School of Engineering and Physics

EE102
FULL NAME: Student ID

Iaokabu Kaniborau S11189118

Panapasa Yaluyalulala S11198307

Naivote Valaibito S11190100

Lab 1: Fundamental Electronics Instrumentation and Introduction

to Circuit Maker
AIM:

Learn how to use basic electronic lab equipment and use circuit creator software to perform
rudimentary circuit analysis.

THEORY:
All laboratory investigations will take place on a test bench with various basic electronic devices
permanently installed. A dc power supply, a waveform generator, a digital voltmeter (DVM), and a
digital oscilloscope are among the tools available. A DVM is essentially a universal meter that can
accurately measure current (both dc and ac) and resistance. Other equipment, such as an analogy
oscilloscope or an analogy universal meter, as well as circuit components (such as resistors and BNC
to BNC cables), can be purchased as needed from the lab support. An electric circuit is formed when
a conductive path is made to permit the electric charge to constantly move. [1]
An oscilloscope is a simple electronic test tool that shows images of voltage changes over time.
Analog and digital oscilloscopes are the two most common varieties. An analogy oscilloscope
displays signals in real time by deflecting an electron beam vertically in a Cathode Ray Tube while a
ramp "time base" signal sweeps it horizontally at a predetermined speed. A digital or digitizing
oscilloscope measures the amplitude of the input waveform and converts it to digital data for display
on a CRT screen. Although the analogy oscilloscope has mostly been supplanted by the digital
oscilloscope, professionals still favour analogy instruments for specific applications because they
display a waveform image in real time, allowing you to view what is actually coming to the input at
any given time. The ability to store and view digitized waveforms independently of the changing
input signal, as well as readily process (e.g., adding to or subtracting from another signal) or send to
a computer or printer, is a significant benefit of the digital scope. It's also easy to measure a signal's
time or amplitude, which is frequently presented numerically on the screen.

INSTRUMENTS:
 Power supply • PC installed with Circuit Maker

 Oscilloscope
 Signal generator

• Multi-meter
• 3 x Randomly selected resistors
• BNC to BNC cables
Procedure
1. READING RESISTORS VALUES
The designated lab group required to determine the resistance of the three random resistors given
to using the resistor color coding system. The multi-meter was then to measure the resistance and
note down all the results in Table 1. Also, calculate the percentage error between the measured and
calculated values.
2. POWER SUPPLY BASICS
The digital power supply was used to generate DC voltages at increments of 2.5V from 0 – 30V. The
meter on the power supply was utilized. At each interval, the multi-meter was used to measure the
voltage. Note your results in Table 8.2.
3. CALIBRATING THE OSCILLOSCOPE
The calibration of the oscilloscope was checked using the probe. The function generator is a device
used to generate an electronic signal with specific known characteristics, Check and have a circuit
tested. [2]
4. USING THE OSCILLOSCOPE
The BNC (Bayonet Neil-Concelman) cable was connected to the signal generator to the Digital
Oscilloscope and the waveforms were created with Vp-p = 2V. The following waveforms had been
generated using Vp – p = 2V:
• Sine Wave @ 20Hz, 1 KHz, 15 kHz
• Square Wave @ 30Hz, 2 kHz, 26 kHz
• Triangular Wave @ 15Hz, 3 kHz, 30 kHz
5. INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT MAKER
The circuit maker software on the computer was open and browse through the software window.
Select the Simulation menu and select Analog mode. Then click on the Run Analog Simulation icon.
Measure the voltage at each terminal of the components using the probe tool.
Results

Table 1: Resistor values [PART I]

Calculated Values Measured value % Error
Resistor 1 Band 1: 4
Band 2: 7
Band 3: ×10M 464.6kΩ 0.13%
Band 4: ±5%
Band 5:
Resistance: 470kΩ ±
5%
Resistor 2 Band 1: 6
Band 2: 8
Band 3: ×10 67.24Ω 1.12%
Band 4: ±5%
Band 5:
Resistance: 680MΩ ±
5%
Resistor 3 Band 1: 8
Band 2: 2
Band 3: ×1 80.42Ω 1.93%
Band 4: ±5%
Band 5:
Resistance: 82Ω ± 5%

Table 8.2: Power Supply Voltage Values [PART II]

Generated voltage (V) Measured voltage (V) %Error
0.0 0.0 0.0
2.5 2.54 1.6
5.0 5.04 0.8
7.5 7.56 0.8
10.0 10.10 1
12.5 12.52 0.16
15.0 15.05 0.33
17.5 17.55 o.29
20.0 20.01 0.05
22.5 22.52 0.09
25.0 25.07 0.28
27.5 27.48 -0.07
30.0 30.05 0.17
A graph showing DC voltage generated vs. % Error.

Generated DC voltage against %error

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
%error

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Generated DC Voltage

Sine wave, Square wave, and Triangular wave graph [PART IV]

Sine Wave

Square Wave
Triangular Wave

Introduction to Circuit Maker (Results were obtained from Circuit Maker) [PART V]

Discussion:
Part (1) of this experiment requires determining the resistance in three random resistors using a
color-coding system and a multimeter. Based on the results obtained using both the color-coding
system and the multimeter, we have percent errors of 0.13 percent for the first resistor, 1.12
percent for the second resistor, and 1.93 percent for the last resistor; these errors could be due to
the encoding system.

These mistakes could be caused by the environment, instrument and draft calibration, or flaws in
the voltage source and other components. Part (2) of this experiment is all about power supply
basics; we were using a digital power supply that produces DC voltage at increments of 2.5V, from 0
to 30, and from the results we obtained a graph for DC voltage versus percentage error; as seen
from the graph, percent error decreases from 2.5V to 10V, 15V to 17.5V, 20V to 22.5V, and 27.5V to
30V. It rises from 10V to 15V and 22.5V to 27.5V, and it constant between 17.5V and 20V when
stationary. We were just supposed to check the oscilloscope's calibration in section (3). Part (IV)
required the use of an oscilloscope to create waves with a Vp-p voltage of 2V, which produced sine
waves, square waves, and triangle waves, as evidenced by the findings. Finally, in part (V), we use a
circuit creator to create the graphs displayed in the results.
Conclusion:
To summarize, we were successful in achieving our goal of learning how to use basic electronics lab
equipment and doing simple circuit analysis utilizing circuit creator software. In electronics, knowing
the fundamentals of how to utilize lab equipment is critical, and there are always flaws in any
experiment. Finally, this experiment teaches us how to use circuit creator software.

References
[1] M. Lobby, "All About Circuits," EETech Media LLC, 12th January 2003. [Online]. Available:
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-2/voltagecurrent-resistance-relate/.
[Accessed 26th August 2000].

[2]Pitt.edu, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.pitt.edu/~mbw/courses/telcom2100/pdf/lab-

oscope.pdf. [Accessed: 21- Aug- 2020