.
The outermost shell is called the valence shell, and it is the shell that
determines the chemical properties of the atom.
• The number of protons in an atom's nucleus is called the atomic
number. The atomic number determines the element of the atom. For
example, all atoms with 6 protons are carbon atoms.
The number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus can vary. Atoms with the same
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Atoms of the
same element with different numbers of neutrons but same number of protons (and hence different mass numbers) are
called isotopes of that
• element. For
example, carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons, while
carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons.
The nucleus is at the center of the atom, and it is surrounded by
the electron shells. The electrons are represented as circles, and
the number of electrons in each shell is shown.
Energy shells
Electrons are arranged in different shells around the
nucleus. The innermost shell - or lowest energy shell - is
filled first. Each succeeding shell can only hold a certain
number of electrons before it becomes full. The innermost
shell can hold a maximum of two electrons, the second shell
a maximum of eight, and so on.
Rutherford's model of the atom:

Rutherford's model is a model of the atom that was proposed by
Ernest Rutherford in 1911. It is based on his famous gold foil
experiment, in which he showed that the atom is mostly empty
space, with a small, dense nucleus at the center.
The nucleus of the atom contains the protons and neutrons,

which make up most of the atom's mass. The electrons orbit the
nucleus in shells, much like planets orbiting the sun. The electrons
are negatively charged, while the nucleus is positively charged.
This means that the electrons are attracted to the nucleus, but they are also moving very
fast, which keeps them from being pulled into the nucleus.
The Rutherford model is often represented as a solar system, with the nucleus as the sun
and the electrons as the planets. However, it is important to remember that the electrons
do not orbit the nucleus in the same way that planets orbit the sun. The electrons are
actually spread out in a cloud around the nucleus, and they can occupy different energy
levels.
Here are some examples of how Rutherford's model of the atom is used today:
• Chemistry: Rutherford's model is used to explain the chemical properties of atoms. For
example, the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom determines how that atom
will react with other atoms.
Bohr's model of atom
here's the key idea of Bohr's model:

Electrons can only exist in specific energy
levels or orbits around the nucleus, just
like planets can only be at certain
distances from the sun. These energy
levels are also called "shells" or "electron
shells."
When an electron is in its lowest energy level (closest to the nucleus), it's in its most stable
state, and we call this the ground state. But, if the electron gains some energy (by absorbing
light or heat, for example), it can jump to a higher energy level, farther from the nucleus.
This is called an "excited state."
However, the electron can't stay in this excited state forever. It's like a planet being flung
farther from the sun; eventually, it will lose that extra energy and fall back to a lower
energy level. When it does that, it releases the extra energy it gained in the form of light.
This is what gives us the beautiful colors in fireworks, neon lights, and other glowing
objects.
Here's an example: Think of a neon sign. Inside the glass tube, there is neon gas. When
electricity passes through the gas, it excites the electrons in the neon atoms, making them
jump to higher energy levels. But they can't stay there, so when they fall back to lower
levels, they emit light in the visible range, giving us the bright, colorful glow we see in the
sign

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Today’s Discussion Points

What is fluid friction?

the amount of fluid friction depends on a number of

• The design of ships and airplanes. The shape of a ship or airplane is

Property Compound Element Molecule

Substance made up of two

Water (H2O), table salt Water molecule

Rutherford's model of the atom:

The nucleus of the atom contains the protons and neutrons,

here's the key idea of Bohr's model:

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