SECURITY ALARM

ABSTRACT

Security is becoming a major issue everywhere. Home Security is becoming necessary nowadays
as the possibilities of intrusion is increasing day by day. Safety from theft, leaking of raw gas and
fire are the necessary requirements for home security system. However, the GSM (global system
for mobile communication) based security systems provides enhanced security as whenever a
signal from sensor occurs, a text message is sent to the desired number to take necessary actions.

The main objective of this project was to ensure a proper security to building against theft or
intruder. The circuit uses 555 timers IC which was wired as a timing circuit, amplifier to obtain a
maximum audible sound. The 555 timer times the circuits and also generates a tone and this tone is
send to transistor which amplifies the tone generated through a loud speaker or buzzer and a PIR
sensor that detects the presence of intruder.

This device functions as a major security alarms used in residential, commercial, industrial, and
military properties for protection against burglary (theft) or property damage, as well as personal
protection against intruders

INTRODUCTION

The need for having home protection has always been there. But in the recent times, considering a
dramatic rise in petty crimes like robbery and theft, the need has been more strongly felt to have a
fool proof protection of the belongings and the family members. Home security has come a long
way in the last few decades. It was in the hands of a guard who manually provided surveillance
during nights in the earlier days but it was not fool proof as it was only normal for him to have
momentary lapse of concentration

The guard was also susceptible to sleep at times. It was then that home alarm system based upon
electronic circuits were developed which proved to be highly reliable and were appreciated by the
people as they were relieved from constant monitoring of their homes

This intruder alarm system uses 555 timer IC which was wired as a timing circuit, as tone
generator and amplifier to obtain a maximum audible sound and motion sensor (PIR sensor) which
generates an interrupt signal when object is detected.

The motion detector will detect the motion of the people or objects and give the appropriate output
according to the circuit. In general motion detector uses different types of sensors like Passive
infrared sensor (which will detect the motion of the person using the person body heat) microwave
sensor (Microwave sensor will detect the motion of person by measuring the change in frequency
from the produced beam), ultrasonic sensor (It produces acoustic signals which will detect the
motion of a person) | Trimmer 1981)

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The 555timer times the circuits and also generates a tone and this tone is send to transistor which
amplifies the tone separated through a loud speaker or buzzer.

PRINCIPLE OR METHODOLOGY

The PIR Sensor Burglar Alarm System is built based on a simple concept and it has few key
components. The key components are the PIR motion sensor, Transistor BC547, NE555 Timer IC,
and Buzzer. The PIR sensor is used to detect motion. When the PIR Sensor detects any human
body movement, its OUTPUT pin becomes HIGH. Then this High output will go to the BC547
Transistor. Then the transistor will connect the trigger pin of the NE555 timer IC to the ground.
Now the timer IC produces output, which turns on the buzzer.
Block Diagram of PIR Sensor Burglar Alarm System

PIR Sensor Burglar Alarm System Circuit using 555 Timer IC Block Diagram

Working Principle of PIR Sensor Burglar Alarm System

When the PIR Sensor detects any human body movement, its OUTPUT pin becomes HIGH
(VCC) and when it does not detect any human body movement, its OUTPUT pin becomes LOW
(Ground). Here the BC547 Transistor work as a switch. When the voltage is applied at the base
terminal of it, it is turn ON and otherwise, it is off. In this circuit, the 555 timer IC is configured
in monostable mode, so when it gets a LOW (Ground) trigger pulse at its trigger pin, then the IC
OUTPUT becomes High.

For More Details:

 HC-SR501 (Passive Infrared) PIR Sensor | How it’s Works
 555 Timer IC – Pinout, Specifications & Working Principle
BC547 Transistor – Pin Diagram, Specifications & Working Principle

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 The PCB assembly of this project can be completed by AiPCBA: PCB assembly
PIR sensor detect motion
When anyone passes in front of the sensor, then the sensor provides high output voltage. This
output voltage goes to the base terminal of the BC547 Transistor, then the transistor is turn ON. In
this condition, the NE555 Timer IC trigger (Pin 2) is connected to the ground through the transistor
and gets a LOW (Ground) trigger pulse. So, the Timer IC Provides output voltage, which goes to
the Buzzer. Then the buzzer is turn ON and produces loud sounds.

PIR sensor does not detect motion

When the PIR sensor does not detect any motion, then the sensor provides low (0) output voltage.
This output voltage is not sufficient to turn ON the BC547 Transistor, it means the transistor is
OFF. In this condition, NE555 Timer IC trigger (Pin 2) does not get a LOW (Ground) trigger
pulse. So, the Timer IC does not provide an output voltage. So, the buzzer is also OFF.

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Components Required

Components Name Quantity

NE555 Timer IC 1

BC547 Transistor (T1) 1

HC-SR501 PIR Sensor Module 1

220 ohm Resistor (R1) 1

10K ohm Resistor (R2) 1

47K ohm Resistor (R3) 1

150 ohm Resistor (R4) 1

100 uF Capacitor (C1) 1

0.01uF Capacitor (C2) 1

Buzzer 1

9V Power Supply 1

Bread board 1

Connecting Wire As required in the circuit diagram

COMPONENT DISCRIPTION

NE555 Timer IC

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 555 Timer IC

The IC 555 timer was invented by “Signetic Corporation” and it was termed as SE or NE555 timer.
Generally, it is a monolithic timing circuit that gives precise and highly stable delays of time or
oscillation. These types of ICs are very cheap and reliable in cost when we compared with the OP -
Amp applications in the same areas. These ICs are used as an astable and monostable multi vibrators
in digital logic probes, DC-DC converters, tachometers, analog frequency meters, voltage regulators,
temperature controlled and measurement devices. The IC SE555 is used for where the temperature
ranges from – 55°C to 125°C and the IC NE555 is used for where the temperature ranges from 0° to
70°C.

BC547 Transistor (T1)

The BC547 is an NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). It consists of three terminals, these are
emitter (E), collector(C), and base (B). If a small amount of current is applied to the base terminal
of this transistor, it can control a large amount of currents at the collector and emitter terminal.
This transistor is normally used for amplification of current as well as switching purposes. The
maximum gain current of the BC547 transistor is 800A.

Transistor Pin Configuration

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BC547 Transistor Pin Diagram/Pin out and Symbol

HC-SR501 PIR Sensor Module

The PIR sensor is a specially designed electronic sensor that can able to measure or detect Infra-
red (IR) radiation. PIR Sensor full form is Passive infra-red sensor, The “passive” word indicates

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this sensor does not produce any energy radiation or IR radiation for the detection of objects. This
sensor mainly used for motion detection. It is can detect any objects which emit infra-red radiation.
But the most important thing it does not give information about the moving object. It means when
a human passed in front of the sensor then it detects something is moved but it is can not tell us
that it is human or other objects.

Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or

piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers,
train and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

CONNECTING WIRES
These are used to connect the components in the circuit.
These are used to allow current through them.

These are made up of copper, since copper is a good conductor of electricity.

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 4.8 k ohm RESISTOR (1/4 watt)

Every 1,000,000 Ohms is known as a Megohm (Mega = one million), abbreviated to the capital
letter "M". As a couple of examples; a 4,700 Ohm resistor would be written as either 4.7K
or 4K7, and 5,600,000 Ohms would be written as 5.6M or 5M6.

MINI BREAD BOARD

Breadboards are designed to work with through-hole electronic components. These
components have long metal leads that are designed to be inserted through holes in a printed
circuit board (PCB) that are plated with a thin copper coating, which allows the components'
leads to be soldered to the board.
This board is divided into 4 parts, the 1 st and 4th part slots are connected horizontally whereas
2nd and 3rd part slots are connected vertically.
The mini breadboard has 400 slots.

100 uF Capacitor (C1)

General purpose aluminum electrolytic capacitor 100uF (micro-farad) 50 volts. Description: This
is a great capacitor for use in power regulation to smooth voltage fluctuations. This can also be
used in sensor applications to remove noise in the signal.

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 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The circuit diagram of this simple security Alarm system is shown in the following image.

Security alarm or burglar alarm using IC 555 (vsagar.org is now vsa.edu.in)

WORKING

When supply is connected to the circuit, keeping the loop-wire intact, pin-4 of the IC remains
grounded. So the IC is disabled and its output remains LOW. So the speaker remains silent and this
condition remains as it is till the loop-wire is broken. The moment the loop-wire is broken, pin-4 of
the IC is returned to positive potential and the IC comes in action.

Now capacitor C1 starts charging through series resistors R1 and R2 and discharging through R2
only. Due to this, a high frequency signal i.e. square wave (about 1.5kHz) is produced at output
pin-3 of the IC. The output contains DC component also. So a decoupling capacitor C3 filters out
the unwanted DC component and only the square wave signal is connected to the speaker. So the
speaker produces a shrill whistle like alarming sound. The high frequency sound is produced
because we are using the IC 555 as Astable Multivibrator.

Important Points to Note

 In this circuit of Security alarm using IC 555, the loop-wire can be fitted across a door or
any other entrance, which you want to make secure. The loop-wire may be very thin.
 You can use up to 40 SWG wire, with a maximum length of 2 meters as a loop-wire.

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  DO NOT INCREASE THE LENGTH FURTHER. This is because if the resistance of the
loop-wire is sufficiently large, it will form a potential divider with resistor R3 (100k –
connected between pin-4 and positive line) and the IC may accidentally enable producing
alarming sound.
 For more information and understand the working of potential divider circuit, refer my
book SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES & CIRCUITS.
 You can change the frequency of the circuit by considering different values of R1 and then
calculate the values possible related values of R2 to suit your required frequency value. For
calculating different values of R1, R2 and C1, visit this IC 555 calculator.

ADVANTAGES

Protection. ...
 Deterrent to Burglars. ...
 Peace of Mind. ...
 Convenience and Energy Savings. ...
 Reduced Home Insurance Premiums.

DISADVANTAGES

 t has a limited distance to detect the motion.

 It cannot detect the other objects apart from human being such as animals.

APPLICATIONS

 Best suitable for any type of security system in which you want to monitor the invading of
unauthorized persons.

 In this circuit of Security alarm using IC 555, if you use infra-red sensor then also the
circuit works with same stability.

CONCLUSION

This device functions as an electronics watch dog This device functions as a major security alarms
used in residential, commercial, industrial and military properties for protection against burglary
(theft) or property damage, as well as personal protection against intruders

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REFERENCES

1. https://www.electronicshub.org/simple-security-alarm-circuit/#Circuit_Design
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgsB6VmNGXo

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