LESSON 1: Voltage, Current, 2.

21J of energy are required to

Power & Energy move 3c of charge
CIRCUITS from B to A. What is
voltage Vba?
Voltage(v) -is the energy
per coulomb per charge. SOLUTION:

dW energy
V= V=
dq charge
−21 J
V=
or voltage can be 3c
expressed as energy in V=-7V
joules(j) over charge in
coulombs (c).  negative voltage means
we have gained energy.
energy (electron current flow)
V=
charge

Variable: V
Units: J/C, volts

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. 4c of charge lose 20J of
energy when moving from
A to B. What is voltage Vab?

SOLUTION:
=A+B+C+D
energy =-4+6+3+(-5)
V= =0v
charge
20 J  Charge particles exert
V= V =5 volts influence on all other
4c
charged particles.
 Positive voltage means we
 Charge is measured in units
have lost energy.
of coulombs.
(conventional current flow)

Current(i)- the quantity of

charge that passes through a
given area in a specified
time. V
V =IR , I =
R
dq
i(t )=
dt

i=the current in amperes,

q = the charge in coulombs,
t = the time in seconds.

Power (p)- is the rate at 12 I (4 )

V =IR = 3 A=I
which the charges' energy 4 4
(w) changes over time (t).
Power can also be expressed
as the product of current &
voltage.

dw
P=
dt

p = the power in watts,

w = the energy in joules,
i = the time in seconds.

Variable: P
Unit: W

P=
dt
=( )( )
dw dw
dq
=
dq
dt
so p=vi

where

p = the power in watts,

v = the voltage in volts,
i = the current in amperes
OHM'S LAW
 LESSON 2: Resistors in Voltage across R1 :
Series and Parallel V =IR V = ( 3 A )( 8 Ω )
RESISTORS IN SERIES V =24 V
1. Consider the circuit Voltage across R2 :
shown below.
V =IRV = ( 3 A )( 4 Ω )
A. Calculate the total resistance
of the circuit. V =12 V
B. How much current flows D. How much power is
from the battery? absorbed by the resistor?
C. What is the voltage across Power absorbed by R1 :
each resistor? 2 2
P1=I RP1=( 3 ) ( 8 Ω )
D. How much power is
P1=72 w
absorbed by the resistor?
E. How much power is Power absorbed by R2 :
2
delivered by the battery? P2=I 2 R P2=( 3 ) ( 4 Ω )
P2=36 w
E. How much power is
delivered by the battery?
P=VI P= (36 ) (3 A ) P=108 w

RESISTORS IN
PARALLEL

A. Calculate the total

resistance of the circuit.

RT =R1 + R2 +…
RT =8 Ω+ 4 ΩRT =12Ω
B. How much current flows
from the battery?
Using Ohm's Law: 2. Consider the circuit s
V A. Calculate the current
I = I = 36 V I =3 A flowing through the resistor.
RT 12Ω
B. How much current
C. What is the voltage
delivers from the battery?
across each resistor?
Use Ohm's Law (V=IR)
C. How much power is v2 (12 V )
2

absorbed by the resistor? P 2= P=

R2 2 6Ω
P2=24 w
D. How much power is
delivered by the battery?

E. Calculate the total

resistance in the circuit.
SOLUTIONS:
A. Calculate the current
flowing through the resistor.
Use Ohm's Law(V 1=I 1 R1 ¿ :
V 12V D. How much power is
I 1= = =3 A delivered by the battery?
R1 4 Ω
V 12 V P=VI P= (12 V ) ( 5 A )
I 2= = =2 A P=60 w
R2 6 Ω

E. Calculate the total

resistance in the circuit.
V 12 V
RTOTAL= RTOTAL=
I TOTAL 5A
RTOTAL=2.4 Ω

B. How much current LESSON 3: Circuit

delivers from the battery? Elements
I TOTAL=I 1+ I 2
I TOTAL=3 A +2 A I TOTAL=5 A
IDEAL ELEMENTS

C. How much power is RESISTORS

absorbed by the resistor?
2 2
P1=I 1 R1 P1=( 3 A ) ( 4 Ω )
P1=36 w

Ohm's Law:
 V=IR

CAPACITORS

CONSTANT CURRENT
dv
i=C
dt
- the current is proportion
to the rate of change of
the voltage.

INDUCTORS

di
V =L
dt
- the voltage across is NODE - One junction that’s
proportional to the time rate the same voltage
of change of the current
everywhere.
flowing through the
inductor.

IDEAL SOURCES

VOLTAGE SOURCE

4 NODES,
CONSTANT VOLTAGE 4 ELEMENTS/BRANCHES
CURRENT SOURCE

VOLTAGE DIVIDER
 Find the current i.

OHM’S LAW combine

V =IR
V initial
V INITIAL=i ( R1 + R2 )i=
R1 + R2
V OUT =i R2 resistors
V in parallel
i= OUT
R2
V out V initial
=
R 2 R 1+ R 2
R2
V out =V initial
R1 + R2

SAMPLE PROBLEM: R 1 R2
R1 /¿ R2=
R 1 + R2
RR
R1 /¿ R2=
2R
R
R1 /¿ R2=
2
1.4 Ω
R1 /¿ R2=
2
R2 R1 /¿ R2=0.7 Ω
V out =V initial
R1 + R2
6k
V out =6 v
2 k +6 k
6
V out =6 V out =4.5 v
8
 i 1=i 2+ i3 ¿=out
V 11 v ∑ i ¿ =∑ i out
V =iR i= i=
R ( 0.7 Ω+2.7 Ω )
11 v
i= i=3.23 A
3.4 Ω
LESSON 4: Circuit
Analysis
1. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
∑i ¿ =0
1 A +1 A+ 1 A+ (−3 )=0

DROP=10 vRISE=−10 v
∑V out =0
V RISE−V DROP =010−10=0
1 A +1 A+ 1 A+ (−3 )=0

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS:
Fundamental Laws
1. Ohm’s Law
v=ir
2. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law
3. Kirchoff’s Current Law
4. Sign Convention
10−5−5=0
∑ V rise −∑ V drop=0

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
2. Kirchoff’s Current Law
 Substitute the values and solve:

V S I S R2
SIMULTANEOUS i 1=
EQUATIONS: ( R1 + R 2 )
1. Ohm’s Law ( 15 v ) (3 mA )( 2 kΩ )
i 1=
v1 =i1 R1 v 2=i 2 R2 ( 4 kΩ+2 kΩ )
2. Kirchoff’s Voltage Law 15 v +6 v 21 v
i 1= i=
+V S−V 1−V 2=0 6 kΩ 1 6 kΩ
VS
3. Kirchoff’s Current Law i 1=3.5 mA
i 1=i 2+ I S

Equations produced:
v1 =i1 R1 v 2=i 2 R2
+V S−V 1−V 2=0
i 1=i 2+ I S
i 1−i 2=I S
V 1 +V 2=V Si 1−i 2=I S transpose

−i 2=I S −i1
i 1 R1 +i 2 R 2=V S
−i 2=3 mA −3.5 mA
R2 (i 1−i 2 ¿ I S ¿
−i 2=−0.5 mA
−1 (−i 2 )=(−0.5 mA )−1
i 1 R1 +i 2 R 2=V S i 2=0.5 mA
i 1 R2 −i2 R2=I S R2
( R1 + R2 ) i 1=V S I S R2
( R 1 + R2 ) ( R1 + R2 )

V S I S R2
i 1=
( R1 + R 2 )
 solve for the missing
REFERENCE
voltages NODE

v1 =i1 R1 v1 =3.5 mA ( 4 kΩ )
v1 =14 v

v 2=i 2 R2 v 2=0.5 mA ( 2 kΩ )
v 2=1 v

STEPS IN SOLVING USING

NODE VOLTAGE METHOD:
LESSON 5: Node
1. Reference Node
Voltage Method 2. Node Voltages
R1
V1 4kΩ V2 3. Solve easy nodes.
4. Write KCL equations.
5. Solve.
R2
IS
2kΩ
3mA STEP 1: Reference Node

REFERENCE
NODE

Branch Voltage
STEP 2: Node Voltages

Node Voltage NODE

VOLTAGES

NODE
VOLTAGES

STEP 3: Solve easy nodes

Reference Node/ ground

Symbols:
  V S and V 1 is at the same voltage v 2=1 v
node (node 1) therefore they
have the same voltage. CHECKING:
v1 =15 v

STEP 4: Write KCL equations.

i 1−i 2−I S=0
+V S−v R 1−v 2=0
+V S−( v 1−v 2 ) −v 2=0V S =v1
v
 use Ohm’s Law i= then + v 1−( v1 −v 2 )−v 2=0
R
substi tute 0=0

v −v v LESSON 5: Mesh
i 1= 1 2 , i2 = 2 Current Analysis
R1 R2
v 1−v 2 v 2
− −I S =0
R1 R2

STEP 5: Solve.
v 1−v 2 v 2 v1 v 2 v 2
− =I S − − =I S
R1 R2 R 1 R1 R2 SUPERPOSITION

15 v v2 v2
− − =3 mA
4 kΩ 4 kΩ 2 kΩ R2
iR1 2 − 1 =3 mA− 15 v
(
−v 2
4 kΩ 2 kΩ )
i 1 i
4 kΩ
2
( )
−v 2
1+2
4 kΩ
=3 mA −3.75 mA

−v (
4 kΩ )
3 i R 2=i 1−i 2
2 =0.75 mA

4 kΩ
+ v 2=0.75 mA x
3
 Steps in solving circuits using i 3=I R2 i1 −( R2 + R3 + R4 ) i 2=R 4 I
Mesh Current Analysis:
1. Draw meshes.
2. Solve easy ones.
3. Write KVL.
4. Solve.

−( R1 + R2 ) i 1−R2 i2 =−V

−( 1 k Ω+2 k Ω ) i 1−2 k Ω ( i 2 )=−5

−3 i 1−2i 2=−5

SOLUTION: R2 i1 −( R2 + R3 + R4 ) i 2=R 4 I
STEP 1: Draw meshes. ( 2 k Ω ) i1− ( 2 k Ω+3 k Ω+ 3 k Ω ) i 2=3 k Ω ( 2
2 i1 −8 i2 =6

(−3 i+ 2i 2=−5 )4
2 i1 −8 i2 =6
STEP 2: Solve easy ones.
i 3=−I
−12 i1 +8 i 2=−202 i1 −8 i2 =6
I i3 −10i 1 −14
−10 i 1=−14 =
−10 −10
−14
i 1= i =1.4 mA
i2 −10 1
STEP 3: Write KVL.

V −R 1 i 1−R2 i2 =0
R2 ( i 1−i 2) −R3 i2 −R4 ( i 2−i 3 )=0

STEP 4: Solve.

−( R1 + R2 ) i 1−R2 i2 =−V
R2 i1 −( R2 + R3 + R4 ) i 2−R 4 i 3=0 2 i1 −8 i2 =6
R2 i1 −( R2 + R3 + R4 ) i 2=R 4 i 3 2(1.4 mA)−8 i2 =6
 3.2
−8 i 2=6−2.8i 2=
−8
i 2=−0.4 mA

i R 2=i 1−i 2i R 2=1.4 mA −(−0.4 mA )

i R 2=1.8 mA

i R 4=i 2−i 3

i R 4= (−0.4 mA ) −2mA i R 4=1.6 mA

LESSON 6: Capacitors voltage of the capacitance
derivation formula:
q=Cv
where; dv
q= charge of the capacitor i=C
dt
C= Capacitance value we need to remove the derivative of
V= voltage across the
capacitor voltage ( dvdt ) so we need to integrate
both sides of the equation.
dv
∫ idt =C dt ∫ idt =∫ C dv ∫ idt =Cv
dt
∫ dv=v

Integral form of the

capacitor IV
Formulation of the bounds of ∫ idt =Cv
equation.

T
∫ idt =Cv ∫ idt =Cv
q=Cv −∞

derivative of both sides Change -∞ to T=0, v=vO

dq dv
=C 1
T
dt dt V = ∫ idt T =0 , v =v O
C −∞
T
1
dq
V= ∫ idt +v o
C 0
current =
dt T
1
V (t )= ∫ i( τ) dτ + v o
C 0
dv
i=C
dt
 1µF

T
1
V(t)=?
V (t)= ∫ i ( τ ) dτ +v o
C 0
T
1. Voltage before the pulse 1
V = ∫ ( 3 mA ) dτ +0
C 0
T
1
V= ( 3 mA )∫ dτ
1 µF 0
3mA
T
3 mA
V= ∫ dτ
1 µF 0

3ms
T
1 v
V (t)= ∫ i ( τ ) dτ +v o
C 0
V =3000
sec
∙t V ( 3 ms )=3000 ∙ 3 ms
T V =9 v
1
V = ∫ ( O ) dτ+ 0
C 0
V =0+0 V =0 voltage before
the pulse

2. Voltage during the pulse