English I

 Personal Pronouns.

The subject of a sentence

The subject of a sentence is the person, animal, or thing that performs the
action expressed by the verb, thus establishing a relationship of
agreement between the two elements.
Example:
(They) My parents work in a
publishing house.
(You) You have an email.

When are personal pronouns used?

The personal pronoun it not only serves to replace a noun formed by
an object or animal, but it is also used to refer to concepts or ideas
abstract (times) or other atmospheric or spatial properties (weather,
temperature, distance, etc.), so that sentences are generated that in
Spanish would never count on the presence of the subject..)-

How do personal pronouns appear?

Replacing a noun mentioned above.
Personal Pronouns.
In short, when we use a personal pronoun in
place of a name is because we always know what or what
who we mean.
 Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns introduce a sentence (relative clause) that tells us

gives additional information about the person or thing of which we are

talking. They are also used for determine exactly which person

or thing we mean.

The different relative pronouns

WHEN: used when we refer to a period of time.

Example:

I still remember the day when you proposed.

The year 2010, when I went to study

abroad, was the best of my life.

Demonstrative

Pronouns

It is important to start by noting that pronouns can be

singular or plural and that can refer to distance.

1. Singular and here (singular y aquí):

I like this car. (Me gusta este coche.)

 Strategies for
Getting Meaning of
Unknown Words.
Cognate Words.
Cognate words are words in two languages that share a common similar meaning,
spelling and pronunciation. For the Spanish speakers, cognate words are an obvious
bridge to English language.
An example of a cognate with multiple meanings is assist, which means to help (same
meaning) but also attend (different meaning).
Synonym.
A synonym is a word that has the same meaning as another (or almost the same).
For example, beautiful and attractive are synonyms because they both know
refer to someone or somethingthat looks good.
The synonyms are different words who have a identical meaning or similar. exist in
all parts of the sentence: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions.

Antonym
antonyms are words that have meanings opposites. For example, a antonym of day is
night, and an antonym of ignition it's off..
the antonyms are tightly related to the synonyms, what are words that have identical
meanings.While the antonyms have opposite meanings, the synonyms have the same
meaning.
Antonyms and prefixes.

In English, antonyms are often used with prefixes, small syllables of one to three

letters joining at the beginning of the wordsto change its meaning.There are some

prefixes that reverse the meaning of a word, making it his opposite.

Prefix, Base Word, Suffix

A base word can stand alone and have meaning (for example, help). A suffix is a

part of a word that is added to the end of a word (for example, -ful). If you add the

suffix -ful to the base word, help, the word is useful (helpful). A prefix is a word

added to the beginning of a word or a base word (for example, a-). If the prefix un-

is added to helpful, the word is useless. (unhelpful).

Exemplification:

Exemplification writing uses concrete and vivid examples for the purpose of

adding more information to explain, persuade, define, or illustrate a general idea.

Likewise, the exemplification provides strong evidence to demonstrate the

main statement of the writer. Appropriate examples also create interest in

a written job.

Definition:

En este caso se explica que la estrategia de la definición para obtener significados

de palabras, se realiza cuando uno tiene una palabra que no se conoce y buscamos

una herramienta que nos de precisamente la definición exacta de la palabra.

Punctuation:

No se puede escribir sin signos de puntuación. Bueno, sí puedes, pero lo que escribas no tendrá
ningún sentido para el lector. La puntuación es tan importante como la elección de palabras, la
sintaxis y la estructura.

Context:
Get meaning to from the context in which English language is a important technique
that will improve your reading skills and the speed with which You can read.

Skimming and Scanning

Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use the rapid eye movement and
keywords to scroll quickly by the text for slightly different purposes. Skimming is reading
quickly to get an overview of the material. Scanning is reading quickly to find specific data.
1.Skimming

Use skimming to preview (before reading), review (after reading), determine the main idea of a
long text that does not want to read or find sources for a research work.

Skimming to save time

Skimming can save you hours of laborious reading. However, it is not always the best way to
read. It is very useful as a preview of a reading more detailed or when reviewing a selection of
great content.

2. scanning
Utiliza la exploración (scanning) en la investigación para encontrar datos concretos, estudiar
temas con muchos datos y responder a preguntas que requieran apoyo factual.

Scanning for research and study

The scan also uses keywords and organizational keys. But while the objective of reading
above (skimming) is to obtain a general vision of the material, the objective of reading
by scanner (scanning) is locate concrete facts and swoop down on them
Scanning to answer questions
If you are looking for data to answer a question concrete, you already have one step
done: the question itself provides you with the keywords. Follow these steps:

Definition and
Exemplification
Concepts of Definition
The dictionary is always a useful starting point. The Oxford English The Dictionary gives
this definition of "meaning": "what a word means,text, concept or action". The broad
scope of the word "meaning" isrecorded here, although the definition seems
disappointingly circular,with the word "meaning" appearing on it. However, definition
suggests that meaning should be understood in the context of what agents mean
Therefore, there can be no general theory of meaning as what has been sought.
Specifically, the idea that meaning is truth conditions is a category error. there may
betheories of truth conditions, but there can be no theories of meaning, not because
they are false and some other kind of theory is true, but because it is wrong to look for
theories of meaning.
1. Parts of Definitions
A formal definition is based in a concise outline logical that includes all information
possible in a minimal space. The reason main to include definitions in your writings
isavoid misunderstandings with your audience.
Por ejemplo:
El agua (término) es un líquido (clase) formado por moléculas de hidrógeno y oxígeno en
proporción de 2 a 1 (características diferenciadoras).
Types of Definitions
When writers try to explain an unknown idea, resort to the definitions. All
definitionsattempt to explain or clarify a term. Here you will know the three different
types of definitions: formal, informal and spacious. Definiciones formales, Definiciones
informales, Definiciones ampliadas.
Markers
A discourse marker is a word or phrase that changes the flow or structure of dialogue
without changing the meaning behind it. We use discourse markers a lot in our day-to-
day lives for many different reasons. For instance, if we wanted to change the topic of a
conversation we’d use ‘so’ or ‘anyway’.

Exemplification and generalization

CONCEPTS AND MARKERS OF EXEMPLIFICATION
Exemplification writing uses specific, vivid examples for the purpose of adding more
information to explain, persuade, define, or illustrate a general idea. Likewise,
exemplification provides solid support and strong evidence to prove the writer’s main
statement.

EXEMPLIFICATION
By supplying specific examples, the writer adds additional who, what, when, where, why,
and how information to elaborate on the main idea of a paragraph or essay. Good
examples are logically related to the topic and provide the mental imagery needed by the
reader to make important connections.
CONCEPT AND DEMONSTRATIONS OF GENERALIZATIONS.
A generalization is a form of abstraction whereby common properties of specific instances
are formulated as general concepts or claims. Generalizations posit the existence of a
domain or set of elements, as well as one or more common characteristics shared by
those elements (thus creating a conceptual model).
The concept of generalization has broad application in many connected disciplines, and
might sometimes have a more specific meaning in a specialized context (e.g.generalization
in psychology, generalization in learning).

Regular and
Irregular Verbs
An Overview of English Verb Forms
In order to use many verb tenses in English, you need to know the past forms of the verbs.
Allverbs have a base form or ‘infinitive’ (for example, look, make, play). The majority of verbs,
called ‘Regular verbs’, follow the same pattern and create the past simple and the past
participleusing the same word ending, -ed. There are, however, verbs that have different
endings, and these are called ‘Irregular verbs.’

What are Regular Verbs?

Regular verbs in English create the past simple and past

The past forms and regular verbs

ED IED D

Here are some examples of regular verbs:

“Yesterday Jack studied all day.”
What are Irregular Verbs?
A good way to learn irregular verbs is to study them in these groups because as they are
similar they’re easier to remember. Here are the most common irregular verbs in these
groups.
Here are some examples of this group.
“Our car cost a lot of money but it’s always breaking down.”
“They had lunch at a Thai restaurant on Monday.”

Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that cannot function as a main verb, unlike of the auxiliary
verbs "be", "do" and "have" that can function as a main verb.
As complementary verbs that they are, modal verbs do not work without another verb.
this other verb
it always comes after the modal verb and is in the base form (the infinitive without "to").
verbs are not conjugated manners and have no time.
1)"Can" indicates ability or possibility. In these cases it can be translated as "power" in
Spanish.example: I can speak five languages.
2) "Could" indicates possibility or ability in the past.example: Joe could speak Spanish when he
was young.

3) Like "could", "may" is used to indicate possibilities in the future.examle: I would bring
an umbrella, it may rain later.
4) Might is used to indicate possibilities in the present or the future. In these cases, it is a
synonym for “may”.example: I would bring an umbrella, it might rain later.
5) As we will see in later lessons, “will” is used to form the future tense.

Also the use of "will" means will or determination.Example: I will help you.
6) “shall” is used like “will” to form the future tense. The use of “shall” is much more
common in the United Kingdom.United and is generally more educated.example: Chris
shall be happy to see you.
7) “Should” indicates an obligation or recommendation. It reflects an opinion about what
is right. Translates like the conditional of “deber” in Spanish.example: I should call my
parents more often.
8) "Ought to" is a synonym of "should" although it is less common.Examples: She ought to
quit smoking.
9) "Must" indicates an obligation, prohibition or necessity. You can also use "have to"
(have to) in affirmative sentences.Examples: You must [have to] read this book, it’s
fantastic.
10) “Would” is used to state a preference and to ask for something politely.

Examples: She would like to go to New York someday.

Organizational Patterns
There are seven different patterns that are commonly used to organize documents:
Formal classification, informal classification, comparison, partitioning,
segmenting,cause/effect, and problem/solution. Which organizational pattern is used
will depend on the type of document that is being composed; however, the goal of
effective organizing is to make the document easier to use, and several organizational
patterns are often used in a single document.
Formal classification
Formal classification is simply grouping facts together based on their common
attributes. Each group is often divided into subgroups enabling the facts to be precisely
classified. Formal classification requires that each fact can only be present in one
grouping, and each grouping must follow the same principle.
Informal classification.
Partitioning refers to describing an object. If a dMetal room partition in geometric
patternocument must be written about a bicycle, a writer may divide the description
into the smaller parts of the bicycle.
Clasifyng
Organize information into logical groups.× As with describing, narrating, defining, and
comparing, classifying is a component of all writing genres. Just as writers pause to
describeideas and events or define new concepts in most documents, they routinely
classify information–that is, show or tell readers how information can be grouped into
categories.

Graphical Representation
Graphical Representation Graphical Representation is a way of analysing numerical data. It
exhibits the relation between data, ideas, information and concepts in a diagram. It is easy
tounderstand and it is one of the most important learning strategies. It always depends on the
type of information in a particular domain. There are different types of graphical representation.
Some of them are as follows:

Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart that shows the relationships of the parts of the whole.
The circle is considered with 100% and the categories occupied is represented with that specific
percentage like 15%, 56%, etc.

× Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are organized from least value to the
greatest value. The digits of the least place values from the leaves and the next place value digit
forms the stems.× Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram summarizes the data by dividing into
four parts. Box and whisker show the range (spread) and the middle ( median) of the data.

Simple, compound and complex

sentences.
1. Simple Sentences

A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb,
and a completed thought.
Joe waited for the train.
"Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb
simple sentence can also be referred to as an independent clause. It is referred to as
"independent" because, while it
might be part of a compound or complex sentence, it can also stand by itself as a
complete sentence.

A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or

complete sentences) connected to
one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are easy to
remember if you think of the words
"FAN BOYS":
 For
 And
 Nor
 But
 Or
 Yet
 So
Examples of compound sentences include the following:
1. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.
2. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus
before I arrived.
3. Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent
clauses connected to it. Adependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or
complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete
sentence.Examples of dependent clauses include the following:
Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon

Definition of a Graphic Organizer

A graphic organizer is a visual display that demonstrates relationships between facts,
concepts or ideas. It specifically guides the user's thinking as they build up and fill in
the graphic organizer.

Concept Map
A concept map is a diagram that shows the relationships between different ideas. This
helps you understand how they’re connected.
Concept Map
• CONCEPTS: These are typically represented by circles, ovals, or boxes and are
called“nodes.”
• RELATIONSHIPS: These are represented by arrows that connect the concepts, and the
arrows often include a connecting word or verb (but they don’t have to).
Organizational Chart
Is a diagram that displays a reporting or relationship hierarchy. The most frequent
application of an org chart is to show the structure of a business, government, or
otherorganization. The employees and positions are represented by boxes or other
shapes, sometimes including photos, contact information, email and page links, icons and
illustrations.
Organizational chart types with examples

1. Functional Org Chart

The functional organizational chart is one of the most common types used by businesses.
This chart groups employees by their function or job role, showing how different
departments or teams within an organization work together towards a common goal.
2. Matrix Org Chart
The matrix organizational chart is a unique type of organizational chart that shows the
relationships between employees in a matrix organization. In a matrix organization,
employees report to two or more bosses, creating a complex web of relationships.
Organizational chart types with examples
3. Hierarchical Org Chart
This type of chart is useful for displaying the chain of command and showing how different
departments and teams are related. It is typically organized with the CEO or president at
the top and department managers underneath.