Gotu kola

Dr. Anurag Dikshit

M.D. (Ayu)

Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, events, information,

etc. and to retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later
date when needed.

Poor Memory, lower retention and slow recall are common problems in today’s stressful
and competitive world. Age, stress and emotions are conditions that may lead to
memory loss, amnesia, anxiety, high blood pressure, dementia, to more ominous threat
like schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s diseases.

The nature provides a new opportunity to regain one’s full mental capacity. A number of
herbs traditionally employed in the Indian System of Medicine “Ayurveda”, have yielded
positive results.

One such drug here we are discussing….

Gotu kola

Family Name : APIACEAE

Botanical Name : CENTELLA ASIATICA

Synonym(s) :Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn, Hydrocotyle nummularioidesRich,

Hydrocotyle pallida DC.&c.

Common Name : PENNYWORT, INDIAN PENNYWORT, JAL BRAHMI,

Part Used : WHOLE PLANT

Habitat : Grown in waterlogged places throughout India. Gotu kola is a

perennial plant native to India, Japan, China, Indonesia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and the
South Pacific. It is a tasteless, odorless plant that thrives in and around water.
 PLANT PROFILE

A prostrate, perennial herb. The stem is slender, creeping stolons, green to reddish
green in color, interconnecting one plant to another. It has long-stalked, green, reniform
leaves with rounded apices which have smooth texture with palmately netted veins. The
leaves are born on pericladial petioles, around 20 cm. The rootstock consists of
rhizomes, growing vertically down. They are creamish in color and covered with root
hairs. The leaves are fleshy, orbicular-reniform, crenate, base cordate and often lobed
and long-petioled. The flowers are pinkish to red in color, born in small, rounded
bunches (umbels) near the surface of the soil. Each flower is partly enclosed in two
green bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are minute in size (less than 3 mm), with 5-6
corolla lobes per flower. Each flower bears five stamens and two styles. The fruits are
oblong, dull brown, laterally compressed; the pericarp hard, thickened, woody and
white.
The crop matures in three months and the whole plant, including the roots, is harvested
manually.

HISTORY OF SPECIES

It has been in use, as a medicinal herb, for thousands of years in India, China and
Indonesia. Its ability to heal wounds, improve mental clarity, and treat skin
conditions such as leprosy and psoriasis were important reasons for its extensive use
in these countries. It has also been called one of the "miracle elixirs of life".

Historically, gotu kola has also been used to treat syphilis, hepatitis, stomach ulcers,
mental fatigue, epilepsy, diarrhea, fever, and asthma. Today herbalists use gotu kola for
disorders that cause connective tissue swelling, such as scleroderma, psoriatic
arthritis (arthritis occurring in conjunction with psoriasis), anklylosing spondylitis
(arthritis of the spine), and rheumatoid arthritis. Recent studies confirm some of the
traditional uses and also suggest possible new applications for gotu kola, such as
lowering high blood pressure, treating venous insufficiency (pooling of blood in
the veins, usually in the legs, boosting memory and intelligence, easing anxiety,
and speeding wound healing.

Gotu kola should not be confused with kola nut (Cola nitida). Kola nut is an active
ingredient in Coca Cola and contains caffeine. Gotu kola has no caffeine, and is not a
stimulant.
 General Uses
It is used as a medicinal herb in Ayurvedic Medicine and Traditional Chinese
medicine. It is used as a Tonic, Diuretic and Alterative. It is used in treatment of
leprosy and known to ameliorate the symptoms of the disease and improves general
health of the patient. It is a brain tonic and stimulates hair growth.
Gotu kola is a very useful medicinal plant described by Charaka as an anti-aging
plant. Apart from its role as a brain tonic, its efficacy in treating tuberculosis,
syphilis, amoebic dysentery and common cold is well documented in the
literature.

DISEASE RELATED USES

Wound Healing and Skin Lesions

Gotu kola contains triterpenoids, compounds that have been shown to aid in wound
healing. For example, animal studies indicate that triterpenoids strengthen the skin,
increase the concentration of antioxidants in wounds, and restore inflamed tissues by
increasing blood supply. Because of these properties, gotu kola has been used externally
for burns, psoriasis, prevention of scar formation following surgery, recovery from an
episiotomy following vaginal delivery of a newborn, and treatment of external fistulas (a
tear at or near the anus).

Venous Insufficiency and Varicose Veins

When blood vessels lose their elasticity, blood pools in the legs and fluid leaks out of the
blood vessels, causing the legs to swell (venous insufficiency). In a study of 94 people
with venous insufficiency, those who took gotu kola reported a significant improvement
in symptoms compared to those who took placebo. In another study of people with
varicose veins, ultrasound examination revealed improvements in the vascular tone of
those who took gotu kola.

High Blood Pressure

In a study of people with heart disease and high blood pressure, those who took abana
(an Ayurvedic herbal mixture containing gotu kola) experienced a significant reduction
in diastolic blood pressure (pressure on blood vessels when the heart is at rest)
compared to those who took placebo. Further studies are needed to determine whether
gotu kola alone, some other herb in the Ayurvedic mixture, or the particular combination
of all the herbs in the remedy is responsible for the beneficial effect.
Anxiety

Triterpenoids (active compounds in gotu kola) have been shown to soothe anxiety and
boost mental function in mice. A recent study found that people who took gotu kola were
less likely to be startled by a novel noise (a potential indicator of anxiety) than those who
took placebo. Although the results of this study are somewhat promising, the dose used
in this study was extremely high, making it difficult to draw any conclusions about how
gotu kola might be used by people with anxiety.

Scleroderma

One study involving 13 females with scleroderma found that gotu kola decreased joint
pain, skin hardening, and improved finger movement.

Insomnia

Because of sedative effects demonstrated in animals, gotu kola has been used to help
people with insomnia.

Pregnancy / Breastfeeding

No information

Age Limitations

Neonates / Adolescents

No information

CHILDREN

There is currently no information in the scientific literature about the use of gotu kola for
children.

ADULT

The adult dosage of gotu kola may vary depending on the condition being treated.

Geriatrics

No information
 Chronic Disease Conditions

No information

SIDE EFFECT

Rare but may include skin allergy and burning sensations (with external use), headache,
stomach upset, nausea, dizziness, and extreme drowsiness. These side effects tend to
occur with high doses of gotu kola.

SCIENTIFIC STUDIES

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella

asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects. Bradwejn J, Zhou Y,
Koszycki D, Shlik J. Royal Ottawa Hospital and the Department of Psychiatry,
University of Ottawa , Ontario , Canada . Results of preliminary findings suggest that
Gotu Kola has anxiolytic activity in humans as revealed by the ASR. It remains to be seen
whether this herb has therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of anxiety syndromes.

An in vitro study of the effect of Centella asiatica [Indian pennywort] on enteric

pathogens. By-Mamtha B, Kavitha K, Srinivasan KK, Shivananda Manipal, India.
Results of study demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of Centella asiatica against the
enteropathogens. Its potential as an antidiarrheal drug is worth studying.

Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of Centella asiatica. By-Somchit MN,

Sulaiman MR, Zuraini A, Samsuddin L, Somchit N, Israf DA, Moin S
Selangor, Malaysia.

Anti-oxidant activity of Centella asiatica on lymphoma-bearing mice. By- Jayashree

G, Kurup Muraleedhara G, Sudarslal S, Jacob VB. Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
Results show that Oral treatment with 50 mg X kg(-1) day(-1) of crude methanol extract
of Centella asiatica for 14 days significantly increased the anti-oxidant enzymes, like
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), and anti-
oxidants like glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid decreased in lymphoma-bearing mice.

Chemical, pharmacological and clinical profile of the East Asian medical plant
Centella asiatica. Brinkhaus B, Lindner M, Schuppan D, Hahn EG. Department of
Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Medical Department I, Friedrich-Alexander
University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. Centella asiatica is a medicinal plant that
has been in use since prehistoric times. Its active constituents include pentacyclic
triterpene derivatives. Studies have been conducted in particular to investigate the
madecassosides and asiaticosides. In common with most traditional phytotherapeutic
agents, Centella asiatica is used in folk medicine to treat a wide range of indications. In
contrast to other medicinal plants, however, Centella asiatica has been subjected to quite
extensive experimental and clinical investigations. Studies done in accordance with
standardized scientific criteria have shown it to have a positive effect in the treatment of
venous insufficiency and striae gravidarum. Centella asiatica also appears to be effective
in the treatment of wound healing disturbances. At the present time, clinical studies
aimed at investigating the sedative, analgesic, antidepressive, antimicrobial, antiviral
and immunomodulatory effects that have been demonstrated experimentally, are still
lacking. However, the therapeutic potential of this plant in terms of its efficacy and
versatility is such that further detailed research would appear worthwhile.

Effect of Centella asiatica on cognition and oxidative stress in an

intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of Alzheimer's disease in rats. By-
Veerendra Kumar MH, Gupta YK. New Delhi , India .Results of the present findings
indicate that an aqueous extract of C. asiatica is effective in preventing the cognitive
deficits, as well as the oxidative stress, caused by i.c.v. STZ in rats.

Effect of Centella asiatica on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling, cognition and

oxidative stress in rats. Gupta YK, Veerendra Kumar MH, Srivastava AK.
Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, 110029, New Delhi , India . Results of the findings
suggest the potential of aqueous extract of CA as adjuvant to antiepileptic drugs with an
added advantage of preventing cognitive impairment.

Hepatoprotective effect of Centella asiatica (L) in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver

injury in rats By-Antony B, Santhakumari G, Merina B, Sheeba V, Mukkadan J
R & D Laboratory, Arjuna Natural Extracts Ltd. Kerala, India. Results include Centella
asiatica extract exhibited hepatoprotective action against carbon tetrachloride-induced
liver injury. This effect is attributed to the presence of asiaticoside (14.5%) in the extract.

Radioprotection of Swiss albino mouse by Centella asiatica extract. Sharma J,

Sharma R. Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan , Jaipur 302004, India.
Centella asiatica, has a considerable reputation in the Indian system of medicine. It is a
rasayan (general tonic), brain tonic, improves memory and strengthens the CNS. In view
of its multifarious uses, the plant extract was tested for its radioprotective properties.
Results A sublethal dose of Co 60 gamma radiation, i.e. 8 Gy was selected for the
purpose. Body weight loss of the animals in the drug treated group was significantly less
in comparison with the animals that were given radiation only. The causes and
mechanism of protection and other aspects need further investigations.

Chemical Constituents

Active principles are pentacyclic tirterpenes, namely, asiatic acid, asiaticoside,

madecassic acid and madecassoside. Triterpenes with healing potential were isolated,
namely, terminolic acid, asiaticoside-B while sceffoleoside A and saponins
(centellasaponins B,C and D) with four ursane- and oleanane-type triterpene
oligoglycosides were isolated from Centella asiatica grown in Sri Langka. Other minor
saponins are centelloside, brahmoside and brahminoside. The essential oil from Centella
asiatica grown in South Africa contains 11 monoterpenoid hydrocarbons (20.2%), 9
oxygenated monoterpenoids (5.46%), 14 sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons (68.8%), 5
oxygenated sesquiterpenoid (3.9%) and 1 sulphide sesquiterpenoid (0.76%). The
predominant constitutes were b-caryophyllene (19.08%), bicyclogermacrene (11.22%),
germacrene B (6.29%) and myrcene (6.55%). Other reports included trans-b-farnesene
and germacrene D as prominent constituents of the essential oil.

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