Language is very powerful.

It is used to express our emotions,

thoughts, and ideas: However, if the recipient of the message
cannot understand you, then there is no communication at all. It
is very important that both of you understand the language
Mathematics is very hard for others to study because they are
very overwhelmed with the numbers, operations, symbols, and
formulae. On the other hand, if one knows how to interpret and
understand these things, then the subject will be
comprehensible.
Competencies

At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to:

• explain the nature of mathematics as a language and

• recognize that mathematics is a useful language.

Objectives:
• Classify the characteristics of mathematical language.

• Differentiate expressions from sentences.

• Identify conventions in the mathematical language.

• Define sets and relations.

• Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.

INTRODUCTION

Comprehending a message is better understood once a

person understand how things are said and may know why
itis said. The use of language in mathematics is far from
ordinary speech. It can be learned but needs dialect or
language. The following are the characteristics of the
language of mathematics: precise, concise, and powerful.
ACTIVITY

Group Activity: Discuss the characteristics of the language of mathematics

and give an example to supplement your explanation.

1.) The Language of Mathematics is Precise.

Example:
2.) The Language of Mathematics is Concise.

Example:

3.) The Language of Mathematics is Powerful.

Example:
Expressions versus Sentences
Your learned in your English subject that expressions do not state a complete
thought, but sentences do. Mathematical sentences state a complete
thought. On the other hand, mathematical expressions do not. You cannot
test if it is true or false.

Mathematical Expression Mathematical Sentence

26.14 -11 + 7 = 4

5+2 1 - 4 = -3

x + √2 1•x=x
ANALYSIS
Classify each given equation as a mathematical expression (E) or a
mathematical sentence (S).
1.) a + 9 _______________________

2.) b + 0 = b _______________________

3.) t
100 _______________________

4.) 3.1416 _______________________

5.) x + y = y + x ____________________________
Conventions in the Mathematical Language
The common symbol used for multiplication is x but it can be mistakenly
taken as the variable x. There are instances when the centered dot (•) is a
shorthand to be used for multiplication especially when variables are
involved. If there will be no confusion, the symbol may be dropped.

8 • y = 8y

a • b • c = abc

t • s • 9 = 9st
It is conventional to write the number first before the letters. If in
case the letters are more than one, you have to arrange the letters
alphabetically.

Sets are usually represented by uppercase letters like S. The

symbol R and N represent the set of real numbers and the set of
natural numbers, respectively. A lowercase letter near the end of
the
alphabet like x, y or z represents an element of the set of real=
numbers. A lowercase letter near the middle of the alphabet
particularly from i to n may represent an element of the set of
integers.
Abstraction (Critical Thinking)
I. For each of the following expressions, write each in the most
conventional way.

1.) √3 • x __________________________________

2.) z • y • 5 _________________________________

3.) 8 • y • x _________________________________

4.) C2 • a4 • b2 3 ___________________________________

5.) 11 • z4 • t • y6 ____________________________
II. What is the most conventional way to write 5 • 11? Justify your
answer.

Answer:

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Sets, Functions, Relations, and Binary
Operations

As discussed previously, uppercase letters represent sets. For

example, the set of integers is represented by the symbol Z. A set
is a collection of any object. It is a mathematical expression in
which a name is given to some collection of objects. Elements or
members refer to the objects in a set. If the numbers of elements
in a set can be enumerated, then it is called a finite set. Otherwise,
infinite set. A set that has no members is called the empty set
which is denoted using { } or ∅.
List method is a way of describing the set in which the
members are separated by commas and enclosed in braces like
set S= { 4, 8, 12 }. The set has 3 elements which are 4, 8, and 12.
Below are some symbols used to represent the relationship of
an element to a set.

Symbol Read as
"is in" / "is an element of "/" is a member
of"
"is not in"/" is not an element of "/" is
not a member of"
To say that 4 is an element of set S, it is represented as 4 E S. If the
members of the set are infinite or cannot be easily describe using the
list method, then the set builder notation can be used.

Let us go back to our given set S. The sets {4}, {8}, {12}, {4,8}, {4, 12},
{8,12}, {4, 8, 12}, and { } are called subsets of the given set S. A set is a
subject to a given set if any one of the following three conditions holds: it
is the given set, it is the empty set, or each member of the set is also an
element of the given set.
Functions and Relations

You learned in your General Mathematics class the difference

between a function and a relation. A relation is a set of ordered
pairs element. A function is a relation in which the element of
the first set (domain) corresponds to only one element of the
second set (range). A function may also be many to one
correspondence.
APPLICATION (Creativity)
Below are examples of a function. Each item is labeled as a function or
mere relation. Represent each item correctly depending on the labels by
either drawing arrows or writing ordered pairs.

{(W, -2), (O, -1), (R, 0), (L, 1), (D, 2)} - Function
Letter Number
W ----- -2
O ----- -1
R ----- 0
L ----- 1
D -----2
1. - Function

Letter Number
W -2
O -1
R 0
L 1
D 2
2. - Function

Letter Number
W -2
O -1
R 0
L 1
D 2
3. - Function

Letter Number
W -2
O -1
R 0
L 1
D 2

- Mere relation
4. { (W, ) , (O,) , (R,) , (L, ) , (D, ) , } – Function

5. { (,-2), (,-1), (,0), (,1), (,2) } - Mere relation

6. { ( , ), (, ) , ( , ) ,( , ) , ( , ) } – Mere relation
Binary Operations

A unary operation is for a single number and assigns another

number to it. Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x), and
division (÷) are examples of binary operations. The word
"binary" means composition of two pieces. A binary operations,
on the set of real numbers.
Study the following properties of addition and multiplication, as binary
operations, on the set of real numbers.

I. Closure Property

Addition: The sum of any two real numbers is also a real number.
Example: 12 + 34 = 46

Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is also a real

number.
Example: 7 x 20 = 140
II. Commutative Property

Addition: For any two real numbers x and y, x + y = y + x

Example: 1.5 + 7.8 = 7.8 + 1.5

9.3 = 9.3

Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is

also a real number.
Example: 8 x 5 = 5 x 8
40 = 40
Applying the commutative property of addition, we may write the
equivalent expression of 8m + 7n as 8m + 7n = 7n + 8m. What do you think
is the equivalent expression of (12a) • (17b)?

III. Association Property

Addition: For any two real numbers x, y and z, x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z.

Example: 3 + (10 + 9) = (3 + 10) + 9

3 + 9 = 13 + 9
22 = 22
Multiplication: For any two real numbers x, y and z, x • ( y • z ) = (
x • y ) • z.

Example: 3 • (9 • 6) = (3 • 9) • 6
3 • (54) = (27) • 6
162 = 162

Using the associative property of multiplication, we may write the

equivalent expression of (42 c3 ) • (16 a2 b5) as (42 c3) • (16 a2 b5) = (16 a2 b5) (42
c3).
IV. Identity Property

Addition: For any real number x, x + 0 = x. The number "0" is called the
additive identity.

Example: 78 + 0 = 78

Multiplication: For any real number x, x • 1 = x. The number "1" is called

the multiplicative identity.

Example: 98 • 1 = 98
Using the identity property, we may write an equivalent expression of a
mathematical by substituting an expression that is equal to the additive
identity or multiplicative identity. Study the examples
below.

3𝑐 7
Example 1. Write an equivalent expression of by multiplying instead of
5 7
1.
3𝑐 3𝑐
5
= 5
• 1

3𝑐 7
= 5
• 7

21𝑐
=
35
 21𝑐 3𝑐
Therefore, 35 and are equivalent expressions.
5

Example 2. Write an equivalent expression of 9 j2 – 5 by adding (2m – 2m)

instead of 0.

9 j2 – 5 = 9 j2 – 5 + 0
= 9 j2 – 5 + (2m – 2m)
= 9 j2 + 2m – 5 – 2m

Therefore, 9 j2 – 5 and 9 j2 + 2m – 5 – 2m are equivalent expressions.

V. Distributive Property of Multiplication Over Addition

For any two real numbers x, y and z, x ( y + z) = xy + xz

Using the distributive property, write the equivalent expressions of

the following:

1. a (-x + y - z) =

2. -5 (71 + 8m + 9n) =

3. m (Vi – Vf) =
VI. Inverses of Binary Operations

Addition: For any real number x, x + (-x ) = 0

Example: 100 + (-100) = 0

Multiplication: For any real number x, x •

1
Example: 98 • 98
=1
 Summary
• The following are the characteristics of the language of mathematics:
precise, concise, and powerful.

• Mathematical sentences state a complete thought.

• Centered dot (•) is a shorthand to be used for multiplication

especially when variables are involved.

• A set is a collection of any object.

• Finite set has definite number of elements. Otherwise, it is

infinite set.
• A set is a subset of a given set if any one of the following three
conditions holds:
- It is the given set.
- It is the empty set, or
- Each member of the set is also an element of the given
set.

• A set that has no members is called the empty set.

• A relation is a set of ordered pairs. A function may be a one-to-one

correspondence or many-to-one correspondence.

• A binary operation refers to joining two values to create a new one.

Properties of addition and multiplication, as binary operations, on the set of
real numbers:

• Closure Property
• Commutative Property
• Associative Property
• Identity Property
• Distributive Property of Multiplication Over Addition
• Inverses of Binary Operation