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Thermodynamics

1. A 1 kg mass of steam expands isentropically from 2.1 MPa and 374°C to 93°C. The final quality is determined to be 0.9315266021 (wet vapor). The work for non-flow and steady flow processes are calculated as 545.769854 kJ and 679.24437 kJ respectively. 2. A steam turbine receives steam at 0.52 MPa and 300°C and expands irreversibly to 0.012 MPa (dry saturated exhaust). The work is calculated as 472.6 kJ and the efficiency is 69.41537159%.

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113 views

Thermodynamics

1. A 1 kg mass of steam expands isentropically from 2.1 MPa and 374°C to 93°C. The final quality is determined to be 0.9315266021 (wet vapor). The work for non-flow and steady flow processes are calculated as 545.769854 kJ and 679.24437 kJ respectively. 2. A steam turbine receives steam at 0.52 MPa and 300°C and expands irreversibly to 0.012 MPa (dry saturated exhaust). The work is calculated as 472.6 kJ and the efficiency is 69.41537159%.

Uploaded by

Kira To
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3. 1 kgm of steam expands isentropically from 2.

1 MPa
and 374°C to 93°C. Determine the final quality and
the work for non-flow and steady flow processes.
Given:
m = 1 kgm
P1 = 2.1 MPa
T1 = 374°C
T2 = 93°C
Required:
a. x2 = ?
b. WNF = ?
c. WSF = ?
Solution:
a. x2 = ?
NOTE: For isentropic process, entropy is constant.
𝑠=𝐶
𝑠1 = 𝑠2

At point 1:
@ P1 = 2.1 MPa, T1 = 374°C
Identify the state of the steam.
Tsat = 214.90°C
Since T1 > Tsat, therefore the steam is superheated.

Let’s go to Table 3.
P1 = 2.1 MPa, T1 = 374°C

Temperature Entropy

370 7.0017

374 s1

380 7.0360
374 − 370 𝑠1 − 7.0017
=
380 − 370 7.0360 − 7.0017
𝑘𝐽
𝑠1 = 7.01542 = 𝑠2
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾
At point 2:
T2 = 93°C, s2 = 7.01542 kJ/kg-K
sf = 1.2271 kJ/kg-K >> saturated liquid >> R2
sfg = 6.2138 kJ/kg-K
sg = 7.4409 kJ/kg-K >> saturated vapor >> R4
Since sf < s2 < sg, thus the steam is wet vapor.

Target: Quality [x]


𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥2 𝑠𝑓𝑔
𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓 = 𝑥2 𝑠𝑓𝑔
𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓
= 𝑥2
𝑠𝑓𝑔

7.01542 − 1.2271
𝑥2 =
6.2138
𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟎𝟐𝟏 [𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹]

b. Work non-flow
For isentropic process,
𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
1−𝑘
**Ideal Gas Equation
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1
𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇2
𝑚𝑅𝑇2 − 𝑚𝑅𝑇1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
1−𝑘
𝑚𝑅 [𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ]
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
1−𝑘
𝑚𝑅∆𝑇
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
−[−1 + 𝑘]
𝑚𝑅∆𝑇
𝑊𝑁𝐹 =
−[𝑘 − 1]
𝑅
𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐸: 𝐶𝑣 =
𝑘−1
𝑚∆𝑇
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝐶
−1 𝑣
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = −𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇
𝐵𝑢𝑡; ∆𝑢 = 𝑚𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇

𝑊𝑁𝐹 = −∆𝑢
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = −[𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ]
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = −𝑢2 + 𝑢1
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 𝑢1 − 𝑢2

At point 1:
@2.1 MPa, 374°C [superheated]

Temperature [°C] Internal Energy [u]

370 2892.7

374 u1

380 2909.8
374 − 370 𝑢1 − 2892.7
=
380 − 370 2909.8 − 2892.7
𝑘𝐽
𝑢1 = 2899.54
𝑘𝑔

At point 2, let’s find u2.


@T2 = 93°C, s2 = 7.01542 kJ/kg-K, 𝑥2 =
0.9315266021 [wet vapor]
𝑢2 = 𝑢𝑓 + 𝑥𝑢𝑓𝑔
uf = 389.46 kJ/kg
ufg = 2108.7 kJ/kg
𝑢2 = 389.46 + [0.9315266021][2108.7]
𝑘𝐽
𝑢2 = 2353.770146
𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 2899.54 − 2353.770146
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 545.769854 [𝑚]
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑁𝐹 = 545.769854 [1 𝑘𝑔]
𝑘𝑔
𝑾𝑵𝑭 = 𝟓𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟖𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝑱 [𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹]

c. Work steady flow


For isentropic process,
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −∆ℎ
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = −[ℎ2 − ℎ1 ]
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = ℎ1 − ℎ2
At point 1, let’s determine h1.
@2.1 MPa, 374°C [superheated]

Temperature Enthalpy [h]

370 3179.5

374 h1

380 3201.7
374 − 370 ℎ1 − 3179.5
=
380 − 370 3201.7 − 3179.5
𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 3188.38
𝑘𝑔

At point 2, h2:
@T2 = 93°C, s2 = 7.01542 kJ/kg-K, 𝑥2 =
0.9315266021 [wet vapor]
ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔
hf = 389.54 kJ/kg
hfg = 2275.4 kJ/kg
ℎ2 = 389.54 + [0.9315266021][2275.4]
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 2509.13563
𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 3188.38 − 2509.13563


𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 679.24437 [𝑚]
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 679.24437 [1 𝑘𝑔]
𝑘𝑔
𝑾𝑺𝑭 = 𝟔𝟕𝟗. 𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑱 [𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹]
4. A steam turbine receives 0.52 MPa of steam at
300°C. Then expand in an irreversible adiabatic
process to a pressure of 0.012 MPa. If the exhaust
steam is dry and saturated, calculate the work of an
irreversible process and the efficiency of the process.
Given:
P1 = 0.52 MPa
T1 = 300°C
P2 = 0.012 MPa
**dry and saturated >> saturated vapor >> x2 = 100%

Required:
WSF = ?
e=?

Solution:
For irreversible adiabatic process,
𝑊𝑆𝐹′ = ℎ1 − ℎ2′
At point 1, find h1.
@0.52 MPa, 300°C
Identify the state of the steam.
@0.52 MPa, Tsat = 153.34°C
Since T1 > Tsat, the steam is superheated.

Let’s go to Table 3.
@0.52 MPa, 300°C
h1 = 3063.7 kJ/kg

At point 2, find h2’


@0.012 MPa, x = 100% [saturated vapor]
At Table 2;
h2’ = hg = 2591.1 kJ/kg

𝑊𝑆𝐹′ = ℎ1 − ℎ2′
𝑊𝑆𝐹′ = 3063.7 − 2591.1
𝒌𝑱
𝑾𝑺𝑭′ = 𝟒𝟕𝟐. 𝟔 [𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹]
𝒌𝒈
b. Efficiency of expansion
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑆𝐹 ′
𝑒= = × 100%
𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑆𝐹
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = ℎ1 − ℎ2

For isentropic process,


𝑠=𝐶
𝑠1 = 𝑠2
@0.52 MPa, 300°C [superheated]
h1 = 3063.7 kJ/kg
s1 = 7.4411 kJ/kg-K = s2

@0.012 MPa, s2 = 7.4411 kJ/kg-K


At Table 2;
sf = 0.6963 kJ/kg-K >> R2
sfg = 7.3900 kJ/kg-K
sg = 8.0863 kJ/kg-K >> R4
Since sf < s2 < sg, therefore the steam is wet vapor.
Target: Quality
𝑠2 = 𝑠𝑓 + 𝑥𝑠𝑓𝑔
𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑓
𝑥=
𝑠𝑓𝑔
7.4411 − 0.6963
𝑥=
7.3900
𝑥 = 0.9126928281

ℎ2 = ℎ𝑓 + 𝑥ℎ𝑓𝑔
hf = 206.92 kJ/kg
hfg = 2384.1 kJ/kg
ℎ2 = 206.92 + [0.9126928281][2384.1]
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 2382.870971
𝑘𝑔

𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 3063.7 − 2382.870971


𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑆𝐹 = 680.8290285
𝑘𝑔

472.6
𝑒= × 100%
680.8290285
𝒆 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟓𝟗% [𝑨𝑵𝑺𝑾𝑬𝑹]

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